Neurological diseases in children symptoms. Everything you need to know about childhood neurological diseases

The doctor whose visit instills fear in most Russian parents is a neurologist. Moms and dads are afraid that this particular specialist will definitely find some neurological disorder at their beloved child. And these fears are not so groundless - according to statistics, 90% of babies in our country have one or another neurological diagnosis. Is this diagnosis always reliable and are neurological problems really so common? pediatrician Evgeny Komarovsky.

Features of the children's nervous system

The nervous system of a newborn undergoes the most significant changes in the process of growth. Children are born with an immature nervous system, and it has yet to be formed, strengthened. The most intense changes occur during the neonatal period and the first year of life, and therefore find one or another neurological symptoms in a baby at 2 months or at 6 months, any neurologist will not have any difficulty.

During the formation of functions nervous system not everything goes smoothly, says Yevgeny Komarovsky, hence the incomprehensible cry for an incomprehensible reason, spasms and tics, hiccups and regurgitation, which bring so many experiences to parents and rich food for the activities of doctors.

If mothers understand the seriousness of the processes taking place with the child, questions, fears and doubts will become much less.

The brain of a newborn is quite large compared to the body, as the child grows, the proportions change, the structure of the brain becomes more complicated, and additional furrows appear.

The most active changes occur from birth to 5 months.

The spinal cord and spine of the baby grow unevenly, and their growth evens out at its pace only by 5-6 years. Transmission speed nerve impulses in the nervous system of a child is different than in an adult, and in accordance with mother's and father's, it will come only by 6-8 years.

Some of the reflexes that a newborn has, go away with time and by the year there is no trace of them, they are replaced by permanent reflexes. The sense organs in newborns function from the first minutes after birth, but not in the same way as in adults. For example, a baby begins to see clearly at about 1.5-2 months, and he can hear well already on the third day after birth.

neurological problems

When mothers with complaints of a child's trembling chin, shaking hands or regular hiccups come to the doctor, he is well aware that in 99% of cases such symptoms are a variant of the norm, given the intensive process of improving the nervous system. The doctor knows that these little "troubles" will most likely go away on their own, and possibly very soon. But he, according to Komarovsky, does not want to take responsibility for your child, and therefore it is easier for him to say that the shaking chin is a neurological symptom, and prescribe a certain treatment that will not cause harm (massage, swimming in an inflatable circle on the neck, vitamins).

Of course, there are real neurological problems, and they are all very serious without exception, Komarovsky says, but they occur in only 4% of children.

Therefore, most of the neurological diagnoses made by neurologists in the clinic for the next scheduled examination of babies have little in common with real diseases.

Worst of all, if the doctor prescribes medication to the child to eliminate neurological symptoms, which by and large exist only on paper.

Real situations when such pills are needed - no more than 2-3% of all established diagnoses. But they are accepted by everyone to whom they are prescribed.

efficient drug treatment Komarovsky considers only for children of the first month of life, if they really have serious violations during childbirth. Then even they are shown only massage and physiotherapy.

When does the problem really exist?

- a diagnosis that is very fond of making children in Russian clinics. Then, when it really is, the child needs urgent hospitalization, not in home treatment pills, says Komarovsky. If the child is cheerful, cheerful, active, sociable, it is not necessary to treat him intracranial pressure, since it most likely does not exist at all.

The most common complaint with which parents turn to a pediatric neurologist is the child's op.

With this, in most cases, the search for a disease begins, which, most likely, will be found.

Komarovsky urges mothers to stop looking for diseases in their children and simply understand that a child has a lot of other reasons for crying - hunger, heat, a desire to communicate, a desire to attract attention, an uncomfortable diaper, and so on. All these reasons have nothing to do with neurological diseases.

Very active children are considered to be sick, they are immediately diagnosed with "hyperactivity", calm and slow children are also considered unhealthy, they are labeled "inhibition", they try to explain neurological problems bad dream and appetite. You don’t need to do this, says Yevgeny Komarovsky, since real neurological diseases are rare, and they sound menacing, probiotics and gymnastics do not cure them.

These include epilepsy, cerebral palsy, neuroses of varying severity, Parkinson's disease, encephalopathy, pathological involuntary nervous tics and other conditions, many of which are congenital.

There is no need to compare your child with other children and the norms of the development of babies that exist in theory. Your child is a personality that develops in accordance with its internal "settings", they are purely individual.

Some ailments that are easily curable in adults lead to serious consequences if they occur in babies, and vice versa, there are conditions that the child’s body can cope with without much difficulty, while in older ones they are practically incurable.

Who is a pediatric neurologist?

Children often get sick. Some diseases of the nervous system in young patients are similar to adults, others are found only in childhood. Some ailments that are easily curable in adults lead to serious consequences if they occur in babies, and vice versa, there are conditions that the child’s body can cope with without much difficulty, while in older ones they are practically incurable. Just as a newborn differs from an adult, the structure and functioning of the brain of a small person and an adult also differ. The same pathological process can proceed differently in the adult and children's nervous system.

That is why there is a separate medical specialty- Pediatric neurologist. Until recently, any pediatrician who listened to a series of lectures on child neurology could treat neurological diseases in children. Now you can become a pediatric neurologist only after completing a full-fledged clinical residency in neurology, including “adult” diseases. children's doctor must know perfectly the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system with age-related features, be able to determine the level of damage, understand issues of pediatrics, neonatology, obstetrics. But, it turns out, you also need to be well able to distinguish the norm from the pathology and know those conditions of children that go away on their own and do not require treatment.

The baby meets a pediatric neurologist for the first time when he is one month old. This is a scheduled examination, during which the doctor evaluates the state of the infant's nervous system, his achievements in terms of psychomotor development in the first 30 days of life. Then, up to a year, the neurologist examines the child four more times, observing his development. This is a medical examination, which is needed in order to identify and start treating in time. possible diseases that affect the development of physical and mental skills.

Nervous diseases in newborns

How can such a baby get sick? The most common group of conditions are the consequences of lack of oxygen, trauma or infection that occurred during or shortly before childbirth. As a rule, the probability of perinatal (“peripartum”) damage to the nervous system is high with severe course pregnancy, when the fetus receives little oxygen, or during the pathological course of childbirth. Often, CNS damage develops in premature babies. When exposed to one or another damaging factor on the brain, first appear general symptoms, such as convulsions, depression or arousal, and then the signs of a focal lesion come to the fore. This means that those functions for which the dead parts of the brain are responsible are turned off. Most often this is a movement disorder - paresis or paralysis. As a result, with a focal lesion of the central nervous system, a child develops cerebral palsy and epilepsy. The doctor in the clinic should assess the history of pregnancy and childbirth, risk factors, examine the baby and, if necessary, prescribe additional examination. Children with epileptic seizures should start receiving antiepileptic drugs as soon as possible. Children with cerebral palsy (ICP) should undergo modern rehabilitation.

hereditary diseases metabolism appear immediately after birth or during the first year of life. The child may have epileptic seizures, impaired muscle tone and gross delay in psychomotor development. The debut in childhood is also characteristic of hereditary degenerative and neuromuscular diseases. Such illnesses are severe. They develop rapidly and lead to the immobilization and death of the child, whose mental development does not suffer and the level of consciousness does not change. Early and accurate diagnosis of these diseases is important, first of all, for further family planning and calculation of the probability of developing the disease in other children in the family.

Hydrocephalus- Another disease that most often debuts in the first year of life. This disease is associated with a violation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid (fluid that washes the spinal cord and brain and circulates in the cavities of the brain - the ventricles). Hydrocephalus may be due to birth defects development of the central nervous system, inflammation of the membranes of the brain, tumors. The cerebrospinal fluid presses on the brain tissue, so the development of the child is inhibited, convulsions may appear, and when acute course- respiratory failure and death. A pediatric neurologist in a polyclinic may notice the first signs of the disease: too rapid growth in head circumference, divergence of the sutures of the skull, signs of intracranial hypertension (increased CSF pressure). In this case, the child is urgently sent to the hospital, where neurosurgeons deal with it. With timely surgical treatment these children have a chance to develop and live a normal life.

Unfortunately, the condition of the baby during examination is not always adequately assessed and normal age features a small person is often interpreted as neurological symptoms. In the medical record of a healthy child, such diagnoses as perinatal encephalopathy, hydrocephalic syndrome, pyramidal insufficiency or psychomotor retardation appear. Vascular and nootropic drugs with unproven efficacy and safety. Young parents should carefully consider the comments and appointments of a pediatric neurologist and, possibly, consult with several specialists.

Nervous diseases in children after a year

After a year, a neurologist examines children before kindergarten, before entering school, after the first grade, before the fifth and after ten years - annually. What diseases are in his "management"? With what complaints to come to this doctor? What can be given to a child?

epilepsy people of all ages suffer, but in the vast majority of cases, the onset of this disease occurs in childhood. In babies of the first year, it is usually difficult symptomatic epilepsy and malignant epileptic syndromes of infancy. In early school and adolescence, idiopathic and presumably symptomatic forms of epilepsy may begin. The question of epilepsy arises in any stereotypically repetitive seizures with or without loss of consciousness, unusual short-term fading, involuntary movements in the muscles, repeated sensations of smells or sounds. The doctor should definitely examine the child after any fainting. Only children are characterized by febrile seizures in response to high temperature and affective-respiratory paroxysms - these conditions have nothing to do with epilepsy, they do not need to be treated, and therefore it is important to distinguish between them. Anyone under the age of 20 is likely to have at least one episode of seizures. Not all seizures require immediate treatment, but in most cases, the earlier the child started taking the right antiepileptic drug, the better the prognosis for the course of the disease, mental development and quality of life. Children with seizures do not require any examination, except for an EEG every six months and an MRI once at the first symptoms of the disease. No drugs, except modern anticonvulsants, will help them. Pantogam, mexidol and cortexin, often prescribed by polyclinic neurologists, should not be used to “increase the threshold for convulsive readiness”. Not only do they not help, but they can also be dangerous for children, especially if you rely on them instead of taking anticonvulsants early.

Headaches- scourge modern people, and in big cities even children of kindergarten age complain that their head starts to hurt in the evening. Headache in children may be accompanied by diseases such as anemia, pathology thyroid gland, bronchial asthma, depression, chronic tonsillitis and many others. To treat a headache, it is very important to understand its cause. In Russian clinics, for diagnosis, they still use such uninformative studies for headaches as REG and ECHO-EG, they look for the causes of the disease in changes in the EEG, although often a careful questioning, examination and general analysis blood. With a headache, the traditionally prescribed nootropics, cavinton and cerebrolysin, are useless. Often, instead of annual examinations and medicines of dubious effectiveness, a child can be helped by a simple organization of the daily routine, sufficient sleep, limiting the computer for gaming purposes and adequate exercise stress. Analgesics can help relieve pain. Unfortunately, children with migraine who regularly visit a neurologist and their parents are so "in the disease" that they refuse to change their lifestyle and rely on vascular therapy. Year after year, they expect improvement, believing that the cause of the pain is a violation of blood flow in the brain, limiting themselves in sports and in general in life activity. And it is precisely pediatric neurologists who are supposed to dispel such misconceptions, on the contrary, diligently cultivate them, which leads to chronic pain and the development of depression.

Sleep disturbance- a very common complaint in childhood, which usually comes from parents. From birth, the baby may sleep at inconvenient times, cry at night, wake up too often during the day, startle and grunt in sleep. Older children fall asleep late, refuse daytime sleep, and teenagers in general can stay up half the night, talk and grind their teeth in their sleep. All this worries attentive parents who think that something is wrong with their baby. In fact, complaints become relevant only if they excite the child himself. Late falling asleep and night tantrums, after which the child is well-rested and active, is a pedagogical problem that does not require medical intervention. Sleepwalking, sleep-talking, grinding of teeth, and startling in sleep are parasomnias that occur in anyone. healthy person And they don't need treatment either. Medical reasons sleep disturbance should be looked for when the baby clearly does not get enough sleep after he could not fall asleep at night, does not sleep because of crying, the cause of which may be pain, if nighttime awakenings from nightmares are too frequent. In such cases, the child should be examined by a neurologist, pediatrician and child psychiatrist.

Neurologist's patients are often children with compulsive movements, or tics. It can be blinking, wrinkling the nose, shrugging, as well as coughing, "grunting" and "grunting" - vocal tics. Some children react with tics to an emotionally significant situation or illness for them. Obsessions can be provoked by a transition to another kindergarten or school, a trip to the sea, moving, and even such unimportant events from the point of view of adults as the arrival of a grandmother, going to visit or to the theater, a walk in a new place. Most tics are called transient, and they end on their own within three to four months without treatment. It is on the peculiarities of tics that they pass on their own and the myth is based that such medicines as pantogam, phenibut, cortexin and sedative herbs help them. Parents are worried that their child is “nervous” and that “it will remain so for life”, and are happy to support the decision of the outpatient neurologist to prescribe pills. When the tics go away after some time, the mother rejoices that the treatment was correct and not in vain. In fact, only persistent tics that interfere with a normal life need treatment (for example, he is ridiculed at school for blinking or he cannot write accurately because of a tic in his hand). In such cases, serious drugs are prescribed that alleviate the child's condition at the time of admission. Tourette's syndrome, or generalized tic, is quite rare. With this disease, obsessive movements capture all muscle groups, it is difficult to live with it in society, so children with this condition constantly take drugs that restrain tics. Tiki - childhood disease, they disappear in most patients with the onset of puberty.

A neurologist is often visited by children with behavioral and developmental disorders, conditions that should be managed by child psychiatrists. Delays in the development of intelligence, speech, the formation of social skills can be associated with a somatic disease (impaired speech development with deafness), neurological (oligophrenia with cerebral palsy, epilepsy) or are independent diseases. One of the most common behavioral disorders in modern world Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. It is based on three main symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It has been proven that ADHD is hereditary disease, and work is underway to determine the role of environmental factors in the development of this condition. Not every child who makes noise, runs around and “stands on his ears” has ADHD. More often it is physiological hyperactivity in combination with defects in education. ADHD has clear criteria that a doctor must strictly follow when making such a diagnosis. Unfortunately, in bad behavior of their child, many parents tend to see the disease, and instead of thoughtful pedagogical work hope for pills prescribed by a neurologist. If a child does have ADHD due to a deficiency of certain substances in the brain, he needs to be prescribed a drug that will increase their concentration and help the patient cope with the symptoms. Medicines designed to improve blood flow in the brain, sedatives and nootropics will be useless in such a situation. If the baby (and the diagnosis of ADHD is increasingly appearing in medical records preschoolers and even one-year-olds) is healthy, but due to age is more active and noisy than parents expect, sedative herbs can calm him to please sensitive adults. But the child doesn't really need it.

Remembering the words of the elephant Horton from a children's fairy tale, I want to say: “Personality is personality. There is no growth here.” Every child is an individual individual person with their experiences, thoughts and interests. With your own character. If he is sick, he needs help to cope with the disease, and in modern medicine there is effective ways fight many ailments. If he is healthy, you just need to let him grow and develop, without trying to find a pathology and change his character.

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Consider the most common neurological diseases of newborns, their symptoms. In fact, it is important for every mother to know the symptoms, since almost all neurological problems can be corrected and treated if they are detected in time - at an early stage!

Almost every baby has some kind of neurological problem: one child has problems with tone or sleep, another has increased intracranial pressure, the third is too inhibited or excitable, the fourth is vegetative - due to a violation of the regulation of vascular tone, a mesh appears on his skin subcutaneous capillaries, and the palms and feet are constantly wet and cold ...

Perinatal encephalopathy (PEP), which is also coded as a "syndrome of CNS disorders"

Her signs are found in 8-9 out of 10 newborns. They occur with adverse effects on the nervous system during pregnancy, childbirth and in the first week after the baby is born.

If you notice in time emerging problems and eliminate them with the help of medicines, herbal remedies, massage and physiotherapy, then AED can pass by 4-6 months, maximum - by a year. In mild cases, there are no consequences, and more serious or unnoticed neurological problems after a year often result in the so-called minimal brain dysfunction (MMD).

This diagnosis indicates some weakness and vulnerability of the baby's nervous system, but you should not be upset about this. After all main danger- the threat of the formation of cerebral palsy (CP) - bypassed the crumbs! (For more on what to do if cerebral palsy is diagnosed, see page 62.)

In the first month and then three more times during the year, show the baby to a neurologist. If there is no such specialist in the children's clinic, ask the pediatrician for a referral to the district consultative and diagnostic center.

Intracranial pressure

Under the shells of the head and spinal cord crumbs circulate cerebrospinal fluid - cerebrospinal fluid. She feeds nerve cells, carries away end products of an exchange, amortizes blows and concussions. If for some reason more cerebrospinal fluid is produced than flows out, or if external pressure is applied to the head of the crumbs, as during childbirth, intracranial pressure (ICP) increases to a critical level. And since in meninges there are many pain receptors, the child would suffer from an unbearable headache if it were not for the system of sutures and fontanelles, which allows the bones of the skull to diverge, equalizing the pressure.

Thanks to this baby severe pain due to intracranial hypertension, she does not feel, but she feels some discomfort and informs her mother about it. You just need to be able to hear his signals!

Does the baby often cry and spit up often, especially when the weather changes? It looks like he has really high ICP!

Mommy should be alert a bright pattern of saphenous veins, translucent on the temples and bridge of the baby's nose, and sometimes throughout the entire cranial vault. An additional cause for alarm is a white stripe of sclera that periodically appears above the iris of the crumbs, as if he opened his eyes wide in surprise.

• Beware if the circumference of the head of a monthly crumb exceeds the circumference of the chest by more than 2 cm. Check the seam between the parietal bones in the middle of the head (its width should not exceed 0.5 cm), as well as the distance between the opposite edges of the fontanelles - large (normal - up to W x W cm) and small (1 x 1 cm).
• Keep the situation under control with a neurologist. Due to the compensatory capabilities of the sutures and fontanelles, it often happens that on neurosonography or ultrasound of the brain, the doctor detects intracranial hypertension in the newborn, and clinical signs there is no trouble: the baby is satisfied, calm, develops well, sleeps soundly at night ... In this case, treatment is not required - only observation by a specialist.
• If increased ICP begins to cause concern to the child, the doctor will prescribe diuretics that remove excess fluid from under the membranes of the brain of the crumbs.
• An excellent remedy for mild hypertension is a pharmacy children's tea with horsetail, which has a diuretic effect.

Hypertonicity and hypotonicity of muscles in a newborn

Our biceps and triceps never completely relax - even in a state of sleep, they retain residual tension, which is called muscle tone. In a newborn, it is very high: what is normal for a child in the first weeks of life is a gross pathology for a six-month-old baby.

To fit in mom's tummy, the baby had to shrink into a ball due to the increased tension of the flexor muscles. It is important that it is not excessive. Muscular hypertension sometimes affects only one half of the child's body. Then the baby lying on its back bends in an arc, turns its head only in one direction, and on the tummy falls on the side where the tone is higher.

Muscular Hypertension Syndrome - one of the most common manifestations of PEP. The tone should be normalized as soon as possible: otherwise the child will lag behind in motor development, will face difficulties when walking.

This can be avoided doing massage and gymnastics with baby.

Smooth swaying movements relax the clamped muscles. The effect can be achieved by rocking the baby while bathing, as well as on the handles, in the stroller, rocking chair. These movements are great for relaxing tight muscles!

Exercise in the fetal position will be beneficial. Lay the baby on your back, cross your arms on your chest, pull your knees up to your tummy and hold with your left hand, and tilt your baby’s head with your right hand, then gently and rhythmically rock towards you and away from you and from side to side (5-10 times).

Muscular hypotension - the exact opposite of hypertonicity: the arms and legs of the newborn are not pressed to the body, as expected, but are half extended, the resistance to passive extension is insufficient. But in order for the child to actively develop physically and master motor skills, his tone must be normal.

Follow the changes in muscle tone with a neurologist! If you do not fight muscle hypotonia, the baby will belatedly learn to roll over, crawl, sit and walk, his feet will remain flat, his legs and spine will bend, and dislocations will occur in loose joints. You and your doctor must do everything to prevent this from happening.

The list of neurological diseases is quite wide and does not depend on age and gender; these diseases are recognized as the most common. Functional disorders in this type of pathology can form anywhere in the body.

Causes that provoke disorders of the nervous system

Diseases of a neurological nature are acquired and congenital. Provocative factors leading to violations are:

• Injuries. Traumatic brain injury leads to the development of all kinds of neurological disorders.
• Diseases internal organs in the chronic stage.
• hereditary predisposition. In this case, the manifestation of disorders begins from an early age: these are tics, epileptic seizures, impaired motor function, complete or partial loss of sensitivity.
• Circulatory disorders of the cerebral vessels. The disorders are manifested by dizziness, disorientation, migraine, and
• Exhaustion of the body on a nervous basis. Diseases that are caused by this cause are distinguished by psychosomatic symptoms.

Encephalitis, meningitis

They are diagnosed with brain damage, and they are included in the list of neurological diseases for disability determination. The soft membranes of the brain are exposed to harmful agents, bacterial or viral in nature.

Unfortunately, no one can be immune from these diseases. Such diagnoses are also made to newborns, and the cause in this case is an infection transferred during pregnancy. The danger of brain damage lies in complications: these are progressive dementia and conditions that lead to a person's disability. Delayed treatment leads to cerebral edema and death.

Vegetovascular dystonia

This pathology is recognized as one of the most common neurological disorders. The condition is characterized chronic course. Symptoms: jumps blood pressure, frequent dizziness, pain in the heart. Properly selected therapy leads to a complete cure.

Migraine

This disease is recognized as a leader among neurological disorders. Symptoms of the disease are manifested by bouts of severe excruciating headache. Therapy is selected individually over a long period. To get rid of pain syndrome complicated.

Age-related neurological pathologies

List of neurological diseases in people over 60 that are incurable: senile dementia, multiple sclerosis(currently found in the younger generation of citizens), parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment. The reason for their development is considered to be long-term arterial hypertension, not compensated drug therapy, failure of metabolic processes and insufficient blood supply to the brain. Below is a partial list of neurological diseases (in the table) associated with memory impairment in the elderly.

Timely application for medical care improve the quality of life of the patient, allow for some time to delay the progression of the disease.

Conditions in which you should see a doctor

Syndromes and symptoms in neurological diseases that indicate problems in functioning are as follows:

• constant fatigue;
• disorientation;
• sleep problems;
• memory impairment;
• weakening of attention;
• failure in muscle activity;
• the formation of spots in the field of vision;
• hallucinations;
• dizziness;
• confusion;
• tremor;
• pain that occurs suddenly and affects different parts of the body;
• panic attacks;
• feeling of numbness in the lower and upper limbs;
• paresis or paralysis.

The detection of the above signs requires medical care, since they can be harbingers of serious neurological diseases, the list of which is divided into disorders in the work of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Research types

The neurologist, if necessary, will refer the patient for additional examinations:

• magnetic resonance imaging is prescribed for disorders of consciousness, hallucinations, pain syndrome;
• dopplerography is indicated for migraine, dizziness;
• electroneuromyography - with paralysis or paresis, as well as sudden pain.
• computed tomography helps to determine the location and nature of the pathology;
• ultrasound procedure various bodies depending on the patient's complaints;
• positron emission tomography, with its help diagnose injuries and consequences of diseases;
• echoencephalography is used to detect pathologies of the brain;
• neurosonography is used to examine the brain of newborns;
• craniography reveals skull fractures and birth defects.

Which specific type of examination to prescribe is determined by the attending physician, depending on the presence of symptoms. Treatment of neurological diseases and their prevention is his prerogative. Independent decision-making about treatment or undergoing research is not recommended.

Treatment Methods

There are four therapies that have been successfully used to treat neurological diseases (a list of them is given above):

Medicinal or medicinal. Includes a wide range of drugs, which, in accordance with the instructions for medical use used to treat these conditions.

Physiotherapy. Includes a variety of physical therapy classes aimed at various organs and muscles, as well as magnetic and laser therapy, electrophoresis and other types of physiotherapy.

Surgical. This method is used with the progression of the disease and the complete absence of the effect of other methods of therapy. Operational interventions carried out on nerve fibers, spinal cord and brain.

Non-drug. These include diet therapy, treatment medicinal herbs, acupuncture, massage, manual and reflexology, osteopathy.

Children's neurological diseases: list and description

The main causes that provoke neurological stress or breakdown are recognized:

• psychological trauma;
• uncomfortable and aggressive environment in which the child is located;
• uncontrolled physical and mental stress;
• inability to cope with strong emotions (fear, resentment).

The undeveloped nervous system of the child does not have time to respond in a timely manner to various stressful situations Therefore, children cannot quickly adapt to difficult living conditions. According to medical statistics, the list of childhood neurological diseases is steadily growing. The most defenseless inhabitants of the globe are affected by diseases such as:

• Enuresis or urinary incontinence. It is very common in young boys and manifests itself in a weakening of control at night. The causes of this condition, children's neurologists call: stress, constant punishment of the child.
• various neuroses, which occupy a leading place among all neurological disorders: fear of heights, darkness, loneliness, and others;
• stuttering. Most often occurs in boys. The reason is a strong shock in the form of fright or trauma, that is, something that the child could not cope with on his own and there was a failure in the speech process.
• Tiki. Distinguish motor, they are expressed in twitching, blinking or shrugging; vocal - grunting, coughing; ritual - all actions performed in a certain sequence are repeated; generalized, which combine several species. The reason for ticks lies in attention, as well as overprotection, stress.
• Sleep disorders of a neurotic nature. The prerequisites for the development of this condition are regular overwork in additional sections, at school and chronic stress.
• Headaches. The presence of this symptom indicates the presence of a pathological process of a neurological orientation in the child's body.
• Attention Deficit Syndrome. It is especially often manifested during schooling and can then go into adulthood. Manifestations of the syndrome are anxiety, aggressiveness, negativism, emotional lability.

The list and description of neurological diseases in childhood is endless. In order to effectively treat pathologies of the nervous system, one should seek medical help in a timely manner. Partially help to avoid these violations finding common language with a child, support and faith in his own strength, indulgence and patience, a psychologically favorable climate in the family. The main thing in such situations is not to look for the guilty, but together with specialists (neurologists, psychologists) to find the right way out, thinking first of all about the younger generation.

Neurological diseases in newborns

The list of these pathologies is headed by the most common, such as:

• Hypertonicity and hypotonicity. A sign of the first is the voltage in muscle tissue, which does not pass after the first week of the baby's life. The symptoms of the second are upper and lower limbs unbent, with passive extension there is no resistance. Treatment consists in regular gymnastics and massage courses.
• Syndrome of disorders of the central nervous system. It is assumed that such a state is traced in a large number newborns. The reasons for its appearance lie in the adverse effects of external conditions on the nervous system during gestation, delivery and in the first days of the baby's life. At the first signs of the disease, treatment should be started immediately using physiotherapeutic methods. Untimely therapy will subsequently result in brain dysfunction.
• Intracranial pressure. It can be unstable or increase and lead to hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome. Symptoms that should alert a young mother are manifested in the form of frequent crying, regurgitation, especially when atmospheric pressure changes, irritability, or, conversely, drowsiness, lethargy, and lack of appetite. On the bridge of the nose, temples and skull of the baby, a pattern of veins appears, which is visible to the naked eye. By the beginning of the second month of life, an increase in the size of the baby's head is possible.
• Perinatal cerebral hypoexcitability. It occurs intermittently or may be constant, has a severity different strength. The baby shows passivity, lethargy, he does not show curiosity, muscle activity is reduced, the main reflexes - swallowing and sucking - are reduced, low physical activity. This type of pathology is typical for premature babies, as well as those who have undergone hypoxia or birth trauma.

Any mother needs to know the signs of neurological diseases in children, the list of which is listed above, and at the slightest suspicion, seek qualified help from doctors in a medical institution.

Summing up

The early age of the individual is especially important for the whole subsequent life, since it is during this period that the basic foundations for successful physical well-being are laid. Timely elimination of disorders or stabilization of conditions associated with pathological neurological problems will help to be healthy.

Today, problems in the field of neurology in newborns are very common. After all, the child is affected by modern ecology, and parental nutrition, stress. To the most common neurological disorders in infants lead: birth trauma, lack of oxygen during the development of the fetus in the womb in the first months of pregnancy, complications that arose during childbirth, bad heredity. Also, the mother's toxicosis can affect the child if it manifests itself in a severe form.
The health of the baby depends on the heredity that he received, as well as on the social conditions in which he is. At the same time, in early age he needs dynamic observation in the first, third, sixth, ninth and twelfth months of life, after birth.
Motor, mental and speech development child in the first year of life - dynamics
In the first month after his birth, the baby learns to hold his head, fix his gaze, track the movement of bright objects, and listen to various sounds. At the same time, he unconsciously begins to smile and make sounds with the help of the larynx.
In the third month, the child has already learned to confidently hold his head, rise on his forearms, roll over on his side from his back. Often trying to take objects around him, such as toys, began to respond to the voice and face of his mother, shows a vocal reaction to hunger or discomfort. The facial expressions of the baby come to life when someone's voice sounds, if he feels good, then he smiles or laughs.
At six months, the newborn should already sit on his own, get on all fours, and can swing. At this age, he often tries to crawl away somewhere. He takes objects with one hand, showing interest in them, and has already learned how to manipulate them quite well. The kid is already starting to babble (imitated speech), pronounce his first syllables, he also loves to imitate the intonations of adults.
At the ninth month, the baby is characterized by active crawling, the ability to stand (of course, with support or holding on to the nearest support). He is already good with toys, he has learned to take objects of small sizes. During this period of development, he already distinguishes between relatives and strangers, he can repeat movements, imitating the “interlocutor”, for example, playing “patties” and “magpie-crow”. Also, the child will be able to show a certain part of the body and understand that they are saying “no”, say short words(usually "mom" and "dad"). Now he is already able to complete a simple task and drink from a mug on his own.
At twelve months, children begin to walk independently, understand speech addressed to them, play with dolls or cars, help themselves dress, learn to be neat. Vocabulary at this age - about ten to twelve words.
It is important to know that when forming a child's speech, two options are usually distinguished: 1) the number of words spoken by the child gradually increases; 2) speech develops unevenly (the child starts from the simplest syllables, and at 6-12 months it falls silent, and at 9 months begins the conscious repetition of syllables).
The most common neurology in newborns (nervous system damage) at this age is caused by hypoxia (while carrying a child in the womb or during childbirth) changes in the functioning of the central nervous system. Changes mean: too high excitability, disturbed sleep and eating behavior, movement disorders (and muscle tone), a violation in the regulation of pressure inside the skull, the skin became marble, the palms and feet are moist, the limbs are cold, meteorological lability is observed, the possible occurrence of different types convulsions.
Parents must be aware that in the absence of the necessary and proper attention in this case to such manifestations, which are pathological, with regard to the state of the child's central nervous system, certain consequences can be reaped. The baby may have delayed psychomotor and speech development, which in turn can lead to behavioral disorders (hyperactivity), lack of attention, emotional instability may frolic in him, and the formation of writing, reading and counting skills may be impaired. In addition, the development of brain functioning will also slow down, i.e. speech, attention and memory in a child will be impaired.
If parents notice a child the following symptoms you should definitely visit a pediatric neurologist:
- the baby's suckling is too sluggish, he interrupts because he gets tired;
- the baby chokes, milk flows out through the nose;
- there is nasality in the voice, and the cry is weak;
- in a child, regurgitation occurs often, and the whole is added insufficiently;
- the newborn is inactive or too restless, and this condition only intensifies, even if almost nothing changes around him;
- the baby's chin, upper and / or lower limbs tremble, especially when he cries;
- the child has an unreasonable shudder, it is difficult to fall asleep, and the dream itself is superficial and short;
- when lying on his side, he usually throws back his head;
- head circumference grows too fast or too slowly;
- the child is inactive, lethargic, the muscles are in a flabby state (in low tone) or he is constrained in his movements (which indicates a high muscle tone), which makes swaddling him a difficult task.