Sign - This is a material carrier of social information, and informs about something other than himself. Exchange in words, people express and receive information about reality, i.e. Use units of language as signs. Sign- Material object used to transmit information. 2 components of the sign - plan-expression (meaning) and plan-content (meant). \u003cbr\u003e System of signs, a sign requires language correlation of non-language reality - EcstarkVistal factors. There is no sign without realization, hence the external factors - stylistics, etc. should be studied. Properties of sign- conditional character (coordination of both plans for transmission of information), 2. Sociality - always socially, ensures a circle of people, serves for a group of persons, 3. Always the subject of specials-but is not to transmit information, 4. Always systemic - single There is no sign. Badge - Most significant property Language, which allows the SOCK. Linguistics from the times of the sausure to determine through this sv-phenomenon as a whole (the language as a system of signs).
Sv-wa
1) materiality
2) informativeness (information carrier)
3) replacement of the nature of the information. The sign informs not about himself, but about something else. But at the same time, of course, he informs about himself, but simply this information is not important.
Sosuro allocated 4 C-wa sign
arbitration
variability
unchanged
linear Har-R meaning
Sign structure
Sucking: 2x membrane structure. The sign is the unity of meaning and meaning.
Sign - This is a member of a definite sign system. The distinctive f-│ signs - signs within this sign system (alphabet, sound system) differ or in general, or by diacritical. Sound signs of languages \u200b\u200bhave 2 functions: 1) perceptive - Being an object of perception (articulation and acoustic properties of sounds) 2) significtive - the ability to distinguish the superior significant elements of the language - Morphem, words, suggestions (notes, bot, TOT, Lot)
Semiotics - Science studying signs and iconic systems. SV-VA signs: 1) forethought 2) bilateralness (material, ideal - expression plan (form), meaning; Content plan (value) 3) conventionality (agreements) 4) opposition 5) conservatism - Stability 6) variability Asymmetry of the language sign: 1) omonium - The content plan prevails above the expression plan (green - unripe - young) 2) synonymy - The expression plan prevails over the plan of content (linguistics - linguistics - lingopology) sign language is a word. Offer - Super Survection, Nadna Zadna. Word - sign. Morphem is a subtack, subware. Sounds are not signs. Rules of behavior of signs: 1) There is no system consisting of only one sign. 2) the disappearance of one sign leads to the restructuring of the entire system as a whole. Signal systems split into 3 types: 1 iconic - Image, painting, shape. 2. indexes - no similarity m / as a plan of content and a plan of expression ( heat - illness) 3 symbols - Communication m / at a plan of expression and a conditional conditional plan based on an agreement 3 aspects of the functioning of signs: 1. semantics - The ratio m / y is the sign and meaning 2. syntactics - The ratio m / in the sign and other signs 3. pragmatics - The ratio M / in the sign and speaking.
Tongue - This is a certain real sign system used in some society in some space. Tongue – this is a sign system. Matter in language is a sound.
The difference from the DR iconic systems is invented not for the narrow-profile sphere of communication. Language serves any sphere of communication. Synchronia, diachrony. Sign - Element of a certain sign system, Mother nose-and-ect info. Semiotics - Science Research signs and iconic systems.
Social forms of language:1) idiology - The smaller is the language of one particular media of this language 2) say - These are a lot of very close ideales serving one territorial closed group of people (village) 3) dialect - Many talks structurally indisputable 4) Tongue - Many dialects (no less than 2), dialects are structurally different from each other. five) literary language - If the norm in the language is spelling, the presence of different functional styles (artistic, journalistic, scientific).
Languages? Th sign - a unit of a language that serves either to designate objects or phenomena of reality and their relationships, or to designate relations between language elements in complex signs; expressive of this language value.
A sign is a substitute for a subject in order to communicate, the sign allows the speaker to cause an interlocutor of the subject or concept in the consciousness of the interlocutor. He possesses the following properties:
· Must be material, affordable perception;
· Aimed at a value;
· The sign is always a member of the system, and its content largely depends on the place of this sign in the system.
The main unit is the word. Elementary unit - word-concept. (just in case).
More on the subject of the concept of a sign in modern linguistics. Sign of word. Basic and elementary units of lexical system.:
- The semaxiological characteristics of the modern lexical system 2. The lexical meaning of the word. The main types of it
- 7. Word as the main nominative unit. Signs of words. The grammatical and lexical meaning of the word. Connotation.
- System of punctuation signs in modern Russian. The main functions of punctuation marks. Positions of punctuation signs. Single, double and complex punctuation marks. Specificity of the use of punctuation marks.
- Practical lesson 12. Word as a major unit of language. Lexical meaning words
- 1. The problem of elementary phonological units in the history of linguistics
- 1.6. Word as the main unit of the lexical system language
- 12. Lexic semantics. The lexical meaning of the word, its aspects, the main types (V.V. Vinogradov).
- The owner of the trademark, registered in the State Register of Trademarks and Service Signs,
- 4. To build syntactic units, wordforms, service words, typed lexical elements are used,
- 5. Types of dictionaries. The structure of the vocabulary article in the explanatory dictionary. Methods of interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word. The main intelligent dictionaries of the modern Russian language.
- 2. Types of dictionaries. The structure of the vocabulary article in the explanatory dictionary. Methods of interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word. The main intelligent dictionaries of the modern Russian language.
Language signs
When communicating, we use language signs - deputy subjects. We do not convey the subject A, but call the image B. In the language sign, two values \u200b\u200bare allocated:
- concrete - determined by the unique qualities of the sign
- abstract - determined by the attitude of this sign to other signs of the language
The language serves as an intermediary between thinking and sound, while they cannot be separated from each other. Language sign connects concepts and acoustic image.
Acoustic image - n only sound, but also a psychological imprint of sound, or the ideas that we get about it.
Properties of language sign
Language sign has the following properties:
- arbitration - Any concept may be associated with any other combination of sounds.
- linearity - We perceive the language signs one by one; At the same time, the position of the linguistic sign relative to other language signs is important.
Language sign functions
Language sign has two functions:
- perceptive - It can be an object of perception.
- significtive - It has the ability to distinguish the higher, significant elements of the language - morphemes, words, suggestions.
Differences between letters (graphic language signs) and sounds (phonetic linguistic signs) are not functional, but material.
The words of the human language are signs of objects. Words are the most numerous and significant signs.
Thus, the language sign is a deputy subject used for communication purposes and allowing the speaker to call in the consciousness of the interlocutor images of the subject or concept.
Types of language signs
- signs of code - There are in the form of a system of opposed in the language of units related to the ratio of significance, which determines the signs specific for each language
- text signs - formally or within the sense of the associated sequence of units
Differences of the language from other iconic systems
The human language is not the only system that allows living beings to communicate with each other. In addition to the self-parting speech, people use other means of communication: sound, written, visual. Such means are called auxiliary
The difference between the human language from other iconic systems is its versatility. Other systems are limited in their application. They are a set of signals that include those or other reflexes necessary to resolve the state, but they do not have a separate value.
Quotes on the topic
The sign is the inextricable property of the meant and meaning, these two sides cannot be divided ... Language sign is a bilateral psychological entity that includes the concept (meaning) and an acoustic image (meaning).
- Ferdinand de Sosorur
Language represents ... The set of signs is mainly for thought and to express thoughts in speech, and in addition, there are also signs in the language to express feelings.
- F.F. Fortunate
Language for its purpose - primarily a sign system; In order to fully satisfy this goal, it should always be ready to form new signs, new words or new roots ... Subject to an unlimited number of characters, this is achieved by the fact that all signs are built from strangers, the number of which is limited.
- L. Yelmslev
Language function
Language function is a manifestation of its entity.
During the 19-20th centuries, the doctrine of language functions developed. By buller:
1) expressive F-I (associated with speaking) is expressed by vocabulary, syntax and intonation
2) Appeal (connected with listening)
3) Message (related to the subject or situation, what is the speech)
French scientist Martin:
Jacobson (a representative of the Prague linguistic mug, the basis of which - functionalism) allocated 6 components of the speech act:
1) Emative F-I (speaking)
2) cONATURE F-I (listening)
3) Reference F-I (Speech Item)
4) poetic F-I (Message itself)
5) Fatic F-I ( f-I establish contact)
6) Methawic F-I (code). Meta language - a system selection system of a specific language, common means Communication serves to describe and characterize the language itself.
Classification by Stepanova:
1) nominative f -
2) predicative ( syntax F-I) Communication establishment
3) Located F-I (defining the position of speaking speaking own speech)
Languages \u200b\u200bresearchers are not concerned in the question of the number and nature of the functions. However, basic basic functions allocate all. Consider them.
1. Instrumental functions (expression of the language form of a certain meaning, content).
a) An impacting language is a means of forming and expressing thoughts.
6) Nominative - the word is a means of names of items and phenomena.
2. public functions (role in human society).
a) Communicative: language - universal tool Communication.
b) Cognitive: language - means of knowledge, (accumulation of social experience, knowledge, means of formation and development of material and spiritual culture.)
3. Private functions
a) expressive - expression function
sentiment and emotions of the speaker
b) Contactor-supporting (Fatic)
c) aesthetic - literature, cinema, theater
d) appellative - f-i call, prompting.
e) meta-language (terminological. Device, language for description
communication).
(e) Evaluation
g) accumulative accumulative, accumulation and experience
Similar information.
The language that man uses in everyday communicationIs not only the historically established form of culture that unites human society, but also a complex sign system. Understanding the iconic properties of the language is necessary in order to better imagine the language of the language and the rules for its use.
The words of the human language are signs of objects and concepts. Words are the most numerous and main signs in the language. Other languages \u200b\u200bare also signs.
Sign It is a substitute for the subject in order to communicate, the sign allows the speaker to call the subject or concept in the consciousness of the interlocutor.
- The sign has the following properties:
- the sign must be material, affordable perception;
- the sign is aimed at the value;
- the content of the sign does not coincide with its material characteristic, while the content of things is exhausted by its material properties;
- the content and shape of the sign are determined by distinctive features;
- the sign is always a member of the system, and its content largely depends on the place of this sign in the system.
- The above properties of the sign are determined by a number of cultural requirements of speech.
- Firstly, the speaking (writing) should take care that the signs of his speech (sounding words or signs of the letter) were convenient for perception: quite clearly heard, visible.
- Secondly, it is necessary that the signs of speech express some contents, we passed the meaning, and so that the form of speech helps it is easier to understand the content of speech.
- Thirdly, it must be borne in mind that the interlocutor may be less aware of the subject of the conversation, which means that it is necessary to provide him with the missing information that only in the opinion of the speaking is already contained in the words said.
- Fourth, it is important to watch the sounds oral speech And letters writing quite clearly differed from each other.
- Fifth, it is important to remember the systemic links of the word with other words, consider multi-consciousness, use synonymy, keep in mind associative words of words.
Thus, knowledge from the region semiotics (signs of signs) contribute to the increase in speech culture.
- Language sign
can code and text sign.
- Signs of code There are in the form of a system of opposed in the language of units associated with the ratio of significance, which determines the content specific for each language.
- Text signs There are in the form of formally and on the meaning of the associated sequence of units. Culture of speech suggests the attentive attitude of the pronounced or written link.
Value - This is the content of the language sign, sampled due to the display of non-language reality in the minds of people. The value of the language unit in the language system virtually. It is determined by the fact that this unit may be denoted. In a specific statement, the value of the language unit becomes relevantSince the unit correlates with a specific object, with the fact that it really means in the statement. From the point of view of the culture of speech for the speaker, it is clear to clear the attention of the interlocutor to actualize the importance of the statement, to help him in the correlation of statements with the situation, and for the listening time it is important to take maximum attention to the communicative intentions of the speaker.
- Distinguish subject and conceptual value.
- Subject The value consists in the correlation of the word with the subject, in the designation of the subject.
- Concepts The value is used to express the concept reflecting the subject to specify the class of items indicated by the sign.
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