College Metrosoya
Examination on social science
Subject:
"Religion in modern society"
Performed:
Lyali Vladimir Deianovich
Group №25
St. Petersburg 2015
Introduction ................................................................................. 1.
What is religion? .............................................................. 2
Variety of religion on earth ....................................... 3
World religions on earth ............................................. ..4
The role of religion in the modern world ................................. 8
Conclusion .................................................................................... .10.
List of references ............................................................ .11
Introduction
One of the oldest forms of culture is religion. In the lessons of history, you learned that the religious representations of people originated in ancient times. Like religious rituals, cults, they differed in a large variety of world religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Muslims.
At a certain stage of development of religion, the church arises, in the Lona which the spiritual hierarchy is developing, priests appear. The church unites believers of one religion, develops single norms of their behavior.
The religious system of representing the world (worldview) relies on the religious faith and is associated with the human attitude towards the human spiritual world, some superhuman reality, which a person knows something, and to which he must orient his life in some way. Faith can be supported by mystical experience.
Of particular importance for religion are such concepts as good and evil, morality, purpose and meaning of life, etc.
The basics of religious representations of most world religions are recorded by people in sacred texts, which, by conviction of believers, are either dictated or inspired by God or gods directly
Why did I choose this topic?
I chose this topic because I considered it the most interesting for study. I often wondered how and in what field of life religion affects a modern person.
What is religion?
The main issue for each person has always been the question of the meaning of life. Not everyone can find a final answer for themselves, not everyone can justify it. But in each normal person, the need to find this meaning and its reasonable justification.
Modern person is surrounded by a large number of diverse ver and ideologies, but they can all be combined around two main worldviews: religion and atheism. The third, often called agnosticism, essentially can not claim ideological status, since in principle denies a person the possibility of knowledge of such ideological realities, like the existence of God, soul, immortality of the individual, the nature of good and evil, truth, etc.
Religion and atheism are advisable to be considered as theories of Genesis (or non-existence) of God, in which appropriate scientific and other criteria apply: the presence of confirmation factors and the possibilities of experimental verification of the main provisions of the theory. A system that does not meet these criteria can only be considered as a hypothesis.
In such a scientific context, religion and atheism appear in the following form. Religion offers a huge number of such facts that indicate the existence of the world of supernatural, intangible, existence of a higher reason (God), souls, etc. At the same time, religion offers a specific practical path of the knowledge of these spiritual realities, that is, offers the way to verify the truth of their statements.
Variety of religion on earth
In the world there is a variety of beliefs, sects, church organizations. These are various forms of polyteraisms (agencies), the traditions of which go from primitive religions (faith in spirits, worshiping plants, animals, souls of the dead) with them the various forms of monotheism (monotheism) here and national religions - Confucianism (China), Judaism (Israel ), etc., and world religions that have formed in the era of the emergence of empires and found supporters among the peoples speaking different languages, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam is global religions affect the development of modern civilizations.
The concept of monotheism is relatively t. No one religion is consistently monotheistic. In the course of the historical development of religion, Monotheism appears very late. In the era of the decay of the rhodoplex building and the formation of early states, the Gods of individual tribes were connected to one "Pantheon", in which the first place was commonly occupied by the God of the strongest tribe. In some cases, the priests of this God were striving to turn him into a single or chief god.
Polyteraism for a long time and at the moment, the origin and its connection with monotheism is the subject of discussions among anthropologists, religious scientists, theologists and historians of religion. The discussion is based on the recognition or denial of the primacy of polyterism in relation to monotheism.
So in the Christian tradition, politicalism is considered secondary in relation to the natural monotheism. In this context, politicalism is considered as the degradation and oblivion of a single God, as one of the manifestations of the fall and the common spiritual and moral decline of humanity, and such a state should be overcome humanity.
World religions on earth
World religion is a religion that has spread among the peoples of various countries and continents. Unlike national and national government religions, in which the religious relationship between people coincides with the ethnic and political bonds (for example, Hinduism, Confucianism, Shintoism, Judaism), world, or supranational religions unite people of common faith, regardless of their ethnic, language or political ties. In addition, when considering religion, its influence on the course of history and extent is taken into account.
Currently, this term in religious studies are denoted three religions (given in the order of the occurrence of occurrence):
1) Buddhism,
2) Christianity
3) Islam.
- Buddhism
Buddhism is the most ancient world religion. She arose in the VI century. BC e. In India, and is currently distributed in the countries of South, Southeast, Central Asia and the Far East and has about 800 million followers. The tradition binds the emergence of Buddhism with the name of Tsarevich Siddharthi Gautama. Father hid from Gautama bad, he lived in luxury, married his beloved girl who gave him his son. The impetus for the spiritual coup for Tsarevich, as the legend says, served four meetings. Initially, he saw a squabble old man, then suffering from leprosy and funeral procession. So Gautama recognized old age, the disease and death - the lot of all people. Then he saw a peaceful beggar wanderer who had nothing needed from life. All this shocked Tsarevich, forced him to think about the fate of people. He secretly left the palace and family, in 29 years he became a hermit and tried to find the meaning of life. As a result of deep reflections at 35, he became a Buddha - enlightened, awakened. 45 years old Buddha preached his teachings, which can briefly be reduced to the following basic ideas.
Life is suffering caused by the desires and passions of people. To get rid of suffering, it is necessary to donate from earthly passions and desires. This can be achieved if you follow by salvation specified by the Buddha.
After death, any living being, including a person, is again reborn, but already in the form of a new living being, whose life is determined not only by his own behavior, but also by the behavior of his predecessors.
It is necessary to strive for Nirvana, that is, impassivity and peace, which is achieved by the refusal of earthly affections.
Unlike Christianity and Islam in Buddhism there is no idea of \u200b\u200bGod as the Creator of the World and his ruler. The essence of the creed of Buddhism comes down to the call to each person to stand on the path of searching for internal freedom, full of liberation from all the shackles that bears life
- Christianity
Christianity arose in 1 century. n. e. In the eastern part of the Roman Empire - Palestine - as a religion facing all humiliated, thirsty of justice. It is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bMessianism - hope on the divine deliverer of the world from everything bad, which is on earth. Jesus Christ was injured for the sins of people, whose name in the Greek means "Messiah", "Savior". This name, Jesus binds to the Old Testament legends about the arrival of the Israeli Land of the Prophet, the Messiah, who will liberate the people from suffering and establish a righteous life - God's kingdom. Christians believe that the arrival of God to Earth will be accompanied by a terrible court when he will judge the living and the dead, send them to paradise or hell.
Major Christian ideas:
1) Belief that God is one, but he is a trinity, that is, God has three "faces": the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, which form a single God, created the Universe.
2) Vera in the redemptive sacrifice of Jesus Christ - the second face of the Trinity, the Son's second face is Jesus Christ. It has two nature at the same time: Divine and Human.
3) Belief in the Divine Grace - the mysterious force sent by God to liberate a person from sin.
4) Vera in posthumous reward and afterlife.
5) Belief in the existence of good spirits - angels and evil spirits - demons with their Lord Satan.
The Holy Book of Christians is the Bible, that translated from Greek means "Book". The Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. Old Testament is the most ancient part of the Bible. The New Testament (actually Christian works) includes: Four Gospels (from Luke, Mark, John and Matthew); Acts of the Holy Apostles; Messages and revelation of John the Bogoslov.
In IV century n. e. Emperor Konstantin announced the Christianity of the state religion of the Roman Empire. Christianity is not one. It broke up for three currents. In 1054, Christianity was divided into the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church. In the XVI century Reformation has begun in Europe - anti-catalytic movement. As a result, Protestantism appeared.
Orthodoxy and Catholicism recognize the seven Christian sacraments: baptism, world-formation, repentance, communion, marriage, priesthood, and amazing. The source of creed is the Bible. Differences consist mainly in the following. In Orthodoxy, there is no single chapter, there is no idea of \u200b\u200bpurgatory as a place of temporary room of the souls of the dead, the priesthood does not give the vow of celibacy, as in Catholicism. At the head of the Catholic Church, there is a dad, elected for life, the center of the Roman Catholic Church is the Vatican - a state occupying several quarters in Rome.
- Islam
Islam appeared in the VII century. n. e. Among the Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. This is the youngest religion from the world. The followers of Islam have more than 1 billion people.
The founder of Islam Mohammed is a historical personality. He was born in 570 in the city of Mecca, which was for that time a rather major city at the intersection of trade routes. In Mecca, a shrine was located, revered by the majority of pagan Arabs, - Kaaba. Mohammed's mother died when he was six years old, his father died before the birth of his son. Mohammed was brought up in the family of his grandfather, the family is notable, but impoverished. At age 25, he became the management of the economy in the rich widow of Hadija and soon married her. At 40, Mohammed was made as a religious preacher. He stated that God (Allah) chose him with his prophet. The sermon did not like the ruling tip of Mecca, and Muhammed had to move to the city of Yasrib, later renamed Medina. 622 is considered to be the beginning of Muslim chronicles on the lunar calendar, and Mecca is the center of Muslim religion.
The Holy Book of Muslims Koran is the processed records of the sermons of Mohammed. During the life of Mohammed, his statements were perceived as a direct speech of Allah and were transmitted orally. After a few decades after the death of Mohammed, they were recorded and will also be Koran.
In the creed of Muslims, the Sunna is played a big role - a collection of edifying stories about Muhammed and Sharia - a set of principles and rules of behavior, mandatory for Muslims. Muslims are considered usurism, drunkenness, gambling and marital infidelity.
The cult room of Muslims is called mosque. Islam prohibits portraying man and animals, the mosque is decorated only with the ornament. In Islam, there is no clear division on the clergy and the laity. Mullah (priest) can become any Muslim, who knows the Quran, Muslim laws and the rules of worship.
The role of religion in the modern world
The rapid development of world religions and the emergence of many new religious flows at the beginning of the twentieth century caused an ambiguous response in society, since part of the people began to welcome the revival of religion, but another part of society expresses decisively against increasing the influence of religious denominations on society as a whole. If you characterize the attitude of modern society to religion, then some trends can be seen applicable to all countries:
A more loyal attitude of citizens to religions, which are considered traditional for their state, and more hostile - to new trends and world religions, "competing" with traditional belief;
An increase in interest to religious cults that were distributed in the distant past, but almost forgot until recently (attempts to revive the faith of ancestors);
The emergence and development of religious flows, which are symbiosis of a certain direction of philosophy and dogma from one or several religions at once;
The rapid increase in the Muslim part of society in countries where a few more decades this religion was not very common;
Attempts by religious communities to lobby their rights and interests at the legislative level;
Protest against increasing the impact of religion for social life
The emergence of flows opposing the increase in the role of religion in the life of the state.
Despite the fact that most people are positively or loyal to different religious flows and to their fans, attempts to dictate their rules to the rest of society often cause protest in atheists and agnostics. One of the bright examples that demonstrate the discontent of the unbeliever society by the fact that government authorities in favor of religious communities rewrite laws and give members of religious communities with exceptional rights.
For example, at the moment, Russia, in which the right of each person's right to freedom of religion is enshrined. Now religion in modern Russia is experiencing the stage of rapid development, since in post-communist society the demand for spiritual and mystical teachings was quite high. According to surveys, if in 1991 believers called themselves more than 30% of people, in 2000 - about 50% of citizens, then in 2012 more than 75% of the inhabitants of the Russian Federation considered religious. It is also important that approximately 20% of Russians believe in the presence of higher strength, but at the same time they do not count themselves to one confession, so at the moment only 1 of 20 citizens of the Russian Federation is an atheist.
The most common religion in modern Russia is the Orthodox tradition of Christianity - 41% of citizens are confirmed. In second place after Orthodoxy, Islam goes - about 7%, on the third - adepts of various trends of Christianity, which are not the branches of the Orthodox tradition (4%), hereinafter - the adherents of the Turkic-Mongolian shamanic religions, neo-duration, Buddhism, Old Believers, etc.
Religion in modern Russia plays an increasing role in modern Russia, and it cannot be said that this role is definitely positive: the spread of various destructive sects, attempts to bring in the school curriculum of one or another religious tradition and arising on religious soil conflicts in society are negative consequences, the reason for which It is a rapid increase in the number of religious organizations in the country and the rapid increase in the number of believers.
Output
You can argue a lot about the position of religion in modern society. However, it is impossible to unequivocally evaluate its role, the possibilities and prospects are simply impossible. All the experience of the twentieth century. showed the failure of one-sided forecasts regarding further fate of religion: either its inevitable and close die, or the coming revival of the former power. Today it is obvious that religion plays a prominent role in the life of society and that it undergoes deep and irreversible changes. On the position of religion in modern society, the crucial impact is rendered by two main forces of modernity - science and politics. Their evolution in modern society lead to ambiguous consequences for religion: destroying traditional establishments, they sometimes open up for her and new opportunities. Successes in the mastery of nature with the help of the technique achieved in the twentieth century on the basis of a gigantic increment of scientific knowledge, had a profound impact on religious consciousness. However, typical for the last century, the waiting for the close end of religion as a result of the development of science did not come true. Science did not push religion, but she aroused deep changes in religious consciousness - in the understanding of God, peace, man. Solving many problems of the knowledge of the world and mastering the human forces of nature, science pushed the border of knowledge to even more difficult than previously problems. Today, science has come far beyond the limits of a sensually affordable person, visual. This gives a new chance for religiousism, not to mention that the gigantic-increased human acts increased by scientific and technical basis puts us now before the problem of the consequences of scientific and technological progress and its moral consistency. As a result, the conclusion suggests that the science and technique themselves - without religion - do not give the solutions to modern problems.
Bibliography
1) Tutorial Social Studies 11 Class of General Educational Institutions: Basic Level 2008 Bogolyubov L.N, Gorodetskaya N.I., Matveeva A.I.
2) Tutorial Social Studies 10 Class / Bogolyubov L. N. (5th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2009)
3) political and spiritual development of modern society. Grade 11. Materials for the course "Man and society. Fundamentals of modern civilization": E. I. Zhiltsova, E. N. Egorova, I. N. Sukolek: "Enlightenment" 1993
4) religion of the world. Edited by a member of Cor. RAS Ya.N.Schapova Moscow: "Enlightenment", 1994
5) http://studentbank.ru/view.php?id\u003d21335
6) http://www.grandars.ru/college/filosofiya/mirovye-religii.html.
7) http://nameyouscool.blogspot.ru/2012/02/blog-post_10.html.
It is believed that religion At various stages of the history of mankind, a significant position was carried out in the socio-political structure of the state, gradually leveled in the industrial and post-industrial epoch. The influence of religion in the modern world is based on certain norms, in different cultures they are different and have (or impede) various impact on the development of society.
One of these "functions" of religion is the justification of social inequality. In principle, in all global religions (including national) there is an idea of \u200b\u200bpersonal salvation, punishment and promotion, which distracted the population from the problems of everyday life. So, for example, in Christianity, the concept of hell and paradise serves as an incentive for a honest lifestyle, which encourages rejection of unnecessary material benefits. Hinduism defines the caste structure of Indian society, and without the possibility of its change. A ban on alcohol and gambling in Islam and a kind of "directive" to war with other religions. Abstinence from passions in Buddhism. Judaism, on the contrary, is to a certain extent it is a mansion from other religions, without making any prohibitions to achieve socio-economic and political goals.
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The post-facts on the influence of religions make it possible to state that Christianity reached the greatest success (especially the Protestant branch), which provided the overall positive effect on the intensity of the socio-economic and political development of Europe. Buddhism and Islam from this point of view can be recognized by religions of achieved, much smaller achievements, first of all, in the material plan. The story knows at least one case when religion has become an important mechanism for economic development. The classic example of such development is England. It was Protestantism that created prerequisites for the formation of elements of democracy and capitalism: civil society, entrepreneurship, private property, separation of the authorities. One of the well-known studies of this phenomenon is the work of Max Weber "Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism", where the analysis of countries (USA, England, Germany) is being analyzed with the Protestant population. As a result, Weber concludes that the economic lift is conditioned by the presence of Protestantism.
Of course, it is worth a recognition that in the modern world religion does not play the role that she performed, for example, during antiquity or Middle Ages (Crusades, the confrontation of Catholics and Protestants, Jihad), which is nonetheless, more often only a reason for the war . In many ways, this provision is fair for Western countries, where the church does not encroach on political power. The situation is observed in the countries of the East, where religion even in varying degrees, but affects the life of society: from Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East, directly determining the nature of the political process to religious India and China, where religion permeates the life of society, affecting politics.
Why in some states religion and now plays an important role, and in others it takes a secondary position? Civilization separation or in the terminology of Samuel Huntington "Collision of Civizizations" is held against the background of the export of Islam to Europe, the connection of the problems of the world community (terrorism) with the radicalization of the political regimes of the Middle East countries. However, the greatest interest causes two countries - India and China. And the one, and the other - the most populated with low levels of life. Jared Daimond notes that, despite his technological advantage over the rest of the world, China remained an expansion object, up to the XX century. Not least due to the significant impact on the policy of Confucianism, which has formed a passive type of public worldview. India with a passive-contemplative religion, the division of society on the caste also remained (backward by the standards of European states) until the 20th century by the agrarian colony.
Thus, the role of religion in the modern world is definitely not reduced, but rather modified in an implicit form. On the surface - religion ceases to fulfill the function of strengthening interstate relations, with the exception of Muslim countries. In traditional religion, competitors appear in the face of sects, various subcultures, which in modern conditions continue to perform the lost traditional religion function of an alternative vision of phenomena. In the inner cut - the role of religion is to form a certain perception of the world - mentality, which determines the holistic vision of the world.
Practice shows that the religious component, forming one or another type of mentality, the warehouse of the mind at a certain historical moment leads to the transformation of the existing order. Similar changes occur in combination of the elements necessary for the qualitative transition. For example, China's economic rise in principle is not combined with the ideas of Confucianism, but the fact remains a fact. Another example is India with a similar type of religion is also a fast-growing economy.
Interesting and unique historical example is Russia, the development of which demonstrates the dual impact of religion on society and the state. Today, Russia is the only country, which is officially confessing the Orthodox branch of Christianity. This allows us to consider Russia in an aspect of comparison with European civilization, mainly Protestantism. Such a comparison is akin to the correlation of Protestantism with Catholicism or any other religion, that is, will be in favor of Protestantism. Under the influence of Orthodoxy, and then the geographical expansion was formed by mentality, uniting the Western and oriental types of cultures. Interestingly, the philosopher Nikolay Berdyaev also defined the psychological type of Russian people as East.
In our opinion, it is similar to the Eastern Mentality feature of a national nature (Patennistist worldview) allowed Russia to remain an independent state, despite the fact that until the revolution of 1917, it remained mainly an agricultural country.
Western civilization today demonstrates development crisis. A sharp jerk associated with the strengthening of science, rationalism, technological, was short-term. There was a casting of the subjects of the world order - the place of developed states is engaged in yesterday's developing countries. In Western countries there is a scientific revolution, a decrease in the role of religion. This process continued until this century. On a global scale, the activity of European civilization decreased against the background of the climbing of invalid societies (to the number of which to a certain extent can be attributed to Russia).
Kurgan 2010.
Introduction ............................................................................................... 3
Religion in the modern world
1. Changes in the religious region of the life of society ............... 4
2. The number of followers of modern religions ............................10
Functions and role of religion ......................................................................... ..1.1
1. Functions of religion ........................... ... ..................................................... ... 11
2. The role of religion .......................... ... ............................................................ .13
Conclusion ..................... ... ......................................................................... ..16
List of literature used ............................................................ ..17
Introduction
Another ten years ago, receiving knowledge and education from materialistic positions, we assumed that such specific institutions, as a religion and its organizations cease to be factors of national public life, lose their positions in providing impact on the worldview of people.
An analysis of the reality of our days showed the fallacy and hasty of the findings of this kind. Today, even a unprofessional view of the average man can notice that there is a noticeable activation of religious institutions that are directly trying to participate in solving a number of topical issues of modernity. This can be observed in various regions, in countries with different levels of economic development, where various religions are distributed. There was no phenomenon in the activation of religious activities and Russia, and the troubled time of the so-called reforms even more contributed to the strengthening of this activity.
As a subsystem of society, religion takes a different place in it, changing during history and performs, according to a specific historical situation, certain functions.
Religion (from Lat. Religo - to link, tie, braid) - this is a dogmatic ritual system, reflecting the ideological positions of a certain community of people. Religion means the deep nature of man and is the form of his self-affirmation, i.e. The result and cause of the work of a person over himself, his self-restraint from everything that prevents the existence of his "I". The main sign of religion is faith in supernatural forces and creatures, as well as worship. If faith is a sign of religion, then not every faith of religious. Vera is a recognition of any information reliable without any of its rechecking and doubt about her truth. Faith can be religious and secular. Man believes, Susksy taking information on their will sometimes doubting or criticizing it. The religious faith does not allow doubtful and criticize. The shrines of the religious faith are guarded. Disbelief or doubt in this case is considered as a grave sin. Religious faith should be distinguished from prejudice and delusions, originating in paganism, but emerging and developing and in modern times. Religious faith differs from the secular yet, which is certainly associated with the cult and worship, reading the deities with the help of specifically installed actual rituals. The religious region of the vital activity of the Company of the Contemporary World is inherent in the most important changes.
1.Secuelization
In the 20th century, the process of secularization of public life was completed, the religion out of it, the beginning of which coincides with the beginning of the new time. This means that religion is both both the institute, and as a worldview - finally lost its role and importance in cases where it comes to making decisions in the political, social or cultural spheres. If you remember the famous statements from the Epoch of Enlightenment, then, on the one hand, the "hypothesis of God" remained unnecessary, but, on the other hand, it is not necessary and "invent God", because even his symbolic presence does not work in modern socio-political space. .
Modern society is oriented primarily on a tangible result of all efforts and any activity. Moreover, it exists a kind of efficiency cult. We defeat the values \u200b\u200bof applied science: any idea is valuable as much as it can be implemented in industrial practice. Ultimately, everything comes down to technology, which has one criterion - manufacturability.
Often talking about the utilization of a modern person, concerned about the material benefit, obsessed with consumerism. At the same time, consumption is nothing more than the reverse side of effective management. Perhaps the main social consequence is not that people turned into "consumers", but in the fact that the efficiency of the "car" - economic, financial, political, scientific, social, etc. has been determined for society.
Such a position is called dehumanization. This, in particular, means that today professional activities and the social status of a person are completely and near the worldview, religious faith, moral landmarks, special talents, personal addictions. First of all, they depend on the ability to "fit out" into existing mechanisms.
It should be borne in mind that in the upgraded past, religion performed a double function. On the one hand, she, of course, participated in social "pragmatics", fulfilling the role of a public integrator: Religion gave a sacred sanction to the public device, determined the morality, motivated actions, and also sent the thought, "animated" society. But, on the other hand, Religion pointed out a person (as a member of society) on super-long, spiritual truths and thus attached its existence in the world internal depth, as well as moral meaning, distant from "reasonable egoism". She taught that the person is humane as much as he exceeds the simple "human dality" - because the eternal God called him to spiritual growth and accomplishment on the other side of the local, earthly "performance".
When other social integrators and motivators appeared, religion turned into a "private case" of individual individuals. This applies to the historical period when many members of society still remain Christians, but "the progress of mankind", that is, the orientation for effectiveness, in no way associated with the religious faith, has nothing to do with the church; Rather, on the contrary. A similar situation when "Christian values" is still to some extent define the life of society, characteristic and for part of the countries of modern time.
However, it can be argued that with the completion of the secularization process, the Christian religion ceases to be a "private matter" of individuals. If earlier she could still hide in the souls and minds of those who in everyday life followed the laws of "new pragmatics without God", now - and it is now that Christianity is essentially becoming a principled opponent of modern post-Christian culture.
Religion ceased to be socially useful, "functional" - and therefore secularization was accomplished. But religion is dealing with "eternal in man" and through person is present in society and history. Religion is social, even if she is "socially ineffective." The place of religion in the life of a person and society cannot take nothing else, because she is responsible for special questions of a person: about the attitude towards God and about the attitude to another - in the face of God.
2. Fundamentalism.
Fundamentalism is a religious - a tendency expressing a negative reaction of conservative religious circles for secularization, i.e. Emancipation of science, culture and social life from religion, which caused the marginalization of the latter.
Under religious fundamentalism means a sustainable religious installation or one of the types of modern religious consciousness, characteristic, primarily for the so-called Arabia religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam, but also parallels in Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Confucianism. Despite the fact that in various religious contexts, the manifestation of fundamentalist trends has various reasons, we can talk about global religious fundamentalism as a special phenomenon, the appearance of which dates back to the mid-1970s and is associated with such phenomena as the growth of Christian fundamentalism in the Protestant churches of the United States and Latin America, with typologically similar Catholic movements (for example, Opus dei), with "Islamic Fundamentalism" Ayatollah Khomeini, Israeli movement Gush Emunim, etc.
Religious fundamentalism is an opposition to the process of desacralizing culture. It appeals to the absolute authority of the Divine Revelation, expressed in the Holy Scripture (Torah, Christian Bible, Quran) or other canonical religious texts (Talmud, St. Scriptures, Papal Encyclics, Sharia). At the same time, the installation on a literal following text suggests its unequivocal understanding, which is a refusal from the hermeneutic approach, according to which there are many interpretations of any text. In other words, religious fundamentalism offers "faith in addition to interpretation", which in practice leads to the requirement to adopt its own interpretation of its leaders as the only right. Accordingly, religious fundamentalism opposes pluralism of opinions, which, from his point of view, inevitably leads to relativism, i.e. To the assumption of equality of many truths even within one religious tradition.
The consequence of such a religious installation, as a rule, is a political position, which is characterized by the support of the extreme right political forces. The meaning of history, from the point of view of religious fundamentalism, is the confrontation of the forces of God and Devil, Christ and Antichrist. Such historosophy means the denial of ideas of historical evolution and development and generates reinforced apocalyptic expectations. The world history of recent centuries, supporters of religious fundamentalism seems to win the victory of evil forces and the "end of the world", under which the challenge can be understood and the moral decomposition of the Company (for Western Christians), the victory of the secular Zionist ideology (for Jews), the political and economic expansion of the West (for Muslims) . The reason is seen in the fact that religion has lost its defining influence in society, giving way to the pressure of a germanism. In this situation, religious fundamentalists consider themselves elected people, designed to ensure the victory of God in history (Christian Millenirism, Jewish messianism, complaints of Muslims on the universal significance of their religion and lifestyle).
The peculiarity of religious fundamentalism is that by calling to return to tradition in the forms of the past, the historically existing way to dominate the religion in society, it is, unlike conservatism in the usual understanding, a modern project of building a "new world order", based on the rejection of the principles Humanism and democracy and approval of totalitarian religious ideology using modern civilization. Based on the religious axiom of the sinfulness of a person, his inability to adequately perceive the divine call and follow the laws sent over, religious fundamentalists offer to restore the order in the world, relying on the absolute authority of the existing on behalf of the god of religious power, damaging the society conquered in the last century of autonomy. Religious fundamentalism is a radical rejection of the selection of a secular and religious and an attempt to interpret the religion solely in terms of the power of power, both in spiritual and politically.
3. New religious movements
The third feature of the modern religious situation is that the sources of religious search are expanded to the whole experience of human history. Today, the religious area includes all possible religious traditions and practices (which in the "European" cultural context creates bizarre combinations, usually referred to as religious syncretism).
There are various types of new religious movements (NSD). These can be religious borrowings from other cultural ranges. Some of them genetically rented to deep antiquity and "novelty" them is that they function in a new cultural context. At the same time, they change in the process of adaptation. Buddhism in the West other than in Japan, and Japanese Christianity differs from European.
The second type includes NSDs arising from the crushing of tradition. Their genes goes back to sects. For example, the "David branch" tragically died in Texas in 1993 - this is the result of the split in Adventism. Adventism - product crushing of Protestantism, etc. In Russia, an example of such crushing tradition is the "Virgin Center".
The third type of NSD is movements that have grown out of the Western occult tradition. The roots of this tradition go into deep antiquity (the occultists themselves consider it eternal), but, as established by historical science, the predecessors of the NSD of this type have become organizationally decorated fairly late. Masonic lodges appeared at the beginning of the XVIII century, and independent Rosencracycan orders at the end of the XIX.
Another important source - paganism, the cultural rehabilitation of which, started by romantics in the past century, led to the creation of a variety of neo-language groups in the XX century. In the West, this, above all, "Wick" - Celtic paganism, reconstructed by British Gerald Gardner. In Russia, the NSDs relying on Slavic paganism have recently been actively distributed.
And finally, the fifth type includes NSD syncretic, consisting of all of the above components. For example, various movements that make up a new century (New AGE) include elements hind Izm, Buddhism, Christianity, Okkultism, etc., but in different combinations and proportions.
It is clear that the novelty of the NSD is relative, but the process of their occurrence has noticeably accelerated in our time as the traditional religions and improvement of communications between different cultural ranges are weakened. The process of globalization will contribute to this phenomenon.
However, in contrast to Western NSDs, which in their mass cosmopolitan, Russian groups are prone to patriotic statements. Domestic yoga, for example, often claim that Russian yoga ancient Indian. Russian Krishnayites insist that true Vedic civilization arose in Siberia, etc. It follows from this that at the current historical stage, Russian yoga or krishnarism are designed to fulfill a special mission and spiritually save humanity.
4. Religions and "conflict of civilizations"
And finally, the fourth feature of the modern religious situation is associated with the processes of globalization. The world became a single, interrelated whole, and world religions faced face to face. It was found that there are religions, which still largely determine the public being of peoples. This applies primarily to Islam, which claims to be the basis of a special "Islamic civilization".
It became obvious that secularization is a feature of the Christian world and does not apply to other religious traditions. In the global process, the religious factor was very significant, since religions are deeply connected with cultures, with ethics and mentality of people. The project of distributing the values \u200b\u200bof the European non-fergious humanism for the whole world failed. Only pragmatism was universal, but he encourages the inner spiritual life of people, on traditional ways of social communication, determined by religion.
The world today is a polycultural and polyconfessional. This creates the problem of religion relationships. Religions are competitors on the "market of verses". There is also a mutual misunderstanding between representatives of different religious traditions. In addition, some religions acquire political importance by participating in the "conflict of civilizations".
The number of followers of modern religions
The question of the number of followers of various religions is very complex. The case is that many church organizations deliberately overestimate the number of their adherents. In the east of Asia, the definition of the number of supporters of individual religions is complicated by another phenomenon of polycondification, i.e., by the departure of several cults at once. Therefore, the accuracy of data taken from official church sources is very low.
According to this information, from the total population of the world, 4495 million in 1981. 998 million confessed Christianity, 592 million - Islam, 481 million - Hinduism, 256 million - Buddhism, 154 million - Confucianism, 58 million. - Sintoism (according to official Japanese data, the number of syntoisters is much more), 30 million - Taoism, 15 million - Judaism (in this number all the Jews are incorrectly included, regardless of whether they are religious or not), 276 thousand - Zoroastrianism; About 1.9 billion people, according to these data, adhered to other forms of beliefs or did not belong to any church organization.
Catholics are the most numerous Catholics - 580 million, including UNIATICs - 11 million among the uniats, the largest group - Greek Catholics, broken from various Orthodox churches. There are also those who separated from Nestorian Haldo Catholics (2.5 million), Maronites (1.5 million), separated from the monophysites of the Siro Catholics (0.3 million), Coptoliki (0.1 million), Ethiopian Catholics (0.1 million) and Armenian Catholics (0.1 million), followed by Protestants (344 million) and Orthodox (together with followers of other Eastern churches - 74 million). Among the Protestants, Baptists stand out (together with children - 75 million), Lutherans (over 70 million), British (67 million), Presbyterians and Reformats (52 million), Methodists (about 50 million), Pentecostals (8 million), Jehovah's Witnesses (5 million), followers of three close to the faith of confessions of Christian churches, the Christian church (the so-called disciples of Christ) and Christian churches and churches of Christ (about 4 million), Seventh-day Adventists (4, 3 million), members of the United Church of Canada (3.8 million), Congregationalists (3 million), members of the Unifying Church in Australia (over 2 million), members of the United Church of Christ (1.7 million), Nazaryan ( 0.7 million), Mennonites (0.6 million), Moravian Brothers (0.4 million), Quakers (0.4 million), Plymouth Brothers (0.3 million), Unitaria and Universalists (0 , 3 million). Protestants sometimes also include older-liters (0.4 million) and Mormons (5.6 million).
From Muslims about 9/10 - Sunni, about 1/10 - Shiites, Harijite a little. Behawists are 2 million.
Religion performs a number of functions and plays a role in society. The concepts "function" and "role" are connected, but not identical. Functions are the ways of action of religion in society, the role is the total result, the consequences of the fulfillment of the functions.
Religious functions (ways of action) .
Several religion functions are distinguished: the ideological, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, integrating-disintegrating, cultural processing, is legitimizing-inconsistent.
The worldview function religion sells due to, above all, the presence of a certain type of views on a person, society, nature. Religion includes world-up-way (explanation of the world as a whole and individual phenomena and processes in it), the worldview (reflection of the world in sensation and perception), peacefulness (emotional adoption or rejection), the situation (evaluation) and so on. The religious worldview specifies the "limit" criteria, the absolutes, from the point of view of which a person is understood to be, the world, society is ensured by goaling and sense. Giving meaning to Cash Being provides the ability to someone who believes, to escape, at least in the imagination, beyond limited, supports the hope of achieving a bright future, bliss, to get rid of suffering, misfortunes, loneliness, moral fall.
Religion performs a compensatory function, fills limitations, dependence, impotence of people in terms of imagination, restructuring consciousness, as well as changes in objective conditions of existence. Real oppression overcomes "Freedom in Spirit", social inequality turns into "equality" in sinfulness, in suffering; Church charity, mercy, charity, reassignment of income soften disassembled; Disconnection and isolation are replaced by the "Brotherhood in Christ", in the community; impersonal, real relationships indifferent to each other individuals are reimbursed with personal bobbin and communication in the religious group, etc. Of great importance is the psychological aspect of compensation - the removal of stress, consolation, catharsis, meditation, spiritual pleasure, including in the event that the psychological process is driven by illusion.
Religion provides communication, performs communicative function. Communication is formed both in non-religious and religious activities and relationships, includes the processes of information exchange, interaction, human perception by a person. Religious consciousness prescribes two social plan: 1) believers with each other; 2) believers with hypostasted beings (God, angels, souls of the dead, saints, etc.), which act as ideal mediators, intermediaries of communication between people - in liturgy, prayer, meditation, "Tyintozenia".
The regulatory function is that with the help of certain ideas, values, installations of stereotypes, opinions, traditions, customs, institutions, the management of activities and relations, consciousness and behavior of individuals, groups, communities are carried out. The system of norms (religious law, morality, etc.) is especially important, samples (numerous examples for imitation), control (tracking the implementation of prescriptions), promotions and punishments ("reward" of valid, real and promised in posthumous existence).
The integrating-disintegrating function is combined in one respect, and in the other, it disjects individuals, groups, institutes. Integration contributes to preservation, disintegration - to weaken the stability, sustainability of the individual, individual social groups, institutions and society as a whole. The integrating function is performed in the areas in which more or less single, general religion. If, in the religious consciousness and behavior of the person, the trend disagreed with each other, if there are various confessions in social groups and society, religion performs a disintegrating function.
Note and culturally translating function. Religion, being an integral part of the culture, contributed to the development of its defined layers - writing, typography, art, alone cultural phenomena took, others - repelled. It was ensured by the preservation and development of the values \u200b\u200bof religious culture. The transfer of the accumulated heritage from generation to generation is carried out.
LEGITYMISTIMISTIME-MEEGITYMENT (LAT. LEGITIMUS - legal, legalized) function means the legalization of some public orders, institutions (state, political, legal, etc.), relations, norms, samples as proper or, on the contrary, the approval of the illegality of some of them. Religion puts forward a higher demand - maxima (lat. Maxima is the highest principle), in accordance with which the assessment of certain phenomena is given and a certain attitude towards them is formed. Maxim is attached to the mandatory and immutable character.
Principles for analyzing the role of religion
The result, the consequences of the religion of its functions, the significance of its actions, i.e. Her role has been and happening different. Some principles can be distinguished, the implementation of which helps to analyze the role of religion objectively, specifically historically, in certain conditions of place and time.
1. Religion at an angle of view of the limit, absolute criteria authorizes certain views, activities, relations, institutes, gives them "halo of holiness" or declares "wicked", "disappeared", "mired in evil", "sinful", "contradictory law" , "Word of God", refuses them in authorization. The religious factor affects the economy, politics, state, interethnic relations, family, to the area of \u200b\u200bculture through the activities of believers, groups, organizations in these areas. There is a "imposition" of religious relations to other public relations.
2. The degree of influence of religion is related to its place in society, and this place is not once and forever data, it changes in the context of sacralization processes (Lat. Sacer - sacred) and secularization (latelage. Secularis is worldly, secular). Sacralization means involvement in the sphere of religious validation forms of public and individual consciousness, activities, relations, behavior of people, institutions, the growth of the influence of religion on various spheres of public and private life. Secularization, on the contrary, leads to the weakening of the influence of religion on public and individual consciousness, to limit the possibility of religious authorization of various activities, behavior, relationships and institutions, "entry" of religious individuals and organizations into various non-delicious spheres of life. These processes are non-organinene, contradictory, are uneven in the societies of different types, on replacing each other, the stages of their development, in countries and regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, in changing socio-political and cultural situations.
3. It is a peculiar impact on society, its subsystems, the personality of tribal, native-national, regional, world religions, as well as individual religious areas and denominations. In their creed, cult, organizations, ethics there are specific features that find expression in the rules of relation to the world, in the everyday behavior of the follower in various areas of public and personal life, impose a press on the "human of the economic", "man of political", "man of moral "," Man of art "," human environmental ", in other words, on various aspects of culture. Noodynakova was a motivation system, and therefore the focus and effectiveness of economic activities in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Catholicism, Calvinism, Orthodoxy, Old Believers. Differently included in the inter-ethnic, interethnic relations of tribal, native-national (Hinduism, Confucianism, Sikhism, etc.), world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam), their directions and denominations. There are noticeable differences in morality, in the moral relations of the Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, Shintoist, Daiist, followers of a tribal religion. In its own way, art developed, its types and genres, artistic images in contact with those or other religions.
4. Religion is a systemic education comprising a number of elements and relationships: consciousness with its own features and levels, extra-utterable and cult activities and relations, institutions for orientation in non-delicious and religious areas. The functioning of these elements and links gave the results corresponding to them, their contents and orientation. Reliable knowledge made it possible to build an effective action program, increased the theoretical potential of culture, and delusions did not guarantee the transformation of nature, society and humans in accordance with the objective patterns of development, led to unfavorable consequences. Activities, relations, institutions consolidated people, but could and disconnect, contribute to the emergence and growth of conflicts. On the line of religious activities and relationships, ensuring the needs of religious organizations occurred and the creation and accumulation of material and spiritual culture occur - the development of eminent land, improvement of agriculture, animal husbandry, crafts, development of temple construction, writing, typography, schools, literacy, various types of art and T .. But on the other hand, certain layers of culture were rejected, repelled - many components of the pagan culture; Scrisher, laughter culture, portrait painting in Islam; spiritual formations that have fallen in due time in the "index of prohibited bookCatolycyism; A number of scientific discoveries, freedomiff, etc. Of course, it should be taken into account that the positions and practices of religious organizations on many issues of development of culture are historically changed.
5. It is important to take into account the ratio of general systemic and private in religion. The opinion about the identity of the religious and generalistic one is widely widespread. It seems that this opinion does not take into account a number of facts. In religious systems, they are reflected in, firstly, such relationships that are common to all societies regardless of their type, secondly, relations peculiar to this type of society, thirdly, the links that are in syncretical societies, fourth, the conditions of being different Ethnic groups, classes, classes, other groups. The most different cultures are also presented in religions. Even world religions are three, not to mention the many native national, regional and tribal. In religions, they are intertwined, sometimes bizarre, components are generalized, formational, civilizational, class, ethnic, particular, global and local. In specific situations, these or others can act on the forefront: religious leaders, groups, thinkers may not far from equally express these trends. All this finds an expression and in socio-political orientations; History shows that in religious organizations there were different positions; Progressive, conservative, regressive. Moreover, this group and its representatives are not always rigidly enshrined for some of them, can change the orientation, move from one to another. In modern conditions, the significance of the activities of any institutions, groups, parties, leaders, including religious, is determined primarily to the extent to which it serves as a statement of general approval values.
Religion in the modern world plays a certain role in society and performs a number of functions: the ideological, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, integrating-disintegrating, cultural processing, is legitimizing-subjoyment.
The religious region of the life of the Company of the Contemporary World is inherent in the most important changes:
1) secularization is the process of reducing the role of religion in the minds of the people and the life of society; The transition from society regulated mainly by a religious tradition, to a secular model of a social device based on rational (non-delicious) norms. The policy of the state aimed at reducing the influence and role of religion (for example, the secularization of education).
2) fundamentalism is a tendency expressing a negative reaction of conservative religious circles per secularization, i.e. Emancipation of science, culture and social life from religion, which caused the marginalization of the latter.
3) the emergence of new religious movements.
4) Religion and "Civilization Conflict" associated with globalization processes.
Religion is a society subsystem and takes a certain place in it. The world today is a polycultural and polyconfessional. This creates the problem of religion relationships. There is mutual misunderstanding between representatives of different religious traditions. In addition, some religions acquire political importance by participating in the "conflict of civilizations".
This problem can be solved only on ways of approving the principle of mutual tolerance and respect, as well as the activation of inter-religious dialogue.
Bibliography:
1. Garaja V.I. "Religious science", - M.: Aspect Press, 1995.
2. Basics of religious science. Ed. I.N. Yablokova, - M.: Higher School, 2000.
3. Radugin A.A. "Introduction to religion", - M.: Moscow, 2000.
4. www.reLigion.historic.ru.
5. www.religare.ru.
Religion is
· Vera in the supernatural, based on it worldview, world weight and appropriate behavior;
· A combination of views and ideas, a system of beliefs and rites, uniting recognizing their people into a single community;
· Shape satisfying spiritual needs.
Signs of religion: Vera in supernatural; Organized worship of higher forces; The desire to harmonize life with the requirements of unconditional start (God, Absolute)
Elements of religion:
· Vera - the adoption of the truth of anything without evidence;
· The cult is the type of religious activity, religious reverence of any objects, holy fathers, God or gods; religious ritual;
· Experiences;
· Lifestyle (moral values \u200b\u200band religious norms);
· Symbols.
Church- Social Institute, a religious organization, which is based on a single symbol of faith (creed), which determines religious ethics and religious activities, a system of lecture management, behavior of believers.
Religion functions:
· The ideological (asks "limit" criteria, the absolutes, from the point of view of which the world, society, person are comprehended, is ensured by the Caugle and sense);
· Regulatory (streamlines in a certain way, thoughts, the desire of people, their activities);
· Therapeutic (fills limitations, dependence, impotence of people in terms of both the restructuring of consciousness and changes in objective conditions of existence. The psychological aspect of compensation is important - the removal of stress, consolation, meditation, spiritual pleasure);
· Culturally translating (contributes to the development of certain foundations of culture - writing, typography, art. Provides the security and development of the values \u200b\u200bof religious culture. Carries out the transfer of the accumulated heritage from generation to generation);
· Communicative (provides two social plan: believers with each other; believers - with God, angels, souls of the dead, saints in liturgy, prayer, meditation, etc.);
· Integrating (unites individuals, groups, if they recognize more or less single, general religion, which contributes to the preservation of stability, personality stability, social groups, institutions and society as a whole (integrating function). Disconnects individuals, groups, if in their religious consciousness And the behavior is detected by the trend who are not consistent with each other, if there are different in social groups and society, and even confessing confessions of each other);
· Legitimizing.
Forms of early religions:
· Animism (from Lat. Soul) - Vera in the spirits and soul or universal spirituality of nature;
· Fetishism (from fr. Enchanted thing, idol, talisman) - worship of inanimate objects endowed with supernatural properties;
· Totemism (from Indian totem - his genus) - worship an animal or plant as its mythical ancestor and defender;
· Magic (witchcraft).
Religions of the modern world:
· Raptable primitive beliefs that have been preserved to this day;
· National-state religions, which are the basis for the basis of the religious life of individual nations (for example, Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Sintoism (from the Japanese), etc.);
· World religions: Buddhism (VI-V centuries. BC in India), Christianity (I century. AD in Palestine), Islam (VIII century AD in Arabia). In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, freedom of conscience is proclaimed.
· Monotheistic (based on faith in a single God) and polytestic (professing polytheism),
· Ritual (with an emphasis on the implementation of certain religious actions) and religion of salvation (recognizing the main creation, ideas about the world and man, their posthumous fate),
World religions
Buddhism; Christianity (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism); Islam
Signs of world religions:
1. Association of the major community of people
2. The presence of followers in many countries and among the various peoples.
The main world religions in the modern world - Christianity (originated at the beginning of the I thousand n. E.), Islam (originated in the VII century), Buddhism (originated in the middle of the i thousand don. E.)
The largest religions today:
Christianity 1024 million people, Islam 529 million people. Hinduism 478 million people. Confucianism 305 million people. Buddhism 268 million people. Shintoism 60 million people. Taoism 52 million people. Judaism is 14 million people.
The following data speak about the role of world religions in the modern world.
1. The vast majority of people living on Earth are adherents of one of the existing world religions.
2. In many countries of the world, religious associations are separated from
states. Nevertheless, the influence of religion on the political life of modern society remains significant. A number of states recognize one of the religions of state and mandatory.
3. Religion as a culture form is one of the most important sources of moral values \u200b\u200band norms, regulates the daily lives of people, keeps the principles of universal morality. The role of religion in the revival and multiplication of cultural heritage, the involvement of people is invaluable.
4. Unfortunately, religious contradictions continue to be a source and nutrient medium of bloody conflicts, terrorism, separation and confrontation force. Religious fanaticism is destroyed, he opposes culture, universal spiritual values, the interests of man.
Religion in the modern world
1. Trends of modern religious dynamics
2. New religious movements: general concepts
3. "New Age" as a sociocultural phenomenon
4. Confessional structure of modern Belarus
List of sources used
1. Trends of modern religious dynamics
The epoch, which comes in the XXI century man, is characterized by worldview pluralism, the mixing of the concepts of good and evil, the truth and lies, the secularization of society. The sphere of serious religious thinking and serious theology is sharply reduced, but at the same time the spheres of esoteric occult practices and theories are growing. A person is invited to a feast, where, disgusting for decades to criticize the selection of spiritual dishes over decades, prefers a pleasant eye, but the "dishes" offered to the body and soul and soul, the gurus, psychic, sorcerers, and sorcerers. And it becomes unimportant to whom and what to believe, the pretentious "faith in the shower" turns into a person with the disappearance of a person from the traditional proven of the active faith in God, which is fully implemented only in the sacred church space.
World religions take a challenge of atheistic modern world and are adapted differently to the conditions created.
The main trends of modern religious dynamics include:
- the intensification of the missionary activity of traditional religions, awareness of the importance of religious education of people, especially young people. Thus, in the educational institutions of Belarus, the course "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture" was introduced, in Russia - the "Fundamentals of Religious Ethics", where the choice of students and parents is acquainted with the creation of Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism.
- certain erosion, fragmentation of classical religious systems, synthetic forms. For example, the interaction of cultural systems of black Africa and the emergence of Africanistry and African.
- Religious fundamentalism, preaching the persistent rejection of modernity, criticizing the secular life, freed from the power of religion, opposing the Western development model and proclaiming traditional values. For example, the movement of fundamentalists in India, Afghanistan, and so on.
- Theology of liberation, which is distributed in the countries of the Third World. In this region, characterized by political instability, dependence on American capital, population growth and poverty, the Catholic Church is simultaneously a conservative force and an expressive of the interests of a simple people. In 1968, the Catholic Episcopal Council in Medellin (Colombia) condemned violence and defended the poor. This marked the birth of the liberation of liberation using Marxist Analysis for the Circulation of Social Insurance. The ruling elite cruelly dealt with the Church of the poor, in 1980, as a result of the Civil War, thousands of its activists, priests and monks were killed. During the crisis of the communist ideology, the theorist of the liberation of liberation began to focus on environmental protection issues.
- Ecumenical movement aimed at achieving mutual understanding, consolidation, compassion of the positions of large churches and denominations on important issues of modern life. In 1948, the World Council of Churches was created, which includes about 330 churches from 100 countries today. The supreme authority is the Assembly of the WTS, convened for seven years. The goal of the HCC is to promote the study and discussion of the issues of the unity of the Church. The Russian Orthodox Church entered into HCC in 1961, and participates in theological discussions, remaining solid against "acrebia" - preserving the purity of faith. Remembering the dogmatic face, which makes it impossible to church communion of Orthodox with other confessions, Orthodoxy does not distribute this facet to human communication, the expression of good feelings, mutual assistance and exchange of people with their vital discoveries and experiences. As part of the Ecumenical Project, the Roman Catholic Church presented priority to achieving unity in faith issues; Active dialogue is underway with non-Christian religions, for example, with the Organization of the Islamic Conference (1969) and the Buddhist Council (1984). In 1986, many religious leaders prayed for peace in the Italian city of Assisi, the Motherland of St. Francis.
- interest in esoteric, mysticism, occult theories and practices. A number of teachings are theosophy, anthroposophy and so on. - claim large-scale cultural synthesis and the establishment of spiritual domination in the world.
- From the last third of the XX, the cells of the cancer tumor on the body of the states are new religious movements: totalitarian sects, destructive cults, mystical, satanic and neo-language communities.
2. New religious movements: general concepts
Recently, many new religious movements, groups, sects appeared in the world, more often they are called "new cults", "non-traditional religions", "destructive totalitarian sects" who declare that only they can be saved, know the truth, to defeat evil. Over the decades of atheistic ideology in our country, people were not prepared for the influx of pseudo-forming, which collapsed on their consciousness after the opening of the Iron Curtain. A person who does not have sufficient information is difficult to develop the right attitude towards what is happening. There are many facts that testify how the wrong choice of unforeseen, often unpleasant consequences for gullible seekers of truth: families are destroyed, money and property are lost, mental and physical health are undermined, and even people who leave the sect spend years to return to independent life. The sectarians hunt the color of the nation: they are interested in talented, energetic, reasonable young people. Thousands of such young men and girls left the science, production, family and the sphere of normal human relations in general in order to give themselves to this or another "guru" or "Messiah."
Varieties of new cults
Sects exist as much as humanity exists: there were always groups of fanatics following a certain charismatic leader. But in the XX century, they had something new: the systematic use of modern psychological developments aimed at suppressing the will of the person and controlling his thoughts, feelings and behavior. These organizations purposefully undermine the physical and mental health of their members, replace their consciousness. The man who fell into the totalitarian sect is constantly subjected to violence: from beatings and rape to exhausting depleting work from 15 to 18 hours daily, without the necessary nutrition and sufficient sleep. Sect member turn into slaves, devoid of both financial and personal and public resources necessary to exit the group, which, in turn, makes everything possible to keep them at their own, as long as they can still be helpful. When they fall ill or their performance is much dropped, they just throw them out into the street.
The sect is a closed religious group, which is opposing himself the main cultural community (or main communities) of the country or region.
The totalitarian sect is an authoritarian organization whose leader, seeking power over his followers and their exploitation, hides its intentions under religious, political and religious, psychotherapeutic, wellness, educational, scientific and educational, cultural and other masks.
Signs of new cults
- In the sectors, the worship of God is replaced by the worship of the god-like leader or the organization created by him. Heading is the "Guru", "Prophet", "Father", "Savior", "Messiah", "Teacher", which forms the relationship of fear and slave love to him recruited. The sect management is declared infallible,
- There are different levels of information about the organization and its doctrine: for the outside world, newly recruited, each level of initiation and, finally, the tops. The information corresponding to different levels is not only not complementary by each other, but is unrequisite not consistent with each other. In other words, the uninitiated is a lie.
- The followers turn out to be very powerful psychological, often hypnotic, impact. Usually they suggest that only they will be saved, and everyone else will die.
- All people who are outside the sect, have them resistance or not, are declared Satan in power.
- In sects, the consciousness and property of adepts is rigidly controlled. At the same time, the head of sect lives in conditions of incomparably the best than its followers, and has a colossal state.
Controlling consciousness includes several stages:
1) Refusal from the whole past and separating from the outside world, the gap of the former relationships: a person must recognize a complete mistake all that was before he got into the sect.
2) separation of the consciousness and will of the person (most often through mantra, physical exertion and lack of sleep, the lack of personal space, powerful group pressure).
3) Massive indosttrination is a suggestion of a new teaching, a new faith (visits to meetings, a hearing of a guru in headphones all day, fulfilling homework - to learn a certain number of works of the Guru). The goal is to wean logically think, relaxation of will, etc.
Purpose of controlling consciousness - Suppression of the will of the person and the creation of a phenomenon, which psychiatrists are called the "syndrome of the dependent type of personality".
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