The magical function of language is the most ancient. It originated with the language. In the spells that ancient people used to appease the raging elements, attract good luck before hunting, heal a wound, etc., ritual formulas were preserved to which a magical effect was attributed. These facts were indicated by such outstanding linguists, like R. Jacobson, K. Buhler and others.

The manifestation of the magic function of the word in the novel is manifold. From the administration of magical rites to the specifics of the use of names. This function is manifested, first of all, in a fundamentally different attitude to the word than in everyday everyday communication. Stylistically and pragmatically marked position in speech determines the originality of such statements. The word reveals "dormant" meanings, which we forget about in everyday communication... Spoken in the hearts: Yes, you were lost! - of course, it is not endowed with any magical function. So, in the novel, Annushka the plague says to the barman Sokov - Come on to the devil, stingy! This is the everyday use of vernacular phraseological units. It is a different matter, the same expression uttered under different circumstances. For example, in the chapter "Flight", Margarita says to the lower tenant Nikolai Ivanovich: - Well, to hell with you! - which is executed literally. What's changing? Situation and status characteristics of the speaker.

This means that in order for this function of the language to be activated, it is necessary to comply with certain conditions in the sending of speech acts.

In the novel's finale, the Master screams into the void, amplifying the echo that surrounded the thousands of moons of Pilate, who sat awaiting forgiveness:

- Free! Free! He's waiting for you!

The mountains turned the Master's voice into thunder, and this thunder destroyed them. The damned rocky walls have fallen. There was only a platform with a stone chair. Above the black abyss, into which the walls have gone, the immense city with the glittering idols reigning over it caught fire on top of the garden lushly grown over many thousands of years of moons. The lunar road, long-awaited by the procurator, stretched straight to this garden, and the sharp-eared dog rushed along it first. A man in a white cloak with a bloody lining rose from his chair and shouted something in a hoarse, broken voice. It was impossible to tell whether he was crying or laughing and what he was screaming. It was only visible that after his faithful guard on the lunar road he ran swiftly too.

Pilate's forgiveness took place. But why exactly is the master given the right to forgive his guessed hero? Why does he use this particular speech formula to forgive the hero? And he uses this formula for the direct sending of a speech act in the first person? Why does this phrase become the magic key to the whole novel?

Forgiveness of mortal sins and sins in general as a sacred act is carried out according to special rules. A person can only forgive his own grievances.

But even the act of forgiving personal grievances is a special communicative act. In Christian culture, even at the everyday level, it is performed according to certain rules. God alone can forgive, “as good and loving of mankind,” or only God. Therefore, to the request “Forgive me,” Christians usually answer: “God will forgive”, meaning: “Who am I to forgive you, I’m just a sinner!”.

Even at the everyday level, the speech act of forgiveness is sufficiently ritualized. It belongs to the so-called conventional-symbolic models verbal behavior: if you have committed an offense, you must ask for forgiveness. If you ask for forgiveness, you must be forgiven. In this it should be revealed moral law.

The expression "I forgive you" is practically not used in everyday speech. We avoid direct speech acts due to different reasons replacing them with indirect ones. To a request for forgiveness for any offense or offense, most often we hear in response indirect statements that annihilate the guilt of the person asking for forgiveness and resolve the situation: Come on, why really ... Yes, I'm not angry ... Forget about it ... etc. . NS.

The sacred act of forgiveness is especially significant. Forgive (forgive) sins can only be those who have special powers (ordained priests, for example, in the name of the Lord, forgive sins). To forgive a person, that is, to release him from responsibility for his actions, is in the power of higher powers, because this means not only changing the fate of the forgiven person, it is always an invasion of the general order of things. That is why in the novel these phrases acquire a magical sound, influencing not only the fate of the heroes. They realize the highest moral law that harmonizes reality.

Thus, this act can only be performed by someone who is empowered to do so. Hence the formula used by Margarita: - You are forgiven. The handkerchief will no longer be served. I do not forgive, but You are forgiven. Here is a clear reference to the "department" of Svet with its powers.

In the act of forgiveness or forgiveness of sins, the mercy and goodness of God is manifested, for, in order to forgive, it is necessary to have pity on a person, to experience compassion for him. This should also be experienced by the one who performs the act of forgiveness. This is exactly what happens during the great full moon ball and in the finale of the novel. However, Margarita receives the authority to perform this act of forgiveness for the penitent Frida from Woland. She forgives Frida as the queen of the ball, who received the right to fulfill her wishes at the cost of self-sacrifice, abandoning her nature. But this sacred act of forgiveness turned out to be successful precisely because Margarita herself felt sorry for and forgiven Frida.

The master receives such a right as an artist, a creator who “guessed”. And in this the Master is equal to the creator, like any artist. Therefore, he shouts: "Free!", Freeing his hero from age-old captivity and suffering. This is a first-person statement: you are not forgiven (someone forgives, not me), but Free! It unfolds into a full speech formula as: - I tell you that you are free!

However, releasing Pilate along the moonbeam with Yeshua, who interferes in the plot of the work and forgives his executioner, the Master, as it were, realizes what has already been conceived and decided not only by him. "Departments" arbitrarily interfere in the denouement of the already written work - the novel about Pontius Pilate. The idea and concept of the whole novel, thus, are drawn into the sphere of sacred-magical action.

The second rule of success for the communicative act of forgiveness is that guilt must be realized and redeemed by suffering.

Moreover, suffering should not exceed the measure of guilt. The allegory in the form of a scale absolutely accurately reflects the essence of this pattern. Frida redeemed her guilt with moral torment, and it is evident that she sincerely repents of what she had done. This is what makes her stand out from Woland's guests. The most important condition is the guilty repentance.

The next rule is that the conscientiousness of the offense or crime affects the duration of the punishment. There is a special demand for sinners who sin according to the formula “they know what they are doing”. Pilate redeemed his cowardice as a conscious choice with an incredible duration of moral torment. He, of course, understood who he was sending to execution, and sent him ... But the measure of suffering filled the cup to the brim, the other scales stood opposite. The bills have been paid.

Spells, conspiracies, church and other rituals, prayers, oaths - these are all speech genres that directly represent magical actions.

- Burn, burn, old life! Burn, suffering! Shouted Margarita.

This poetically metaphorical incantation is characterized at the same time by ritual magical power that contributes to the realization of desire. Tellingly, these words are pronounced over the fire (the Master's basement is on fire, set on fire by Azazello), the initial element used in a variety of magical rituals.

Magic spell - Invisible! - is used by Margarita in the act of magical transformation into a witch. Flying out of the mansion, she becomes invisible to people. She receives the power to fulfill desires through words by agreeing to play the role of the hostess of the ball.

In such speech genres, the function of fulfilling desires through special magic speech formulas is one of the most archaic in the language. The spells of the ancient people of the elements of fire, water, wind, etc. were the most ancient speech magic acts. Everything folk tales, the legends are full of examples of this use of the word. "At the pike's command at my will!" etc. This is evidence of a completely different attitude to the word. It is based on an unshakable belief in the power of the word and a hierarchy of degrees of initiation. To the initiated, the word reveals all degrees of power.

So, the magic formula uttered by the prince of darkness and included in the festive toast “to being!”: “May it come true!” Is a typical example of such a use of the word. Such a wish is equal to a statement of fact. Power over spirits and matter is reinforced by power over the word. Such a speech characteristic of Woland as "impressive" tone is not accidental. There is no such wish or even "advice" that would not materialize at the same second, so the hero is laconic ...

All magical ritual actions are represented by ritual communicative behavior. There are no and cannot be trifles in ritual behavior. Everything is important: who says what he says, what place he occupies in relation to the participants in the ritual, even what place he occupies in space, whom he calls to be witnesses and assistants. Whether we invoke the forces of light or darkness, this is what affects the consequences and results of verbal actions.

Damn me!, Said in the hearts of Prokhor Petrovich and Rimsky, causes the magical effect of invoking evil spirits, which, by the way, is fully consistent with the religious point of view on this subject. As already mentioned in the chapter "Woland", Devilry becomes a bright linguistic sign of the early years Soviet power- a period of active fighting against God. This constant remembrance of unclean spirits, among other things, provokes their appearance on the Patriarchs at the hour of the hot spring sunset.

A magical linguistic formula, included in the ritual and pronounced according to the appropriate rules, changes reality. The power and potential of the word has not yet been fully explored. The extent to which reality changes is a question, but the fact that this is happening is beyond doubt. Even in simple everyday communicative acts - thanksgiving, requests, confessions, apologies, etc., there is some magic. What does "thank you" mean? Reduced God save! That is, pronouncing this, we call on the higher powers to protect the person who has rendered us a service, who has done a good deed.

So the full moon ball in the novel consists of numerous rituals, in which there are many magical formulas used for their own magical purposes and actions.

The magic of the word is manifested in the naming by name. One shout "Frida!" it was enough for the sinner to appear to Margarita. In everyday life, in omens, beliefs, the mention by name is felt by the addressee or the one they are talking about, at a distance - hiccups, ears burn, etc.

Separated lovers "hear" each other, address each other at a distance. Unclean power instantly responds to the call. In addition to Prokhor Petrovich, Rimsky swore all day and "called" - this very word with transparent semantics.

The magical function of the tongue is also manifested in the ancient greeting that Azazello uses when visiting the Master's cellar after a ballroom night. Peace to you is not just a courteous greeting widely used in ancient Eastern countries. This is the same time and the spell formula: "I came in peace", "I wish you peace", while the word "peace" includes the following semes: harmony, harmony, absence of war, quarrels, peace, calmness, unanimity, affection, amicable union. (Dictionary of Russian speech etiquette. Compiled by A. G. Balakai. - M., 2001. - S. 275).

This greeting is mentioned in the gospels.

Jesus Christ admonished the apostles: “And entering a house, greet him, saying: Peace be to this house; and if the house is worthy, your peace will come on it; if it is not worthy, then your peace will return to you "(Matthew, X; 12, 13)

“On the same first day of the week, in the evening, when the doors of the house where His disciples were gathered were locked, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in the middle, and said to them: Peace be with you! (John, XX; 19).

Another incantation is Yeshua's "Good man" appeal. It has been known since ancient times. When we utter such appeals to an unknown person (nice person, sweetheart, amiable), we influence the communicative partner in a suggestive way. We kind of ask, conjure him to be kind. The magic technique in this case consists in the emotional impact on the interlocutor, the addressee of the speech. After such treatment, it is emotionally difficult to be rude, all the more cruel. It is no coincidence that the cry for help: Good people, help! - includes precisely this mechanism of emotional impact.

The man with his hands tied leaned forward a little and began to speak:

Good person! Trust me…

In addition to individual replicas and speech formulas of magical properties, the novel contains text fragments that have an extraordinary power of suggestion. This is a novel about Pontius Pilate, which has the ability to structure reality around itself, influence the fate of heroes (Master, Margarita, Homeless), "bring surprises."

As we can see, the magical function of language is realized in the novel in various aspects, in various speech genres and in various situations. From the actual magical actions carried out through the word, to the expanded magical texts.

M  Cyrillic. M you think. 14th letter of the Russian alphabet.
THE MAGIC FUNCTION OF THE LANGUAGE. A special case inviting and incentive function. The addressee of the speech in the case of using M.f.ya. - higher power. The manifestations of the magical function include: taboos, taboo substitutions, vows of silence, conspiracies, prayers, oaths, God, oath. In some religions, sacred texts, the Scriptures are considered inspired, dictated from above. M.f.ya. universal. Magic formulas can be built like a curse and abuse. In a number of traditions, ritual foul language is known in wedding and agricultural rites. Some abusive expressions go back to ritual incantations.
MAJORITY  fr. majorite - majority. Majority or based on majority. M. languages.
MAJORITY PEOPLE. A people whose number exceeds the number of other peoples living in a particular territory, in a given state or administrative entity.
MAJORITY LANGUAGE. The language of a numerically dominant ethnic group, which often has the status official language state, region, territorial-administrative entity. M.ya. at the same time it is the dominant language in the given territory.
MACARONISM it. macaronisme. A word or expression mechanically transferred from one language to another, usually with distortion.
PASTA SPEECH. Speech containing distorted words and expressions (macaronisms) mechanically transferred from another language, as a result of which it acquires a grotesquely comic character).
PASTA  it. macaronico. Associated with an abundance of unjustified foreign
linguistic borrowings; M. style - speech replete with macaronisms, wearing clownish
character.
MACRO MEDIATOR. 1. The language serving interethnic communication in a multinational state: a) the language of a large ethnolinguistic community, which constitutes the majority of the population in a given country; b) the language of one of the largest ethnolinguistic communities; c) the language of the ethnolinguistic community, which constitutes the minority of the country's population; 2) borrowed languages: a) Latin in Western Europe - a language used in another state in a distant period; b) the language of the former colonial government, which is the national language in a developed state (English in India). 2. The national literary language, which is used in a mono-ethnic society as a means of communication between educated strata of society. 3. The same as the language of international communication (UN working languages: English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French).
MACROSOCIOLINGUISTICS. The direction that studies the processes and relationships that take place in the language and are due to social factors. M. studies: 1) the problems of language normalization and codification; 2) language policy and language planning; 3) language situations; 4) the components that make up the social and communicative system; 5) the distribution of codes and subcodes by areas of communication; 6) the ratio of the number of speakers at different
languages; 7) differentiation of the functions of languages; 8) interference and its types; 9) mutual
change of languages.
MACROSTRUCTURE OF THE TEXT IS RING, ASSOCIATIVE-CLOSED. Expansion of the text, in which the associative dominant is both in preposition, defining the main directions of textual association and semantic development, and in postposition, logically completing the associative deployment, focusing the previous associative links.
MACROSTRUCTURE OF THE TEXT. Global conceptual meaning, which is variable, not specific enough and not definite in the interpretational aspect. A special procedure for its study is required, focused on a detailed and consistent analysis of hierarchically organized microstructures.
MACROETHNONYM. The name of large ethnic groups, sometimes broadly understood and including genetically unrelated ethnic groups (Russians, Germans, Americans, Arabs).
LITTLE TONGUE (uvula). [LITTLE PEOPLE. A people numbering less than 50 thousand people. On the territory of the Russian Federation, there are 63 M.N. (In Siberia: Mansi, Khanty, Selkup, Aleuts; in Dagestan: Bagvalins, Archins, Namalins, Ginukhs, etc.).
MARGINAL NATIONAL GROUPS. Groups living in different social conditions, not belonging to any social section. M.N.G. are out of scope
characteristics and sociocultural norms that define a given nation (eg refugees). V
linguistically, they are of interest as carriers of interpenetrating languages, dialects,
dialects.
MARXIST SOCIOLINGUISTICS. Direction using when learning
and interpretation of sociolinguistic phenomena as a theoretical basis for dialectical
ical and historical materialism. M.S. developed in the USSR, in the countries of the former
socialist camp, as well as in Germany, France, Canada. Her interests focused on
studying the following problems: 1) historical conditions and causes of social stratification
languages; 2) social reasons for the emergence, functioning and development
national languages; 3) social differentiation of society and its manifestations in language;
4) the conscious impact of society on the processes of functioning, development and inter-
actions of languages.
MASS COMMUNICATION 1. Communication of the sender of speech with a collective (mass) addressee, socially heterogeneous (for example, using the media) or socially homogeneous (for example, with a class, student group, etc.).
MASS COMMUNICATION2 in rhetoric: public speech, works of which are created collectively, are distributed to a dispersed and non-specialized audience using technical means; the text of mass communication (TV program, newspaper issue) consists of separate statements, which gives the impression of objectivity of information, which does not correspond to reality; the strategy and tactics of information are determined by the source of its funding; M. to. is not a fact of culture, because its works are not stored or stored in separate materials; “Since mass communication substantively covers all spheres of culture and, as it were, parasitizes on them (within the framework of mass communication, according to the conditions of constructing a text, new meanings cannot be formed, which is why the activity of a journalist is not a cultural creation), it systematically destroys, vulgarizes and poisons culture, replacing it surrogates of mass consciousness ”, in connection with which the creative and moral potential of society decreases.
MASS COMMUNICATION 3. A special type of communication, a type of discourse; discourse is understood as a communicative event consisting in the interaction of communication participants through verbal texts and (or) other symbolic complexes in a certain situation and certain socio-cultural conditions of communication.
MASS BILINGUALITY. A type of bilingualism in which a significant part of the population of a given state-administrative entity is bilingual.
MATHEMATICAL LINGUISTICS. The direction that arose in the XX century. at the junction of linguistics, mathematics and mathematical logic and is engaged in the development of a formal apparatus for describing the language, used, in particular, in the dialogue "man - computer".
MATHEMATICAL HELPS. Research methods using symbolic notation, mathematical apparatus and quantitative criteria, focused on the differentiation of language modeling and speech modeling, on the study of the language system and the generation of text, on the one hand, and on the study of text and its analysis, on the other hand. In essence, these are two types of modeling, differing in the nature of research operations: 1) in the first case, it is a deductive technique, namely: logical and mathematical modeling and calculus, which is most often axiomatic and algorithmic; 2) in the second case, it is an inductive technique, i.e. intuitive-mathematical modeling and calculus of a probabilistic-statistical and information-theoretic nature. In the first case, they rely on model constructs, in the second, on speech statistics.
THE MATERIAL SIDE OF THE LANGUAGE. Sound means of language, devoid of independent
meaningful value.
MATERIAL / PERFECT LANGUAGE UNITS. Most common division units of language, taking into account that the material and ideal in the language exist in unity. Bilateral, significant units of language are considered in the unity of the material and the ideal (semantic), although each of these two aspects can be studied independently.
MOTHER LANGUAGE. See: Native language.
MATRONYM. Personal name generated on behalf of the mother.
INTERSTATE COMMUNICATION. One of the spheres of communication in which the subjects of communication are officials of states using either one of the national languages ​​of the contacting states, or the world language.
INTERGROUP BILINGUISM. The type of bilingualism used for external relations social groups together.
INTERMEDIA BY STRUCTURE. Morphologically indivisible, do not have forms of word formation and inflection. Simple non-derivative interjections: Ah! O! Well! Sometimes these complexes are repeated: oh-oh, oh-oh-oh. The class of interjections is replenished by the transition to interjections of significant words and word combinations: Father! God! The components include: Here's another! That's how it is! Wow!
INTERDOMETIA. An incomplete part of speech that expresses feelings, emotional urges, calls, but does not call them: Oh! (delight) This is great! Ah (regret) how long has it been ...
INTERSECTIONAL (REFLEX) THEORY. A theory that explains the origin of language by the experiences that a person experiences. The first words, according to this theory, are involuntary shouts, interjections, which in the course of further development acquired symbolic meaning, obligatory for all members of this community. Supporters of the interjection theory - Steintal, Darwin, Potebnya.
INTER-CLOTHING (EMOTIONAL) WORDS AS NOMINATIVE CLASS. Words of emotional, not cognitive, intellectual language. This class includes
interjections.
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE. The language used for international communication (English, Russian and other languages). The language has “crossed” its ethnic and territorial “threshold”. TEYAI are "trans-ethnic" languages. They can be used as auxiliary languages ​​up to mass bilingualism. Today, a fairly wide notation system has been developed for various types of international languages: МЯ - international language; MEYA - international ethnic language, MEYA - international artificial language; MEYAZ - international ethnic language of zonal distribution; MEYAG - international ethnic language of global distribution, MIAZ - international artificial language of zonal distribution; MIYAG is an international artificial language of global distribution, VY = YaB is a universal language - the language of the future, etc.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION. An amorphous sphere of communication that is not subject to official regulation, characterized by following signs: 1) informality;
2) spontaneity; 3) disorganization; 4) non-regulation; 5) non-regulation. M.O .: 1) between acquaintances is characterized by coagulation, elimination of the object of speech, an increase in evaluative means; 2) between strangers speech is closer to standard (correct).
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY. The community of a number of nations, nationalities that, over a certain historical period, live side by side, in the same ethnopolitical, social conditions or in one multinational state, use, along with their native languages, a single language of communication.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION. Communication in the process of which are used national languages or common language interethnic communication.
INTERLanguage communication. Communication carried out in various societies that unite linguistically heterogeneous groups. Means M.O. - the language in which the largest volume of book texts, the most important for the cultural and historical area, has been created. The role of the leading language can be played by one or another language, depending on the shifts in the epicenter of spiritual culture.
INTERETHNIC LANGUAGE CONFLICT. A linguistic conflict that arises between different ethnic groups as a result of the struggle for the distribution of spheres of functioning between the idioms that make up the linguistic situation. M.Ya. to. develops in the context of general interethnic tension, although it may be vice versa: M.Ya. to. can be an incentive to interethnic conflict.
MEZOZEUGMA. Zeugma, characterized by the use of a common term in the middle sentence: Younger brother- to school, the elder went to the university, I - to Ingnet.
MESOLECT. One of the components of the post-Creole (contact) continuum arising from the interaction of the lexicator language and the Creole language. M. is an intermediate linguistic variant between the acrolect, which is close to the lexicator language, and the basilect, which is based on a creole.
MEIOSIS  Old Greek µείοσίς decrease. Understatement of the estimate in order to increase it.
MELANCHTON PHILIP (1497-1560). The largest German humanist who actively fought against scholasticism in schools and universities; friend and colleague of M. Luther. He considered the main method of teaching to test the accepted provisions by a rational understanding of Scripture. All this, in his opinion, requires an absolute knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages. From 1518 he is a professor of the Greek language, from 1519 - a professor of theology at the University of Witennberg. He outlined his humanistic program in the introductory lecture "On improving the teaching of youth" ("De corrigendis adolescentiae studiis"). M. - creator new system teaching in Protestant universities and Latin schools. This was facilitated by his theoretical works ("School Charter", 1528), numerous manuals, commentaries, manuals for schools, textbooks of the grammar of the Greek language (up to 1622-44 ed.), La-
Tinsky (up to 1757-84 ed.). When books remain alive even after the death of the author, he becomes immortal.

The magical function of language is a special case of the inviting-motivating function, with the difference that in the case of verbal magic, the addressee of speech is not a person, but higher powers. Manifestations of magical function include taboos, taboo substitutions, and vows of silence in some religious traditions; conspiracies, prayers, oaths, including God and oath; in some religions, sacred texts, Scriptures, are considered inspired, dictated from above. A common feature treating the word as a magical force is an unconventional interpretation language mark, that is, the idea that a word is not a conventional designation of some object, but a part of it, therefore, for example, pronouncing a ritual name can cause the presence of the one named by it, and a mistake in a verbal ritual is to offend, anger or harm higher powers. All cultural areas known in history preserve, to one degree or another, the traditions of religious and magical consciousness. Therefore, the magical function of language is universal, although its specific manifestations in the languages ​​of the world are infinitely diverse. Often, the element of magic itself has already disappeared from some of these words and expressions (Rus. thank god save), in other cases it is quite tangible, for example, be remembered not by nightfall, not be remembered by the same, do not speak by hand, do not croak - you will bring trouble... Magic formulas with an ultimate goal positive result(fertility, health), were often built as a curse and abuse. In a number of traditions, ritual foul language is known in wedding and agricultural rites. Some abusive expressions go back to ritual incantations.

See also: Language taboo

• - It consists in the fact that the standard language is used as a means of "distinguishing" one's ethnicity among other ethnic groups, it presupposes the opposition of "ours" to "aliens" ...
• - See Cognitive Function ...

  Socio Dictionary linguistic terms

• - See Parallel ...

  Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms

• - The purpose of the language is to intensify the formation of national-political communities, which is realized as a result of the conscious actions of society or the state aimed at spreading the language, ...

  Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms

• General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Reference Dictionary

• - Parallel function ...

  General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Reference Dictionary

• General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Reference Dictionary

• General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Reference Dictionary

• - the use of the potential properties of language means in speech for different purposes ...

  Explanatory translation dictionary

• - The use of a standard language as a means of distinguishing one's own ethnic group from other ethnic groups, opposing one's own to others; element of national identity ...
• - A function aimed at education with the help of the language of national-political communities, which is realized as a result of conscious actions of society or the state aimed at spreading the language, ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - The purpose of language is to be a means of making contacts between individuals ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - A special case of the invocation and incentive function ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - Cognitive function of language ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - Parallel function ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"The magic function of language" in books

8. Types of language adaptation to human communication and the concept of the principles of the language system

From the book Language and Man [On the Problem of the Motivation of the Language System] the author Shelyakin Mikhail Alekseevich

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Debunking Academician Marr and establishing the Russian language as the "world language of socialism"

From book True story Russians. XX century the author Vdovin Alexander Ivanovich

Debunking Academician Marr and establishing the Russian language as the "world language of socialism" In 1950, Stalin personally took part in a discussion on the problems of linguistics. By this time, the teachings of N.Ya. Marr, proclaimed "the only correct", found

§ 4. Systemic representation of reality and the function of language

From the book What did the "talking" monkeys talk about [Are higher animals capable of operating with symbols?] the author Zorina Zoya Alexandrovna

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From the book Spontaneity of Consciousness the author Nalimov Vasily Vasilievich

On a unified understanding of the natural language and the language of musical texts from the standpoint of the probabilistic model of meanings The probabilistic model of meanings (PMM) proceeds from the concept of a continuum? elementary semantic elements, over which the weight function? (?) is specified,

2. Philosophical and linguistic study of language. Language theory

the author Fefilov Alexander Ivanovich

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4.2. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970). Independence of cognition from consciousness and language. The advantage of a natural language lies in its uncertainty and the possibility of a new meaning.

From the book The Phenomenon of Language in Philosophy and Linguistics. Tutorial the author Fefilov Alexander Ivanovich

4.2. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970). The independence of cognition from consciousness and language. The advantage of natural language lies in its uncertainty and the possibility of a new designation. English philosopher and public figure with a worldwide reputation. The author of one of the versions of the philosophical doctrine

4.5. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). The being of language and the language of being. Reference function of words

From the book The Phenomenon of Language in Philosophy and Linguistics. Tutorial the author Fefilov Alexander Ivanovich

4.5. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). The being of language and the language of being. Reference function of words Prominent representative of the Western European philosophy of the twentieth century. He was born in Messkirche in a poor family, in which they did not even think about school gymnasium and even more so academic education. Fate

Gardener with knowledge of French. French language teacher Alexey Petrovich Gemilian (1826-1897)

From the book Moscow Commoners the author Vostryshev Mikhail Ivanovich

Gardener with knowledge French... The teacher of the French language Alexei Petrovich Gemilian (1826–1897) NN Bantysh-Kamensky noted: “After the plague (1771) another infection attacked Moscow - French love. Many Frenchmen and Frenchwomen came from different directions, and no

3. Sciences under Hadrian. - Ignorance of the Romans. - The culture of the Lombards. - Adalberg. - Paul the Deacon. - Schools in Rome. - Spiritual music. - The disappearance of poetry. - Poetic epigrams. - Loss of the Latin language. - The first rudiments of the New Roman language

From the book History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages the author Gregorovius Ferdinand

VBScript MsgBox Function

the author Popov Andrey Vladimirovich

Two languages ​​within one job (using the VBScript InputBox function in JScript scripts)

From the book Windows Script Host for Windows 2000 / XP the author Popov Andrey Vladimirovich

Intuitive understanding does not require language, but: language does not exist without understanding

From the book Why I Feel What You Feel. Intuitive communication and the secret of mirror neurons author Bauer Joachim

Intuitive understanding doesn't require language, but:

On a unified understanding of the natural language and the language of musical texts from the standpoint of the probabilistic model of meanings

From the author's book

About a common understanding of the natural language and the language of musical texts from the standpoint of the probabilistic model of meanings The probabilistic model of meanings (PMM) proceeds from the concept of a continuum? elementary semantic elements, over which the weight function p (?) is specified, which

Part 1. Full function of management in crowd- “elitism” and in real democracy 1.1. The full function of management and the primitive practice of its implementation in the life of society

From the book "On the current moment" No. 7 (79), 2008 the author USSR Internal Predictor

Part 1. Full function of management in crowd- “elitism” and in real democracy 1.1. The complete management function and the primitive practice of its implementation in the life of society In a fairly general management theory (DOTU) there is the concept of "full management function". Full function

13. Magic ("incantatory") function of language and unconventional (unconditional) attitude to the sign

From the book Language and Religion. Lectures on Philology and History of Religions the author Mechkovskaya Nina Borisovna

13. Magic ("incantatory") function of language and unconventional (unconditional) attitude to the sign One of the most profound linguists of the XX century. R.O. Jacobson, on the basis of the theory of the communicative act, defined the system of functions of language and speech. Three of them are universal,

Basic functions and styles of the literary language

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1.5 The magic function of language

The manifestations of the magical function of speech include conspiracies, curses, oaths, including God and oath; prayers; magical "predictions" with a characteristic hypothetical modality (divination, sorcery, prophecies, eschatological visions); "praise" (doxology) addressed to higher powers - necessarily containing exalting characteristics and special formulas of praise - such as, for example, Hallelujah! (Hebrew. Praise the Lord!) Hosanna! (Greekized Hebrew exclamation with the meaning Save!) or Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee!); taboo and taboo substitutions; vows of silence in some religious traditions; in the religions of Scripture - sacred texts, i.e. texts attributed to divine origin; it can be considered, for example, that they were created, inspired or dictated by a higher power. A common feature of the attitude to the word as a magical force is the non-conventional interpretation of the linguistic sign, i.e. the idea that a word is not a symbolic designation of some object, but a part of it, therefore, for example, pronouncing a ritual name can cause the presence of the one named by it, and a mistake in a verbal ritual is to offend, anger higher powers or harm them.

Verbal and non-verbal means of implementing the contact-establishing function in the Sport-Anshlag newspaper

The language is multifunctional and can participate in different processes. We are interested in the process of establishing contact with the reader by means of language. The language can do this when it performs a phatic function. But it is a private function ...

The communicative function of language is associated with the fact that language is primarily a means of communication between people. It allows one individual - the speaker - to express their thoughts, and the other - the perceiver - to understand them, that is, to react somehow ...

Basic functions and styles of the literary language

The cognitive or cognitive function of language (from the Latin cognition - knowledge, cognition) is associated with the fact that human consciousness is realized or fixed in the signs of the language. Language is an instrument of consciousness ...

Basic functions and styles of the literary language

The accumulative function of language is associated with the most important purpose of language - to collect and store information, evidence of human cultural activity. Language lives much longer than a person, and sometimes even longer than entire nations ...

Basic functions and styles of the literary language

Linguistic scholars also emphasize sometimes, and not without reason, the emotional function of language. In other words, the signs, sounds of the language often serve people to convey emotions, feelings, states. As a matter of fact, it is from this function, most likely ...

Basic functions and styles of the literary language

The poetic function corresponds to the message, i.e. the main role is played by the focus on the message itself, outside of its content. The main thing is the form of the message. Attention is directed to the message for its own sake. As the name suggests ...

To study the category of emotivity in a language, it is important to determine the place of the emotive function of the language among other functions. “The functions of language are a manifestation of its essence, its purpose and action in society, its nature, that is ...

Representation of negative human states in English language

The emotional function of language is understood as the ability to express various feelings and emotions using a variety of linguistic means. There is an opinion among linguists that the emotional function of language should be one of the main ...

Stylistic functions of synonyms in journalistic texts

This function is one of the most important functions of synonyms for a journalistic text. The repetition of the same word makes speech colorless, expressionless. Here you can refer to "Komsomolskaya Pravda" ...

Stylistic functions of synonyms in journalistic texts

Since the function of clarification is used most often for highly specialized terms, it is rarely found in journalism. The authors prefer not to resort to such terms, but to replace them immediately with a synonym ...

Functions of the Russian language

The main function of language is communicative. Language serves primarily as a means human communication... We live in a society and communicate in a certain society in a certain space in certain time... Thus...

Functions of the Russian language

Communication of people presupposes certain knowledge they have about the surrounding reality, and one of the universal and effective means knowledge of the surrounding world is language. Thus, language also performs cognitive or cognitive ...

Functions of the Russian language

Collection and informativeness are those essential properties of a linguistic sign that underlie its most important function, along with the communicative one: the cumulative function ...