A-Z A B C D E F G I Y K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z All sections hereditary diseases Emergency conditions Eye diseases Children's diseases Men's diseases Venereal diseases Women's diseases Skin diseases infectious diseases Nervous diseases Rheumatic diseases Urological diseases Endocrine diseases Immune diseases Allergic diseases Oncological diseases Diseases of the veins and lymph nodes Hair diseases Diseases of the teeth Blood diseases Diseases of the mammary glands Diseases of the ODS and injuries Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the digestive system Heart and vascular diseases Diseases of the large intestine Diseases of the ear, throat, nose Narcological problems Mental disorders Speech disorders Cosmetic problems Aesthetic problems
Pediatrics is an independent branch of medicine that studies age features development of children, childhood illnesses, as well as issues of organizing care for a healthy and sick child. Initially, the focus of pediatrics was exclusively on childhood diseases. early age and their treatment. In the modern sense, pediatrics covers various aspects related to the normal development and diseases of children in various age periods(from birth to puberty). These areas include physiology, hygiene, dietetics, childhood diseases, their treatment and prevention.
In medicine childhood several directions are developing in parallel: preventive, clinical and social. The preventive direction includes the development and implementation of measures to prevent childhood diseases; clinical - direct examination and treatment of a sick child; social - phased rehabilitation and integration of children into society. Anatomical and physiological features of a growing organism determine the originality of the course of those diseases that occur in childhood.
In pediatrics, it is customary to distinguish several age periods of a child's life: the neonatal period (first month), infant (from 1 month to 1 year), early childhood (from 1 to 3 years), preschool (from 3 to 7 years), primary school ( from 7 to 11 years old), senior school or adolescent (from 12 to 17-18 years old) age. In different age periods of a child's development, certain childhood diseases predominantly occur.
So, in the neonatal period, childhood diseases are manifested due to violations prenatal development(asphyxia, fetal hemolytic disease, rickets
Most frequent symptoms childhood diseases are rash, swollen lymph nodes, hyperthermia, runny nose, cough, vomiting, abdominal pain, convulsions. If these and other signs of the disease appear, it is necessary to consult the child with a pediatrician. Each parent should be familiar with the basics of pediatrics, know the main childhood diseases and their manifestations in order to be able to assess the seriousness of the baby's condition, to determine whether the malaise poses an immediate threat to life.
Pediatrics does not stand still: new methods of diagnosing and treating childhood diseases are emerging and being introduced, understanding of the mechanisms of development of diseases in children is developing and deepening. The successes of modern pediatrics have forced many once-fatal childhood diseases to recede. This was facilitated by the creation of vaccines against a number of childhood infectious diseases, the development of balanced artificial mixtures, the emergence of modern antibacterial drugs, and an improvement in the quality of diagnosis and treatment of children. However, childhood morbidity remains high; significantly “younger” diseases that were previously considered exclusively the lot of people middle age. Among childhood diseases, cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological diseases, neoplasms, pathology of the musculoskeletal system.
A child is not just a small copy of an adult. The child's body is in a state of continuous development, has a number of anatomical and physiological features, physical and emotional immaturity, which determines the specificity of the course of childhood diseases. The development of childhood diseases is always unpredictable: even a banal runny nose in a child can become fatal if its causes are not recognized in time, the correct etiopathogenetic treatment is not selected, and specialist supervision is not organized. At the same time, due to the high compensatory capabilities of the child's body, many diseases that cause chronic pathology or disability in adults can be successfully cured in children.
The origins of many adult diseases come from childhood. Therefore, the state of health of an adult is largely determined by the conditions of growth and development of a little man, care for his health at the very beginning of life. Today, the emphasis in pediatric medicine is shifting towards disease prevention, which includes antenatal protection of the fetus, prevention of birth injuries, organization of careful care for the newborn (ensuring optimal nutrition, sleep and wakefulness, hardening), timely vaccination of children according to the national calendar preventive vaccinations, screening programs for the detection of hereditary pathology, the implementation of patronage and dispensary observation. Care for children's health and the prevention of childhood illnesses is a priority component of state policy.
Specialized assistance in the system of children's health care is provided in children's clinics and hospitals, pediatric departments of multidisciplinary medical centers, private children's clinics. It is impossible and ineffective to treat childhood diseases with "adult" methods, therefore, in last years In pediatrics, narrow pediatric areas are distinguished: pediatric cardiac surgery, pediatric traumatology and orthopedics, pediatric neurosurgery, pediatric hematology and oncology, pediatric anesthesiology and resuscitation, etc. The most important components of success in the treatment of childhood diseases are professional approach, the use of high-tech methods of diagnosis and treatment, a trusting relationship between the doctor, parents and child.
Children's diseases cause natural anxiety in adults and the natural desire of parents to learn as much as possible about the causes of diseases and how to treat them. The section of childhood diseases, posted on the pages of the Medical Handbook, acquaints parents with the most common pathology in children of different ages, the causes and symptoms of diseases that are necessary medical procedures and childcare activities. On the pages of the site "Beauty and Medicine" you can find recommendations from children's specialists and the most up-to-date information on achievements in the field of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of childhood diseases.
Childhood infections are not accidentally isolated in special group- firstly, these infectious diseases usually affect children of early and preschool age, secondly, they are all extremely contagious, so almost everyone who has contact with a sick child falls ill, and thirdly, almost always after a childhood infection, stable lifelong immunity is formed.
There is an opinion that all children need to have these diseases in order not to get sick at an older age. Is it so? The group of childhood infections includes diseases such as measles, rubella, chicken pox, mumps (mumps), scarlet fever. As a rule, children of the first year of life do not get sick with childhood infections. This happens for the reason that during pregnancy, the mother (in the event that she has suffered these infections during her life) passes antibodies to pathogens through the placenta. These antibodies carry information about the microorganism that caused the infectious process in the mother.
After birth, the child begins to receive maternal colostrum, which also contains immunoglobulins (antibodies) to all infections that the mother “met” before pregnancy. Thus, the child receives a kind of vaccination against many infectious diseases. And in the event that breastfeeding continues throughout the first year of a child's life, immunity to childhood infections persists for a longer time. However, there are exceptions to this rule. Unfortunately, there are cases (very rare) when the breastfeeding the baby is susceptible to the germs that cause chicken pox, rubella, mumps, or measles, even if the mother is immune to them. When does the period end breastfeeding the child enters early childhood. Following this, his circle of contacts expands. It is quite natural that at the same time the risk of any infectious diseases, including childhood infections, increases sharply.
Symptoms and treatment of measles in children
Measles is a viral infection with a very high susceptibility. If a person has not had measles or has not been vaccinated against this infection, then after contact with the patient, infection occurs in almost 100% of cases. The measles virus is highly volatile. The virus can spread through ventilation pipes and elevator shafts - at the same time, children living on different floors of the house get sick. After contact with a patient with measles and the appearance of the first signs of the disease, it takes from 7 to 14 days.
The disease begins with a severe headache, weakness, fever up to 40 degrees C. A little later, a runny nose, cough and almost complete lack of appetite join these symptoms. The appearance of conjunctivitis is very characteristic of measles - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, which is manifested by photophobia, lacrimation, sharp redness of the eyes, and subsequently - the appearance of a purulent discharge. These symptoms last 2 to 4 days.
On the 4th day of the disease, a rash appears, which looks like small red spots of various sizes (from 1 to 3 mm in diameter), with a tendency to merge. The rash occurs on the face and head (it is especially characteristic of its appearance behind the ears) and spreads throughout the body for 3 to 4 days. It is very characteristic of measles that the rash leaves behind pigmentation (dark spots that persist for several days), which disappears in the same sequence as the rash appears. Measles, despite the rather bright clinic, is quite easily tolerated by children, but under adverse conditions it is fraught with serious complications. These include inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia), inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media). Such a formidable complication as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), fortunately, occurs quite rarely. Measles treatment is aimed at relieving the main symptoms of measles and maintaining immunity. It must be remembered that after measles has been transferred for a sufficiently long period of time (up to 2 months), immunosuppression is noted, so the child may get sick with some kind of cold or viral disease, so you need to protect it from excessive stress, if possible - from contact with sick children. After measles, persistent lifelong immunity develops. All those who have had measles become immune to this infection.
Signs of rubella in a child
Rubella is also a viral infection that spreads through the air. Rubella is less contagious than measles and chicken pox. As a rule, children who stay in the same room for a long time with a child who is a source of infection get sick. Rubella is very similar to measles in its manifestations, but it is much easier. The incubation period (the period from contact to the appearance of the first signs of illness) lasts from 14 to 21 days. Rubella begins with an increase in the occipital lymph nodes and () an increase in body temperature to 38 degrees C. A little later, a runny nose joins, and sometimes a cough. A rash appears 2 to 3 days after the onset of the disease.
Rubella is characterized by a pink, punctate rash that begins with a rash on the face and spreads throughout the body. Rubella rash, unlike measles, never merges, there may be a slight itch. The period of rashes can be from several hours, during which there is no trace of the rash, up to 2 days. In this regard, diagnosis can be difficult - if the period of rashes fell at night and went unnoticed by parents, rubella can be regarded as a common viral infection. Rubella treatment is to relieve the main symptoms - the fight against fever, if any, the treatment of the common cold, expectorants. Complications after measles are rare. After suffering rubella, immunity also develops, re-infection is extremely rare.
What is mumps in children
Mumps (mumps) is a childhood viral infection characterized by acute inflammation v salivary glands. Infection occurs by airborne droplets. Susceptibility to this disease is about 50-60% (that is, 50-60% of those who were in contact and who were not ill and not vaccinated get sick). Mumps begins with an increase in body temperature up to 39 degrees C and severe pain in or under the ear, aggravated by swallowing or chewing. At the same time, salivation increases. Swelling quickly grows in the area of the upper part of the neck and cheeks, touching this place causes severe pain in the child.
By itself, this disease is not dangerous. Unpleasant symptoms pass within three to four days: body temperature decreases, swelling decreases, pain disappears. However, quite often mumps ends with inflammation in the glandular organs, such as the pancreas (pancreatitis), gonads. Postponed pancreatitis in some cases leads to diabetes. Inflammation of the gonads (testicles) is more common in boys. This significantly complicates the course of the disease, and in some cases may result in infertility.
In especially severe cases, mumps can be complicated viral meningitis(inflammation of the meninges), which is severe, but does not lead to lethal outcome. After past illness strong immunity is formed. Re-infection is virtually impossible.
Treatment and symptoms of chickenpox in children
Chickenpox (chickenpox) is a common childhood infection. Mostly young children or preschoolers are ill. Susceptibility to the causative agent of chickenpox (the virus that causes chickenpox refers to herpes viruses) is also quite high, although not as high as to the measles virus. About 80% of contact persons who have not been ill before develop chickenpox.
This virus also has a high degree of volatility; a child can become infected if he was not in close proximity to the patient. The incubation period is from 14 to 21 days. The disease begins with the appearance of a rash. Usually it is one or two reddish spots, similar to a mosquito bite. These elements of the rash can be located on any part of the body, but most often they first appear on the stomach or face. Usually the rash spreads very quickly - new elements appear every few minutes or hours. Reddish spots that initially look like mosquito bites, the next day they take the form of bubbles filled with transparent contents. These blisters are very itchy. The rash spreads throughout the body, to the extremities, to hairy part heads. In severe cases, there are elements of the rash on the mucous membranes - in the mouth, nose, on the conjunctiva of the sclera, genitals, intestines. By the end of the first day of the disease, the general state of health worsens, the body temperature rises (up to 40 degrees C and above). The severity of the condition depends on the number of rashes: with scanty rashes, the disease proceeds easily, the more rashes, the more difficult the child's condition.
For chickenpox, a runny nose and cough are not typical, but if there are elements of the rash on the mucous membranes of the pharynx, nose and on the conjunctiva of the sclera, then pharyngitis, rhinitis and conjunctivitis develop due to the addition bacterial infection. Bubbles open in a day or two with the formation of sores, which are covered with crusts. Headache, feeling unwell, fever persist until new lesions appear. This usually happens from 3 to 5 days (depending on the severity of the course of the disease). Within 5-7 days after the last sprinkling, the rash passes. Treatment of chickenpox consists in reducing itching, intoxication and preventing bacterial complications. The elements of the rash must be lubricated with antiseptic solutions (usually an aqueous solution of brilliant green or manganese). Treatment with coloring antiseptics prevents bacterial infection of rashes, allows you to track the dynamics of the appearance of rashes.
It is necessary to monitor the hygiene of the mouth and nose, eyes - you can rinse your mouth with a solution of calendula, the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth also need to be treated with antiseptic solutions.
In order to avoid secondary inflammation, you need to rinse your mouth after each meal. A child with chickenpox should be fed warm semi-liquid food, drink plenty of water (however, this applies to all childhood infections). It is important to ensure that the baby's fingernails are cut short (so that he cannot comb the skin - scratching predisposes to bacterial infection). To prevent infection of rashes, bed linen and clothes of a sick child should be changed daily. The room in which the child is located must be regularly ventilated, making sure that the room is not too hot. This general rules Chickenpox complications include myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), meningitis, and meningoencephalitis (inflammation meninges, brain substances, inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis). Fortunately, these complications are quite rare. After chickenpox, as well as after all childhood infections, immunity develops. reinfection happens, but very rarely.
What is scarlet fever in children and how to treat it
Scarlet fever is the only childhood infection caused not by viruses, but by bacteria (group A streptococcus). This acute illness transmitted by airborne droplets. Infection through household items (toys, dishes) is also possible. Children of early and preschool age are ill. The most dangerous in terms of infection are patients in the first two to three days of the disease.
Scarlet fever begins very acutely with an increase in body temperature up to 39 degrees C, vomiting. Immediately noted severe intoxication, headache. The most characteristic symptom of scarlet fever is tonsillitis, in which the mucous membrane of the pharynx has a bright red color, swelling is pronounced. The patient notes a sharp pain when swallowing. There may be a whitish coating on the tongue and tonsils. The language subsequently acquires a very characteristic appearance("crimson") - bright pink and coarse grained.
By the end of the first-beginning of the second day of illness, a second characteristic symptom scarlet fever - rash. It appears on several parts of the body at once, being most densely localized in the folds (elbow, inguinal). Her distinctive feature is that the bright red small-pointed scarlatinal rash is located on a red background, which gives the impression of a general confluent redness. When pressed on the skin, a white stripe remains. The rash can be spread all over the body, but there is always a clear (white) area of skin between the upper lip and nose, as well as the chin. Itching is much less pronounced than with chicken pox. The rash lasts up to 2 to 5 days. The manifestations of sore throat persist a little longer (up to 7-9 days).
Scarlet fever is usually treated with antibiotics, because the causative agent of scarlet fever is a microbe that can be removed with antibiotics. Also very important local treatment sore throats and detoxification (removal of toxins from the body that are formed during the life of microorganisms - for this they give plenty of drink). Vitamins, antipyretics are shown. Scarlet fever also has quite serious complications. Before the use of antibiotics, scarlet fever often ended in the development of rheumatism (an infectious-allergic disease, the basis of which is the defeat of the system connective tissue). with the formation of acquired heart defects. At present, subject to well-prescribed treatment and careful adherence to recommendations, such complications practically do not occur. Scarlet fever affects almost exclusively children because with age a person acquires resistance to streptococci. Those who have been ill also acquire strong immunity.
Infectious erythema in a child
This infectious disease, which is also caused by viruses, is transmitted by airborne droplets. Children from 2 to 12 years old get sick during epidemics in a nursery or at school. The incubation period is different (4-14 days). The disease progresses easily. There is a slight general malaise, discharge from the nose, sometimes a headache, and a slight increase in temperature is possible. The rash begins on the cheekbones in the form of small red, slightly embossed dots, which merge as they increase, forming red shiny and symmetrical spots on the cheeks. Then, within two days, the rash covers the whole body, forming slightly swollen red spots, pale in the center. Combining, they form a rash in the form of garlands or a geographical map. The rash disappears in about a week, during the following weeks transient rashes may appear, especially with excitement, physical exertion, exposure to the sun, bathing, changes in ambient temperature.
This disease is not dangerous in all cases. Diagnosis is based on clinical picture. The differential diagnosis is often made with rubella and measles. Treatment is symptomatic. The prognosis is favorable.
Prevention of infectious diseases in children
Of course, it is better to get sick with childhood infections at an early age, because adolescents and older people get sick much more severely with much more frequent complications. However, complications are also observed in young children. And all these complications are quite severe. Before the introduction of vaccination, mortality (mortality) in these infections was about 5-10%. common feature of all childhood infections is that after the disease develops a strong immunity. Their prevention is based on this property - vaccines have been developed that allow the formation of immunological memory, which causes immunity to the causative agents of these infections. Vaccination is carried out at the age of 12 months once. Vaccines have been developed for measles, rubella and mumps. In the Russian version, all these vaccines are administered separately (measles-rubella and mumps). As an alternative, vaccination with an imported vaccine containing all three components is possible. This vaccination is well tolerated, complications and undesirable consequences are extremely rare. Comparative characteristics childhood infections
|
According to medical statistics, children are more prone to skin diseases than adults. And not only because they are less careful and, without a moment's hesitation, will take a homeless puppy into their arms or enthusiastically begin to look for "treasures" in a pile of rubbish thrown away by someone.
There is a risk in this. But the main danger is that children are more susceptible to infections than their fathers and mothers.
They do not have such a “hardened” body, so much in the world around them, natural for an adult, causes them a painful reaction.
Doctors warn: the treatment of skin diseases in children can be started only after the doctor determines the exact diagnosis. The symptoms of many diseases are similar, but the treatment required is different.
If you go the wrong way, you can lose time and exacerbate the problem. And yet, the more parents are informed about the possible dangers, the higher the chances that they will be avoided.
Frequent infections
Infectious erythema at first proceeds like a classic cold. Then rashes appear on the face and body.
The disease spreads by airborne droplets, an infected person is especially dangerous for others on early stage disease until a rash appears.
Medicines (including painkillers) are prescribed by a doctor. The baby should drink more fluids, adhere to bed rest. Active games and exercise stress contraindicated.
Toxic (infectious) erythema. Tips for parents from the Union of Pediatricians of Russia:
Chicken pox reveals itself as a rash that causes itching and a constant desire to scratch the skin, so the infection spreads very quickly throughout the body.
At the site of redness, small wounds form. In the later stages of the disease, blisters cover the skin, which open, dry out, and turn into crusts.
Coxsackie's disease has a second name - "hand-foot-mouth". Mouth sores appear first, then blisters and rashes (not itchy) on the arms and legs, sometimes on the buttocks. Body temperature rises sharply.
The infection is spread by airborne droplets and through the diapers of a sick child. Doctors prescribe the patient and Acetaminophen, recommend to drink more fluids, and caring adults - to wash their hands more often.
Disease of the palms, feet and mouth - Coxsackie enterovirus, advice to parents from Pediatrician Plus:
Experts explain its nature by the problems of heredity and the weak immune system of the baby (by the way, 80% of cases are children under the age of 7).
Treatment is long, as it is required not only to get rid of the external manifestations of dermatitis, but also to eliminate the threat of relapse.
This problem is common in young children., especially if parents dress them too warmly: the child sweats, the body reacts to this with the appearance of a rash. They fight with it with the help of talc, decoctions medicinal herbs.
Problems due to changes in the nervous system
Among the diseases in this group are neurodermatitis(redness and thickening of skin areas, the formation of nodules on them - papules) and psoriasis(scaly patches different sizes and forms).
Both diseases are chronic and difficult to treat with medication.
They are often "family", passed down from generation to generation., but provoke their outbreak by any transferred disease, stress, failures in immune system.
How to prevent
In the article, we indicated the names, gave a description and showed how the common ones look in the photo skin diseases in children - newborns, preschool and older, briefly talked about the treatment of childhood diseases of a dermatological nature.
Many skin problems (whatever their nature) can be avoided if a child is taught hygiene from an early age.
And you also need to maintain cleanliness throughout the house, avoid allergenic foods and stressful situations for children.
If the problem still arises, you need to take it seriously and seek medical attention as soon as possible.
In contact with
Childhood infections - this is the name of a group of infectious diseases that people suffer mainly in childhood. These usually include chickenpox (chickenpox), rubella, infectious parotitis (mumps), measles, scarlet fever, polio, whooping cough, diphtheria. Infections are transmitted from sick to healthy child.
After the disease, a stable (sometimes lifelong) immunity is formed, therefore, these infections rarely get sick again. Now there are vaccines for almost all childhood infections.
Chickenpox (chickenpox)
It is caused by the herpes virus, which is transmitted by airborne droplets from sick children to healthy ones. The incubation period is from 10 to 21 days.
The disease begins with a rise in temperature, which is accompanied by the appearance of a rash in the form of spots, a general malaise. The spots eventually turn into bubbles with a clear liquid, which burst, dry out, after which crusts form. A typical difference between chickenpox and other diseases accompanied by rashes is the presence of a rash on the scalp. All the elements of the rash are simultaneously present on the patient's skin: spots, blisters, and crusts. New additions are possible within 5-7 days. Drying of the wound and the formation of crusts is accompanied by severe itching.
A patient with chickenpox is contagious from the moment the first element of the rash appears and 5 more days after the appearance of the last element.
→
Treatment
In a normal course, chickenpox does not require treatment. The main thing is hygiene and good care, which allow you to prevent suppuration of the elements of the rash.
In Russia, it is customary to lubricate the bubbles with brilliant green. In fact, this is not necessary - in Western countries, for example, brilliant green is not used. In many ways, its use is really inconvenient: it stains linen, does not wash off for a long time. But our tradition also has its advantages. If you mark new elements of the rash with green paint, it is easy to track the moment when the sprinkling stopped.
When the temperature rises above 38 ° C, the child should be given an antipyretic, preference should be given to medicines based on paracetamol. Do not forget about antihistamines and local balms and ointments to relieve itching. The use of antiherpetic drugs is not recommended: the child does not develop immunity when they are taken, and re-infection is possible.
Prevention
There is a vaccine against the chickenpox virus, it is registered in Russia, but is not included in the National Immunization Schedule, that is, it is not given to everyone for free. Parents can vaccinate their child for money at vaccination centers.
Diphtheria
The causative agent of the disease diphtheria bacillus. You can get infected from a sick person and from a carrier of the infection. Once on the mucous membranes (or skin), it releases a toxin that causes the necrosis of the epithelium. The nervous and cardiovascular systems, adrenal glands, kidneys. The incubation period is 2-10 days. characteristic feature diphtheria - a grayish film with a pearly sheen covering the affected mucous membranes.The disease begins with an increase in body temperature (usually not higher than 38 ° C), there is a slight soreness, moderate redness of the mucous membranes. In severe cases, the temperature immediately rises to 40 ° C, the child complains of headache and sore throat, sometimes in the abdomen. The tonsils may swell so much that they make breathing difficult.
Treatment
The child is hospitalized and injected with anti-diphtheria serum. After hospitalization, disinfection of the room in which the patient was located is carried out. All persons who were in contact with him are subject to bacteriological examination and medical observation within 7 days. Children who have been in contact with the patient are prohibited from visiting children's institutions for this period.
Prevention
All children are vaccinated against diphtheria combined DTP vaccine. In rare cases, a vaccinated child can get sick, but the disease will be mild.
Whooping cough
An infection that is transmitted by airborne droplets and causes a painful cough. The source of infection is a sick person. The incubation period is from 3 to 14 days (usually 7-9). There are three periods in the course of the disease.
The catarrhal period is characterized by the appearance of a persistent dry cough, which gradually intensifies. There may also be a runny nose and an increase in temperature to subfebrile (but more often it remains normal). This period can last from three days to two weeks.
The spasmodic, or convulsive, period is characterized by coughing attacks. They consist of coughing shocks - short exhalations, following one after another. From time to time, the tremors are interrupted by a reprise - a breath, which is accompanied by a whistling sound. The attack ends with the release of thick mucus, maybe vomiting. The severity of the attacks increases within 1-3 weeks, then stabilizes, then the attacks become more rare and disappear. The duration of the convulsive period can be from 2 to 8 weeks, but often drags on for a longer time.
After that, there is a period of permission. At this time, the cough, which seems to have already passed, may return, but the patient is not contagious.
Treatment
Antibiotics from the group of macrolides, antitussive drugs of central action, bronchodilators in inhalation are prescribed. An important role in therapy is played by non-drug methods: staying in the open air, sparing regimen, eating high-calorie foods, in small volumes, but often.
Prevention
Whooping cough vaccination is included in the National calendar and is given to children free of charge. Sometimes vaccinated children also get sick, but in a mild form.
Measles
Viral infection which is spread by airborne droplets. The source of infection is a sick person. The incubation period is 8-17 days, but can be extended up to 21 days.
Measles begins with an increase in temperature to 38.5-39 ° C, a runny nose, dry cough, and photophobia. The child may experience vomiting, abdominal pain, loose stools. At this time, on the mucous cheeks and lips, on the gums, one can find grayish-white spots the size of a poppy seed, surrounded by a red halo. This is an early symptom of measles, allowing a diagnosis to be made before the rash appears.
A rash - small pink spots - occurs on the 4-5th day of illness. The first elements appear behind the ears, on the back of the nose. By the end of the first day, it covers the face and neck, is localized on the chest and upper back. On the second day it spreads to the trunk, and on the third day it covers the arms and legs.
Treatment
Used in the treatment of measles antiviral drugs and also immunomodulators. In severe cases, may be prescribed intravenous injections immunoglobulin. The rest of the treatment is symptomatic.
Bed rest is needed not only on days of high temperature, but also 2-3 days after its decrease.
Transferred measles affects the nervous system. The child becomes capricious, irritable, gets tired quickly. Schoolchildren should be freed from overload for 2-3 weeks, a child of preschool age should be extended sleep, walks.
Prevention
The first vaccination against measles is given to all children at the age of 7, the second at 7 years.
Rubella
The rubella virus is transmitted from a sick person through the air. The incubation period is 11-23 days. A person infected with rubella begins to shed the virus a week before the onset of clinical symptoms and ends a week or two after all signs of the disease have subsided.A typical manifestation of rubella is swelling and mild soreness of the posterior cervical, occipital and other lymph nodes. At the same time (or 1-2 days later) a pale pink small-spotted rash appears on the face and the whole body. After another 2-3 days, it disappears without a trace. The rash may be accompanied by a slight rise in body temperature, mild disorders in the work of the respiratory tract. But often there are no such symptoms.
Complications are extremely rare. Rubella is dangerous only if a pregnant woman falls ill with it, especially in the first months. The disease can cause severe fetal malformations.
Treatment
There is currently no specific treatment for rubella. V acute period the patient must comply with bed rest. With an increase in temperature, antipyretic drugs are used, with an itchy rash, antihistamines are used.
Prevention
Not so long ago, rubella vaccination was introduced into the National calendar.
Infectious parotitis (mumps)
Infection occurs by airborne droplets. The incubation period is from 11 to 21 days.
The disease begins with fever up to 38-39 ° C, headache. Behind auricle a tumor appears, first on one side, and after 1-2 days on the other side. The patient becomes contagious 1-2 days before the onset of symptoms and sheds the virus for the first 5-7 days of illness.
Teenage boys often also develop orchitis - inflammation of the testicle: there is pain in the scrotum, the testicle increases in size, the scrotum swells. The swelling subsides in 5-7 days. Severely flowing orchitis, especially bilateral, can lead to infertility in the future.For mumps infection, inflammation of the pancreas is also typical, which makes itself felt with cramping, sometimes girdle pain in the abdomen, nausea, and loss of appetite.
Serous meningitis is also not uncommon. This complication is manifested by a new temperature jump on the 3-6th day of illness, headache, vomiting, increased sensitivity to sound and visual stimuli. The child becomes lethargic, drowsy, sometimes he has hallucinations, convulsive twitches, there may be a loss of consciousness. But these phenomena, with timely and rational therapy do not last long and do not affect the subsequent development of the child.
Treatment
As prescribed by the doctor, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, painkillers are given, a dry warming compress is applied to the salivary glands.
With orchitis, consultation with a surgeon or urologist is mandatory, and treatment in a hospital is often required. At serous meningitis The child needs constant medical supervision in a hospital.
Prevention
To prevent mumps infection, all children are vaccinated in accordance with the National Immunization Schedule.
Scarlet fever
The disease causes beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus. You can get infected not only from a patient with scarlet fever, but also from patients with streptococcal tonsillitis. The incubation period is 2-7 days. The patient becomes contagious from the moment of illness. If the disease proceeds without complications, then after 7-10 days the isolation of streptococcus stops. If complications develop, then the contagious period is delayed.
The disease, as a rule, begins with a sudden increase in temperature, vomiting, sore throat. After a few hours, and sometimes the next day, a rash appears. It is small, plentiful, harsh to the touch. The cheeks are especially densely covered with a rash. Other typical sites of intense rash are the sides, lower abdomen, groin, armpits and popliteal cavities. The rash lasts 3-5 days. mild scarlet fever proceeds with short-term rashes.
A constant symptom of scarlet fever is tonsillitis. The tongue in the first days is covered with a gray-yellow coating, and from the 2-3rd day it begins to clear from the edges and tip, becoming crimson. The lymph nodes under the angles of the lower jaw increase, when touched they hurt.
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus can also affect the heart, joints, kidneys, so it is necessary timely treatment diseases.
Treatment
In the first 5-6 days, the child must remain in bed, then he is allowed to get up, but until the 11th day, the regimen remains at home. Kindergarten and school can be attended no earlier than 22 days from the onset of the disease.The child is prescribed antibiotics. Combined drugs are used for sore throat, as with angina. If necessary, give antipyretics. Recommended sparing diet, plentiful drink.
Three weeks after the onset of the disease, it is recommended to do an electrocardiogram, take urine for analysis and show the child to an otolaryngologist to make sure there are no complications.
Prevention
A patient with scarlet fever should be isolated in a separate room, he should be provided with separate tableware, a towel. Isolation of the patient is terminated after recovery, but not earlier than 10 days from the onset of the disease. There is no vaccine for this disease.
This article is for you Dear Parents, in order for you to be aware of what dangerous childhood diseases exist, the causes of their occurrence, and symptoms, knowing this information, you may be able to avoid these ailments, or at least quickly diagnose and cure them, we hope that this information will help you at least a little.
We have collected ten dangerous childhood diseases, this does not mean that they are the most dangerous of the existing ailments, we chose them according to several criteria - this is the prevalence, complexity of treatment, possible consequences and danger to the future life of the child. Well, let's get started.
Salmonellosis is a dangerous intestinal infection.
Salmonellosis - intestinal infection, which is caused by various microbes of the genus Salmonella. Salmonella bacteria survive quite well in external environment, tolerate low temperatures, but die from high temperatures. These bacteria multiply in meat, eggs, milk and related products, and can release toxins that can damage the intestinal mucosa.
The main route of Salmonella infection is food. Salmonella enters the child's body with food that is not cooked immediately before eating (cheesecakes, cakes). Once in the body, salmonella release toxins that lead to disruption of many organs, and also damage the intestinal mucosa.
The onset of the disease begins with nausea and vomiting, then the temperature rises to 38-39 degrees, lack of appetite and abdominal pain are characteristic. The frequency of stools depends on the degree of infection, and soon the child becomes dehydrated.
Staphylococcal infection is dangerous complications
Staphylococcal infection is a group of diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus, which has various clinical manifestations, general intoxication of the body, purulent-inflammatory foci throughout the body. Staphylococci are a whole genus of microorganisms, 14 of them live on our body and mucous membranes, and only 3 pose a threat to human health. Most dangerous Staphylococcus aureus, it can cause more than 100 diseases. Next comes epidermal staphylococcus aureus - it is less dangerous than aureus, and appears in weakened children (after operations, severe diseases). Well, the last one is saprophytic staphylococcus, cases of infection with its participation are very rare.
Infection with staphylococcus in children most often occurs from a person (medical staff, relatives, friends), as well as through dirty hands. In addition, this infection spreads rapidly in food (confectionery and dairy products, fresh salads).
Symptoms and consequences after infection with staphylococcus can be different, depending on which area of the body is damaged and what disease was caused, here are some examples of diseases: boils, osteomyelitis, arthritis, tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, poisoning, meningitis and many other diseases.
Hepatitis A is a virus that attacks the liver
Hepatitis A, also known as Botkin's disease, is an infectious disease that affects the liver. This virus is transmitted through food, water, from another person who has hepatitis A, as well as dirty hands smeared in feces. That is why it is very important to wash your hands after using the toilet and walking, and the products before eating. The insidiousness of this disease is that it cannot be immediately detected if healthy child communicated with a patient for hepatitis, and became infected with an infection, then symptoms may appear only 2-4 weeks after this communication.
Symptoms of hepatitis A begin with an increase in temperature from 37.5 to 39 degrees, along with weakness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain in the right hypochondrium. Then, before the onset of the jaundice itself, two obvious symptoms appear: the urine becomes dark (the color of beer), and the feces, on the contrary, turn white. Well, then comes the yellowing of the skin.
Sweating is not as dangerous as it is common
Prickly heat - small pink dots on the baby's skin, they appear suddenly, and, as a rule, after a walk or sleep, this is the main symptom of prickly heat. This disease, if it is treated in time, behaves passively, the child is not bothered by anything, no temperature or discomfort. But if it is not treated, then irritated skin can become inflamed, and purulent skin diseases will begin.
The fact is that in infants, the body first gets used to environment. Therefore, it functions a little differently, not like an adult. As soon as the child becomes hot, the sweat glands, in order to protect the baby from overheating, produce a certain liquid, and if something interferes with normal sweating (the skin is covered with a thick layer of cream, or the child is dressed too warmly), then this liquid accumulates in the glands. And as a result, the skin becomes irritated in a bright pink color, and a small reddish rash appears on it.
Ear infections are dangerous for babies
Recognizing this disease is not so easy because infants and young children are more susceptible to it, and at this age your child cannot explain what is wrong with him. If the baby has a runny nose and cough, and after 3-5 days heat, an ear infection may be to blame, the child may delay the sore ear, be very bad mood, and if the baby already knows how to walk, then there may be a problem with balance.
What causes an ear infection? It's all about the Eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, and drains fluid from the middle ear. Usually the fluid is excreted without problems, but in children, unlike adults, the tube is more horizontal and does not work quite effectively, and it can also swell from a cold, allergy or runny nose, which will prevent fluid from being removed and it will accumulate in the middle ear. Any bacteria that are in the liquid at this time begin to multiply rapidly in a warm environment, from which pus forms, becomes inflamed and increases in size. eardrum. And then this condition is called purulent acute middle ear.
Mumps or mumps
Mumps - infectious disease, which most of all affects near the ear glands, and after the illness, there remains a strong immunity to this disease for life. Mostly children aged 3-15, adults can also get sick, but these are isolated cases. Since this is a viral infection, infection most often occurs from a sick child with mumps (airborne droplets), that is, when talking, sneezing, coughing, the virus from a sick child through the oral cavity or nasal mucosa healthy baby penetrates into the blood, and then enters the genital, salivary and pancreas glands, where reproduction occurs, bacteria accumulate, and again in in large numbers enters the blood.
The disease has an incubation period of 11 to 23 days, after which the temperature rises, loss of appetite, as a result of malaise, headache. After a couple of days, there is tension in the ear area, there are pulling pains, there is pain when chewing. After that, swelling appears in front, behind and below the ear, which means an inflammatory increase in the parotid salivary gland. The disease can have an extremely unpleasant complication in the form of orchitis (inflammation of the testicles in boys), oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries in girls), which in the future may affect reproductive function your child.
Polio is very dangerous
Poliomyelitis is an infantile spinal paralysis, an infectious disease that affects Gray matter spinal cord the so-called poliovirus. Mostly children under the age of 10 get sick, this infection is transmitted by airborne droplets, through contaminated things, water and food. calls various forms paralysis, which in 50 percent of cases are cured completely, and the remaining 50% remain with violations of moderate and severe severity. In addition, there are a number of complications: muscle atrophy, interstitial myocarditis, lung atelectasis, limb deformity, etc.
The incubation period of this disease lasts 3-14 days, after which the main symptoms of the disease begin, which are very similar to colds (cough, sore throat, runny nose, headaches), but all this is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, tension in the muscles of the neck and head .
Whooping cough causes whooping cough
Whooping cough is an infectious disease that affects Airways, and manifesting itself as attacks of convulsive cough. Most often, this disease affects children under 5 years of age. Infection with whooping cough occurs only by airborne droplets, since this pathogen is extremely unstable in the external environment, therefore, infection through ordinary objects is not possible.
So, the infection enters the bloodstream through the respiratory tract, after which it spreads throughout the body. After this, the incubation period begins, lasting from 3 days to 2 weeks. Symptoms of the disease are general malaise, loss of appetite, a cough, runny nose, fever up to 40 degrees (usually in the evening) appear a little later. Later, the cough attacks in attacks, often during sleep, there is pain in the chest, burning. Breathing becomes noisy, viscous sputum is difficult to pass. During seizures, the child's face may turn blue. At proper treatment the cough goes away after a couple of weeks, in severe cases a couple of months, and if something goes wrong, then pneumonia can develop.
An umbilical hernia is a consequence of disorders or poor heredity
An umbilical hernia is the result of a defect in the anterior abdominal wall baby caused by weakness umbilical ring. As statistics show, most often this disease occurs in male newborns, the reasons for this have not yet been clarified. In addition to hereditary predisposition, doctors believe that the appearance of an umbilical hernia depends on many physical, chemical and biological factors that affect the fetus even in utero.
An umbilical hernia is of two types:
- Acquired. That is umbilical hernia occurs in violation gastrointestinal tract child, as a result, the navel closes very slowly, thereby creating the prerequisites for the formation of a hernia.
- Congenital. Typically, this is the result of anatomical structure body of a newborn.
Of the symptoms, perhaps only one can be distinguished, this is a convex seal near the navel, outwardly very reminiscent of a pea.
Scarlet fever - almost like rubella, but different
- an infectious disease caused by streptococcus. More often this disease affects children from 2 to 7 years old, and mainly in the autumn-winter period. This virus is transmitted by airborne droplets (when sneezing, talking, coughing), since the causative agent of scarlet fever is in the saliva, sputum of the patient, which is dangerous to others during the course of the entire disease. The virus also tends to persist for some time on objects that a sick child has touched, and accordingly they are also a source of infection.
As soon as streptococcus enters the mucous membrane, it begins to multiply, and inflammation occurs in their place. In this case, streptococcus secretes a toxin, which, when it enters the bloodstream, causes malaise, rash, and nerve damage.
Symptoms, like many other diseases, do not appear immediately, there is an incubation period of 2-11 days, after which fever, sore throat, malaise, and sometimes vomiting begin. Later, a rash appears, but not immediately everywhere, first on the neck, upper back, and then quickly all over the body. The rash is bright pink, about the size of a poppy seed. Also, the tongue will be covered with a white coating for the first 2-3 days, after which the coating will disappear, and it will turn bright red. All symptoms persist for an average of 5 days, after which they will slowly begin to disappear.
This is where this general information article ends, the main thing to remember, dear parents, do not joke with the health of the child, reading this or similar material does not make you experts in the field of medicine, it is better to trust the professionals, because we are talking about the health of your baby. Such material is for informational purposes only, for the purpose of general development, so that you can monitor the course of your child's illness, and not stand aside without knowing anything. We hope that we helped you at least a little, good luck and health to you and your children!
What to do if the husband lives in two families Husband and wife live in two pockets
How to dissuade a wife who filed for divorce?
How to get rid of dependence on a woman?
Life without a man: how to learn to live alone?
What to do if the husband is a drug addict, and how to help him return to a normal life My husband is a drug addict wife's advice