Balance of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

It is a vacation and restoration of the body. Reminds the state of rest, which comes after hearty food. Increased blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract speeds up the advancement of food and enhances the secretion of digestive enzymes. The frequency and power of heart abbreviations are reduced, pupils are narrowed, the lumen of the respiratory tract decreases, and the formation of mucus increases in them. The bladder is reduced. These changes return the body into a peaceful state, which was preceded by a "struggle or flight" type reaction during stress.
The slowdown of cardiac activity and stimulation of digestion is typical energy preserving the effects of a parasympathetic system - "peace" and digestion.
Thus: the parasympathetic system is intensifying energy in the body, and its sympathetic spends it.
The sympathetic system is more often discharged entirely (for example, under the stress of adrenal glands ejected catecholamines). The parasympathetic system has a limited emission (for example, in the intestine). The generalized release of acetylcholine can lead to severe consequences for the body resembling the poisoning of muman.
Most organs in the body are obtained both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. These systems act opposite to each other.
Medicines affecting the vegetative nervous system are divided into 2 subgroups according to the types of neurons involved in the mechanism of their action. The first group is cholinergic medicines. Act on receptors activated by acetylcholine. The second group is adrenergic medicine. Act on receptors stimulated by norepinephrine or epinephrine. Both groups: cholinergic and adrenergic medicines act as stimulants or blockers of neurons of the vegetative nervous system.
Today we will consider drugs affecting receptors in the cells - targets activated by acetylcholine.
4. Transmission of the nerve impulse in cholinergic neurons (biosynthesis and decay of acetylcholine).
1st stage: Acetylcholine biosynthesis: This is an instant process capable of maintaining a very high mediator selection rate. Holine, together with sodium, using the Na + dependent membrane carrier comes from extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm of a cholineergic neuron using a transport system that is inhibited by hemicholine. In the enzymatic reaction, choline interacts with acetylcoermeter A, which is synthesized in mitochondria to form acetylcholine.
2. Accumulation of acetylcholine in vesicles: after the synthesis stage, the acetylcholine is transported to synaptic vesicles using a carrier moving protons. The carrier is blocked by the verseball.
3. The release of acetylcholine in Sinaps: Nervous impulse, reaching the end of the nerve, opens up voltane-sensitive calcium channels. CA + 2 according to the concentration gradient rushes into the nervous end and interacts with the protein of the Synaptagminomine membrane vesicle. At the same time, it was jerkulit with a membrane of a nervous end, bursts and throws its contents into the synaps: from 1000 to 50,000 acetylcholine molecules. Botulism toxin reduces the release of acetylcholine.
4. Binding with a receptor. Acetylcholine binds to 1) postsynaptic cell receptors - targets or 2) with presynaptic receptors on the nerve cell membrane, which released acetylcholine. This leads to a biological response in the cell: the nerve impulse is transmitted to postganglyonar neuron or activates specific enzymes in effector cells through secondary intermediaries.
5. The destruction of acetylcholine: acetylcholine under the influence of cholinesterase is quickly turning into choline and acetate.
6. Reelectivation of choline: Holine can be captured by a high-tier transport system that transfers it back into the nervous cell, where it is subjected to acetylation and storage to release the subsequent potential of action.
3. The concept of synapses.
Synapses - the place of transmission of the nervous pulse from one neuron to another or with a neuron on the effector cell. They consist of a persianaptic nervous end, a synaptic gap and a postsynaptic membrane with receptors that are retained on it.
3. The concept of mediators.
Mediators - nervous impulse transmitters. They are contained in neurons. When neurons are excited, mediators (for example, acetylcholine) are released into the synaptic slit and interact with specific receptors. The function of target cells changes.

Parasympathetic activation effects. Parasympathetic nerves regulate the processes associated with the absorption of energy (reception, digestion and suction of food) and its storage. These processes occur when the body is at rest and admits a reduction in respiratory volume (increased bronchus tone) and reduced cardiac intensity.

Secretion saliva and intestinal juice Promotes digestion of food: enhancing the peristaltics and the decrease in the tone of the sphincters accelerate the transport of intestinal content. The emptying of the bladder (urination) occurs due to the voltage of its wall due to the activation of the deloader with a simultaneous decrease in the tone of the sphincter.

Activation of parasympathetic fibersInnervating the eyeball causes a narrowing of the pupil and increases the crystal curvature, which allows us to consider items at close range (accommodation).

Anatomy of the parasympathetic system. The bodies of the progenglyonary parasympathetic neurons are located in the brain barrel and in the sacratling department. Parasympathetic fibers, departing from the cerebral nuclei of the brain, are followed by:
1) III cranial (glazation) nerve and through the eyelash knot are sent to the eye;
2) VII (facial) of the cranial nerve through the cholesterol and exposure, respectively, to the tear and salivary (sub-altitude and subband) glands;
3) IX (Language) cranial nerve through the ear node to the near-dry salivary gland;
4) X (wandering) cranial nerve to intramural ganglions of the organs of the chest and abdominal cavities. About 75% of all parasympathetic fibers are held in the composition of the wandering nerve. Neurons of the sacrum of the spinal cord innervate the distal division of the colon, the rectum, the bladder, the distal diver of ureters and external genital organs.

Acetylcholine as neurotransmitter. Ah is distinguished in the endings of all postganglyonic fibers, serves as a mediator of ganggalionic synapses of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic VNS, as well as motor end plates of transverse-striped mouses. It should be noted that these synapses contain receptors of various types. The presence of different types of cholinoreceptors in various cholinergic synapses makes it possible to selectively pharmacological effects.

Muscarinic cholinoreceptors are divided into five subtypes (M 1 -M 5), but it is not possible to selectively affect them by pharmacological means.

A sympathetic department is part of the vegetative nervous tissue, which, together with parasympathetic, ensures the functioning of internal organs, chemical reactions responsible for the vital activity of the cells. But it should be known that there is a metacipatic nervous system, part of the vegetative design, located on the walls of the organs and capable of decreasing, contacting directly with the sympathetic and parasympathetic, bringing adjustments to their activities.

The internal human environment is under the direct effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

The sympathetic department is localized in the CNS. Spinal nervous tissue operates under the control of nerve cells in the brain.

All elements of a sympathetic barrel located two from the spine side are directly related to the corresponding organs by means of nervous plexuses, and each has its own plexus. At the bottom of the spine both trunk in humans are combined together.

The sympathetic trunk is made to divide the departments: Lumbar, sacral, cervical, chest.

The sympathetic nervous system is concentrated near the carotid arteries of the cervical department, in the chest - heartfelt, as well as the pulmonary plexus, in the abdominal cavity is sunny, mesenteric, aortal, grated.

These plexus are divided into smaller and pulses move to internal organs.

The excitation transition from a sympathetic nerve to the corresponding organ occurs under the influence of chemical elements - sympathins released by nerve cells.

They supply the same tissues with nerves, providing their relationship with the central system, often providing these organs direct ability.

The influence that the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is visible from the table below:

Together, they are responsible for cardiovascular organisms, digestive, respiratory structures, isolation, operation of the smooth muscles of hollow organs, control the processes of exchange, growth, reproduction.

If one begins to prevail over the other, symptoms of increased excitability of sympathicotonium (the sympathetic side predominates), Vagotonia is prevailing (parasympathetic dominates).

Sympathicotonium is manifested in the following symptoms: heat, tachycardia, numbness and tingling in the limbs, an increased appetite without appearance is deprived of weight, indifference to life, restless dreams, fear of death without cause, irritability, scattering, decreases salivation, as well as sweating, manifests migraine.

In a person, in the activation of the increased work of the parasympathetic department of the vegetative design, high sweating appears, the skin to the touch is cold and wet, there is a decrease in the heart rate, it becomes less than the 60th shocks per 1 minute, fainting, increases salivation and respiratory activities. People become indecisive, slow, prone to depression, unbearable.

Parasympathetic nervous system reduces heart activity, has a property to expand vessels.

Functions

The sympathetic nervous system is the unique design of the element of the vegetative system, which in the case of a sudden necessity that occurred is capable of increasing the ability to perform the body of the function of work, by collecting possible resources.

As a result, the design carries out the work, such organs, as heart, reduces the vessels, increases the ability of the muscles, the frequency, the power of the heart rhythm, performance, slows down the secretory, suction ability of the gastrointestinal tract.

SNS supports features such as the normal functioning of the internal environment in the active position, including in effect with physical effort, stressful situations, diseases, blood loss and regulates metabolism, for example, an increase in sugar, blood consumption, others.

It is most fully activated during psychological shocks, by developing adrenaline (reinforcing nerve cells) in adrenal glands, which makes it possible to people faster and more efficiently react to suddenly arising factors from the outside world.

Also, adrenaline is able to produce and with increasing load, which also helps a person better cope with it.

After the malfunction with the situation, a person feels fatigue, he needs to relax, this is due to the sympathetic system, the most fully spent the body's possibility, due to the increase in the functions of the body in the sudden situation.

Parasympathetic NA performs the functions of self-regulation, the protection of the body is responsible for human emptying.

The self-regulation of the body has a recovery effect, working in a calm state.

The parasympathetic part of the activity of the vegetative nervous system is manifested by a decrease in the strength and frequency of the heart rhythm, stimulating the operation of the GTI with a decrease in glucose in the blood composition, etc.

By protecting reflexes, it eliminates the human body from foreign elements (sneezing, vomiting and others).

The table below reflects how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system act on the same elements of the body.

Treatment

If you notice signs of manifestation of increased sensitivity, you need to consult a doctor, as it can cause a disease of a peptic, hypertonic nature, neurasthenia.

The correct and effective therapy is able to assign only a doctor! No need to experiment with the body, since the consequences, if the nerves are in a state of excitability, a rather dangerous manifestation is not only for you, but also for people close to you.

When appropriate treatment, it is recommended to eliminate factors that make up the sympathetic nervous system, whether physical or emotional loads. Without this, no treatment, most likely, will not help, spooking the course of medicines, you will get sick again.

You need a cozy home furnishings, sympathy and help of loved ones, fresh air, good emotions.

First of all, you need to ensure that nothing raised your nerves.

Medication funds used in treatment are based on a group of potent drugs, therefore, they should be used carefully only by appointment or after consulting a doctor.

Appointed drugs are usually attributed to: tranquilizers ("Fenazepam", "Relanium" and others), neuroleptics ("Frenolon", "Sonapaks"), sleeping pills, antidepressants, nootropic drugs and, if necessary, heartfelt ("Corglikon", "Digitoxin" ), vascular, sedative, vegetative preparations, vitamins course.

Well when used to use physiotherapy, including therapeutic physical culture and massage, you can enjoy respiratory gym, swimming. They help to relax organism well.

In any case, ignoring the treatment of this disease is not categorically recommended, it is necessary to consult a doctor in a timely manner, to conduct a designated course of therapy.

Relaxation

Relaxation activates PNS and thus strengthens it. In addition, relaxation calms the sympathetic nervous system tuned to "run or touch", because the muscles relaxing, send back to the brain alarm centers that everything is good. When a person is relaxed, it is less suspended with stress and chagrins ( BENSON, 2000). In fact, relaxation is capable of influencing even genetically laid reactions and thus it reduces harm from chronic stress at the cellular level ( Dusek et al., 2008).

You can benefit from relaxation not only in special, stressful situations. In general, it is useful to teach your body to be able to relax automatically. The methods described below work in both cases. To start, accept the four rapid receptions.

Relax the muscles of the tongue, eye, jaws.

Feel like tension leaves your body to the ground.

Heat hands with warm water.

Listen to yourself, find stressful areas in your body and relax them.

Diaphragm breathing

The use of the technique of a diaphragmal respiration will take a minute-other. The diaphragm is located under the lightweight muscle that helps to breathe. Active work with it is especially useful for weakening the alarm state.

Put your hand on the stomach, about 5 cm below the inverted letter V. In the middle of the chest. Look down, breathe normally and watch your hand. You are most likely to make sure it moves very weakly and as if up.

Without removing your arms from the chest, try to breathe so that the hand moves perpendicular to the chest - as if to the center of the body and then outward. Try breathing in your hand as much as possible so that the hand is noticeably moved in this plane at each stage of breathing.

Here you need some training, but continue exercise, and you will succeed. Then try to make a diaphragmal breath without putting your hand on the diaphragm area. Now you can, if necessary, use this way of rapid relaxation in public places.

Sequential relaxation

If you have from 3 to 10 minutes, try exercise a sequential relaxation. At the same time, you focus on different parts of your body and completely relax them, going from the legs to the head and back. Depending on how much time you have, you can cover your attention big parts of the body (left foot, right foot and so on) or move more detail (right foot, left foot, right ankle and so on). This exercise can be performed with open or closed eyes, but if you learn to do it without closing your eyes, you can relax deeper in the presence of other people.

To remove the tension in a particular part of the body, simply concentrate on it. For example, right now aware of the sensations in your right foot. Or, focusing on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe body, mentally tell her to relax, inform her. Or try mentally to localize some point or space in some body area. (Choose what is best for you.)

Many successfully enjoy the reception of consistent relaxation also before bed - in order to facilitate falling asleep.

Deep exhalation

Inhale as deep as possible, hold your breath for a few seconds, then slowly exhale and relax with exhale. Thanks to the deep breath, the lungs are greatly expanding and turn out to be ready for deep exhalation. And the deep exhalation "includes" the PNS, which is responsible for this part of the respiratory process.

Touching Gubam

In the nerve endings on the lips of a person, many parasympathetic fibers, so, touching the lips, you stimulate the PNS. In addition, the touch towards lips is initially connected with soothing actions - with food intake and even the suction of maternal milk in infancy.

Focusing on your body

The main task of the PNS is to maintain in the body of internal equilibrium, therefore, turning his attention inside itself, you activate the parasympathetic nervous network (unless, of course, you do not worry about your health). Perhaps you have already worked on the concentration of attention on your body (for example, they were engaged in yoga or went to classes to reduce stress). To send focus of attention to your body - it means to fully realize, feel that it takes place in this minute, but do not make any judgments about what is happening and does not resist him. Just carefully and calmly contemplate your physical sensations. More from you is not required.

For example, notify what you feel when breathing. Feel how cool air enters you and warm leaves back; How boobs and stomach rises and fall. Or watch what you feel when we go, pull to something, swallow. Trace your breath separately from beginning to end or attend your attention in each individual step on the way to work. Such classes act surprisingly soothing.

Imagination

Mental activities are usually associated with verbal thinking, but most of the brain does not work with words, but processes mental images. The imagination activates the right hemisphere of the brain and soothes the internal verbal monologue, which usually causes stress.

Imagination, as well as relaxation, easy to use to stimulate PNS in any conditions. And if you have a large time interval, you can imagine something long enough to develop an imagination that will serve as a powerful tool to achieve well-being. For example, if you have twisted at work, imagine a few seconds a quiet mountain lake. And then, at home, when you have enough time, imagine that you walk from this lake, and decorate your mental movie with the aroma of the needles, cries of birds or the sound of children's laughter.

Stay cardiac rhythm

Typically, the time between two consecutive heart blows changes slightly, although very little. It is called cardiac variability (ON WEDNESDAY). For example, if your heart makes 60 beats per minute, then the average time between two consecutive blows is one second. But the heart is not a metronome: the intervals between the blows are constantly changing. And this is normal! The sequence of intervals may look like this: 1 second, 1.1 seconds, 1.15 seconds, 1 second, 0.95 seconds, 0.9 seconds, 0.85 seconds, 0.9 seconds, 0.95 seconds, 2 seconds and etc.

The variability of cardiac rhythm (WRC) reflects the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Our heart beats a little faster when we inhale (SNS is excited), and a little slower when we exhale (the PNS is activated). Stress, negative emotions, aging reduce normal WRC. It is proved that people with relatively small cardiac rhythm variability slower forward after a heart attack ( Kristal ‑ Boneh, et al., 1995).

Interesting question: Is the volatility of heart rhythm just consequence strengthening and weakening stress and other factors or its changes themselves can improve Mental and physical health? We have always have only preliminary information, but studies suggest that the ability to increase the variability and coherence of HRV is associated with a decrease in stress, the improvement of the cardiovascular system, the strengthening of the immune system, improving the overall state ( Luskin, et al., 2002; McCraty, ATKINSON AND THOMASINO, 2003).