Communication as a type of human activity and communication. Examination Communication, as a form of social being of a person

The date: 29.09.2019

The statistics of some countries were calculated that up to 70% of the time in the life of most people occupy communication processes. In communication, we convey to each other a variety of information; exchanging knowledge, opinions, beliefs; We declare your goals and interests; We assimilate practical skills and skills, as well as moral principles, rules of etiquette and tradition.

However, communication does not always flow smoothly and successfully. Often we are faced with critical situations: someone did not understand us; someone did not understand; With someone we talked too sharply, rudely, although this did not want. Of course, every time after misunderstanding, conversation on elevated colors, the next conflict will determine the mood, we can not understand why it happened. There is no man who has never experienced difficulties in the process of communication. In a privacy, we have the right to choose those with whom we are pleased to communicate, those who impress us. In the service we are obliged to communicate with those who are, including people who are low to us; And in this situation it is very important to learn to come into contact, because the success of professional activity depends on this ability. Numerous studies of psychologists proved that there is direct and strong relationship between the quality of communication and the effectiveness of any activity. A prominent American entrepreneur, the head of the Chrysler car company, whether Yakokka said that the ability to contact with people is all all.

Each of us represents what communication is. Our life is being built from it, it is based on human being, so communication has become the object of socio-psychological analysis.

The literature meets a lot of different definitions of communication. We will use the most generalized concept. Communication- This is a complex, multifaceted process, which is the interaction of two or more people, at which information is exchanged, as well as the process of mutual influence, empathy and mutual understanding of each other.

In the process of communication, psychological and ethical relations are formed and developing, which make up the culture of business interaction.

Business conversation- This is a communication that ensures the success of some common cause and creating the necessary conditions for people's cooperation to implement significant goals for them. Business communication contributes to the establishment and development of relations between colleagues on work, competitors, clients, partners, etc. Therefore, the main task of business communication is productive cooperation, and for its implementation it is necessary to learn to communicate.

Studies have shown that on question questionnaire: "Do you know how to communicate?" 80% of patched gave an affirmative answer. What does it mean to communicate? This is primarily the ability to deal with people and on this basis to build their relationship.

We repeatedly say that every person is unique, he has a kind of unique manner to communicate; Nevertheless, our interlocutors can be consecrated to groups. What are they, our interlocutors? In the study manual "Psychology of Management" * ( * Sayagin S., StolyarenkoLD Psychology of management. - Rostov-on-Don, 1997.-s. 363-367) A description of the nine "abstract types" of interlocutors is given.

1. Angler, "Nihist".Does not adhere to the topic of conversation, impatient, incontinence. The interlocutors confuse their position and provokes that they do not agree with his arguments.

2. A positive person.It is the most pleasant interlocutor. He is benevolent, hardworking, always seeks to cooperate.

3. Nessenike.Always confident that everything knows best; It is constantly included in any conversation.

4. Chatterbox.Loves speaks apart, tactlessly interrupts the conversation.

5. Panty.Such an interlocutor is not sufficiently confident; He will be better silent than his opinion will be expressed because of the fear, seem like funny or stupid.

6. Cool, impregnableinterlocutor. Closed, keeps alienately, does not turn on to a business conversation, since it seems unworthy of his attention and efforts.

7. Uninterested interlocutor.Business conversation, the topic of the conversation is not interested.

8. An important bird.This interlocutor does not endure any criticism. He feels above all and behaves accordingly.

9. Toward.Constantly asks questions, regardless of whether they have a real basis or decisive. He just "burns" from the desire to ask.

As you know, people behave not equally in all life situations. A person may vary depending on the significance of the topics of the conversation, the course of the conversation and the type of interlocutors.

To ensure a high level of business communication, we must be able to use communication technologies based on psychological knowledge. It should be borne in mind that in the process of communicating between colleagues, management, clients, a conflict situation may arise, tensions, and inept use in the word can lead CSBOs in communication, to information losses.

Questions for self-test

1. What is communication? What is the basis of communication?

2. What is the main task of business communication?

3. What does "be able to communicate" mean?

4. What abstract types of interlocutors are you known?

5. What are the "abstract types" of the interlocutors most often? Give an example.

Classification of communication

In a person's life, there is practically no period when it is out of communication. Communication is classified by content, objectives, means, functions, types and forms. Specialists allocate the following forms of communication.

Directcommunication is a historically first form of people's communication with each other; It is carried out with the help of organs, data to human nature (head, hands, voice ligaments andetc.) Based on direct communication at the later stages of the development of civilization, various forms and types of communication arose. For instance, indirectcommunication associated with the use of special tools and guns (stick, trail on Earth, etc.), writing, television, radio, telephone and more modern means to organize communication and exchange information.

Directcommunication is a natural contact "face tothe person ", in which the information is transmitted personally with one interlocutor to another according to the principle:" You - I, I am. " Indirectcommunication involves participating in the process of communicating the "mediator" through which information is transmitted.

Interpersonalcommunication is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs. It implies the knowledge of the individual characteristics of the partner and the availability of joint experience, empathy and understanding.

Masscommunication is multiple links and contacts of strangers in society, as well as communication with the help of media (television, radio, magazines, newspapers, etc.).

Specialists in the field of trade and service in their daily activities face the problems of interpersonal communication.

In psychology stands out three main types of interpersonal communication:imperative, manipulative and dialogic.

1.Imperativecommunication is an authoritarian (directive) form of impact on partner for communication. Its main goal is to submit one of the partners to himself another, achieving control over his behavior, thoughts, as well as coercion to certain actions and decisions. In this case, the communication partner is considered as a soulless object of impact, as a mechanism that must be managed; He acts as passive, "persistent" party. The peculiarity of imperative communication is that the coercion of the partner does not hide something. Orders, instructions, requirements, threats, prescriptions, etc. are used as means of influence.

2. Manipulativecommunication is similar to imperative. The main purpose of manipulative communication is to provide impact on the partner of communication, but at the same time achieving its intentions is carried out secretive. Manipulation and imperative unites the desire to control the behavior and the thoughts of another person. The difference is that with the manipulative type, the Partner for communication does not inform about its true purposes, goals are hidden or replaced by others.

In the manipulative type of communication, the partner is not perceived as a holistic unique personality, it is a carrier of certain, "necessary" properties and qualities manipulator. For example, it doesn't matter how good a person is important that his kindness can be used for its purposes. However, it was often a person who chosen as the main thing this type of relationship with others, ultimately becomes a victim of his own manipulations. He himself also perceives as a fragment, is guided by false objectives and moves to stereotypical forms of behavior. The manipulative attitude towards another leads to the destruction of trust connections built on friendship, love, mutual attachment.

Imperative and manipulative forms of interpersonal communication relate to monologic communication.A person considering another as an object of his impact, essentially communicates with himself, with its tasks and goals. He does not see a true interlocutor, ignores him. As Soviet physiologist, Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky, spoke on this occasion (1875-1942), a man sees no people around him, and his "twins".

3. Dialogicalcommunication is an alternative to imperative and manipulative types of interpersonal communication. It is based on partner equality and allows you to move from fixed installation to the installation on the interlocutor, a real partner for communication.

Dialog is possible only in the case of a number of relationship Rules:

Psychological attitude to the emotional state of the interlocutor and its own psychological state (communication on the principle "here and now", i.e. given the feelings, desires, the physical condition that partners are experiencing at this particular point);

Confidence in the intentions of a partner without evaluating his personality (principle of confidence);

The perception of a partner as an equal one who has the right to his own opinion and its own decision (the principle of parity);

Communication should be sent to common problems and unsolved issues (the principle of problematization);

The conversation is necessary on its own behalf, without reference to someone else's opinion and authorities; It should be expressed by its true feelings and desires (the principle of personification of communication).

Dialogical communication involves attentive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his issues.

In its respect, communication is multifunctional. In psychology there are five major functions.

1.Pragmatic functioncommunication is implemented in the interaction of people in the process of joint activities.

2. Forming functionmanifests itself in the process of human development and becoming it as a person.

3. Function confirmationit is that only in the process of communicating with others we can understand, know and approve yourself in our own eyes. The signs of confirmation include dating, greetings, the provision of attention signs.

4. The function of organizing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. INthe course of communication we estimate people, establish emotional relations, and the same person in different situations can cause various attitudes. Emotional interpersonal relationships are found in business communication and impose a special imprint on business relationships.

5.INTERCRINK FUNCTIONcommunication is a dialogue with yourself. Thanks to this function, a person makes decisions and makes significant actions.

In addition, several types of communication,among which the following can be noted.

1. "Contact masks." INthe process of communication There is no desire to understand a person, its individual features are not taken into account, so this type of communication is customary to be called formal. During communication, a standard set of masks that have become familiar (severity, politeness, indifference, etc.), as well as the corresponding set of facial expressions and gestures is used. During the conversation, the "crowd" phrases often apply to hide emotions and attitude to the interlocutor.

2. Primitive communication.This type of communication is characterized by "Supply", i.e. A person asses another as the necessary or unnecessary (interfering) object. If a person is needed, they actively come into contact with him, if not needed, prevents - "repel" with sharp replicas. After receiving the partner to communicate the desired, they lose further interest in him and, moreover, do not hide it.

3. Formally role communication.With this communication, instead of understanding the personality of the interlocutor, they cost the knowledge of his social role. In life, each of us plays many roles. The role is a way of behavior that is asked by society, so the seller, the cashier of the savings bank, does not tend to behave as a commanders. It happens that within one day a person has to "play" a few roles: a competent specialist, a colleague, head, subordinate, passenger, loving daughter, granddaughter, mother, wife, etc.

4. Business conversation.This form of communication takes into account the features of the person, age, the mood of the interlocutor, but the interests of the case are more important.

5. Secular communication.Communication is impossible, people say not what they think, but what is supposed to speak in such cases. Politeness, tact, approval, expression of sympathy - the basis of this type of communication.

Communication is carried out using verbal(verbal) and non-verbal funds.

Studying the communication process showed how complex, diverse phenomenon and allowed to highlight the structure of communication consisting of three interrelated parties:

1) communicative,which manifests itself in the mutual exchange of information between partners in communicating, transferring and receiving knowledge, opinions, feelings;

2) interactiveconsisting in the organization of interpersonal interaction, i.e. when communication participants exchange not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions;

3) perceptualwhich manifests itself through perception, understanding and evaluating by people of each other.

To better understand what is communication, it is necessary to consider all its parties, features, problems and obstacles.

Questions for self-test

1. What forms of communication are you known?

2. What types of interpersonal communication do you know?

3. Name professions in which the imperative type of communication is used effectively.

4. Name the spheres of human relations, where the use of the imperative is inappropriate.

5. What rules should be observed in dialogic communication?

6. Name the functions that are manifested in communication.

7. What types of communication are you known?

8. What parties are included in the communication structure?

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Each of us represents what communication is. Our life is being built from it, it is based on human being, so communication has become the object of socio-psychological analysis.

The literature meets a lot of different definitions of communication. We will use the most generalized concept. Communication is a complex, multifaceted process, which is the interaction of two or more people, in which information is exchanged, as well as the process of mutual influence, empathy and mutual understanding of each other.

In the process of communication, psychological and ethical relations are formed and developing, which make up the culture of business interaction.

Business communication is communication, ensuring the success of some common cause and creating the necessary conditions for people's cooperation to implement significant goals for them. Business communication contributes to the establishment and development of relations between colleagues on work, competitors, clients, partners, etc. Therefore, the main task of business communication is productive cooperation, and for its implementation it is necessary to learn to communicate.

Studies have shown that on question questionnaire: "Do you know how to communicate?" 80% of patched gave an affirmative answer.

What does it mean to communicate? This is primarily the ability to deal with people and on this basis to build their relationship.

We repeatedly say that every person is unique, he has a kind of unique manner to communicate; Nevertheless, our interlocutors can be consecrated to groups. What are they, our interlocutors? In the study manual "Psychology of Management" * (* Sayagin C., Stolyarenko LD. Psychology of management. - Rostov-on-Don, 1997.-s. 363-367) A description of nine "abstract types" of interlocutors is given.

1. Visitory man, NiHist. Does not adhere to the topic of conversation, impatient, incontinence. The interlocutors confuse their position and provokes that they do not agree with his arguments.

2. Positive man. It is the most pleasant interlocutor. He is benevolent, hardworking, always seeks to cooperate.

3. Nester. Always confident that everything knows best; It is constantly included in any conversation.

4. Boltun. Loves speaks apart, tactlessly interrupts the conversation.

5. Pantish. Such an interlocutor is not sufficiently confident; He will be better silent than his opinion will be expressed because of the fear, seem like funny or stupid.

6. Cool, impregnable interlocutor. Closed, keeps alienately, does not turn on to a business conversation, since it seems unworthy of his attention and efforts.

7. Uninterested interlocutor. Business conversation, the topic of the conversation is not interested.

8. An important bird. This interlocutor does not endure any criticism. He feels above all and behaves accordingly.

9. Accidental. Constantly asks questions, regardless of whether they have a real basis or decisive. He just "burns" from the desire to ask.

To ensure a high level of business communication, we must be able to use communication technologies based on psychological knowledge. It should be borne in mind that in the process of communication between colleagues, leadership, clients, a conflict situation may arise, tensions, and inept use in the word can lead to failures in communication, information losses.

Questions for self-test

1. What is communication? What is the basis of communication?

2. What is the main task of business communication?

3. What does "be able to communicate" mean?

4. What abstract types of interlocutors are you known?

5. What are the "abstract types" of the interlocutors most often? Give an example.

Classification of communication.

The role of perception in the communication process.

Understanding in the process of communication.

Communication as interaction.

1. Communication - the basis of human being

The word coming from the heart penetrates the heart.

Nizami (approx. 1141-ok. 1209),

azerbaijani poet and thinker

Antoine de Saint-Exupery fired communication as the "only luxury", which is in humans. Is it possible to submit our life out of communication? Of course not! After all, essentially without it, the functioning of human society is impossible; No activity without communication is not feasible. A natural way to exist a person is his connection with other people, which leads to the establishment of interpersonal relations. Man becomes man only in communication.

The ability to communicate has always been among the most important human qualities. It is not by chance that the folk wisdom says: "They stand with one - delivering, stand with another - ignite." To people who are easy to enter into contacts and able to have a companion to themselves, we treat with sympathy, and with people closed, inevitable - "beats" - we try to contact as less as possible.

The knowledge and accounting of moral qualities and individual psychological characteristics of the individual acquire importance in communication. The knowledge of the psychology of the person will help to correctly form the ideas about the interlocutor, to present his ability to agree or see a conflict personality in it, to determine the level of readiness of the partner to work in the team. In other words, knowledge allows you to determine the effectiveness of business relationships with a specific person.

Business communication is based on such moral qualities of personality, as honesty, debt, conscience, dignity that is attached to the business relationship moral nature.

In this section, we will consider the foundations of the psychology of communication, since the "problem" of communication is becoming more acute and acute by society and the question of improving the quality of communication is particularly relevant today. At the same time, it is always necessary to remember that the success of communication is achieved not only by knowledge, techniques and technique. Sincere, benevolent attitude towards a person is the basis of communication.

Each of us represents what communication is. Our life is being built from it, it is based on human being, so communication has become the object of socio-psychological analysis.

In the process of communication, psychological and ethical relations are formed and developing, which make up the culture of business interaction.

Business conversation- This is a communication that ensures the success of some common cause and creating the necessary conditions for the employees of people to implement significant goals for them. Business communication contributes to the establishment and development of relations between colleagues on work, competitors, clients, partners, etc. Therefore, the main task of business communication is productive cooperation, and for its implementation it is necessary to learn to communicate.

Studies have shown that on question questionnaire: "Do you know how to communicate?" 80. % the respondents gave an affirmative answer. What does it mean to communicate? This is, first of all, the ability to deal with people and on this basis to build their relationship.

We repeatedly say that every person is unique, it is a kind of unique, unique manner to communicate; Nevertheless, our interlocutors can be consecrated to groups. What are they, our interlocutors? The study manual "Psychology of Management" provides a description of nine "abstract types" of interlocutors.

1. Angler, "Nihist".Does not adhere to the topic of conversation, impatient, incontinence. The interlocutors confuse their position and provokes that they do not agree with his arguments.

2.A positive person.It is the most pleasant interlocutor. He is benevolent, hardworking, always seeks to cooperate.

3. Nessenike.Always confident that everything knows best; is he

constantly turns on in any conversation.

4. Chatterbox.Loves speaks apart, tactlessly interrupts the conversation.

5.Panty.Such an interlocutor is not sufficiently confident; He will be better silent than his opinion will be expressed because of the fear, seem like funny or stupid.

6. Cool, impregnable interlocutor.Closed, keeps alienately, does not turn on to a business conversation, since it seems unworthy of his attention and efforts.

7. Uninterested interlocutor.Business conversation, the topic of the conversation is not interested.

8. An important bird.This interlocutor does not endure any crit
ki. He feels above all and behaves appropriate

9. Toward.Constantly asks questions, regardless of
Do they have a real basis or thorough. He is just "grinding
ET "from the desire to ask.

To ensure a high level of business communication, we must be able to use communication technologies based on psychological knowledge. Need to take into account that inthe process of communication between colleagues, leadership, clients may occur conflict situation, tension, and inept use in the word can lead to failures in communication, to information losses.

Similar information.

Communication - the basis of human existence of statistics of some countries was calculated that up to 70% of the time in the life of most people occupy the processes of communication. In the overall, we transfer each other a variety of information; We are simulating knowledge, opinions, beliefs; We declare their goals and interests; We assimilate practical skills and skills, as well as moral principles, rules of etiquette and tradition. However, communication does not always flow smoothly and successfully. Often we are faced with critical situations: someone did not enter us; someone did not understand; With someone we talked too sharply, rudely, although this did not want. Of course, every time after misunderstanding, conversation on elevated colors, the next conflict will determine the mood, we cannot understand what happened. There is no man who has never experienced difficulties in the process of communication. In a privacy, we have the right to choose those with whom we are pleased to communicate, those who impress us. In the service we are obliged to communicate with those who are, including people who are low to us; And in this SI-Toyation it is very important to learn to come into contact, since the success of professional activity depends on this skill. The many studies of psychologists have proven that there is a direct and strong connection between the qualification and the effectiveness of any activity. A prominent American entrepreneur, the head of the Chrysler car company, whether Yakokka said that the ability to contact with people was all all. Each of us represents what communication is. Out of its life, it is based on human being, therefore, communication was the object of socio-psychological analysis. There are many different definitions of obsitia in the literature. We will use the most generalized concept. Communication is a complex, multifaceted process, presenting the interaction of two or more people, in which the exchange of information is proceeded, as well as the process of mutual influence, empathy and mutual understanding of each other. In the process of communication, psychological and ethical relations are also being developed and developed, which make up the culture of de catch interaction. Business communication is communication, ensuring the success of some common cause and creating the necessary conditions for people's cooperation to implement significant goals for them. The business is to establish and develop relations between cooperation between colleagues in work, competitors, kli-gunts, partners, etc. Therefore, the main task of business communication is productive cooperation, and for its implementation it is necessary to learn to communicate. Studies have shown that on question questionnaire: "Do you know how to communicate?" 80% of patched gave an affirmative answer. What does it mean to communicate? This is primarily the ability to deal with people and on this basis to build their relationship. We repeatedly say that every person is unique, he has a kind of unique manner to communicate; Nevertheless, our interlocutors can be consecrated to groups. What are they, our interlocutors? In the study manual "Psycho-Gia Management" * (* Sayagin S., Stolyarenko LD. Psychology of management. - Rostov-on-Don, 1997.-s. 363-367) A description of the nine "abstract Ti-Pov" of the interlocutors is a description . 1. Visitory man, NiHist. Does not adhere to the theme of demons, impatient, is incorporated. It is embarrassed by interlocuting and provokes that they do not agree with its Arguments. 2. Positive man. It is the most pleasant interlocutor com. He is benevolent, hardworking, always seeks to cooperate. 3. Nester. Always confident that everything knows best; It is constantly included in any conversation. 4. Boltun. Loves to speak apart, tactlessly, the interface matches. 5. Pantish. Such an interlocutor is not sufficiently confident; He will be better silent than he expressed his opinion because of the fear of being funny or stupid. 6. Cool, impregnable interlocutor. Closed, keeps alienately, does not turn on to a business conversation, since it seems unworthy of his attention and efforts. 7. Uninterested interlocutor. Business conversation, the theme of beeless it is not interested. 8. An important bird. This interlocutor does not endure any crita. He feels above all and behaves accordingly. 9. Accidental. Constantly asks questions, regardless of whether they have a real basis or decisive. He simply "combusts" from the desire to ask. As you know, people behave in the same way in all life situations. A person may vary depending on the meaning of the topics of the conversation, the course of the conversation and the type of interlocutors. To ensure a high level of business communication, we must be able to use communication technologies based on psychological knowledge. It should be borne in mind that in the process of obstacle between colleagues, leadership, customers, a conflict situation, tension, and inept use of the word can lead to failures in communication, to in-formational losses.