Communication is the basis of human existence. Communication as interaction

Date: 29.09.2019

Communication- the basic form of human existence. Its absence or insufficiency can deform the human personality. Communication is the basis of almost all our actions, it serves the vital purpose of establishing relationships and cooperation.

The ability to communicate has always been one of the most important human qualities. People who easily come into contact and know how to draw attention to themselves are treated with sympathy. With introverted people, they try to limit contacts or avoid them altogether.

Most people think they can communicate. But practice shows that not everyone is able to do this effectively, including managers and managers. Managers should spend up to 90% of their working time on communication. After all, reports, meetings, meetings, conversations, discussions, negotiations - all this various forms business communication.

Surveys show that 73% of American, 60% of English and 86% of Japanese managers consider failure to communicate effectively as a major obstacle to achieving organizational goals.

Communication resembles a kind of pyramid consisting of four faces. In its process, you can get to know other people, exchange information with them, cooperate with them and at the same time experience emotional condition resulting from this.

Thus, communication is the process of establishing and developing contacts between people, which arises as a need for joint activities and includes:

♦ perception, cognition and understanding of communication partners ( perceptual side communication);

♦ exchange of information (communicative aspect of communication);

♦ development of a unified strategy of interaction (the interactive side of communication).

V general view communication is a form of life of people and a necessary condition for their unification (a person is a social being) and the development of an individual. The social meaning of communication is that it integrates social experience and culture that is passed down from generation to generation. Communication is also an important factor. psychological development person.

For its forms and types of communication, it is quite diverse. The methods, scope and dynamics of communication are determined by the social functions of people - participants in communication, social status, and official duties. Communication is governed by factors related to production, exchange and needs, as well as laws, rules, norms formed and adopted in society, social institutions etc.

The following types of communication are distinguished behind the use of sign systems:

■ verbal (verbal) communication, which in turn is divided into oral and written speech;

■ non-verbal (non-verbal) communication.

According to some reports, 60-80% of the information from the interlocutor we receive through the non-verbal channel. Non-verbal means of communication are quite diverse. The main ones are:

♦ visual means of communication (movements of facial muscles, facial expression, eyes; movements of hands, legs - gestures; body movements; spatial distance; reaction: skin redness, sweating; posture, posture; appearance- clothes, hairstyle, cosmetics, accessories);

♦ auditory means (paralinguistic: voice quality, its range, tonality, tempo, rhythm, pitch; extralinguistic: language pauses, laughter, crying, sighing, coughing, clap);

♦ tactile means of communication include everything that is connected with the interlocutors' touch (shaking hands, hugging, kissing, patting on the shoulders, etc.);

♦ olfactory means of communication, which include pleasant and unpleasant odors the surrounding world, natural and artificial human odors.

On non-verbal means the specific culture of a particular people influences, therefore it is very difficult to find general norms for all mankind.

By the nature of the connection, communication is divided into: ^ direct (one-to-one contact);

mediated - with the help of written or technical means, remote in time or space of the participants in communication;

By the number of participants in communication, the following types of communication are distinguished:

■ interpersonal communication, that is, direct contacts of people in groups or pairs, constant in the composition of the participants;

■ mass communication, that is, many direct contacts between strangers as well as communication mediated different kinds mass media.

For inclusion in the communication process, social components of communication are divided into:

interpersonal communication (communication between specific individuals who have individual qualities that are revealed in the process of communication and the organization of mutual actions). In this case, social roles are of secondary importance;

role-based communication (communication between commissions of certain social roles, when the actions, behavior of the participant in such communication are determined by the social role performed). In the process of such communication, a person is reflected not only as an individual, but as a social unit that performs certain functions. Individuality obeys a social role. Sometimes such communication is also called official, or formal.

Variety role-based communication there is business communication, that is, communication between interlocutors (partners, opponents) who have appropriate social positions, are determined by their social roles and corresponding functions, aimed at fully or partially solving specific problems, organizing joint activities, actions.

Classification of communication.

The role of perception in the communication process.

Comprehension in the process of communication.

Communication as interaction.

1. Communication is the basis of human existence

The word that comes from the heart penetrates into the heart.

G. Nizami (c. 1141-c. 1209),

Azerbaijani poet and thinker

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry praised communication as "the only luxury" that a person has. Can you imagine our life outside of communication? Of course not! Indeed, in essence, the functioning of human society is impossible without it; no activity without communication is feasible. The natural way of human existence is his connection with other people, which leads to the establishment interpersonal relationships... A person becomes a person only in communication.

The ability to communicate has always been one of the most important human qualities. It is no coincidence that folk wisdom says: "If you talk with one, you will rejoice, if you talk with another, you will miss." We are sympathetic to people who naturally come into contact and who know how to have an interlocutor, and we try to contact as little as possible with people who are closed, uncommunicative - “beeches”.

The importance of in communication, they acquire knowledge and consideration of moral qualities and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Knowledge of personality psychology will help to correctly form ideas about the interlocutor, to present his ability to agree or see in him a conflict personality, to determine the level of the partner's willingness to work in a team. In other words, knowledge allows you to determine the effectiveness of a business relationship with a specific person.

Business communication is based on such moral qualities of an individual as honesty, duty, conscience, dignity, which give business relations moral character.

In this section, we will consider the basics of the psychology of communication, since the "problem" of communication is more and more acutely recognized by society and the issue of improving the quality of communication is especially relevant today. At the same time, one must always remember that the success of communication is achieved not only by knowledge, techniques and techniques. A sincere, benevolent attitude towards a person is the basis of communication.

Statisticians from some countries have calculated that up to 70% of the time in the life of most people is occupied by communication processes. In communication, we pass on to each other a variety of information; we exchange knowledge, opinions, beliefs; declare our goals and interests; we learn practical skills and abilities, as well as moral principles, rules of etiquette and traditions.

However, communication is not always smooth and successful. We often face critical situations: someone did not understand us; we did not understand someone; with someone we spoke too harshly, rudely, although we did not want to. Of course, every time after a misunderstanding, a conversation in a raised voice, another conflict, our mood deteriorates, we cannot understand why this happened. There is no person who has never experienced difficulties in the process of communication in his life. In private life, we have the right to choose those with whom we are pleased to communicate, those who appeal to us. At the service, we are obliged to communicate with those who are, including with people who are not very sympathetic to us; and in this situation it is very important to learn how to make contact, since success depends on this skill professional activity... Numerous studies of psychologists have proven that there is a direct and strong connection between the quality of communication and the effectiveness of any activity. A prominent American entrepreneur, the head of the car company Chrysler, Lee Iacocca, said that the ability to contact people is everything.

Each of us has an idea of what communication is. Our life is built from it, it lies at the basis of human existence, therefore communication has become an object of socio-psychological analysis.

There are many different definitions of communication in the literature. We will use the most generalized concept. Communication- This is a complex, multifaceted process, which is the interaction of two or more people, in which there is an exchange of information, as well as the process of mutual influence, empathy and mutual understanding of each other.

In the process of communication, psychological and ethical relationships are formed and developed, which make up the culture of business interaction.

Business conversation- This is communication that ensures the success of some common cause and creates the necessary conditions for the cooperation of people in order to achieve meaningful goals for them. Business communication contributes to the establishment and development of cooperative relationships between work colleagues, competitors, customers, partners, etc. Therefore, the main task of business communication is productive cooperation, and for its implementation it is necessary to learn how to communicate.

Research has shown that the question of the questionnaire: "Do you know how to communicate?" 80 % respondents gave an affirmative answer. What does it mean to be able to communicate? This is, first of all, the ability to understand people and build their relationships on this basis.

We say many times that each person is unique, he has a peculiar, unique manner of communication; nevertheless, our interlocutors can be conventionally grouped. What are they, our interlocutors? V study guide"Psychology of Management" describes nine "abstract types" of interlocutors.

1. An absurd person, a "nihilist." Does not adhere to the topic of conversation, impatient, unrestrained. His position confuses the interlocutors and provokes them to disagree with his arguments.

2.Positive person. He is the most pleasant person to talk to. He is benevolent, hardworking, always striving for cooperation.

3. Know-it-all. I am always sure that he knows everything better than anyone; he

is constantly included in any conversation.

4. Chatterbox. Likes to speak at length, tactlessly interrupts the conversation.

5.Coward. Such an interlocutor is not self-confident enough; he would rather remain silent than express his opinion for fear of appearing ridiculous or stupid.

6. Cold-blooded, unapproachable interlocutor. He is closed, keeps aloof, does not join in a business conversation, as it seems to him unworthy of his attention and efforts.

7. Disinterested interlocutor. Business conversation, the topic of the conversation does not interest him.

8. An important bird. Such an interlocutor cannot stand any criticism.
Ki. He feels superior and behaves appropriately.

9. Why is that. Constantly asks questions, regardless of whether
whether they are real or far-fetched. He's just 'burned out
em "from the desire to ask.

As you know, people do not behave the same in all life situations. A person can change depending on the importance of the topic of conversation, the course of the conversation and the type of interlocutor.

To provide high level business communication, we must be able to use communication technologies based on psychological knowledge. It should be borne in mind that v In the process of communication between colleagues, management, clients, a conflict situation, tension can arise, and inept use of a word can lead to communication failures, to information losses.

Similar information.

However, communication is not always smooth and successful. We often face critical situations: someone did not understand us; we did not understand someone; with someone we spoke too harshly, rudely, although we did not want to. Of course, every time after a misunderstanding, a conversation in a raised voice, another conflict, our mood deteriorates, we cannot understand why this happened. There is no person who has never experienced difficulties in the process of communication in his life. In private life, we have the right to choose those with whom we are pleased to communicate, those who appeal to us. At the service, we are obliged to communicate with those who are, including with people who are not very sympathetic to us; and in this situation it is very important to learn how to make contact, since the success of professional activity depends on this skill. Numerous studies of psychologists have proven that there is a direct and strong connection between the quality of communication and the effectiveness of any activity. A prominent American entrepreneur, the head of the car company Chrysler, Lee Iacocca, said that the ability to contact people is everything.

Each of us has an idea of what communication is. Our life is built from it, it lies at the basis of human existence, therefore communication has become an object of socio-psychological analysis.

In the process of communication, psychological and ethical relationships are formed and developed, which make up the culture of business interaction.

Business conversation- This is communication that ensures the success of some common cause and creates the necessary conditions for people to cooperate in order to achieve meaningful goals for them. Business communication contributes to the establishment and development of cooperative relationships between work colleagues, competitors, customers, partners, etc. Therefore, the main task of business communication is productive cooperation, and for its implementation it is necessary to learn how to communicate.

Research has shown that the question of the questionnaire: "Do you know how to communicate?" 80% of those surveyed gave an affirmative answer. What does it mean to be able to communicate? This is, first of all, the ability to understand people and build their relationships on this basis.

We say many times that each person is unique, he has a peculiar, unique manner of communication; nevertheless, our interlocutors can be conventionally grouped. What are they, our interlocutors? In the tutorial "Psychology of Management" * ( * Samygin SI., Stolyarenko L. D. Psychology of management. - Rostov-on-Don, 1997.- S. 363-367) provides a description of nine "abstract types" of interlocutors.

1. An absurd person, a "nihilist." Does not adhere to the topic of conversation, impatient, unrestrained. His position confuses the interlocutors and provokes them to disagree with his arguments.

2. Positive person. He is the most pleasant person to talk to. He is benevolent, hardworking, always striving for cooperation.

3. Know-it-all. I am always sure that he knows everything better than anyone; he is constantly included in any conversation.

4. Chatterbox. Likes to speak at length, tactlessly interrupts the conversation.

5. Coward. Such an interlocutor is not self-confident enough; he would rather remain silent than express his opinion for fear of appearing ridiculous or stupid.

6. Cold-blooded, unapproachable companion. He is closed, keeps aloof, does not join in a business conversation, as it seems to him unworthy of his attention and efforts.

7. Disinterested interlocutor. Business conversation, the topic of the conversation does not interest him.

8. An important bird. Such an interlocutor does not tolerate any criticism. He feels superior to everyone and behaves accordingly.

9. Why is that. Constantly asks questions, regardless of whether they are real or far-fetched. He just “burns out” from the desire to ask.

To ensure a high level of business communication, we must be able to use communication technologies based on psychological knowledge. It should be borne in mind that in the process of communication between colleagues, management, clients, a conflict situation, tension can arise, and inept use of the word can lead to communication disruptions, to information losses.

Self-test questions

1. What is communication? What is the basis of communication?

2. What is the main task of business communication?

3. What does “be able to communicate” mean?

4. What "abstract types" of interlocutors do you know?

5. What "abstract types" of interlocutors did you meet most often? Give an example.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Self-test questions

1. Why is knowledge of national etiquette necessary?

2. What general principles do you know the culture of behavior?

3. Prepare a report on the traditions and characteristics of the country you would like to visit.

Chapter 2

The word that comes from the heart penetrates into the heart.

G. Nizami (c. 1141-c. 1209),

Azerbaijani poet and thinker

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry praised communication as "the only luxury" that a person has. Can you imagine our life outside of communication? Of course not! Indeed, in essence, the functioning of human society is impossible without it; no activity without communication is feasible. The natural way of human existence is his connection with other people, which leads to the establishment of interpersonal relationships. A person becomes a person only in communication. "

Knowledge and consideration of moral qualities and individual psychological characteristics of a person acquire an important role in communication. Knowledge of personality psychology will help to correctly form ideas about the interlocutor, to present his ability to agree or see in him a conflict personality, to determine the level of the partner's willingness to work in a team. In other words, knowledge allows you to determine the effectiveness of a business relationship with a specific person.

Business communication is based on such moral qualities of an individual as honesty, duty, conscience, dignity (see section 1.1), which give a business relationship a moral character.