Who is a clinical (medical) psychologist? Specialty Clinical Psychology.

head of Department - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor N.D.Thetogovova

Clinical Psychology - New Psychological Specialty

Clinical psychology is a psychological specialty of a wide profile having an intersectoral character and participating in solving a complex of tasks in the health care system, education, social assistance to the population. A clinical psychologist can work in mental health centers, hospitals, consulting offices, etc., have private practice (not to be confused with a psychiatrist!). For example, it may deal with people who complain about the alarm state, expressing in the functional disorders of an emotional or sexual plan, or on difficulties in overcoming the troubles of everyday life.

In 2000, the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education on Clinical Psychology was approved in the Russian Federation and the preparation of the specialists relevant to him was launched in our country. The specialist is intended to perform the following types of professional activities: diagnostic, expert, corrective, preventive, rehabilitation, advisory, research, cultural and educational, educational.

The name of the specialty is associated with the word "clinic", the Greek origin of which involves the value: Klinikos - bedding, KLINE - bed. Modern values \u200b\u200bof this word: a place where people come for an individual examination, diagnosis and / or treatment. In this general meaning, the term covers physical and psychological aspects. Usually, the defining words are joined to make the clinic orientation to make it clear, for example: a behavioral clinic (specializes in behavior therapy, its modifications), a children's education clinic (specializes in the psychological problems of children), etc. In this context, the word "clinical" means: ( 1) an individual approach to psychological work with this particular person; (2) the type of therapeutic practice, which relies on the subjective, at the same time scientifically verified decisions of the clinician (the work of a psychologist with each client who came to him for help, unique); (3) An approach to the study, which conducts a psychologist for scientific purposes, based on a small number of surveys in the natural situation (as opposed to an experimental approach). It was in this meaning that the word "clinic" gave rise to the name "Clinical Psychology".

In their theoretical concepts, clinical psychology relies on a holistic approach to man, the concept of "health" (and not only on the concepts of "disease", "pathology"), the idea of \u200b\u200bpersonality responsibility for his health; For a family approach to the provision of psychological assistance to the client, accounting for the social context of its livelihoods.

Strategic "targets" of professional activities of the clinical psychologist - mental "objects", which are directed by the impact of a psychologist in the process of working with the client. The clinical psychologist is dealing with the difficulties of adapting and self-realization of its customers.

The causes of deadaption can be associated with physical (congenital or fictional bodily defects, chronic disease, consequences of injury or surgery, etc.), social (divorce, loss of work, a change of profession, moving to a new place of residence, etc.), mental (emotional Voltage, experience of fear, resentment, etc.) and spiritual (loss of life meaning, depreciation of familiar life purposes, changes in the system of values, etc.). Answering the challenges of life in different areas, a person has to adapt to the changes in its body, his mental life, in the material situation, its social life, etc. This adaptation is achieved by rebuilding its psychological reality, changes in the motivational sphere, value orientations , goals, due to the modification of your behavior, change of thought and behavioral stereotypes, social roles, I-image correction, etc. In the process of adaptation to changes in life, a person masters new features (professional, home, public, etc.). Adaptive behavior is a useful behavior that helps the adaptation; In everyday life is considered as reasonable, normal. Non-adaptive behaviors are interconnected with mental distress.

In the process of adapting to a dynamic, ever-changing life, a person has to compensate for the loss of those or other possibilities (physical, social, etc.) to maintain the usual functions. Compensation is a reimbursement, reimbursement, balancing. Freud believed that the compensation of the individual uses to fill the lack of something. In Adler's theory, compensation was considered as the main mechanism with which a person overcomes a sense of inferiority. In a difficult situation, a person is constantly looking for resources to preserve important functions for itself, compensate for the impaired mechanisms of functioning, thereby maintaining the stability of his psyche, personality, ego.

However, personality has the opportunity not only to adapt to life thanks to the mechanisms of adaptation and compensation, but also to defend themselves from it, for example, to consciously adapt their lives to themselves, making it more stable, "adjust to themselves" (a conscious social practice is one of the most important characteristics of the activity Personality, its resource to preserve his mental well-being in a changing world). Improtected by out, producing personal contributions to people, objects, live and non-living nature, seeks to change the world of things and people, while maintaining its individuality in immutability. In a situation of threats, the personality includes a dynamic complex of protective and adaptive mechanisms (already becoming familiar or produces a new complex). In clinical psychology, psychological protection is any response, any behavior that eliminates the psychological discomfort, which protects the sphere of consciousness from negative, traumatic experiences. One of the productive protection techniques is a successful social practice aimed at changing the environment (biological and social) habitat (the development of new laws, rules, traditions, the development of science and technology to facilitate their lives, finding pleasant people and maintaining friendship with them, DR .) And preventing development in it unfavorable trends.

The tasks of the clinical psychologist include assisting his client on the way of his adaptive self-implantation, assisting in finding resources compensation for their losses. And on the path of social practice (and related creativity), a person is often required to assist the clinical psychologist in finding psychological resources for her, in obtaining social support.

The Client, who came to a consultation to a psychologist, can demonstrate the problems associated not only with its disadaptation, but also the problems accompanying the processes of self-realization. The adaptive behavior model does not describe all types of personality activity. To describe the subjective well-being (psychological health) of the personality, the following indicators are more common (M. Jahoda, 1958): self-acceptance, optimal development, growth and self-actualization of the individual; psychological integration; personal autonomy; Realistic surroundings; The ability to adequately affect the environment. These well-being indicators can be viewed as a target feature of psychological assistance to a client with any request, with any relevant conflict, a problem.

Characteristics of the preparation of clinical psychologists

in the first mgm them. I.M. Suchenova

The focus of the preparation of clinical psychologists for the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard;

Harmonization of the preparation of clinical psychologists with European standards;

Availability of professionally trained teaching staff;

The presence of the material and technical base required for the educational process (including computer class purchased psychodiagnostic techniques, a package of techniques for processing a psychodiagnostic examination; for students there are a Cabinet of psychological trainings and an office for individual consultations; there is a self-preparation room, equipped with a personal computer with access to The Internet);

The practice of students takes place in the university clinics;

The university discreks graduate school on psychological sciences;

The main aspects that allocate the preparation of clinical psychologists in the first IIU them. I.M. Suchenova

Clinical psychologists are preparing mainly to work in the health care system and medical (pharmaceutical) education;

The preparation of clinical psychologists at the university is carried out not only by highly professional psychologists, but also leading representatives of medical specialties;

Preparation aims to form professional competencies that allow a graduate of the department to proceed to practical activities;

Practical training of students is combined with fundamental psychological training;

Students have the opportunity to enjoy unique information resources of the Fundamental Library of the University, without leaving their homes;

In the course of the development of the specialty, students are invited to receive individual psychological advice, participate in group training sessions;

Over the years of study, students-psychologists have the opportunity to acquire friends among future doctors, pharmacists, certified nurses, social workers;

According to the results of the fulfillment from the 2nd course of research work, students who have achieved success are offered for 4-5 courses to take part in student scientific conferences;

After graduation from the University, graduates have the opportunity to become a member of the Russian psychological society (his Moscow branch), which has more than 100 years of history (formed in 1885), to receive the participation of the "Psychology of Health" section (head of prof. N.D.T. Romanogova ).

Characteristics of friendly faculty

Between the first MGMU them. I.M.Sechenova and Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov After discovering in 2010, the department of clinical psychology in the first MGMU concluded a cooperation agreement (students of the department of clinical psychology of the first MGMU. I.M. Schechenov have the opportunity to listen to lectures of the leading professors of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University);

Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, along with the Faculty of Psychology, St. Petersburg University - the first faculties that began the training of professional psychologists in the USSR. The Faculty of Psychology of MoscowSU is characterized by a scientific school that has become the leading in the USSR, the Russian Federation recognized by the international scientific community;

The first MGMU them. I.M. Schechenova is historically connected with MSU, being a receiver of the medical faculty of the Moscow Imperial University (the old name of Moscow State University);

After the start of the preparation of psychologists at the Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University of Professor and the Clinic of the First MGMU. I.M. Sechenova (in 1966, when training of professional psychologists began in the USSR, "the first MGMU had another name) participated in their specialization in medical psychology. Currently, graduates of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, his graduate students amounted to the basis of teaching personnel teaching various psychological disciplines in the first MGMU.

Characteristics of the preparation of psychologists that are not in other universities

The first MGMU them. I.M. Schechenova - the oldest and all recognized medical university of the country, which has proven the high quality of training in it; Currently, this is a leading university at the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;

The first MGMU them. I.M. Schechenova has the long tradition of studying the psyche of a person (at the end of the 19th century. The psychological laboratory was opened, which was headed by Prof. Tokarsky; Psychiatric clinic. Corsakov has a long tradition of studying mental phenomena, in the Soviet period there was a psychodiagnostic laboratory in it, which was headed Prof. Berezin; At the Institute of Human Physiology, Professor of Sechenov, Anhin, Sudakov worked, creating a unique scientific school, who contributed to the understanding of psychophysiological processes, etc.);

In the first mgm them. I.M.Sechenova in 1971, immediately after the first issue of professional psychologists in the USSR, the first country of the Department of Medical Psychology was opened in the USSR, which successfully adapted psychologists adopted to work on it to the requirements of medical science and practice, to the requirements of medical education; became the leading basis for increasing the psychological and pedagogical qualifications of teachers of medical and pharmaceutical universities of the USSR; He prepared the author's model of psychological training of health organizers, laid the foundations of psychological training of certified nurses and family doctors, which for the first time in the USSR began to be prepared in the walls of "Sechenovka", became in 2011. Base department of the department "Clinical Psychology";

In the present period, the professional training of clinical psychologists at the senior courses of the department takes place at the databases of the unique university clinics;

Students of the department from health organizers who are teaching in the first MGMU. I.M. Suchenova, have the opportunity to receive information about the promising areas of work of clinical psychologists in reformable health institutions;

Already at the student bench, students of the department can submit to the course prepared course and thesis at scientific conferences not only the psychological profile, but also medical;

He heads the preparation of clinical psychologists in our medical university - Doctor of Psychological Sciences, which has academic psychological training at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University (a specialization in neuropsychology, a student of prof. A.R. Luria) and all his professional life devoted to pedagogical work in the walls of the first MIM. THEM. Siechenova (member of the Moscow House of Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a full member of the International Academy of Informatization and the American Academy of Sciences, Education, Industry and Arts, Industry, & Arts / California), Academician of the International Academy of Psychological Sciences; has the highest qualifying category With the specialty "Psychotherapy", a member of the Presidium of the Moscow Psychological Society, the Honorary Professor of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, member of the UMO Presidium on the Classical University Psychological Education. Since 1998, for five years, a member of the Doctoral Council on Restoctive Medicine in MMA. I. M. Sechenova, since 2007 - Member of the Doctoral Council on Medical Psychology in Moscow State University; From 2011 - Chairman of the Educational and Methodological Commission on Clinical Psychology UMO on the Medical and Pharmaceutical Education of Russian Universities, Member of the Committee on Psychology and Health (SC On Psychology and Health) European psychological federation Associations (EFPA), member of the Ethical Committee of the RPO, Chairman of the Institute of Health Psychology of the Moscow Psychological Society. Awards: the medal of the 850th anniversary of Moscow, the "Excellence" icon, in 2012, the prestigious Golden Psyche Prize and the Diploma of the Russian Psychological Society "For the Best Study Guide on Psychology", etc.);

The applicants who have entered the young branch of the oldest medical university and successfully mastered the general educational program on clinical psychology, have a chance to be among those who laid the traditions of the brotherhood of psychologists "Sechenovka", have a chance due to their caring position, creative attitude to mastering specialty, participate in Development of the Department of Clinical Psychology of the First MGMU, to lay traditions that will contribute to the high quality of the preparation of clinical psychologists in the walls of Medvoz.

Specialization of clinical psychologist

Specialization number 1 "Pathopsychological diagnostics and psychotherapy"

Specialization number 2 "Psychological support in emergency and extreme situations"

Specialization number 3 "Neuropsychological rehabilitation and correctional and educational training"

Specialization number 4 "Clinical and psychological assistance to a child and family"

Specialization number 5 "Psychology of health and sports"

Specialization number 6 "Clinical and Social Rehabilitation and Penitentiary Psychology"

In the present period, a monopy preparation is carried out at specialization No. 1, the foundations and for other specializations can be seized in the post-poly level of advanced training.

A clinical psychologist is a qualified specialist in the field of medical (clinical) psychology engaged in research within the framework of this psychological direction, diagnosis and correction of certain problems, including border guards.

Despite the fact that in the context of clinical psychology, a certain rate during training and work is being made to the medical component of the profession, the specialists of this industry have basic psychological knowledge. Such a moment opens up more opportunities for the clinical psychologist for self-realization and assistance to people.

Before making an idea of \u200b\u200bthe basic nuances of the profession, it is necessary to deal with what differences there are between the so-called "simple" psychologists and specialists of a narrow medical profile.

In the modern system of higher profile education, training of specialists in the field of psychology can be divided into two branches:

• pedagogical, giving the opportunity to teach in schools or institutes;
• medical, in view of which students necessarily pass a number of profile items, resulting in a diploma of a medical psychologist.

However, despite such a feature, psychology as a professional direction is dominant. If a qualified doctor, during diagnostics and treatment, relies on medical methods and has the ability to carry out medication therapy, then in the case of a clinical psychologist, psychological methods of impact remain in the case of a clinical psychologist.

What do these professionals teach

You can get such a specialization in any higher educational institution where there is an appropriate department.

Unlike students studying in a different profile (general direction, social and so on), in the process of studying future medical psychologists are often deeply and in more detail such objects as neurology, narcology, psychiatry and others.

Within the framework of the clinical direction, a separate attention is paid to the following sections:

• psychosomatics;
• pathopsychology;
• neuropsychology.

Unlike doctors in front of a clinical psychologist, there is no task of passing the internship. Further advanced training is usually carried out independently. Such a specialist can additionally undergo courses on counseling or conducting trainings, to study in detail the individual psychological directions and techniques.

What features of their work

A specialist in this field can be both a theorist and practice. In most cases, the rate is still done on psychodiagnostics and psychocorrection.

A clinical psychologist must have skills of work and interaction not only with sick people, but also with personalities conditionally or completely healthy. Due to this nuance, such specialists do not exclude patients with border guards, for example, neurosis or depression.

Work occurs with people whose mental disorders arise due to somatic diseases (serious injuries, including crank-brain, strokes, oncological diseases, and so on). The rate is on contact with the nearest circumference of the patient, when there is a need to train family members to proper interaction with a sick person.

Intervention can be relevant in the correction of the state in children, including with an increased anxiety, an abundance of fears, initial stages of neurotic states.

Another feature of this profession is the fact that a specialist can engage in family counseling when the internal climate is broken and is able to negatively affect and physically and mentally. A psychologist who received education at the medical base often pays attention to social work. He can engage in educational activities, work with hospitals and clinics, to participate in the development of psychogenic plans or psychoprophylaxis.

Such a specialist is part of the team to determine the state of a person before the prescription of disabilities for any reason. Increasingly, the help of a clinical psychologist is resorted to medical and judicial expertise. As part of the general diagnosis of the patient's condition, a specialist in clinical psychology works together with psychiatrists, psychotherapists, neurologists and other representatives of medical professions.

The specifics of this profession involves the conduct of psychocorrection and diagnostic procedures with persons having various dependencies, disorders of the food, and in general.

Despite the fact that in recent years in states and Europe, an option to expand the rights, opportunities and responsibilities of medical psychologists, in the arsenal of the main methods there is no pharmacological therapy in such a specialist. The main "working instruments" in the treatment and rehabilitation and what a specialist is engaged in:

Working medical psychologist

Due to the peculiarities of this psychological education, those skills who are owned by specialists in the field of medical psychology after receiving a diploma, the scope of activity is extensive as well as employment sites. Where can a clinical psychologist manifest himself, having received the necessary qualifications?

Where are representatives of this profession

Medical psychologist as well as a psychologist of a different direction, has the opportunity to hold advice, engaged in private practice. In this embodiment, it often interacts with people are not patients, but those who are in a crisis situation when there is no way to deal with the problem or condition.

Representatives of such a profession work in polyclinics, with psycho-neurological dispensaries, in psychiatric hospitals and clinics, where they are engaged in patients with neurosis and other border states. The workplace of the clinical psychologist may be a hospice, a children's or adult hospital. In this option, a psychologist supports patients with different forms of somatic diseases, "leads" patient throughout the time of treatment, tracking the dynamics of the state, adjusting psychological problems and influence the prevention of mental ailments.

A person with this specialization may be in nursing homes, in boarding schools and orphanages, where children are with various disorders in the development (physical, mental). Specialized educational institutions, sanatoriums and rehabilitation centers of different focus also cooperate with such experts.

The profession of a medical psychologist involves extensive work with completely different people who can influence the psychologist himself. Because of the like the risk of professional, emotional burnout arises. A person choosing such a way should have certain personal features, such as stress resistance, a significant level of patience and a desire to help others. And also be prepared to all possible difficulties that are found on a professional path.

Last updated: 02/23/2015

Clinical psychology is associated with the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental disorders. Although specialists in this area work in medical institutions, clinical psychologists are not doctors and have no right to appoint medicines in most US states.

Clinical psychology is one of the largest areas of psychology, there is a huge number of directions. Within the framework of clinical psychology, a psychologist can engage both mental health of children or adults, learning difficulties, emotional disorders and the abuse of psychoactive substances, geriatia or health psychology.

What do clinical psychologists do?

Often clinical psychologists work in hospitals, engaged in private practice or teach. Clinicians are trained in a number of methods and theoretical approaches. Some specialize in the treatment of certain psychological disorders, while others work with customers encountered with a wide range of problems. Clinical psychologists are treated by some of the most severe mental disorders - such as schizophrenia and depression.

How many clinical psychologists earn a lot?

According to the APA study, in 2001, the average salary of the licensed clinical psychologist was $ 72,000. Of the surveyed psychologists, 65% were engaged in private practice, 19% worked in medical institutions and 2% worked in the service sector.

It is believed that the demand for psychologists will grow faster than the demand for specialists from other specialties.

In 2009, in his report, CNN employees reported that the average annual salary for experienced clinical psychologists is $ 81,100, and the upper bar in this area reaches $ 172,000. Clinical psychology was called one of the best areas; The report noted that for clinical psychologists at that time, almost 60,000 jobs existed, their number, according to forecasts, should grow by 16% by 2016.

Requirements for a candidate

Work in this area can be found with a master's degree, however, most psychologists for employment require a doctoral degree in clinical psychology. Clinical psychologists should have excellent communicative skills. In addition, it is necessary to carry out a creative approach to the development of treatment plans and care.

What are the pros and cons of career in clinical psychology?

The benefits of career in the field of clinical psychology include the fact that the help of people in overcoming problems can be extremely useful for the psychologist himself: various needs of customers allow doctors to seek creative solutions, independently determine their employment.

However, there are cons. Insurance companies require detailed client records, therefore, clinical psychologists have to perform a lot of paperwork. For them there is always a risk of burnout due to the demanding nature of the work: they are held long hours with nervous, unstable, impatient customers.

• The crisis
• Disagreements
• Personal potential
• Relations
• Self confidence
• Fears
• Jealousy
• Self Control
• Parting
• Treason
• Loneliness
• Anxiety
• Business coaching
• Self-knowledge

One of the leading, developing and demanded sectors of modern psychology is clinical psychology. A specialist from this area is a clinical psychologist - helps a person to discover the shortcomings and deviations that he cannot see independently or does not even suspect their existence.

Most often, a person comes to a clinical psychologist not when he experiences some everyday difficulties, and when he is bad and need serious help. Therefore, the psychological services of this industry necessarily include the provision of psycho-correctional assistance to all people in need.

A narrow specialization of clinical psychology allows you to best understand the problems of patients and delve into them, as well as improve the state of psychological health and increase the mental abilities of a person to combat a few. All these qualities are wearing clinical psychologists of our psychological center in Moscow, ready at any time to help you cope with any problems.

Development of clinical psychology

The process of becoming clinical psychology is inextricably linked with the development of not only psychology, but also of such sciences as medicine, biology and anthropology. As for the psychology itself, its knowledge has been closely developed closely with philosophy.

The concept of clinical psychology was first introduced by Lightner Whitmer at the beginning of the 20th century. He separated this science into a separate direction, developed the first course of lectures and organized a clinic for children suffering from mental disabilities at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1907, all the same Whiter founded the Journal of Psychological Topics, in the first issue of which a clinical psychology was described as a separate science.

Invalued contribution to the development of clinical psychology, Zigmund Freud introduced. He developed psychoanalysis, which allowed to largely advance in the theory and practice of psychological treatment of patients. The discoveries of the scientist became revolutionary as in general in psychology and in clinical psychology in particular. Many specialists of our Center are psychoanalytic psychotherapists and consist in international psychoanalytic organizations, such as the International Psychoanalytic Society, which established Sigmund Freud himself, as well as the European Psychoanalytic Confederation Psychotherapy, which is a successor of the traditions of psychoanaltyitic movement under the auspices of the Institute of Z. Freud (headquarters in Vienna).

Today, as already mentioned, clinical psychology is the most popular destination among all industries of psychological science. Every year, universities are increasing the number of seats for students. This suggests that a clinical psychologist is becoming an increasingly popular profession.

Services of clinical psychologist

The scope of activities, that is, a list of services of a psychologist working in this industry is quite wide. Basically, clinical psychologists produce psychological diagnosis, counseling, as well as a number of activities aimed at improving the human psyche and its rehabilitation after severe mental illness.

Clinical psychologist in Moscow, like other specialists in this industry, provides its customers with the following services

• Psychotherapeutic assistance in all sorts of psychosomatic diseases, as well as in narcotic and alcohol dependence
• Studying the reasons provoking the problems arising and deviations; Planning methods of combating similar ailments
• Consultations for people who need the help of a psychologist, allowing to improve the situation in need.
• Working with people who have a deviation from normal behavior to any extent

Unfortunately, the modern world is so cruel that such incidents are far from uncommon. In addition, a clinical psychologist can also work with individual groups of persons. Thus, experts are consulted on family and marriage issues, which, if you believe the statistics, happen hardly in every third family. At the same time, assistance is provided in solving problems associated with mutual understanding between adults and between parents and children.

Also, a clinical psychologist can provide professional assistance and children. Although there should be no such thing in the norm, but quite often children experience serious nervous overvoltages and even breakdowns. The psychologist will do everything to reduce their destructive effect on the child's health, in order to circumvent problems that may arise in the future.

Preparation of clinical psychologists

Probably, many people who are to some extent deal with clinical psychology, are interested in the question, how to become a good psychologist in this specialization, and what kind of education is necessary to achieve such a goal?

To begin with, it should be said that it is possible to obtain the formation of a clinical psychologist in any university, where there is a specialty and, therefore, diplomas of the corresponding sample are issued.

As for the list of disciplines, which need to be explored by the future psychologist, there are quite a lot of them.

First, students must familiarize themselves with the cycle of humanitarian disciplines. The most important of them is history, philosophy and sociology. Also do not forget about Russian and foreign languages.

Secondly, future psychologists should become familiar with the course of natural disciplines.

Also during training it is necessary to explore the course of common psychological disciplines. In other words, during his training, students will be able to become specialists not only in the field of clinical psychology, but also just psychology.

And of course, do not forget about the course of special disciplines. These include clinical psychology, neuropsychology, pathopsychology, psychosomatics, theory and methods of psychotherapy and many more other items. It should also be noted that this list includes such medical objects as neurology and psychiatry.

Work of a clinical psychologist

Now is the time to get acquainted with where a clinical psychologist can work today. As they say, a good psychologist will always be in demand, but we will consider all possible employment options.

The main option for the work of a specialist is a health sector. In short, therapeutic institutions, where a psychologist need plenty today. Therefore, problems with the device for work in this case should not be, especially if the specialist is really good.

The second, no less popular option for the employment of a clinical psychologist - the field of education. The specialist can work as a psychologist in any educational institution and the teacher. It all depends on the personal capabilities and preferences of the psychologist.

In addition, today the demand for clinical psychologists in the penitentiary system has increased. This system today is actively developing, so it is experiencing an acute need for clinical psychologists.

Moreover, today the level of psychologists' preparation is so high that they can successfully compete with specialists in other fields. At the same time, these areas may even be connected with those in which the clinical psychologist is familiar to work.

As you can see, a clinical psychologist is a very popular specialty in the modern labor market. Clinical psychology is one of the most progressive trends in general psychology, therefore the demand for such specialists is constantly growing.

If you need a clinical psychologist, you will probably need to know where to find it. Clinical psychologist in Moscow is always ready to help you. Services of this specialist are available to everyone. To make sure the professionalism of the specialist information about the psychologists of our center "Help Soul" on Novoslobodskaya in Moscow.

Discipline program
"Clinical psychology"

I. Organizational and methodical section

Course goal

Formation of ideas about fundamental and applied studies in the field of clinical psychology, the possibilities of this science, its methodology, theoretical foundations and empirical tasks.

Course tasks:

• introduce the object, subject and sphere of the application of clinical psychology, its theoretical foundations and a categorical apparatus;
• disclose social significance, scale of tasks, intersectoral and interdisciplinary nature of clinical psychology;
• introduce the evolution of clinical psychology and the integration of its main sections (regions);
• give a meaningful characterization of the main methodological problems and methodological difficulties of clinical psychology;
• introduce a biopsychosocial approach to the study of mental disorders in psychology.
• to show the role of clinical psychology in solving clinical and generalifications.

Place of course in vocational graduate training

4 or 5 semester

Requirements for learning content

In the field of clinical psychology, a specialist should:

• understand the goals and objectives of clinical psychology; have an idea of \u200b\u200bits subject, the main directions and the scope of application of clinical and psychological knowledge;
• know the history of the formation and development of clinical psychology;
• know the principles of work and the functions of clinical psychologists;
• know the main types of mental violations and be able to analyze them;
• have an idea of \u200b\u200bpriority areas in modern clinical psychology;
• focus in the possibilities and means of psychological intervention.

Section I. Theoretical Fundamentals and Methodological Problems of Clinical Psychology

Theme 1. The subject and object of clinical psychology.

Different definitions of clinical psychology in domestic and foreign science. Sections of clinical psychology. Basic concepts: etiology (analysis of the conditions of occurrence), pathogenesis (analysis of the mechanisms of origin and development), classification, diagnosis, epidemiology, intervention (prevention, psychotherapy, rehabilitation, health protection). The ratio of clinical psychology with related psychological and biomedical disciplines (behavioral medicine - Behavioral Medicine, Abnormal Psychology, Medical Psychology, Health Psychology, Public Health, Psychiatry).

The main directions of clinical psychology (neuropsychology, pathopsychology, psychological rehabilitation and recovery training, psychotherapy, psychological correction and psychological counseling, psychosomatics and physical psychology, children's neuro and pathopsychology, clinical psychology outside clinical conditions).

Topic 2. Historical roots of clinical psychology.

Manifestations of abnormalities in the history of culture and their explanation. Historical review of the origins of clinical psychology: Psychiatry (F. P.Pinel, B.Rash, P. Zhan, E. Raplin, V.M. Bekhterev, 3.Freed); humanistic and antipsychiatric directions; General and experimental psychology; Differential psychology and psychodiagnostics (F. Galton, V.Stern, A.Bin); Life philosophy, understanding psychology and phenomenology.

The main stages of the development of clinical psychology from the end of the XIX to the present day. The founders of the main directions of clinical psychology in Russia and abroad (L. Yuitmer, E. Rapelin, T. Born, K.Jaspers, 3. Freud, I.P. Pavlov, A.R. Luria). Idiographic and nometic approaches in clinical psychology.

Topic 3. Methodological problems of clinical psychology.

The problem of norm and pathology. The norm as a really existing and sustainable phenomenon. The possibility of dichotomy norm-pathology. Stability of the boundaries of the norm: psychopathology of everyday life, border and transient disorders. Socio-cultural determination of ideas about the norm. Relativistic ideas about the norm. The norm as a statistical concept. Adaptation concepts. The norm as an ideal.

Individual and species concept of norm.

The problem of the crisis of development. The crisis is the impossibility of development in constant conditions. Crisis as a cause of pathological development. The crisis as a source of normal development. Normal and pathogenic crises.

Regression. The concept of regression. Types of regression (by A. Freud, K. Luhin, J. Makdigau). The problem of development and decay in clinical psychology. Disintegration as a negative development. Jackson law. Disintegration as a specific form of development. Discrepancy between decay and development laws. The role of compensation for decay.

Topic 4. The problem of the method in clinical psychology.

The problem of measurement and evaluation in clinical psychology. Methods of clinical psychology. The problem of assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic impact in clinical psychology. Placebo effect and mechanism of its functioning. Basic studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic impact (Menninger's draft study of psychotherapy: O. Kernberg and R. Volshtein). Factors of effectiveness of psychotherapeutic effects (faith in the psychotherapeutic system, relationships with therapist, payment, etc.).

The boundaries and the possibility of an objective approach in clinical psychology. Structure and composite elements of the model of scientific explanation of hempel and oppenheim (conditions of adequacy). Explanans (explanatory) and Explanandum (explanable).

Section II. Private clinical psychology

Topic 5. Clinical psychology in somatic medicine.

Psychosomatics and physical psychology. The concept of illness. The concept of the inner painting of the disease (WCB). Alloplastic and outoplastic painting of the disease (K.Goldsheder). Sensitive and intellectual autoplastic painting of the disease (R.A. Luria). VKB levels: directly sensual, emotional, intelligent, motivational. The structure of the dynamic picture of VKB: Sensual fabric, primary meaning, recycling. Personal meaning of the disease and its types. Disease as a semiotic system.

Topic 6. Clinical psychology in psychiatry. The main systems of the classification of mental disorders.

Classification of mental disorders in medicine: principles of construction and restrictions. Nonological and syndromic classification systems. The structure of the main classification (on the example of DSM-IV and ICB-10): classes, units, axes, property principles.

Topic 7. The main models of mental disorders in psychology and general medicine.

Medical and biological model of mental disorders. Causal principle. Disease Development: Pre-exposure factors that are triggering factors supporting and chartifying factors. The ratio of external and internal factors in etiology.

Psychosocial model: the role of society and intrapersonal factors. Biopsychosocial model as integrating. Restrictions on each of the models and possible methodological and practical difficulties arising from them in clinical psychology.

Topic 8. Psychological models of schizophrenia and schizophrenic spectrum disorders.

Historical Essay of Schizophrenia Research: B. Lieleler, E. Bleiler, K. Shdider. "Reality index" P. Jane and its role in the development of modern clinical psychology. Schizophrenia: prevalence, cultural and socio-economic factors, forecast factors. The problem of etiology of schizophrenia. Various models of mental disorders and schizophrenia: psychosocial theories, cognitive-behavioral theories, the theory of personal defect, psychoanalytic theories, polyethological models (diathesis-stress hypothesis). Psychotherapy of schizophrenia patients.

Topic 9. Psychological models of delusional disorders.

The history of the development of ideas about delusional disorders: Esciretol, Galbaum, Gainrot. Dead (Paranoid) Disorders: Prevalence, Middle Age, Forecast. The main types of Breda (Eotomanic, Majestations, Jealousy, Pursuit, Somatic, Invention). Various models of delusional disorders. Paranoid pseudo-community. Factors of forecast and psychotherapy.

Topic 10. Psychological models of affective disorders.

Clinical psychology of affects and emotions. Powered and catimonal affects. A brief essay of depression: Hippocrates, Bona, J.Falre, J. Bajerge, K. Kalbaum, E. Raplin. The main symptoms of depression and their frequency. The prevalence and classification of affective disorders (syndromic, nosological, by the flow of the ICD-10, by etiology, etc.). Biological factors for the development of depression. Cognitive-bihevoral model of depression: affective, behavioral, motivational, physiological and cognitive symptoms. Cognitive triad depressed A. Beck. "Depressive style" - cognitive errors in depression (arbitrary conclusion, electoral abstraction, supergelization, exaggeration or accuracy, personalization, absolutist dichotomous thinking). Methods of cognitive psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic model of affective disorders: anaklytic depression and perfectionist (narcissistic) melancholy.

Topic 11. Psychological models of disturbing, somatoform and conversion disorders.

Neurotic associated with stress and somatoform disorders. Anxious-phobic disorders: Panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobias, specific (isolated) phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder. Different models of mental disorders in relation to disturbing disorders: cognitive-bihevoral models, psychoanalytic model. Somatoform disorders: somatized disorder, hypochondriatic disorder, somatormal vegetative dysfunction, chronic somatoform painful disorder. The main models of somatoform disorders: bihevoral, cognitive and psychodynamic.

Conversion and dissociative disorders. The main symptoms and psychological mechanisms (in the context of cognitive-bihevoral and psychodynamic models).

Topic 12. Psychological models of disorders associated with the abuse of psychoactive substances.

Disorders associated with the abuse of psychoactive substances (surfactant). Acute intoxication, use with harmful consequences, dependence syndromes, cancellation states, psychotic and amnistic disorders. Data on the prevalence of addictive behavior and abuse of surfactants. Main etiological factors: biological (including genetic), sociological, psychological (psychoanalytic, behavioral).

Topic 13. Psychological models of personal disorders.

Psychopathies and personality disorders. Clusters "a" (personality disorders associated with violation of reality estimates), "B" (personality disorders associated with self-assessment and interpersonal communication violations) and "C" (personality disorders associated with self-assessment and interpersonal communication) in the DSM classification. Clinical and psychological analysis of basic personality disorders: paranoid, schizoid, schizotype, hysterical, narcissistic, border, antisocial, avoiding, dependent, passive-aggressive. Criteria of a mature personality.

Topic 14. The latest areas of research and zone of special interest of clinical psychology.

The impact of modern technologies for satisfying states (technologies of fast food, plastic surgery, media, etc.) on the dynamics of the boundaries of the norm and pathology. Clinical psychology of organizations and corporations (in business and production): "psychotic" corporation, "border" organization, "neurotic" firm. The use of the criterion of the "Reality Index" P. Jane. Other zones of interest.

Themes of abstracts and coursework

1. Priority areas of research in modern clinical psychology.
2. The problem of norms and pathology in clinical psychology.
3. Place of clinical psychology in the system of psychological knowledge.
4. The ratio of social and biological in the formation and pathology of the psyche.
5. Contribution of clinical psychology in solving fundamental generalsheological problems.
6. Theoretical foundations and methodological principles of clinical psychology.
7. Psychological studies in the clinic of schizophrenic spectrum disorders.
8. Psychological studies in the clinic of an affective spectrum disorders.
9. Psychological studies in the clinic of personality disorders.
10. Psychological research in the clinic of dependencies.

Approximate exam questions around the entire course

1. The subject and object of clinical psychology. Ideas about the clinical method.
2. Medical model of mental disorders. Basic principles and restrictions.
3. Psychosocial model of mental disorders. Basic principles and restrictions.
4. Biopsychosocial model of mental disorders. Basic principles and restrictions.
5. Problem The attitude of decay and development in clinical psychology.
6. The problem of the crisis of development in clinical psychology.
7. The problem of the ratio of "norms and pathology" in clinical psychology. The main models of "norms and pathology" in clinical psychology.
8. The problem of measurement and evaluation in clinical psychology.
9. The problem of assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic impact in clinical psychology.
10. Basic studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic impact.
11. Factors of effectiveness of psychotherapeutic impact.
12. The boundaries and the possibility of an objective approach in clinical psychology.
13. The main systems of the classification of mental disorders. Principles of construction and restrictions. Nonological and syndromic classification systems.
14. Inner painting of the disease. Basic models.
15. Disease as a semiotic system.
16. Sensual tissue and "primary meaning" of the disease. Features of the formation of the "primary meaning" of intraceptive sensations.
17. "Secondary Meaning" and mythologization of the disease. Symptom as a mythological design.
18. Basic personality structures in modern psychoanalysis.
19. Psychological models of schizophrenia and schizophrenic spectrum disorders.
20. Psychological models of delusional disorders.
21. Psychological models of affective disorders.
22. Psychological models of disturbing disorders.
23. Psychological models of somatoform disorders.
24. Psychological models of conversion and dissociative disorders.
25. Psychological dependency models.
26. Psychological models of personal disorders.

III. Distribution of hours of course on topics and types of work

	Names of sections and those	Total hours	Audit classes - lectures (hour.)	Independent work (hour.)
	Section I. Theoretical Fundamentals and Methodological Problems of Clinical Psychology
1.	Item and object of kinic psychology
2.	Historical roots of clinical psychology
3.	Methodological problems of clinical psychology
4.	The problem of the method in clinical psychology
	Section II. Private clinical psychology
5.	Clinical psychology in somatic medicine
6.	Clinical psychology in psychiatry. Main systems of classification of mental disorders
7.	The main models of mental disorders in psychology and general medicine
8.	Psychological models of schizophrenia and schizophrenic spectrum disorders
9.	Psychological models of delusional disorders
10.	Psychological models of affective disorders
11.	Psychological models of disturbing, somatoform and conversion disorders
12.	Psychological models of disorders associated with the abuse of psychoactive substances
13.	Psychological models of personal disorders
14.	The latest areas of research and special interest zones in clinical psychology
	TOTAL

IV. Form of final monitoring

V. Educational and Methodical Course

Literature

Basic

1. Zeigarnik B.V. Pathopsychology. M.: Publishing House Mosk. University, 1986.
2. Kaplan G.I., Satur B.J. Clinical psychiatry. M.: Medicine, 2002. T.1 (chapters 1-3, 6-8, 10-13, 19, 20), T.2 (chapter 21, application).
3. Carson R., Batcher J., Minec S. Anormal psychology. SPB: Peter, 2005.
4. Clinical psychology / ed. B.D. Carvasarsky. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002/2006
5. Clinical psychology / ed. M. Perre, W. Baumanna. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002.
6. Clinical Psychology: Dictionary / Ed. N.D. Cottage cheese. M.: Pen SE, 2006.
7. Kritskaya V.P., Meleshko T.K., Polyakov Y.F. Pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia: motivation, communication, knowledge. M.: Publishing House Mosk. University, 1991.
8. Louchekov V.V., Rokyatsky V.R. The concept of the norm in psychology // Bulletin of Moscow State University, Ser.14. Psychology, 1987, № 2.
9. Medical and judicial psychology: lectures / ed. TB Dmitrieva, F.S. Safuanova. M.: Genesis, 2005.
10. Psychoanalytic Pathopsychology / Ed. J. Berger. M.: Publishing House Mosk. University, 2001.
11. Sokolova E.T., Nikolaeva V.V. Features of the personality in border disorders and somatic diseases. M., 1985.
12. TKOSOS A.SH. Psychology of physicality. M.: Meaning, 2002.
13. Homskaya E.D. Neuropsychology: Textbook for universities. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

Additional

1. Blaikher V.M., Kruk I.V., Bokov S.N. Clinical pathopsychology. M.: MPSI, 2006.
2. Bratus B.S. Personal anomalies. M.: Thought, 1988.
3. Korsakova N.K., Moscow L.I. Clinical neuropsychology. M.: Academy, 2003.
4. Lebedinsky V.V. Disorders of mental development in childhood. M.: Academy, 2003.
5. Jaspers K. General psychopathology. M.: Medicine, 1997.
6. Spelevich A. B. Personality disorders. M., 2007.
7. Sokolova E.T. Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice. M.: Academy, 2002/2006.
8. TKOSOS A.SH. Depression and psychology of emotions // Depression and comorbide disorders / under. ed. A.B. Spellevich. M., 1997.
9. Davison G.c., Neale J.M. Abnormal Psychology. Sixth Edition. N.Y., 1994.
10. ROSENHAN D.L, SELIGMAN M.E.P. Abnormal Psychology. SECOND EDITION. N.Y., L., 1989.

Technical means of learning

Projector, slides.

The program amounted to
, Doctor of Psychological Sciences,
Professor (MSU named after M.V. Lomonosov)

See also:

• Methodical development at the rate "Clinical Psychology"