Irony flat octoque uterine cancer. Epithelial Tumor: species, classification, description, symptoms, causes, treatment

To understand what the epithelial tumor is and what it happens, you need to figure out what neoplasia represents and whether it is oncology. It is very important. For example, the epithelial tumors of the oral cavity can be benign or malignant.

Unfortunately, today there is a number of people with cancer, and mortality from this disease ranks third after deaths from diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Each year is registered about six million new cases of the disease. Among the men, the leaders were those citizens who live in the territory of France. And among women, the weak floor representatives living in Brazil are more ill.

The increase in morbidity can be explained in part in the aging of the inhabitants of the planet, as people of mature and especially old age suffer more often. According to statistics, every second sick oncology is a person over 60 years old.

What is cancer and what are the tumors of epithelial origin? What is the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms and what are they?

What is cancer

The term "cancer" is used in medicine as a common name for oncological diseases. It is characterized by uncontrolled cell reproduction. Their aggressive growth is striking and the body itself, from where the "wrong" cells originate, and nearby organs. Also, the malignant shape of the tumor has a tendency to metastasis.

In men, the prostate gland and lungs are most often under the blow, and women have a vulnerable organ of milk iron, a little less frequently, ovaries. By the way, epithelial in 80-90% of cases develops from epithelial tissue.

How healthy cells "turn" into cancer

The human body consists of billions of cells, they all appear, divide and die at a certain point if they are healthy. All this is programmed, is the beginning of the cycle of the cell life and the end. When they are normal, the division occurs in the appropriate quantities, new cells replace old. The process does not go beyond organs and tissues. For this, the regulatory systems of the body are responsible.

But if the structure of the cells changes due to the impact of various factors, then they lose the ability to self-deceit, cease to control their growth, dismantle into cancer, and begin to multiply to multiply. That is, invasive growth is characterized for such cells.

The result is "modified cells", which are capable of long-term livelihoods. They end up and form malignant capable of hitting up to several organs immediately. Unhealthy cells apply to the organism on the lymphatic and blood system, spreading metastase.

Causes of cancer development

The reasons for the development of oncology are diverse, but specialists cannot definitely answer the question of what caused cancer in each individual case. Some believe that this is ecology, others blame for this gennomified products. At the same time, all scientists identify factors contributing to the violation of the cells of the cells, which ultimately can lead to a malignant form of a neoplasm.

Aware of a sufficient number of factors affecting the launch of carcinogenesis. What can facilitate the disease?

• Chemical carcinogens. This category includes vinyl chloride, metals, plastic, asbestos. Their feature is that they are able to influence the DNA cells, provoking malignant rebirth.
• Carcinogens of physical nature. These include a variety of radiation. Ultraviolet, X-ray, neutron, proton radiation.
• Biological factors of carcinogenesis are different types of viruses, such as herpes-like Epstein Virus - Barr, which causes Lymph Berkitta. Human papilloma virus can cause hepatitis B and C viruses contribute to liver cancer.
• Hormonal factors - human hormones, such as sex. They may affect malignant rebirth of the fabric.
• Genetic factors also affect the appearance of cancer. If the preceding relatives had cases of the disease, the possibility of developing a glance in the following generations is higher.

Names of benign and malignant tumors

In the title of the tumor there is always an end "Ohm", and the first part is the name of the tissue involved. For example, the tumor of the dice -thoma, adipose tissue -lipom, vascular - angioma, and iron-identity.

Sarkoma is a malignant form of mesenchym. The diagnosis depends on the type of mesenchymal fabric, such as Osteosarcoma, Miosarcoma, Angiosarcoma, Fibrosarcom and so on.

Kanzer or carcinoma is the name of a malignant epithelial tumor.

Classification of all neoplasms

The international classification of the neoplasms proceeds from the pathogenetic principle, taking into account the morphological structure, the type of cells, tissues, organs, locations, as well as structures in separate organs. For example, organospecific or organonesevicific.

All existing neoplasms are divided into seven groups. The group depends on the tumor belonging to a certain tissue and distinguishes them by histogenesis.

• epithelial tumors who do not have specific location;
• tumors of exo- or endocrine glands or specific epithelial tissues;
• soft tumors;
• tumors melanin-forming fabric;
• brain tumors and nervous system;
• hemoblastoma;
• terators, dis-physical tumors.

Medicine shares two forms - benign and malignant.

Epithelial benign and malignant tumors

Clinical flow shared:

• benign forms from the epithelium or epithelium;
• malignant, which is called cancer or carcinoma.

By histology (view of the epithelium) distinguish:

• neoplasm from the coating epithelium (multilayer flat and transition);
• from ferrous epithelium.

On organ specificity:

• organship specific tumors,
• organosexification (without specific location).

Benign form

To benign epithelial tumors (epitheliomams) include:

• Papilloma (from flat and transitional epithelium).
• Adenoma (from glazed epithelium). In malignant form is carcinoma.

Both varieties have exclusively tissue atipsis and have a parenchyma and strom. All known papillomas are a benign form of the epithelial tumor, which, in turn, comes from the fabric of the cover epithelium.

Papillomas are formed on the surface of the skin from a flat or transitional epithelium. Also, it may not be on the surface, but, for example, in the mucous membrane of the pharynx, on the voice ligaments, on the tissues of the bladder, ureters and luggles of the kidneys or in other places.

Outwardly, they resemble nipples, and can resemble cauliflower. May be in a single manifestation, and can be multiple. Papilloma often has a leg, which is attached to the skin. Tissue atypism arises due to the violation of the main features of any epithelium - complexity. With such a violation, there is a failure in a certain arrangement of cells and their polarity. Under this benign tumor, an expansive increase in cell growth (basal membrane) remains. With cells, the neoplasm grows itself, increasing in size. It is not introduced into neighboring tissues, which would lead to their destruction, as with invasive growth.

The course of papilloma is different and depends on the type of affected fabric. Papillomas located on the surface of the skin (or warts) are developing and grow slowly. Such education, as a rule, do not give great concern to their owners. But in case of appearance in the inner parts of the body, there are enough problems. For example, after removing papillomas with voice ligaments, they may appear again, as they are recurring. Benign may begin to ulcerate, which subsequently leads to the bleeding and the occurrence of hematuria (blood appears in the urine).

Despite the fact that papillomatous neoplasms on the skin are a benign form of the tumor and do not cause much concern, the malignancy of the tumor in malignant is still possible. This contributes to the type of HPV and predisposing external factors. There are more than 600 species of HPV strains, of which more than sixty have an increased oncogen.

Adenoma also refers to the tumor of epithelial origin and is formed from ferrous epithelium. This is a mature neoplasm. Milk iron, thyroid and others are a possible place of dislocation of adenoma. It can also be formed in the mucous membranes of the stomach, in the intestine, bronchi and the uterus.

The growth of adenoma cells, as well as in papillom, has an expansive nature of growth. It is delivered from the adjacent fabric and has a node of a soft-elastic consistency, pinkish-white.

To date, the principle of development of this education is not fully studied, but it is usually possible to see the first violations in the balance of hormones - the regulators of the rope epithelium function.

In cases where a cyst is present in such a benign neoplament, the term of cystamine or cystoenoma is used.

According to morphological species, adenoma are divided into:

• fibroenoma - adenoma, in which the stroma prevails over the parenchyma (often formed in the breast);
• alveolar or acinar, which copies the terminal glands of the glands;
• tubular, capable of maintaining the progressive nature of epithelial structures;
• trabecular, for which the beams is characteristic;
• adenomatous (iron) polyp;
• cystic with a sharply pronounced expansion of the lumen of glands and the formation of cavities (this is just cystoenoma);
• keratoacanta refers to the e-peitalean skin tumor.

The peculiarity of the aden is that they are able to reborn into cancer in adenocarcin.

Malignant form

This type of cancer can develop from a coating or ferrous epithelium. The epithelial cancer is able to appear in any organ where the epithelial tissue is present. This species is the most common among malignant for it are characterized by all the properties of malignancy.

All malignant neoplasms are preceded at some point the cells acquire cell atipism, anaplasia begins, and they begin to constantly multiply. Initially, the process does not go beyond the epithelial reservoir and there is no invasive cell growth. This is the initial shape of cancer, for which experts use the term "cancer in place".

If during this period to recognize preinvasive cancer, it will help get rid of further serious problems. As a rule, surgical treatment is carried out, and in this case a favorable forecast is planned. The problem is that the patient rarely experiences any symptoms of the disease, and this "initial" cancer is difficult to detect, as it does not manifest itself at the macroscopic level.

A malignant tumor from histogenesis may be the following character:

• transit-cell-cell epithelium (flat and transition);
• basal oil;
• (fine-cell, polymorphones, etc.);
• basal oil;
• a flat-mellular cancer (malignant forms of the epithelial structure of the epithelial structure (up to 95%) are represented by flat-mellular oroging cancer;
• flake carcinous non-propelled cancer.

Cancer occurring from ferrous epithelium:

• Colloid and its variety - Pisnevelo cell cancer.
• Adenocarcinoma. By the way, the name of this tumor gave a hippocrate. He compared its appearance with crab.
• Solid cancer.

Also, experts differ in terms of features the following tumors from epithelial tissue:

• medullar, or brainlike, cancer;
• simple cancer, or vulgar;
• sKIRR, or fibrous cancer.

Symptoms of oncological diseases

Symptoms of the disease depends on where the tumor developed, in which organ, from the rate of its growth, as well as the presence of metastases.

Common signs:

• Changes in the state of the skin on a certain section in the form of growing swelling, which is surrounded by border hyperemia. Plows can begin to ulcerate, ulcers appear, poorly treatable.
• Changing voice timbre, man is difficult to swallow, cough attacks, chest pain or belly.
• The patient can lose weight very much, it is characterized by a bad appetite, weakness, resistant increase in temperature, anemia, sealing in the mammary gland and bleeding from a nipple or bladder, difficulties in urination.

But other symptoms may be present.

Diagnosis of cancer

We need a timely campaign to a specialist for careful inspection and detailed collection of analyzes. Diagnostic methods for identifying disease include:

• physical method of studying the patient;
• computed tomography, MRI (considered a very effective method), radiography;
• blood test (general and biochemical), identification of tumor markers in the blood;
• puncture, biopsy with morphological research;
• bronchoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

All these measures will help to detect the disease at an early stage and fully cure the patient.

Microinvasive growth.Foci of microenvasia against the background of Carcinoma in situ significantly change the disease forecast. In this case, we are already talking about a flat-mellular invasive cancer that may produce early metastasis (Fig. 10).

Differential diagnosis of initial forms of invasion is very complex and time-consuming. Some authors consider it possible to predict invasive growth according to cytological research. The following changes are noted in the preparations.

1. Cells are usually larger than normal, pleomorphism is expressed, there are bizarre cell forms. Cells are predominantly scattered, but complexes are detected.

2. The nuclear material is rough, in the form of large boulders.

3. Large nucleists, acidophilic.

4. Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio varies significantly, it may be higher or lower than normal.

5. As a rule, cytophagia and multi-core is noted.

6. The cytoplasm can be acidophilic and basophilic

It should be recognized that most researchers do not consider it possible to significantly differentiate Carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer based on only cytological research. In addition, a significant number of persons surveyed by G.Saccomano et al. (1974), developed in the subsequent small-cell cancer. To date, there are no published works in which reliable data on frequency, progression and regression of cytologically moderate or severe cellular dysplasia or in situ cancer, similar to research in the area of \u200b\u200bprejudice or cervical cancer, would be presented.

. In the cytological classification of tumors (except for tumors of the female sex tract), the following reference features are proposed for verifying the bronchiogenic cancer in situ, in which there are: 1) separate malignant cells that correspond to the structure of the planellular cancer are possibly less polymorphic than cells in the classical invasive form of cancer; 2) large cells of polygonal or irregular shape with abundant usually orange or eosinophilic cytoplasm and enlarged slightly hyperchromic nuclei; 3) small atypical cells of the flat epithelium typically rounded, oval shape with signs of keratinization; In the latter case, the kernel is a rounded or somewhat irregular shape with different degrees of hyperchromy and chromatin's chromatin.

The listed features are sufficiently characteristic of flat-stacked cancer. However, cytological criteria that should be used for differential diagnosis between epithelium dysplasia with severe atiypics and cancer in situ, remain not yet clear. Apparently, in each case, with overly underlined signs of dysplasia, repeated studies of sputum or bronchoscopy with studying is possible greater than the samples for detecting the bronchi mucosa section affected by cancer in situ. In our opinion, the very significant importance in this situation is the condition of cell cores.

In the transition of dysplasia in cancer, a number of features indicate dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the structures of nuclear chromatin and nuclear shell are noted. It is often found to fragmentation of nuclei with separation of individuals. Nuclear chromatin with sections of destruction and appearance of areas of enlightenment in nuclei. The state of the nuclear shell is characteristic. It is noted uneven thickening of it, it seems to be merged with the sections of marginal condensation of chromatin, becomes blurry and indistinguishable. In other cells, where signs of karyopic appearance are noted, the boundaries of the nuclear membrane become distinctly uneven, with acute curved bends, invaginations and deep aluminum depressions. Signs of cytophagia are also characteristic, while the formation of structures like "bird eye" (the beginning of the formation of cancer pearls).

The background of the drug also draws attention. The absence of pronounced inflammatory and destructive changes indicates that observed atipia is not concomitant, for example, a tuberculous endobronchite, in which, as a rule, pronounced changes of the bronchial epithelium are observed. Such a sign is also extremely important as a significant increase in the number of small atypical plane epithelium cells. The presence of these elements similar to parabazinal indicates an excessive intensification of the proliferative process inherent in cancer development.

. In situ cancer is usually found in the form of merging areas of pathologically modified cover epithelium, clearly degraded from unchanged respiratory epithelium. You can select 4 options for cancer in situ: in situ cancer without signs of microinvasia, in situ cancer in combination with microinvasia features, in situ cancer in combination with microinvasive carcinoma, striking various parts of the respiratory tract, sections of preinvasive cancer in combination with an invasive growth unit (rice .eleven).

The affected section of the mucous membrane is more often a length of up to 4 mm has a rough surface, whispering color, quite clearly derived from the surrounding unchanged mucosa of bronchi. In some cases, such sections can be represented by micropapillaous collaboration. In histological examination, the tumor has a structure of a flat-belling cancer of a moderate differentiation with the energization of surface layers, or this is a highly differentiated flat-belling cancer with a pronounced oroging.

It should be noted, however, that the type of differentiation of cancer in situ does not have a decisive value for the form of a developing tumor. Carcinoma in situ with severe oroging in surface departments can develop in undifferentiated cancer. The pathological changes described above may capture not only the mucous membrane of the trachea, but also the mouths, ducts and deeper departments of the mucous gland. In some cases, the tumor is not detected on the surface of the mucous membrane, but is localized exclusively in the glands. In cases where the distal duct ducts fall into the cutting glands with preinvasive cancer, this lesion must be distinguished from invasive cancer with invasion of submembratus lymphatic vessels.

The beginning of infiltrating growth (microenvasive cancer) can be observed both in the tracheal mucosa sites and glands. At the same time, there is a violation of the integrity of the basal membrane and the penetration of tumor elements into the submembratus departments of the tracheal walls, accompanied by inflammatory infiltration of the surrounding tumor stroma lymphocytes and plasma cells. A more pronounced invasive growth may be accompanied by a desmoplastic stromal reaction. The microinvasia should include cases in which tumor cells infiltrating the bronchi wall do not penetrate outside the inner surface of the cartilage.

L.Woolner and Farrow (1982) offer the following gradation of the depth of invasion for Rengenonegative cancer: 1) In situ cancer; 2) up to 1 mm - intraepithelial cancer; 3) 2-3 mm - invasion to cartilage; 4) 3-5 mm - complete wall infiltration; 5) more than 5 mm (5-10) - peritheal invasion. These gradation degrees are of great importance for clinical practice. If 2-3 degrees can be attributed to the category of cancer microinvasive forms, then at the 4th and, in particular, at the 5th degree, the probability of vascular invasion with regional metastasis increases sharply. It should be noted that with the depth of invasion to 10 mm cancer, as a rule, is hidden and only endoscopically detected.

Invasive growth. Despite the similarity of the histological structure of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, per patient with trachea cancer accounts for 180 cases of lung cancer and 75 - larynx cancer.

In contrast to other types, the flat-cell cancer according to the literature is found primarily in men (more than 75% of cases). Smokers are dominated by 50-70 years. On our material the age of patients amounted to 20-75 years. At the youngest patient, cancer developed against the background of a long-term papillomatosis of the larynx and trachea. The ratio of men and women - 4: 1. Age 68.8% of patients - older than 50 years. 97% of men smoked cigarettes. Most are malicious smokers.

The etiology of this tumor is closely related to the pollution of the air and with smoking cigarettes. However, there is no reliable statistics on this. The development of cancer from metaplazized epithelium contributes to papillomatosis, inflammatory processes in the field of tracheostomas and trachemethegality. Hyperplastic and inflammatory reactions increase the sensitivity of the epithelium cells to carcinogens. However, many hypothesis of origin of the tumor are based on speculative conclusions on the basis of individual observations.

Macroscopic study The drug after resection of the trachea over cancer has the following objectives: comparison of the macroscopic picture with the results of radiological and endoscopic data; Determination of the stage of the process to adjust the previous clinical and radiological codification (for TNM).

Exceptionally exofic type of growth occurs only in the early stages of the development of the tumor, and in the future (with the depth of invasion the tracheal walls more than 10 mm), as a rule, a mixed exo and endophyte character of growth is noted. The frequency of macroscopic forms on our material is presented in Table 12. Most often, the tumor germinated all layers of the wall of the trachea, infiltrate growth prevailed.

Table 12. Distribution of patients depending on the tumor growth form

Exofite growing part of the tumor has the form of a whitish plaque or a polyp, stenling the lumen of the trachea. In rare cases of trachea cancer with severe exofitu growth, the tumor reaches large sizes, while there is a pronounced stretching and thinning of the wall of the bronchus, acquiring a whitish homogeneous appearance, in places with the remnants of cartilage plates.

With the proximal propagation of the tumor in some cases, the wall of the trachea macroscopically can look unchanged, and its inner surface in the affected areas is dull, rough. The identification of such zones is important to determine the true prevalence of the tumor process when clinical and radiographic data correction in accordance with the TNM system.

The length of the lesion with a mixed growth type is much larger than with endotracheal (5-7 cm). Relatively limited defeat (2-4 cm) is found in single observations. In this case, the blowing of the walls and changes in the mucosa does not reflect the true prevalence of the tumor. With the endzoscopic border of the tumor with a length of 2 cm, the peritheal propagation of malignant elements can reach 5-6 cm. With damage to the rear wall, the tumor squeezes the esophagus early, germinates its wall with the formation of esophageal and tracheal fistula. If the lesion is located on the front-side walls of the cervical department, it is possible to germinate the sophisticated gland.

Some features has bifurcation cancer trachea. With an exofite growth, the anatomy of bifurcation is not violated. It is usually possible to determine the initial growth zone. Tumor infiltration applies to both skate, mouths or initial departments of the main bronchi according to their media and rear walls, as well as on the membrane wall of the oven for up to 3 cm long.

With a mixed growth, the anatomical bifurcation structures are not differentiated. The mucous membrane in all departments is occupied by large-borne growing. Infiltration circularly applies to the main bronets with a narrowing of their lumen. There is a coarse longitudinal folding of the mucous membrane, swelling into the lumen of the back wall of the trachea in the superbifurcation segment. Sometimes the deformation occurs due to blowout of one or both tracheobronchial angles. This may be associated with the compression of the primary tumor or with the damage to the lymph nodes forming a single conglomerate, which the clutch covers all bifurcation.

Small flat stitching cancer Trachea (within T1 - see section 2.3) has some macroscopic features. A number of characteristic signs of malignant growth may be absent. In 3 patients, the baby cancer did not exceed 1 cm in diameter, was located on membranous wall Accordingly, in the brachiocephalord, aortal and oversbifurcation segments. The depth of invasion was limited to mucous membranes and submissible layers. A dense fixed exofite tumor with a large-tramped surface or flat infiltrate, slightly raised above the surface, localized or stretched along the length of the trachea with a relatively smooth surface, pink color, with clear boundaries, without signs of infiltration. Erosion or necrosis on the surface of the tumor will retreasing.

With further tumor growth, the appearance of the node, depending on the histological type of cancer, has some characteristic features.

The primary focus of the planelloque cancer is whitish or grayish color is usually rather dense due to the concomitant desmoplastical reaction. Destroyed cartilage infiltrated by tumor tissue are clearly defined on the section. In some cases, in the presence of a tumor node, there is a pronounced peritheal distribution of the process, while the walls of the trachea are thickened, whitening, the lumen is sharply narrowed. In rare cases, the node is not macroscopically detected and only peritheal and perivascular branched growth is observed.

In contrast to the flat-cell, the node of the fine-cell cancer is usually a large, whitish, fleshy view with extensive necrosis and hemorrhages, and sometimes with pronounced degenerative changes accompanied by extrusion. The tumor usually surrounds the adjacent structures and extends along the trachea and in the sublifted layer. Large tumors often squeeze the lumen of the trachea. The exophytic component is usually poorly expressed.

As an example of differential macroscopic diagnostics, we present a description of the growth of the focus of small-cell cancer with peritheal growth. Bifurcation trachea is deployed, motionless. Karina, front and rear triangles are not differentiated. Bifurcation structures are very dense, mobility will remove. The mucous membrane with local edema, bright hyperemia, shoring, with fragmentation sites. Spheys the front wall of the main bronchus, narrowing the lumen by 1/3 of the diameter. The same changes were noted at the rear wall of the initial separation of the right main bronchus.

Localization of the primary focus of the flat-stacked cancer is presented in Table. 13. The most often observed compression or germination of the esophagus (27.1% of observations), the damage to neighboring organs (17.6%), the vagus nerve (15.3%), the staming department of the larynx (14.1%). In single patients, the tumor germination was noted in the thyroid gland, a hollow vein, a fleece muscle, a chest wall.

Table 13. Localization of the primary tumor during flat-stacked cancer

Acted trachea department	Number of observations
with the transition to the larynx
with the transition to Verkhnegrudny
bifurcation
Total defeat
Area of \u200b\u200bpermanent tracheostomas

Keiser et al. (1987) By reconstructing the volumetric form of the tumor node, it was established that the lesion foci was an irregular bizarre form with numerous ring increases (mainly with flat-milk cancer), elipzoid (often with fine-cellular cancer), mixed: elipzoid or sprinkled with several adjacent to the main node with subsidiaries (Typically, with fine-cell and large cellular undifferentiated cancer). In practice, the definition of the true volume of the tumor without the use of reconstruction methods is extremely difficult. Therefore, in the morphological correction of X-ray endoscopic data, the histotopographic relationship between the tumor node with the surrounding tissues is especially important, since the involvement of some neighboring anatomical structures into the process, even with small node sizes, exacerbates the course of the process and is a prognostically unfavorable factor, which serves as the basis for changing the tactics of treatment . For this purpose, the proximal boundaries of the lesion and the prevalence of inflammatory changes in the wall of the trachea are carefully studying.

Regional metastasis. The tracheal cancer metastasis zones are lymph nodes of neck and mediastinum. The clear patterns of lymphogenic metastasis, depending on the level of lesion of the trachea, not marked on our material. In general, lymphogenic metastasis was noted in 54 (63.5%) of 78 observations. In the casing of the cervical department, metastases were often revealed in the mediastinum, and with a primary focus in the chest department in the region's root zones (Table 14).

Table 14. The lesion of lymphatic assemblies with tracheal plane bakery (percentage in relation to all observations) ???

Amazed segment	Lymphogenic metastasis zones
		mediastinum
with Verneggudnaya
Bifurcation
Total defeat

The organotropy of metastasis of the tracheal plane bug cancer is not expressed; Remote metastasis can be detected in the most unexpected places. Pretty characteristic metastasis in the lungs, brain, bone, liver. Light defeat is detected by each third patient with a tumor generation (Grillo H.C.1986?).

Flake carcalek (epidermoid) cancer is a malignant tumor of the lung, having at least one of three manifestations of specific differentiation: individual signs of keratinization, the formation of horny pearls, the presence of well-visible intercellular bridges. The severity of these features is the basis for determining the degree of differentiation of the tumor.

Cytological characteristic. Cytological manifestations of flat-cell cancer are largely dependent on severity in the tumor of structural and cell signs of planeepipheral differentiation.

With a cytological examination of sputum, the tumor is sometimes able to lean in the early stage

With urgent cytological diagnosis, the conclusion has to be made on wet drugs, and this somewhat changes the microscopic picture. The cytoplasm has a less intense color and looks weakly basophilic, often merging with the background of the smear. Hyperchromicity of nuclei is less pronounced. As the drug drying is drying, it becomes sharply outlined, it takes intensely basophil tone, and when it has a glassic character.

During the diagnosis of oroging, the presence of polymorphic scattered cells with sharply separated by glassy cytoplasm, painted in intensive basophil tones, is taken into account. Hyperchromic, polymorphic, picnomatic kernels occupy a smaller part of the cell. The background of the smear is dirty, formed by fragments of nuclei and cytoplasm of malignant elements (Fig.12)

In the absence of a tomb of strokes, large rounded polygonal shape cells prevail with a large, centrally located core and a narrow rim of cytoplasm. Cells tend to form complexes. Chromatin in nuclei has a heavy character. Nucleists are not viewed.

TO highly differentiated The flatcletical cancer includes neoplasms, the cytological material of which contains polymorphic tumor cells that have pronounced signs of keratin products. In the sputum, elements from surface sections of the tumor prevail. These are large disparately lying tumor cells, often located in the course of mucous weights among the abundant cellular and (or) amorphous detritus. The kernels are large, hyperchromic, with pronounced signs of alteration of nuclear chromatin structures, karyopic, foci of enlightenment, caryolysis.

The consequence of these processes flowing in parallel with the accumulation in the cell of the keratin masses is the appearance of nuclear-free cells in the preparation (horny scales). The cytoplasm of tumor cells is distinguished by pronounced basophilia, and in individual elements it becomes very dense, vitreous, tone and saturation of the color is sometimes merged with the kernel.

In the endoscopic material, cell elements are more preserved, with the greatest diagnostic significance of the ripe elements of the plane carcuing cancer. Often they are located parallel layers (stratification), while tumor cells are flattened, elongated. The form of them is significantly variable. There are oval cells, polygonal, belt-shaped, male-shaped. In nuclei and cytoplasm, pronounced dystrophic changes leading to the emergence of basophil fine-grained daddy, often occupying extensive areas.

The concomitant cell reaction is one of the characteristic features of highly differentiated forms of flat-belling cancer. The most commonly there is a reaction of neutrophils and a mixed neutrophilic-macrophagum, less often found lymphocytic, plasmocyte, histiocyte, eosinophilic cell reactions.

For flat-stacked cancer moderate Differentiation A pronounced trend towards the formation of extensive layers (Fig.13a) is characterized. This tendency is reflected and in the study of sputum, in which elements of the planellular cancer of moderate differentiation are arranged in the form of complexes (Fig. 13 b). Tumor cells are less polymorphs than with highly differentiated cancer. They are almost the same type, round or polygonal shape with a large centrally located core, often containing hypertrophied nuclei. Baseball cytoplasm. It is characteristic of the presence of small grouping vacuoles in it, which is more often located in paranuclear zones.

In the endoscopic material between adjacent elements in the formations of tumor cells, the intercellular bridges can sometimes be seen. In some cases, cell polymorphism and their nuclei are much less pronounced than with highly differentiated forms of flat-belling cancer. Cells and their kernels have a rounded shape, signs of oroging are insignificant and detected only in separate elements. Such forms of moderately differentiated flat-stacked cancer, especially during its peripheral location, is extremely difficult to distinguish from moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. This similarity is emphasized by the presence of hypertrophied nuclei.

In differential diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account the irregular shape of the nucleus of malignant cells, a clear deference of the cell boundaries, the doubling of the cell boundary in the individual elements, which is unavigating the ferrous cancer. The germination of the planellular cancer in the plevru is often accompanied by peculiar cytological changes. The neoplasm in these cases can imitate mesothelioma and is characterized by the presence of large, often multi-core tumor cells, the appearance in the cytoplasm of numerous large vacuoles (hydropic vacuolative), the proliferation of mesothelial elements. With the development of pleurite, elements of flat-stacked cancer in the liquid also often acquire the signs unusually involved. The appearance of multi-core cells, hypertrophy of the nucleus, an increase in the volume of cytoplasm and the vacuolization of it makes it impossible to identify the histological type of cancer.

Low differentiation flat-cell cancer is a tumor prone to destructive changes. The wet of this form of the flat cellular cancer is accompanied by a rich amount of cell detritus, among which small cell clusters may be detected, with difficulty identifiable as tumor and practically not distingurable from undifferentiated cancer. In the bronchoscopic material, the low-differentiated flat-cell cancer is represented by rounded or somewhat elongated rather monomorphic tumor cells having larger sizes than non-differentiated cancer cells.

Cell kernels are large, centrally located, nuclear chromatin coarse-grained, cytoplasm rim is narrow. Nuclear chromatin is extremely sensitive to mechanical exposure and is often noted for its stretching in separate "huge-ten" cells. In these cases, it acquires a drop-shaped form or occurs in the form of heavy and threads. Sometimes the cellular elements of the tumor differ in pronounced anaplasia are located separately, the kernel is depleted with chromatin. Such neoplasms are difficult to differentiate from anaplastic cancer.

The cytological differential diagnosis of low-differentiated flat-bell and undifferentiated types of cancer usually causes significant difficulties. PlateLock cells are larger in size and more monomorphic. The kernel occupy almost the entire cage, surrounded by a narrow rim of the cytoplasm. Single complexes of malignant cells are often found with the presence of elongated elements along the periphery. Small cells of atypical carcinoid usually do not form complexes, lie disparate, the background of the smear is clean.

Histological characteristics. The differentiated shapes of the tracheal flakes are usually represented by cells and plates of tumor cells separated in different degrees of stroma. In the focus of highly differentiated flatcletle cancer, the parenchymal component is predominantly predominantly bright polygonal cells resembling elements of a spinged layer of epidermis. Cells have rounded kernels with clearly contiguous nucleoli, cytoplasm is rich with varying degrees of acidophilia. Atypical mitoses are single.

Cells are connected to each other well distinguishable intercellular bridges, the presence of which is better detected when using a green light filter. In the zone of contact of the intercellular bridges there is a seal of cytoplasm, the intercellular spaces are expanded. In cancer cells, there is a layered arrangement of cells (stratification), while basal departments are represented by smaller dark cells with a distinct polar orientation (anisomorphism). At the same time, signs of violation of the alternation of layers are noted with the advent of individual oroging elements among the cells of the basal and parabaznal layers (discratosis).

Cell elements with pronounced signs of oroging are characterized by a small picnomorphic core and abundant acidophilic cytoplasm. It is characterized by the formation of concentric surplusing of hipged cells that are applied to the center, with increasing signs of oroging, - horny pearls. There are also pearls with incomplete keratinization and clusters of keratin in the form of homogeneous masses, and in certain sections - groups of oroging cells that do not form complexes and are isolated insulated.

For a moderately differentiated flatclellular cancer, the presence of more extensive layers and heavy polymorphic cells of the type of peeled with a large rounded nucleus is characteristic (Fig. 14 A). Mitoses meet. Signs of stratification in the formations are preserved, and the peripheral departments are represented by smaller basal cells with an anisomorphic location. In separate formations, the cell elements of the type of basal dominate over the thickened in the infiltrating growth zone. The processes of the energization are weaker, but the signs of the discretosis are preserved. There is a formation of pearls, but it does not occur in the complete energization. In such tumors, as a rule, more differentiated sections with distinct signs of oroging are found. The tumor is estimated as a moderately differentiated flat-cell cancer in the case when differentiated sections occupy a total of less than 50%.

The low-differentiated flat-cell cancer is represented by malignant cells of small sizes, characterized by a pronounced polymorphism (Fig. 14). Cells have a polygonal, oval or elongated shape, the kernels are rounded or elongated. There is a large number of pathological mitoses. Malignant cells grow in the form of reservoirs, on the periphery of which the polar orientation of the tumor elements can be observed. Intercellular bridges, as a rule, are not detected, but separate cells can occur with signs of oroging, better revealed using Craberg painting. In individual formations there are signs of stratification. In the neoplasms of this group, destructive changes are often found: hemorrhages, extensive fields of necrosis.

Among the variants of the structure of the flatcletical cancer should be noted the belt-cellular plane carcaid cancer and flat-stacked cancer type of the light-cell.

Roshetocellular (flat-mellular) Cancer is found as a component of a flat-belling cancer, but usually tumors having a belt-cellular structure are growing in the form of a polyp (I.G. Volkhovskaya, 1982). At the same time, the plots of typical flat-stacked cancer may not be detected, and the tumor, due to the pronounced cellular polymorphism and a large number of pathological mitoses, can mimic sarcoma. In such cases, the macroscopic type of tumor should be taken into account and apply additional research methods (electron microscopy) to confirm the epithelial nature of the neoplasm.

Flake carcury of light-cell type cancer with a light-optical study resembles metastasis of hypernefromes. Cells grow in the form of reservoirs, have relatively small centrally located kernels and a rich optically empty cytoplasm. Of great importance for the differential diagnosis of these tumors has electron microscopy, which detects signs of flat-cell differentiation (tonophylates).

The severity of the infiltrating growth of the plane carcuing cancer depends on the duration of the existence of the tumor and the degree of its differentiation. This type of cancer can germinate in lymph nodes, large vessels, as well as merge with metastatic nodes, forming a single conglomerate. The spread of the tumor occurs both by simple germination into neighboring tissues and according to the vessels of the peribroscial lymphatic network. The peripheral deposits of the flatcletical cancer are characterized by counts, located near or at a certain distance from the tumor, which gives the node the bizarre shape and detectable on radiographs in the form of a spooner of various widths and lengths.

The highly differentiated subtypes of the squamous cancer are characterized by a well developed stroma, often with signs of pronounced collagenization and the formation of cell-free sections (desmoplastic reaction). Sometimes among the extensive fields there are as if closed in it small cancer alveoli, cell elements of which have pronounced dystrophic changes.

One of the characteristic features of the tracheal plane cell is a concomitant inflammatory reaction, manifested in the form of preferably leukocyte and (or) lymphoid-cellular infiltration of stroma. In the dystrophic or destructive change zone, gigantic multi-core cells of the type of foreign bodies are often detected. Next to the primary focus of the tumor is usually detected by secondary changes in the form of endotracheita, sections of a flat-belling metaplasia, sometimes with the formation of cancer foci in these zones.

Ultrastructure. The tumor has a structure similar to the plane bakellic cancer of other localizations, that is, it contains all signs of a flat epithelium: filaments, tonofibrils, desplaomoms, fragments of the basal membrane (Fig. 15).

With highly differentiated flat-belling cancer, layers of large differentiated cells containing coarse bundles of the tonophylamans and well-developed desplaomoms prevail. Polygonal shape cells with large oval or rounded nuclei. The cytoplasm is rich, contains ribosomes and polisms, mitochondria, profiles of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

With moderately differentiated cancer, large polygonal cells with a smooth cytlemma are also dominated, tightly adjacent to each other, contacting well developed by des #. Cell cytoplasm is well developed, the amount of filaments and tonofibrils varies in various cells, but in general there are less than in the focus of highly differentiated cancer. Along with the flatwlock differentiation, cells with signs of iron differentiation can occur in moderately differentiated squams: Between adjacent cells are formed with microwaves addressed in them, serous secretory granules are found in individual cells.

For low-differentiated plane carcinction cancer, the predominance of small cells is characteristic. The cores are oval, with invaginations, chromatin is large. Ribosomes and polisomas are dominated in the cytoplasm, other organelles are weakly developed. Tonophylants are represented by small disparate beams. Only individual desmosomomal contacts are preserved.

On our material, the highly differentiated flat-belling cancer of the trachea was confirmed in 24 (30.8%) of 78 patients, moderately differentiated - in 35 (44.9%), low-influenced - in 15 (19.2%). In the remaining 4 observations, only a cytological study was carried out, in which the subtype of the flat-stacked cancer was established.

The forecast for flat-belling cancer largely depends on the prevalence of the primary hearth and the presence of metastases. In contrast to adenocystarous cancer, the tumor tends to early progression. According to H.C.Grillo et al. (1986?) Of the 49 radical operated patients 3 years lived 22.7%, 5 years - 9.1%. When using only radiation therapy, the average life extension was 10 months. Of the 22 patients without tumor progression, regional metastases were confirmed in 2 (%). On the other hand, out of 13 dead from progression in 6 (46,!%) Operations on operations revealed metastases in lymph nodes. An unfavorable forecast is noted in most patients with germination of all layers of the wall of the trachea.

The treatment method significantly affects the survival of patients. In our experience, the most radical treatment method is circular resection of the affected trachea segment. The forecast largely depends on the radicality of the operation (elements of the tumor along the boundary of the intersection of the walls). Postoperative radiation therapy at a dose of 40-50 g allows to significantly reduce the risk of local and regional recurrence. Radiation therapy without surgery in most cases leads to partial, and sometimes complete tumor regression, however, patients die from relapses and progressing of flat-cell cancer. Endoprosthetics in combination with symptomatic treatment makes it possible to significantly extend the life of patients and improve the quality of life. The results of treatment depending on the method are presented in Fig. sixteen.

Figure 16. Survival of patients with tracheal flat collement cancer

Malignant tumor education may occur in different parts of the body due to the rebirth of organs of organs and systems. In the oncological transformation of the cells of the flat epithelium, a flat-belling cancer is developed.

Square Cancer Cancer is a type of carcinoma, differs in fairly fast progression and a high degree of aggressiveness. It is able in a short period of time to penetrate the layers of the skin or the wall of various internal organs, sending metastases to lymph nodes. As a rule, such a disease is diagnosed more often in the elderly (age more than 65), in men.

The oroging form of this ailment is also classified as differentiated. It is considered the most favorable variety of all types of flat-belling cancer, as it is prone to relatively slow progression. Doctors consider this ailment, as conditionally favorable.

A flat-mellular cancer has one main feature. The tumor contains in its composition differentiated oncological cells having a species histological affiliation. Doctors are sometimes called their pearls due to a specific grayish-white color with some glitter. We can visually consider the presence of horny scraps, which cover the tumor, forming a yellowish border.

It is the degree of differentiation of tumor education cells that determines the favorable forecast for patients with such a diagnosis. What it is more, the slower the size of the cancer tumor increases.

Localization

Scientists are confident that the orinnoying type of flat-stacked cancer may affect the various parts of the body, even those in which there are no cells of the oroging type (and their presence is typically for skin cover). Such a situation becomes possible due to the primary metaplasia, when initially normal cells turn into erogenial, after which cancer processes occur.

Nevertheless, the localization of the flat-belling oroging cancer is becoming skin cover. In the overwhelming majority of cases, it is found on the face either on the head.

Manifestations

The symptoms of the flat-belling type of cancer is determined by the location of the disease, as well as the shape of the tumor. In particular, the disease can occur in:

• Exofed form (papillary). It is characterized by the emergence of a nodule, which is clearly eliminating from the surrounding fabric sites and gradually begins to grow. There is a tumor formation, similar in appearance with the inflorescence of cauliflower. It is characterized by a pronounced uneven buggy structure and has a small vaccination in the center. Over time, such education can ulcerate.
• Endophyte form. In such a situation, a small primary nodule is quickly ulcerated, and a rather large ulcer arises instead. It is distinguished by an incorrect shape, dense edges, somewhat raised over the central part, rough bottom, on which a whoreish flare is visible with a very sliced \u200b\u200bsmell. A distinctive feature of this type of carcinoma - ulcers visually does not change its sizes, as pathological cells grow deeper and deeper, leading to the affix of the muscles, bones, neighboring organs, etc.

Other manifestations of the flat-bell form of cancer are determined by the location of the localization of tumor education:

• With damage to the skin, the tumor lesion can deliver painful sensations, cause swelling and redness nearby leather and itchy sensations. Also possible burning. The tumor itself can be easily injured and bleeded.


• Oncological education on the lip can manifest itself at the beginning of a seal that is externally similar to the surrounding tissues. However, over time, the tumor can change painting, ulcerate, grow and become painful.
• Carcinoma, localized in the lungs, is most often distinguished by asymptomatic flow. However, the patient can disturb the incomprehensible and long-term dry cough, soreness when inhaling, sudden weight loss, voice hoarseness, an increase in body temperature. It is possible to occur with general weakness, shortness of breath, hemopes.
• The defeat of the larynx makes itself felt difficulties in swallowing and breathing, wheezing in a voice, a stubborn cougium and a sense of a foreign body. It is possible to occur in the hemochkump.
• If the flat-belling cancer is localized in the oral cavity, it can give itself to know pain, active salivation, unpleasant odor and chewing disorders, as well as speech.
• The defeat of the tonsils causes difficulties in swallowing, severe soreness in the pharynx. On glals, you can visually consider whorescent enough delicate foci that can be ulced.

Layer cell carcalete cancer can also occur in other parts of the body. The exact causes of the oncological rebirth of the cells today are unknown by doctors.

Diagnostics

To confirm the diagnosis of carcinoma and determine its type, the doctor may conduct a number of surveys:

• Visual inspection.
• Palpation of the affected area.
• Confocal microscopy (helps to diagnose only skin cancer).
• Various methods of endoscopic intervention.
• X-ray study.
• CT (computed tomography).
• MRI (magnetic resonance tomography).
• Histological analysis of polar material.

As a rule, it is enough to conduct a diagnosis to inspect and perform the analysis of particles of affected tissues (biopsy). Other diagnostic techniques are optional.

Features of treatment

The plane carcinoma of the oroging carcinoma is successfully amenable to therapy only in the early stages of development. Doctors usually decide on holding:

• Operational intervention to remove the affected tissues. Additionally, lymph nodes can eliminate if they were amazed by metastasis.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy.

The methods of treatment of flat-stacked cancer are selected individually. The doctor at the same time is focused on the size of tumor education, the presence of metastasis, the course of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.

About VKontakte "\u003e VKontakte

Malignant neoplasm, which is formed from the epithelium and mucous membranes - this is a flat-mellular cancer. This oncology is rapidly developing and rather aggressive. It is formed in the skin or mucous membrane, and then the tumor affects local lymph nodes and penetrates the nearby organs and tissues, disrupting their structure and efficiency. The result of such a course of the disease is polyorgan deficiency and death.

General information about plane bakery

Flake carcing cancer develops from epithelium cells. And since the cell of cancer under the microscope looks flat, then the tumor, which consists of a plurality of such cells, is called "flat-mellular cancer". Since the epithelium is widespread in the body, flat-cell tumors can begin their formation in almost any organ.

There are two varieties of the epithelium - heaving (this is the whole totality of the skin) and non-illuminating (mucous membranes - surfaces of the nose, oral cavity, stomach, esophagus, vagina, throat, etc.). In addition to the cell epithelium cells of such a species can be formed in other organs - from cells that have undergone metaplasia (reborn first into epithelium-like, then into cancer).

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Square Cancer - To whom it is peculiar

Note! This oncology is diagnosed about 25% of cases of all types of cancer and mucous membranes. In most cases (75%), the tumor is on the skin of the face or head.

The main part of patients with such a diagnosis is a man after 65 years. It is also noted that the squamine-cellular cancer (squamoso-cell carcinoma) is more likely to face representatives of the European-like race, more often, and red-haired. Children in this type of oncology are quite rare, if there is a genetic predisposition.

Causes and risk factors

There are some factors that contribute to the occurrence of flat-stacked cancer:

• heredity (genetic predisposition);
• smoking, alcohol use;
• UV radiation;
• ionizing radiation;
• reception of immunosuppressors;
• improper nutrition;
• work in harmful production;
• bad ecology;
• infections;
• age.

In addition, there are other types of tobacco - chewing, snuff, their use can increase the risk of the oncology of the lips, language, nasopharya organs.

1. The component of all alcoholic beverages - ethyl alcohol can cause the development of malignant formations.

Important! Alcohol increases the permeability of cells for different carcinogens. This is also confirmed by the fact that alcoholics are most often diagnosed oncology of the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx - that is, in those organs that are directly contacted with ethyl alcohol.

The risk of oncology increases in those who combine alcohol with smoking (or another method of using tobacco).

Important! The risk is higher in the residents of megacities, due to the fact that the number of vehicles here is much higher, and exhaust gases containing soot have a greater concentration in the city air;

1. It has already been scientifically proven that some types of infections (viruses) can be a provocateur of the appearance of flat-belling cancer. Such viruses are considered:

• human papilloma virus (multilayer coilocytosis), which is able to cause the development of benign tumors on the skin and mucous membranes - papillomas, conglishers, and causing various inepithelial types of neoplasia, becomes;
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) affects the human immune system, which can lead to the development of AIDS and a decrease in antitumor protection of the body.

1. Age. With age, a person decreases and the function of the immune system is reduced and the processes of recognition of mutated cells deteriorate, which means that the risk of plane carcular cancer increases.

In addition to the above risk factors, which contribute to the occurrence of flatclelling cancer, there are so-called prejudice states. They, without being the malignant neoplasms, increase the chances of getting cancer. These prejudition states are divided into obligate and optional.

Beliefs include:

Optional prejudice states include diseases in which the appearance of flat-cell cancer is not necessarily, but the risk of its occurrence is quite high.

Believe such diseases are:

• skin horn. It is hyperkeratosis (thickening of the horn layer of the epidermis). The development of oncology in this case may happen in 7-15% of cases;
• old keratosis. The main reason for the appearance is ultraviolet rays that affect the non-skewed skin. Patient age - after 60. The risk of this cancer is up to 25% of cases;
• keratoacanta. Age category - after 60 years. It is located on the skin of the face or the back side of the hands in the form of round education with a deepening in the center with the corneal masses;
• contact dermatitis. It occurs when exposed to the skin with chemicals, is characterized by inflammation of a local character, swelling and redness. With a long-term process, it is possible to form a flat-belling cancer.

Remember! Pre-provocative states with time can grow into cancer, but if treatment is treated, the risk of cancer decreases. This rule can be attributed both to bond prejudice states and to optional.

Metastasis

• pain in the chest. They may arise in the later stages of cancer development, when the tumor is squeezed by a tumor and organs;
• disturbance of swallowing (dysfagia). The growth of the tumor in the lumen interferes with the promotion of food - at first only solid, and later liquid and even water;
• jumping. In the outstanding tumor, pieces of food, which are tights after some time, can be stuck;
• an unpleasant smell of mouth appears when necrosis (decay) of the tumor and the attachment of infection;
• bleeding occurs in the destruction of the circulatory system of the esophagus. There is vomiting with blood, and bloody clots are detected in the stool. This symptom is dangerous for life and requires urgent medical care.

Rectal cancer

The plane carcalet cancer of the rectum can manifest itself in the following symptoms:

• violation of the chair (diarrhea replace constipation);
• after defecation, the feeling of the intestinal completeness;
• cal in the form of ribbon (ribbon feces);
• in the cartoons of blood impurities, mucus or pus;
• soreness during defecation;
• abdominal pain and anus zone;
• the incontinence of feces and gases (happens during running stages).

Cervical cancer

Usually a factor that contributes to the development of the fledged cervical cancer, the human papilloma virus becomes (there are 75% of women with a diagnosis of RSM).

Low-degree flatly cell intraepithelials have changes that are associated with papillomavirus infection of various types of dysplasia and intraepithelial cancer (CR in SITU). A cytological research allows you to judge the epithelial metaplasis and helps to establish the correct diagnosis.

The symptoms of this type of disease are nonspecific and can be similar to the symptoms of other diseases of the genitourinary system:

• bleeding outside the menstrual cycle, pain during sexual interchange;
• pain at the bottom of the abdomen;
• violation of the process of urination and defecation.

Cancer vulva

Cancer Vulva has a variety of symptoms, but can proceed almost asymptomatic to the last stages. Externally, the new formation of the vulva looks like warts bright pink (red or white) shade.

Symptoms of the disease are:

• itching and irritation of an attached nature in the zone of outdoor genital organs, mainly at night;
• ulceration of outdoor genital organs;
• pain and seal in the zone of external genital organs;
• purulent (bloody) separation from germ;
• the swelling of the pubis, vulva, legs (manifests itself in late stages).

Diagnosis of oncology

The process of diagnosing flat-stacked cancer consists of:

• personal inspection by the doctor;
• instrumental research;
• laboratory research;
• biopsy.

The doctor's examination includes a personal inspection of the patient, in which the appearance of the neoplasm, its color and consistency, the presence of such formations in other parts of the body is studied.

The next phase of diagnosis is a tool study, which includes: thermography, endoscopic study, confocal laser microscopy, MRI.

Thermography is a method of measuring the temperature in the place of the proposed tumor, which helps determine whether there is a cancerous disease or not.

Endoscopic study helps to study more thoroughly the inner surface of the body of an interesting.

Endoscopy is divided into:

• esophagoscopy;
• laryngoscopy;
• colposcopy.

The confocal laser scanning microscopy allows you to get a multilayer image of the upper layers of skin and epidermis. The advantage of this method is that this type of diagnostics can be carried out without pre-taking material.

MRI helps to see a layer-by-layer image of various organs and tissues of the human body. For example, MRI will help to see the cancer damage of lymph cell cells during metastases.

With suspected flat-cellular (spinellylar) cancer, laboratory studies can assign. A general analysis of blood and urine is prescribed to clarify the general condition of the human body and identifying concomitant diseases.

The main indicative studies can be considered a cytological study and.

For a flat-stitching type of oncology, a specific oncomarker is -Antigen. Its exceeding 1.5 nanograms in ml can talk about the possible presence of flat-belling cancer in the body. But the diagnosis is not allowed only according to the results of the monacarcker, since the increase in this antigen may also be under prejudice skin disease, with liver failure, other skin diseases.

In the cytological method, the form, size, structure and composition of the tumor cell, which is obtained by various paths is studied. Materials for research can serve as microcreparations: scales with oral cavity, imprints from skin neoplasm, selection from vagina, sputum, etc.

Biopsy is the final stage of research on oncology. The material for the study (bioptat) is specifically processed and then investigated under a microscope.

Treatment of flat-stacked cancer

The question of the use of any treatment of this type of oncology is solved by a oncologist. The main criteria in making such a decision are the age and general condition of the patient. Malignant tumors of the small size of the size are treated with curettage, electrocoagulation, cryodestruction. When you find a tumor in the scalp, the last method does not apply.

With chemical cryorgic therapy (MOHA method), the forecast for flatcletical cancer is very favorable (99% of the effectiveness of treatment). This type of treatment is effective for tumors with fuzzy boundaries. Separately chemotherapy (external use preparations) are used in small tumors, so as not to give it to grow.

With initial stages, radiotherapy has high efficiency. When the eye or nose area is amazed (other methods can disrupt their eyesight or damage the nasal cartilage).

Folk ways of treatment

When planelloral cancer should not be engaged in self-medication and abandon traditional methods of therapy, but, with the permission of the attending physician, you can use folk methods to facilitate the patient's condition.

Places affected by plane carcasses (epidermoid) cancer can be treated with tincture of birch kidney, also have a positive effect on the well-being of a row from Verbena. Use for the treatment of ulcers and plaques ointment, which is made of dried grenade and honey seeds.

Forecast of the disease and disease prevention

To achieve a high effect, it is very important to diagnose disease on time and properly treat. When identifying the disease in the early stages, the probability of cure is very high. After treatment, the patient is under life under the supervision of the doctor.

The forecast of the five-year survival in this form of oncology depends on the localization of the disease.

In the oncology of the lips of the five-year survival in the 1st stage of the disease - 90%, in 2 stages - 84%, in 3-4 stages - 50%. With a larynx and esophageal tumor at all stages, survival forecast is about 10-20%. With skin neoplasms - 1-2-3 stages - 60% survival, by 4 - 40%. In the oncology of the intestines and the stomach - at stage 1 - almost 100%, by 2 -80%, by 3 - 40-60%, by 4 - only 7%. When cancer of a lung forecast of the five-year survival rate at stage 1 - 30-40%, by 2 - 15-30%, by 3 - 10%, at 4 stages - 4-8%.

Preventive events oncology include:

• restriction of time stay in the sun in the summer;
• do not abuse visiting a solarium;
• timely treatment of dermatitis;
• use of sunscreen (especially when hiking to the beach);
• attentive attitude towards all sorts of changes on the skin (increase in size, shape and number of moles, the birthplace of spots, etc.).

Question answer

What is kangri cancer?

This is the oncology of the anterior abdominal wall, which is provoked by burns from a pot with coals weed by residents of Himalayas.

What is invasive breast cancer?

The oncology of the breast detected at the non-initial stages is usually diagnosed as an "invasive carcinoma". This is a quick progressive disease. Mutating cells are trying faster to spread beyond the bodies affected by cancer.

This type of disease occurs in people of different age-related categories, but most often the elderly people suffer from this (after 65 years) More developed occurs in men. From this disease, Flooks and red-haired people suffer from this disease, which is very characteristic, these are residents of the southern regions of the country. Ultimately, polyorgan deficiency is rapidly developing without appropriate treatment, which leads to death.

Microflora of flat-stacked cancer

To date, the exact causes of the disease are not established. But the alleged causes of the development of flat-stacked cancer can be quite different. People who have long time under the sun or under artificial ultraviolet rays are falling into the risk area of \u200b\u200bthis disease (walk in the solarium).

Flake carcury Cancer causes can be caused after thermal or chemical burns, and in some cases after irradiation with radiation. Most people with this type of disease are those who are busy in harmful industries and have frequent contact with chemicals. Thus, the skin is subjected to contamination by resins and arsenic. Sometimes the cause of the development of oncology is the so-called precancerous processes.

For example:

1. Pigment Keroderma.
2. Bowen's disease.
3. Pedge's disease.

In addition, people who suffer from chronic dermatitis, ulcers are very often not recognized about the possibility of this insidious disease. Sometimes cancer occurs as a result of leather injuries, inflammatory diseases, such as carbuncles, boils. What a flat-belling cancer photo is presented below.

Skin plane carcation

The most often tumors occur on, which is most often exposed to ultraviolet rays. As a rule, this is an area () and.

There are such types of leather carcasses:

• Gloomy shape:

This species is characteristic of the formation of plaques that have intense red. It is a dense to the touch formation, small tubercles that show bleeding are noticeable on its surface. The gloaching form has a very active propagation with the damage to the surface layers of the skin, as well as metastasis for the inner layer of the epidermis.

• Nodal form:

For the nodal shape of a malignant disease, the formation of nodules, which look like a cauliflower. They develop very quickly. Based on such a nodule is very wide, and the surface is buggy. The appearance of this manifestation has a red-brown tint, and a dense structure is detected during palpation. On the skin, various formations with a rapid lesion of the epiderma surface begin to form.

• Ulcerative form:

It is characterized by manifestation of ulcers on the surface of the epidermis, in appearance they are similar to crater. The edges of the tumor in the form of rollers and slightly raised over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe neoplasm. Ulcers have a specific smell, and it is worth alert. This is the main sign of this cancer form. At the same time, they are also bleeding. The speed of distribution is very big. Ulcers are affected not only the skin surface, and also penetrate inside.

It is worth considering carefully it is characterized by a very high speed of distribution for flat-stacked cancer.

In most cases, the tumor strikes the scars. In this place, minor cracks are formed, which are very painful, and then some nodes that have their mobility and painlessness begin to form. Over time, the nodes lose their mobility and pain appears, it is punishing them with skin.

If the tumor increases in size and exceeds 2 cm in diameter, then in this case, we are talking about the active development of the oncological process. It is accompanied by the formation of metastasis.

PlateLock carcalete cancer

Differentiation degrees and their differences:

In order to perform diagnostics, oncologist directs the patient to histology, for analyzing biopsy, scraps with affected skin or ulcers. According to the results of the analysis of histological examination, the type of leather plane carcuing cancer is revealed.

1. Untifferentiated flat-belling cancer (non-illuminating). The most is a malignant form that is characterized by rapid growth. The mutation occurs in a hipged layer cage, after which its development is terminated, and all subsequent clones have a similar structure. Keratin does not accumulate in cancer cells and the process of their dying is not accumulated.
2. Differentiated plane carcury cancer (oroging). In this case, the mutation also occurs at the level of the cellular layer cell, but after several divisions, the formed clones, on the contrary, begin to accumulate large quantity of keratin. Cancer cells are gradually lost cell elements and die out, which is externally manifested by the deposits on the surface of the tumor of crusts (keratin masses), which have a yellowish color. Unlike a normal energization, with a damage of cancer, this process is accelerated several times.

Classification of disease development stages

In oncology, cancer has four stages:

1. the first stage is characterized by the detection of a small focus of skin lesions in size in 2 cm. At the stage of stage 1, the cancer did not have time to hit the large region and did not give metastasis. The base of the tumor is mobile, but the patient does not feel pain;
2. in the second stage, the disease is rapidly progressing, the size of the tumor exceeds two centimeters and the distribution area becomes more extensive. However, at this stage, Cancer does not manifest itself so actively, but there may be single metastases in the adjacent fabrics. It is worth considering that the flat-belling cancer is distributed through lymph nodes, and therefore metastases at this stage appear in them;
3. as cancer develops, it is already capturing not only the lymph nodes located next door, but also the fabrics that are near. This stage of cancer is characteristic of 3 stages;
4. at the last stage, the fourth, the flat-belling cancer is of serious distribution and affects not only fabrics and bones, but also cartilage. Even if the tumor is still small, then for this stage is characterized by remote metastases, which occur sometimes in multiple quantities. At the same time, the joints begin to lose their mobility.

PlateLock Cancer: Treatment

With most oncological diseases, the therapy methods are similar. However, depending on the type of malignant tumor and the lesion zone, they may have their own specifics. An important process is timely removal of affected fabric. Moreover, the earlier the process of therapy begins, the greater the patient has a chance of survival.

How to treat flat-stacked cancer solves the doctor. The main criteria that are taken into account in the treatment of the tumor process are the age category and health of the patient.

Malignant formations of small size are treated with the help, curettage, electrocoagulation, cryodestruction. If the tumor is localized in the scalp, then the last method is not used.

Cryodestruction

Chemical sprouting therapy (MOHA method) has a significant advantage of flat-belling cancer. Forecast 99% in the direction of efficiency. The advantage of this technique is that healthy skin areas can be saved. This type of therapy is effective in the treatment of a tumor with poorly defined boundaries.

The initial stage is very effective and radiotherapy.

Chemotherapy for flat-stacked cancer allows you to treat tumors that do not have serious size. This use special means for outdoor use. Thus, they do not give cancer cells.

The applied photodynamic method of therapy is used if the areas of the eyes and the nose are affected, since other methods can lead to a violation of vision and damage to the wicker of the nose.

Folk treatments

With therapy of the planellular cancer, it is possible to facilitate the use of the recipes of traditional medicine. However, it is not necessary to give up the traditional treatment at the oncologist.

Places that are amazed by flat-belling cancer should be treated with tincture of birch kidney. Well showed themselves and row from Verbena, in which the table vinegar is added.

Also for the treatment of ulcers and plaques use an ointment that is prepared from dried grenade and honey seeds.

It is very useful for outdoor use against this type of cancer, ointments, which is prepared on the basis of vegetable oil with a powder from the inside of walnuts. The amount in oil is added such a quantity so that it becomes like an ointment.

How not to get sick with flat-stacked cancer and what is the forecast?

In the treatment of any oncology, the early identification of the problem is extremely important. If the cancer began to be treated at an early stage, then the probability of recovering is very high. But in any case, during the life, a former patient will have to be under the supervision of a doctor.

As a rule, after extracting from the hospital, the inspection is performed monthly, but gradually the gaps are becoming more and more.

What is the prevention of the disease?

1. 1. it is necessary to be careful in the sun in the summer, when it is most actively;
   2. should not abuse the tan in the solarium;
   3. in the occurrence of dermatitis, they must be treated in a timely manner, as they relate to precancerous diseases;
   4. if you plan to go to the beach, then you should use sunscreen. They should be applied about 20 minutes before the start of the procedure. It should be repeated every three hours;
   5. it is necessary to closely monitor the skin. If the moles acquired a strange form, or some strange seals appeared, then you need to urgently apply for advice to the oncologist.

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