What is the oral speech of a person different from writing? Oral and written form of speech.

Speech communication takes place in two forms - oral and written. They are in complex unity and in speech practice occupy an important and approximately the same place in their significance. In real communication, their constant interaction and interpenetration are observed. Any written text can be voiced, i.e. Read aloud, and oral - recorded with the help of technical means. There are such genres, such as dramaturgy, oratory, which are designed specifically for subsequent voice.

The basis of written and oral speech is a literary speech, acting as the leading form of the existence of Russian. The literary speech is a speech, designed for a conscious approach to a system of means of communication, in which the orientation is carried out on certain normalized samples. The oral and written form of speeches are independent, have their own characteristics and features.

Oral speech.

Oral speech is any sounding speech.

In addition to the language characteristics of the speech, intonation, emotionality, gestures, characteristics of pronunciation (diction, focus), etc.

Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature of time deployment - one of the main properties of oral speech.

Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation).

The prepared oral speech is characterized by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time saying, as a rule, seeks his speech to be a relaxed, not "learned", resected direct communication.

Unprepared oral speech is characterized by spontaneity. Unprepared oral statement (the main unit of oral speech, similar to the proposal in writing speech) is formed gradually, portions, as it is aware of what it is said that it should be said further that it is necessary to repeat, clarify.

Oral speech, as well as written, is normalized and regulated, but the norms of oral speech are completely different. "

The oral form of speech is enshrined behind all the functional styles of the Russian language, however, it has an advantage in the colloquial domestic speech style. The following functional varieties of oral speech are distinguished:

Oral scientific speech

Oral journalistic speech

Types of oral speech in official-business communication,

Artistic speech and speaking speech.

It should be said that conversational speech affects all varieties of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author's "I", a personal beginning in speech in order to enhance influence on listening. Therefore, the oral speech uses emotionally expressively painted vocabulary, figurative comparative designs, phraseologists, proverbs, sayings, even the spaticred elements.

Written speech.

The letter is an auxiliary sign system, which is used to fix the sound language and sound speech. At the same time, the letter is an independent system of communication, which, performing the function of fixing oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions: a written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by man, expands the scope of human communication. \\

The main property of written speech is the ability to long storing information.

The written speech is not deployed in temporary, but in static space, which makes it possible to think about it, to return to the written, rebuild text, replace words, etc. In this regard, the written form of speech has its own characteristics:

Written speech uses a book language, the use of which the words are strictly normalized and regulated. The order of words in the proposal is fixed, inversion (changing the order of words) is not typical of writing speech, and in some cases, for example, in the texts of the official-business style of speech, unacceptable. The proposal, which is the main unit of written speech, expresses complex logic-semantic bonds by means of syntax. The written speech is characteristic of complex syntax structures, involved and particle inclusive turns, common definitions, plug-in structures, etc. When combining proposals in paragraphs, each of them is strictly associated with the preceding and subsequent context.

Written speech is characterized in that in the very form of speech activity, a certain reflection of the conditions and purpose of communication, such as a artistic work or a description of the scientific experiment, a vacation application or an informational message in the newspaper are found. Therefore, a written speech has a styrene function, which is reflected in the choice of language tools that are used to create one or another text. The written form is the main form of speech in scientific, journalistic, official-business and artistic styles.

Thus, speaking that speech communication takes place in two forms - oral and written, it is necessary to keep in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity lies in the fact that these forms of speech have a common basis - a literary language and in practice occupy an approximately equal place. Differences are made up most often to the means of expression. Oral speech is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbal, it uses a certain amount and "its" language tools, it is tied to a conversational style. The letter uses alphabetic, graphic notation, more often a book language with all its styles and features.

Combine both forms of speech:

1) the main vocabulary;

2) Rules for word formation and changes in forms;

3) the rules of the combination of words, etc.

The main differences in the oral and written forms of speech:

1) in oral speech the choice of words is more free than in writing;

2) In oral speech, incomplete sentences are used more often than in writing.

3) In oral speech, the sentences may be shorter than in writing, since there is no relation being replenished with a speech atmosphere (situation). For example, a sufficient to the teacher in the lesson is strictly pronounced "Guys!" So that students understand: this appeal requires silence, attention. In writing speech, complex proposals are more common;

4) In oral speech, more attention is paid to the correct pronunciation of sounds, and in writing speech - the correct designation of sounds with letters (spell). In oral speech, it is very important to pronounce words with the right intonation and stress, and in writing speech - to correctly put the punctuation marks.

Communication is a phenomenon of multifaceted. One of its components is speech. Speech classification is therefore quite complex and has many different bases. Consider the main of them.

What it happens

Classification of speech species can exist according to the form in which information is exchanged. That is, it happens oral (with sounds) or written (using special characters).

If you can focus on the number of participants in communication, it can be divided into monologic, dialogic and polylogical. Speech style depends on what field of communication it functions, and may be scientific, journalistic, official-business, artistic or conversational.

The classification of the forms of speech on composite-structural features, as well as in meaningfully sessional, belongs to any of its type either to the description, or to the narrative, or to reasoning. Consider each of these divisions.

Language and speech. Oral and written speech

Under the oral speech (the form, opposed to the written variety) is meant to speech pronounced, that is, sounding. It belongs to the primary forms of the existence of any language.

The written is understood as the speech, which is depicted on physical media - paper, canvas, parchment, etc. using graphic signs of writing designed specifically for this. Historically, she appeared later on oral.

The form in which the Russian language mainly exists is called a literary speech. The main sign of it is the conscious use of means of communication with the orientation of compliance with specific norms and rules. They are given in reference books, dictionaries and teaching aids. Learning standards are conducted at school, cultural institutions and media.

In real communications, writing and oral speech constantly intersect, interact and penetrate one to another. A part of the genres relating to written speech is subsequently voiced - these are speaking speeches (including speech lessons) or dramaturgy. The literary work very often contains similar samples in the form of monologues and the dialogues of the actors.

Than good oral speech

The most important advantage of oral speech before writing is the possibility of instilling information. The difference between these two forms is also that the oral dialogue most often allows participants to see each other and adjust the content and form of pronounced depending on the response of the interlocutor.

Designed for perception by human ear, oral speech does not need accurate literal playback. In case of such a need, you have to use certain technical means. Pronounced all "score", without prior amendments.

Communicating in writing, the author of the speech does not have the ability to feed feedback with its addressee. Therefore, the reaction of the latter is not enough for what affects. The reading subsequently has the ability to return to separate postulates any number of times, and the writeer has time and means to adjust and supplement written.

The advantage of written communication is a more accurate and fixed statement of information, the ability to transfer it to future times. Written speech serves as the basis of scientific and any business.

Other of its features ...

As a material form reproducible on a letter using the alphabet letters, sound waves emitted by the human speech apparatus are served. Due to this, it is inherent in all the wealth of intonational capabilities. The means of formation of intonation is the intensity, the tempo of the conversation, the sound timbre, etc. Much in it depends on the clarity of pronunciation, the arrangement of logical strokes, the duration of the pause.

Important characteristics of oral speech - spontaneity, multi-channel and irreversibility. The origin of the thought and its statement occurs almost simultaneously. Depending on the speech experience of the speaker and other circumstances of oral speech, smoothness or intermittentness, fragmentaryness can be inherent.

... and species

Focusing on the audience's response, uttering can allocate the most important points, use comments, refinements and repetitions. These features are most characterized by an unprepared oral speech. The classification of speech on this basis opposes it to another - prepared, existing in the form of lectures or reports.

For this form, a clear structure, thoughtfulness, is characteristic. In spontaneously pronounced text, characteristic of the unprepared oral speech, a lot of pauses, the repetitions of individual words and sounds that do not make any sense (such as "uh-e", "here", "means"), which is sometimes planted to pronounce the design. In such a speech, more speech mistakes, short, incomplete and not always correct proposals, fewer involvement and particle turns.

According to functional varieties, the types of oral speech are also vary. It can be a scientific, journalistic, artistic, conversational, as well as used in the formal business industry.

On written speech

A written speech is not intended to a specific interlocutor and depends entirely from the writing. As already noted, it arose at a historically later stage of the development of humanity and exists in the form of an artificially created sign system developed in order to fix the pronounced sounds. That is, signs for the designation of the published sounds serve its material carriers.

Unlike oral, the written speech not only serves to directly communicate, but also allows you to assimilate and perceive knowledge accumulated throughout the development of the whole human society. Such a speech is a means of communication in cases of the impossibility of direct dialogue, when the interlocutors share the time or space.

Signs of written speech

Exchange messages in writing began already in ancient times. Nowadays, the role of writing is reduced with the development of modern technologies (for example, the phone), but with the invention of the Internet, as well as facsimile reports of the form of such a speech again in demand.

The main property of it can be considered the ability of long-term storage of transmitted information. The main feature of use is a strictly regulated book language. The main units of written speech are suggestions, whose task is to express the logical semantic links a rather complex level.

That is why there are always well-thought-out proposals in writing speech, it is characterized by the fixed order of words. Such a speech is not inherent inversion, that is, the use of words in the reverse order. In some cases it is unacceptable. The written speech is focused on the visual perception, in connection with which it is clearly structured - the pages have a numbering, the text is divided into paragraphs and chapters, various types of fonts are used, etc.

Monologue and dialogue. Examples and essence of concepts

The classification of speech in the number of participants was undertaken in ancient times. Dividing on dialogues and monologues was used in such spheres as logic, rhetoric, philosophy. The term "polylog" appeared at the end of the 20th century and denotes a conversation with the participation of the number of people more than two.

Such a form, as a dialogue, is typical of the alternate statement of both interlocutors in direct communication with a specific situation. The statements themselves are called replicas. According to the semantic load, the dialogue is an exchange of views dependent on each other.

The whole dialogue and any of its parts can be perceived as a separate text act. The structure of the dialogue includes parts referred to as the basis, the basis and ending. As the first of these, generally accepted forms of speech etiquette, greeting or introductory replica as a question or judgment are used.

What is the dialogue

The main part can be from very brief to very long. Any dialogue has a property to be continued. As an ending, replicas of consent, response or standard speech etiquette ("goodbye" or "good") are used.

In the sphere of colloquial speech, the dialogue is considered a domestic and leading using conversational vocabulary. There is not the most successful choice of words, repetitions, retreat from literary standards. This dialogue is characterized by emotions and expression, irregularities, a variety of topics, deviation from the main line of discussion.

In literary sources, dialogue is also found. Examples - Communication of heroes, Roman in letters or genuine correspondence of historical persons.

It can be like informative and not very. In the latter case, it consists mainly of speech forms and does not contain useful information. For informative dialogue, the need for communication in order to obtain new data is characterized.

Talk about monologues

What is a monologue? Examples of it are not less common. This term indicates the statement of anyone in the unfolded form, intended for themselves or other and having some kind of organization in the sense of composition and completeness. In the artistic work, a monologue can be an integral component or an independent unit - for example, in the form of monospectacle.

In public life in the form of a monolign, speeches speeches, lecturers, speeches of radio speakers and television. Monologists are most characteristic of the book speech orally (performances in the courts, lectures, reports), he can not have its own address of a particular listener and not to assume a response.

For the purpose of the statement, this form of speech refers to either information, or to convincing, or to prompting. Information is a conveyant monologue. Examples are all the same lectures, reports, reports or speeches. The speech of urgent properties is focused on the emotions of those who have to listen to her. It is congratulations, farewell, etc.

The encouraging speech seems to be from the name, designed to merge the listeners on certain actions. As an example, you can bring calls, protests and politicians.

Polylog - what kind of beast?

The classification of speech styles has recently (the end of the last century) was replenished with the concept of a polylog. Even among the linguists, it has not yet entered a wide use. This is a conversation of several people right away. It is situationally closer to the dialogue, as unites listening and speaking. There is a polylog in the forms of discussions, conversations, games, meetings. There is an exchange of information made by each, and everything is aware of what we are talking about.

The rules on which the polylog is built, the following: to speak participants is prescribed convincingly and sufficiently briefly, everyone who constitutes it is obliged to follow the plot of discussions and be attentive, it is customary to ask questions and clarify the incomprehensible moments, as well as to make the necessary objections. The polylog must be conducted in correct and friendly form.

Different types of texts

On the functions performed also there are various speech. The classification of speech on this feature divides it into texts with a reflection of the actual reality and those that contain thoughts and reasoning about it. Depending on the value, any of them can be attributed to a narrative, descriptive and relative to reasoning.

The descriptions depicts any phenomenon with the listing of features, inherent in it. It can be portrait, landscape, interior, domestic, scientific, etc. It is static, and it is built on the main starting point contained in the subject or its separate part. The idea is developing by adding new signs to the above.

The type called by the narration is a story about events and actions that occur for some time. The composition of it includes a prominent with subsequent development, continuation, climax and ends with a junction.

Under reasoning is understood by the confirmation and explanation of a certain thought or statement. The composition usually consists of the thesis given to its evidence and final conclusions.

... and styles

Modern linguistics streamlined the concept of "speech". The classification of speech depending on the purpose of communication, as already mentioned at the beginning of the article, is reduced to five different speech styles (everyday or colloquial, scientific, official-business, journalistic and artistic). So, the conversational style is intended mainly in everyday life and in everyday communications. It is characterized by oral speech with the predominance of dialogues.

In the field of scientific and technical sphere, a scientific style prevails with a description of various theories and technologies - strictly verified and non-free-free revolutions. Official-business applies in the legislative sector and with any formal communication. There are many fixed structures for him, a significant predominance of writing speech, a large number of monologues (reports, lectures, speeches, judicial speeches).

For the socio-political sphere, the journalistic style has always been applied and used in the form of bright emotionally painted monologues of a prompting nature.

Art style is subject to artistic art. Here the ball is the variety of expressions, wealth of forms and linguistic means, strict official designs here are practically not found.

The choice of genresis and styles is dictated by the content of speech and the type of its communicative orientation, simply speaking - the purpose of communication. It is from them that they depend on those techniques that will be used in a dialogue or a monologue, as well as the compositional structure of each specific speech.

Speech is classified by a significant number of features. You can highlight at least four classification features that allow us to talk about various types of speech.

in the form of information sharing (with sounds or written signs), the speech is divided into oral and written

by the number of communication participants, it is divided into monologic, dialogic and polylogical

according to the functioning in one or another sphere of communication the following function- speech styles: scientific, officially business, journalistic, conversational

according to the presence of a meaningful the following functionally- semantic types of speech are distinguished by the following functionally-semantic types of speech: description, narration and reasoning

First of all, we concentrate on the characteristics of oral and written speech. The oral and written variety of speech "are associated with thousands of transitions to each other." This is explained by the fact that at the heart and oral, and the written speech is the internal speech, with the help of which human thought is formed.

In addition, oral speech can be recorded on paper or with the help of technical means, while any written text can be read out loud. There are even special signs of writing speech, specially intended for pronouncing out loud: dramaturgy and oratorical works. And in the works of fiction, you can often find dialogues and monologues of characters that are inherent in oral spontaneous speech.

Despite the community of oral and written speech, there are differences between them. As noted in the Encyclopedia "Russian Language" ed. Fedot Petrovich Filina, the differences between oral and written speech are as follows:

- oral speech - Speech sounding, uttered. It is the primary form of the existence of a language, a form, opposed written speech. In the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress, oral speech is not only ahead of written in the possibilities of actual distribution, but also acquires such an important advantage as the instability of information transfer;

- written speech - This is a speech depicted on paper (parchment, beres, stone, canvas, etc.) with graphic signs intended to designate speech sounds. The written speech is the secondary, later in the time of the form of the form of the existence of a language opposed to oral speech.

A number of psychological and situational differences are allocated between oral and written speech:

in oral speech, speaking and listening see each other, which makes it possible, depending on the response of the interlocutor, change the conversation content. In writing speech, this feature is not available: the writeer can only mentally represent a potential reader;

oral speech is designed for auditory perception, written - on visual. Literal reproduction of oral speech, as a rule,

perhaps only with the help of special technical devices, in the written speech, the reading has the ability to repeatedly re-read written, as well as the writer itself - repeatedly improved written;

3) the written speech makes communication with accurate fixed.She connects the communication of the people of the past, present and the future, acts as the basis of business communication and scientific activity, the oral speech is often characterized by inaccuracy, inconsistency, transmission of general meaning.

Thus, in oral and written speech there are both similarities and differences. Similarities are based on the fact that the basis and the other variety of speech is the literary language, and the differences are concluded in the means of its expression.

Two forms of speech: oral and written.

Speech communication takes place in two forms - oral and written.

The basis of written and oral speech is a literary speech.

Oral speech is any sounding speech. Historically oral form of speech primary, it arose much earlier than letters. The material form of oral speech is the sound waves, i.e. Pronounced sounds arising from the activities of human pronounced organs. With this phenomenon are associated with rich intonational capabilities of oral speech. The intonation is created by melody speech, intensity (volume) speech, durability, increase or slowing the tempo speech and timbre of pronouncing. In verbal speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of pronunciation, presence or absence of pauses play a major role. Oral speech has such an intonational diversity of speech, which can transmit all the wealth of human experiences, sentiment.

the perception of oral speech in direct communication occurs simultaneously in the auditory, and by visual channels. Oral speech is accompanied by strengthening its expressiveness, such additional funds as the nature of the view (alerted or open), the spatial location of the speaker and listening, facial expressions and gestures. The gesture can be likened to the indicable word (an indication of some object) can express emotional state, consent or disagreement, surprise, to serve as a contacting means, such as a raised hand as a sign of greeting.

Irreversibility, translational and linear nature of deployment in time - one of the main properties of oral speech. You need to talk and think here and now.

Oral speech can be prepared(report, lecture) and unprepared(conversation, conversation). The prepared speech is thoughtfulness, a clearer structure of the organization. Unprepared oral speech is spontaneity. Oral speech as well as written organized and regulated.Oral speech unfolds through associative attachments. The oral form of speech is fixed behind all the functional styles of the Russian language. Functional varieties of oral speech: - Oral scientific speech - oral publicistic speech - the types of oral speech in the field of officially business communication - artistic and conversational speech. In oral speech, an emotionally expressive painted vocabulary, figurative comparative designs, phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, spaticrone elements are used.

Written speech -this is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to fix the audio language and sound speech. The letter is an independent communication system, which, performing the function of fixing the oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions: a written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by man, expands the scope of human communication. Reading books, historical documents, we can touch the history, culture of all mankind. It is due to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of ancient Egypt, Sumerov, Incov, Maya.

The letter has passed a long path of historical development from the first scubrons on trees, rock paintings to sound-eyed type. The written speech is secondary to oral. The letters used in the letter are signs that are indicated by speech sounds. Sound shells of words and parts of words are depicted by combinations of letters, which allows them to reproduce them in sound form, i.e. Read any tex. The punctuation marks used in the letter serve for speech membership: dots, commas, dash correspond to the intonational pause in oral speech. This means that the letters are the material form of writing.

The main function of the written speech is the fixation of oral speech.

The main property is the ability to continuously storing information. Written speech uses a book language.

The written speech is characteristic of complex syntax structures,persistence and verbal turns, common definitions, plug-in structures.

Written speech is focused on the perception of vision bodies,therefore, it has a clear structure and formal organization: has a numbering system of pages, dividing into sections. Paragraphs, reference system, font selection. It has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of language tools that are used to create one or another text. Is the main form of existence in scientific, journalistic, officially business and artistic styles.

So, speech communication takes place in two forms - oral and written, it is necessary to keep in mind the similarities and differences between them. The similarity is that these forms of speech have a common basis - a literary language, in practice there are approximately equal place. Differences in the means of expression. Oral speech is more attached to colloquial style. The letter is more often a book language with all its styles and features.

Without communication, like without air, a person cannot exist. The ability to communicate with other people allowed a person to achieve high civilization, break into space, go down to the bottom of the ocean, penetrate the land of the earth. Communication makes it possible to reveal to a person's feelings, experiences, talk about joys and chants, about take-offs and falls. Communication for a person - its habitat. Without communication it is impossible to form a person's personality, its upbringing, development of intelligence.

At first glance, it seems that the content of the concept of "communication" to everyone understands and does not require special explanations. Meanwhile, communication is a very complex process of interaction of people. As A.A. rightly notes Leontyev, in modern communication science there is a huge number of inconsistent definitions of this concept. Representatives of different sciences, philosophers, psychologists, linguists, sociologists, cultratologists, etc. are engaged in communicating problems.

It is with speech that is most often communication between people. Speech human activity is the most complex and most common. Without it, no other activity is impossible, it precedes, accompanies, and sometimes forms, forms the basis of any other human activity (manufacturing, commercial, financial, scientific, managerial, etc.).

Oral speech - this is any sound speech. Historically oral form of speech primary, it arose much earlier than letters. The material form of oral speech is the sound waves, i.e. Pronounced sounds arising from the activities of human pronounced organs. With this phenomenon are associated with rich intonational possibilities of oral speech. The intonation is created by melody of speech, intensity (volume) speech, durability, increase or slowdown in the speech rate and timbre of pronouncing. In verbal speech, the place of logical accent, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, the presence or absence of a pause is played a major role. Oral speech has such an intonational variety of speech, which can transmit all the wealth of human experiences, moods, etc.

The perception of oral speech with direct communication occurs simultaneously in the audience, and by visual channels. Oral speech is accompanied by strengthening its expressiveness, such additional funds as the nature of the view (wary or open, etc.), the spatial location of the speaker and listening, facial expressions and gestures. The gesture can be adjacent to the indicable word (indicating some item), it can express emotional state, consent or disagreement, surprise, etc., to serve as a contacting means, such as a raised hand as a sign of greeting.

Irreversibility progress and linear character deployment in of time - one of main properties oral speech. It is impossible to return at some point of oral speech again, so talking forced to think and speak at the same time, i.e. He thinks as it were, "on the go," in connection with this, the verbal speech may be characterized by deflection, fragmentary, division of a single offer for several communicative units: the secretary of the meeting participants "director called. It will be delayed. It will be in half an hour. Start without it . On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listening and strive to attract his attention, cause interest in the report. Therefore, in oral speech there are intonation allocation of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, autocomming, reintures: "The department has conducted a large / yes during the year / yes / must say / greater and important / and educational, and scientific, and methodical / well / Educational / All know whether it is necessary to detail / educational / no / yes / also think / do not need /.

Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation).

The prepared oral speech is characterized by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time saying, as a rule, seeks his speech to be a relaxed, not "learned", resected direct communication.

Unprepared oral speech It is characterized by spontaneity. Unprepared oral statement (the main unit of oral speech, similar to the proposal in writing speech) is formed gradually, portions, as it is aware of what it is said that it should be said further that it is necessary to repeat, clarify. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech, there are many pauses, and the use of pause aggregates (words such as e-e, um) makes it possible to think about the future. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially vocabulary-phraseological levels of the language, i.e. It ensures that his speech is logical and the connection, chooses the appropriate words for an adequate expression of thought. Phonetic and morphological levels of language, i.e. Pronoming and grammatical forms are not controlled, reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speeches are characterized by less lexical accuracy, a small length of proposals, the restriction of the complexity of phrases and proposals, the absence of involved and particle inclusive turns, dividing a single offer to several communicatively independent.

Oral speech as well as written normated and regulated, However, the norms of oral speech are completely different. "Many so-called oral speech flaws are the functioning of unfinished statements, the introduction of interruptions, autocommentants, contactors, reprises, elements of oscillations, etc. - is a prerequisite for the success and effectiveness of the oral communication method." Listening can not hold all grammatical and semantic ties in memory, and the speaker must take into account this; Then his speech will be understood and understandless. In contrast to the written speech, which is built in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative attachments.

Oral the form speech enshrined per all functional styles russian languageHowever, it has an advantage in the colloquial domestic speech style. The following functional varieties of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral publicistic speech, the types of oral speech in the field of formal business communication, artistic speech and speaking speech. It should be said that conversational speech affects all varieties of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author's "I", a personal beginning in speech in order to enhance influence on listening. Therefore, the oral speech uses emotionally expressively painted vocabulary, figurative comparative designs, phraseologists, proverbs, sayings, even the spaticred elements.

russian written oral literary