DTP vaccination is used to prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, complications in children are often the reason that parents wonder if their child can be vaccinated at all. Severe reactions are rare in children. The most common complications after DPT in children are fever, headache, rash, irritability, and lack of appetite.

Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough

The DPT vaccine is the only reliable way to prevent dangerous infectious diseases: diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis.

Diphtheria most often attacks the throat and larynx, less often the nose, ears, eyes. Infection occurs through a droplet infection. Diphtheria is manifested by a general weakening of the body and a high temperature, an increase in the circumference of the neck. The disease can cause shortness of breath and, in extreme cases, can lead to death by suffocation.

Tetanus is spicy infection which causes a spasm of the respiratory muscles. Symptoms include increased sensitivity to sounds, light, and characteristic cramps that affect the muscles in the neck, back, and even limbs. Sometimes the seizures that occur are so severe that they can injure the tongue and fracture bones.

Whooping cough is an infectious disease that can cause prolonged paroxysmal cough with vomiting. The most dangerous complication of the disease is brain damage.

Despite the fact that vaccination is the only reliable way to prevent the listed formidable diseases, it must be borne in mind that sometimes it causes side effects, such as: diarrhea, vomiting, crying of the child, high fever. Before the introduction of the vaccine, it is necessary to inform the doctor about the possible intolerance to any of the components of the drug used.

DTP vaccination

The most effective way to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis is DPT. In accordance with the calendar of preventive vaccinations, children are injected with the DPT vaccine, which protects against all these diseases at the same time.

DTP vaccination scheme:

• 1 dose - 6-7 weeks of life;
• 2nd dose - 3-4 months;
• 3 dose - 5-6 months;
• 4th dose - 16-18 months.

At 6, 14 and 19 years old, children and adolescents are vaccinated (against tetanus, diphtheria). Revaccination is carried out no earlier than 5 years after the last vaccination. DPT reduces the risks of developing tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough by 87-99%. 8-10 years after vaccination, immunity gradually decreases, therefore revaccination of DPT is recommended

Complications

Parents are increasingly refusing to vaccinate their children, explaining this by fear of complications after DPT vaccination. How are the so-called adverse reactions manifested after the procedure? Which ones are the most common?

By definition, an adverse reaction following a DPT vaccination is every possible disorder that occurs after a vaccine is given. This means that there may be complications associated with an individual response to the procedure.

The most common adverse complications following vaccination are local reactions such as:

• edema;
• soreness;
• hardening and redness at the injection site;
• enlargement of nearby lymph nodes.

In addition, in children, frequent unwanted complications can be:

• short-term fever;
• temporary weakening of the body;
• irritability;
• rash;
• headache;
• muscle pain;
• excessive sleepiness or excessive agitation;
• anxiety;
• decreased appetite.

The symptoms of a vaccine reaction are usually not very bad for the patient and go away quickly. They are certainly milder than the symptoms that cause whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus.

Part adverse reactions for vaccination may be associated with improper vaccination (for example, incorrect administration - subcutaneous instead of intradermal), vaccination with an expired or improperly stored drug. All this can lead to an abscess, infiltration or ulcer at the injection site. Such complications are rare and can be avoided if the vaccination product is stored in the correct conditions and the vaccinations are carried out in accordance with the rules for their administration by an experienced specialist.

Serious complications

Can vaccinations be dangerous? DTP vaccination rarely leads to serious complications. Anaphylactic reaction to the drug is observed in 1 out of 10,000 patients, passes with varying degrees of severity and reaches up to anaphylactic shock. Children with severe allergies to the drug should not be vaccinated with it.

Neurological complications - encephalopathy, convulsions, inconsolable cry. They occur after DPT vaccination, especially in children with active neurological disease. To avoid this kind of complications, it is not recommended to administer the DPT vaccine to children with progressive neurological diseases, as well as those that had unwanted neurological symptoms after a previously administered dose of DPT vaccine. For these children, another vaccine is used, the so-called acellular DPT vaccine or diphtheria and tetanus vaccine without pertussis components.

Procedure myths

One of the most common arguments parents make when rejecting vaccinations for children is the relationship between the development of autism and certain types of vaccines. The parents refer in this case to a 1998 theme published in the medical journal "The Lancet".

According to published data, the component of the vaccine responsible for complications is a substance called thimerosal. After 6 years from the beginning of its use, it turned out that it contained numerous errors, but the connection of vaccinations with autism was not confirmed in any clinical research... It has been established that thimerasol is a substance that is excreted from the body. Used in such a small dose (in vaccinations), it does not accumulate in the body and does not cause symptoms of poisoning. Parents who are afraid of the harms of this substance may choose a thimerasol-free vaccine. None of the vaccines used to vaccinate a child cause autism.

Other myths associated with vaccinations are:

• the development of diabetes mellitus after certain vaccinations (for example, vaccination against haemophilus influenzae, tuberculosis, MMR);
• the development of multiple sclerosis with the hepatitis B vaccine;
• development bronchial asthma after vaccination against tuberculosis and whooping cough.

The most typical adverse reactions after DPT vaccination are local and short-term reactions of the body of a small patient. Symptoms that pass quickly include fever, weakness, lack of appetite, and rash. They are disproportionate to the severity of the symptoms of the disease that vaccination protects against. More serious complications from a vaccine in a child are rare.

About 1 in 10,000 vaccinated patients may develop symptoms of anaphylaxis or neurological symptoms.

Serious encephalopathy after vaccine administration is very rare (1 in 300,000 vaccinated), inflammation of the brain and spinal cord - in 1 in 500,000. Severe complications of whooping cough in unvaccinated children (for example, hypoxia and associated brain damage) are much more common.

It is necessary to know and it is important to remember that the consequences of pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis are much more dangerous than the possible reactions to the composition of the vaccine during the procedure.

From the very birth of a person, many dangerous infectious diseases pursue, which not only cause significant harm to health, but can also lead to death. Children are most prone to infection with dangerous viruses, since their immunity is still too weak and unstable. According to the vaccination calendar, babies in the first year of life are subject to mandatory vaccination against many life-threatening diseases. Diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus shots are also required and are on this list.

What are diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus

What are these diseases: diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, how are they dangerous? The causative agents of these diseases are - pathogenic bacteria entering the body in various ways. These are very dangerous illnesses, from which many unvaccinated children die for years..

Diphtheria manifests itself through inflammation of the upper respiratory tract... Microbes are localized on the tonsils, lymph nodes increase, and then laryngeal edema occurs. This can lead to suffocation and heart failure and, as a result, to death.

Tetanus leads to immobility of the muscles, to excessive tension in them throughout the body. As a result, the patient cannot swallow anything and even open his mouth, since the jaw cannot open. Given that children often knock down their knees, get injured and scratched, infection easily enters the body in the absence of good protection. Mortality is at a high level - 20% of those infected.

Whooping cough is a disease accompanied by a spasmodic cough. The bacterium, entering the respiratory tract, irritates the bronchi. Catarrhal phenomena in the form of a runny nose and discharge of thick sputum do not allow the baby to breathe normally, and the baby does not even know how to blow his nose. Coughing fits become unbearable and last for weeks, which can lead to complications and death.

V Lately outbreaks of whooping cough have increased in Russia. This disease is especially difficult for babies. A six-month-old baby may simply cough slightly, which is easily confused with a common cold. In the absence of normal treatment, the disease is aggravated and develops into pneumonia.

Diphtheria and whooping cough are transmitted by airborne droplets and by household means, and the tetanus pathogen can enter the body through cuts, wounds, and scratches.

How and with what they are vaccinated

The vaccine is given in the front of the left or right thigh... Previously, the introduction of the drug into the gluteus muscle was practiced, however, it is absorbed worse through the adipose tissue, so this issue was revised. Children after a year and a half are vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus whooping cough in the shoulder area.

The drug is a cloudy liquid. The syringe should be shaken before inoculation so that the non-dissolved components rise from the bottom and the vaccine becomes homogeneous. If lumps and flakes are found, then children cannot be vaccinated with such a remedy.

In addition to the main antibacterial components, the preparation contains an adsorbent and a stabilizer... The first is needed in order to absorb foreign pathogenic microorganisms and prevent foreign bacteria from entering the vaccine. The second creates conditions for long-term storage of the drug, in other words, it is a preservative.

At what age is immunization carried out

The only way to protect a child from these diseases is to vaccinate him on time. To avoid the serious consequences of the three dangerous infections, the baby is given several doses of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines on schedule. Children are vaccinated 4 times:

• the first immunization is carried out at 3 months, and then two more injections are given with an interval of 1.5 months;
• revaccination for the formation of stable immunity in a baby is done at 1.5 years.

Then a person is vaccinated at 7 and 14 years old, and then every 10 years of life only from tetanus and diphtheria... The pertussis component is no longer needed, but protection against the other two dangerous infections is necessary.

Vaccination preparations

Vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus builds immunity in most children, protects them from infection and prevents the formation of outbreaks of these diseases for decades. Immunization is carried out with drugs of two types and can be combined with other vaccines.

At the moment, many drugs are used with a whole cell and acellular component. The former contain live strains of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus bacteria, and the drugs of the latter group are purified.

The most commonly used DTP and TETRAKOK are whole cell vaccines... From France and Belgium come drugs with an acellular component - Infanrix IPV, Infanrix Hexa, Infanrix Penta, Pentaxim, Hexaxim. Both types of vaccines are effective and cause the production of antibodies to prevent infection.

Contraindications to immunization

Despite the fact that immunization is indicated for all children, without exception, there are contraindications to its implementation, or a temporary medical outlet if:

• the child has an acute respiratory illness, he has serious congenital abnormalities or abnormalities in the nervous system;
• a severe post-vaccination reaction appeared after the previous vaccination in the form of convulsions, high fever, severe edema of the injection site, lameness;
• a strong allergic reaction was found, which can be caused by thiomersal, which is part of the drug;
• the baby has already had one of these diseases... In this case, vaccination with one of the components is meaningless, and one should be vaccinated with those drugs in which there are no strains of the virus of the infection that the child suffered;
• a strong medication is prescribed, such as iron supplements, which suppress the immune system.

Reason for seeing a doctor

In most cases, vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus does not give any serious complications and post-vaccination reactions. However, there are still exceptions. It is necessary to consult a doctor in the following cases:

• continuous crying in the first few hours after vaccination;
• increased body temperature after vaccination - over 39.5 C;
• cramps, severe swelling and redness of the injection site.

The vaccine is given in the front of the thigh, and in some cases children have a slight lameness that goes away as soon as the swelling subsides.

Preparation for vaccination

Immunization against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria is not mandatory. The medical staff of the polyclinic warns the parents or legal representatives of the child about possible reactions, instructs them on how to behave in order to avoid post-vaccination complications, and the child is carefully examined by a pediatrician.

Only after signing the appropriate consent and certifying that the baby is healthy, he is sent for vaccination.

Much depends on home care- preparation for vaccination is an important aspect, therefore, the district nurse in advance gives parents recommendations of this nature:

• in order to prevent an allergic reaction give the child three days before vaccination antihistamine e.g. Fenistil;
• avoid visiting crowded places, especially during periods of epidemics;
• monitor the behavior of the baby, monitor his appetite and mood on the eve of the vaccination;
• take blood and urine tests in advance;
• measure the temperature on the eve of immunization and before going to the clinic.

After vaccination, you should also take care. Therefore, you should not go shopping right away with your child, but it is better to sit out after vaccination at home for at least one day... The baby starts the process of producing antibodies, and this loads the immune system. If any extraneous infection joins, it will lead to complications after vaccination.

Common post-vaccination reactions

Usually, the most common reaction is an increase in temperature to 38 C... You should not panic - this is a normal manifestation of the formation of immunity against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough, therefore, having seen 37.5 C on a thermometer, it is necessary to give the child Panadol or Nurofen.

The injection site may turn slightly red and harden on the first day. On the day of vaccination, you must refrain from water procedures and the pediatrician must warn about this. The next day, the swelling should gradually disappear. Some doctors claim that slight lameness and prolonged swelling are normal consequences, but if such post-vaccination reactions are found, it is still better to see a doctor in order to rule out serious complications.

Some parents refuse to vaccinate against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, but this is a mistake. The medical rejection must be justified, and there are certainly cases when immunization is impossible. But mass refusal to vaccinate leads to outbreaks of these diseases... V last years you can see an increase in the incidence of infection with these terrible infections. Local and general post-vaccination reactions in the form of edema of the injection site, fever and malaise, which do not always occur, are not as scary as having whooping cough, diphtheria or tetanus.

Whooping cough vaccine is given to all healthy children who have no contraindications. This is important, because the disease is more common in early age when the body is not yet ready to cope with serious infections on its own.

Pertussis is a bacterial infection of the respiratory tract with a typical clinical presentation. Pathology is characterized by attacks of coughing, which appear mainly at night and often end in vomiting. More about whooping cough in children →

Terms of vaccination

The vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus is given intramuscularly in the thigh area. Vaccination is carried out three times at 3, 4.5 and 6 months. The interval should be at least 30–40 days.

Revaccination is carried out no earlier than 12 months after the first three vaccinations, at about 1.5 years. The reaction of the child's body to the previous administration of drugs, the tendency to develop complications, and previous infections must be taken into account.

What to do if deadlines are missed

If for some reason the first routine immunization against whooping cough was missed, it can be started at any age up to 4 years. In this case, the vaccination is given in stages: 3 times with an interval of 30-40 days.

In cases where revaccination has not been done in 1.5 years, it is carried out at any time up to 4 years. If the child has had whooping cough or is over 4 years old, the ADS vaccination is given. It contains only diphtheria and tetanus toxoid.

Need for vaccination

When it comes time to get the whooping cough vaccine, many parents wonder if their child really needs it. In children, after the administration of vaccines, complications are sometimes observed in the form of allergic reactions, convulsive seizures, and lesions of the respiratory and heart organs.

But since whooping cough is often ill at an early age, the child's body is not able to independently fight the pathogen of the pathology, which often leads to serious consequences. Pertussis vaccine promotes the production of specific antibodies that protect against infection and mitigate clinical manifestations.

Before vaccinating children, employees of a medical institution must find out whether it is possible to carry out the manipulation now, or if it should be postponed for a while.

Contraindications

Regardless of the age at which the whooping cough vaccine is given, there are situations when it is contraindicated for a child.

Vaccination is not allowed in the following cases:

• the presence of any disease accompanied by worsening general condition and an increase in body temperature;
• taking medications that suppress the normal functioning of the immune system;
• pathology of the nervous system;
• hyperthermia, not associated with diseases (with teething);
• allergic reactions and complications after previous vaccinations;
• transferred craniocerebral and birth trauma;
• deep prematurity, malnutrition, lag in physical and psychomotor development;
• reception antibacterial drugs a child or nursing mother;
• a history of allergies to medicines, products.

Previously unvaccinated children who have reached 7 years of age are not vaccinated against whooping cough. The immune system at this age is quite developed, and the disease is more easily tolerated.

How to properly prepare your child for vaccination

A week before and 7–10 days after the vaccine was administered, new foods and medications should not be introduced into the children's diet. If they provoke allergies, it can be difficult to install a foreign substance that triggers an immune response.

With increased body temperature, runny nose, cough, inflammatory processes on the skin, teething, whooping cough vaccination is postponed to another time.

On the day of vaccination, the doctor must necessarily examine the child, assessing the general condition. The body temperature is measured. The mother is asked when the child was last ill, whether there were any general disturbances during the last 7-10 days, allergies and complications after the previous administration of vaccinations or medications.

If there are contraindications, vaccination is canceled or postponed to another date.

Types of whooping cough vaccines

Immunization is carried out in a comprehensive manner, in order to prevent several diseases at once. It is important for parents to know the correct name of the whooping cough vaccine and what ingredients it contains.

Several types of vaccines are currently in use. Each of them protects the child's body from a number of pathologies at once.

Types of whooping cough vaccinations

The vaccine is selected taking into account the health status of the child and the need for immunization against a specific disease. Comprehensive vaccinations are safer for children, since the antigenic load is reduced several times at once. At the same time, immunity to several diseases is formed.

Normal reaction and complications after vaccination

It is important to distinguish normal reactions to pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccine from complications following vaccinations. The first are expressed in redness of the skin, an increase in temperature and the formation of small papules - all this is the norm. Complications are a threat children's health and require qualified medical attention.

Post-vaccination complications include:

• anaphylactic shock;
• hives;
• Quincke's edema;
• convulsive syndrome;
• encephalopathy;
• the formation of infiltration at the injection site;
• hyperergic reaction in the form of extensive redness of the skin with a large papule;
• ulceration and necrosis of the skin in the area of ​​the injection.

After vaccination against whooping cough, parents should closely monitor their child for 72 hours. If you experience any symptoms of complications, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible.

The body's response to whooping cough in vaccinated children

The purpose of the DPT or Pentaxim vaccine is to protect the child from several pathologies at once. The child's body, after the introduction of toxoids or killed bacteria, begins to develop specific immunity.

But vaccination does not give one hundred percent prevention of diseases. The symptoms of whooping cough in vaccinated children do not differ from those of those who miss the vaccination. However, the course of the disease is milder, the risk of complications and death is minimized.

Prevention of whooping cough

All children who have been in contact with a sick person are subject to mandatory examination for the carrier of the pathogen. You need to monitor their condition for 14 days. An unvaccinated child under the age of one year is injected with immunoglobulin. However, most effective method prevention is a comprehensive vaccination that protects the body from several diseases.

Every mother has the right not to immunize her child for fear of serious consequences. But before refusing vaccination, it is worth finding out how threatening the health is the clinical picture of the pathology, whether a vaccinated child can get whooping cough, and what will be the course and prognosis. To do this, you can seek advice from your attending physician, who will provide the most detailed and understandable information for parents.

Useful video: Do ​​I need to give my child a whooping cough vaccine

The vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus is one of the first in the vaccination calendar. If practically no one argues with the need to prevent the last two infections, then the component against whooping cough causes an ambiguous reaction from parents - it is he who provokes most of the unpleasant consequences of vaccination. Do I need to vaccinate my child against whooping cough, how to prepare properly, and what vaccines are there?

Is there a need for a whooping cough vaccine?

Whooping cough is a highly contagious disease. An unimmune person, upon meeting with a pathogen, becomes ill with a 100 percent probability. For adults, it is not dangerous (if there are no chronic diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems), but children aged from birth to 1 year are at high risk. Babies may have a moderate and severe course of the disease with the following features:

• sneezing, hiccups, or screaming instead of coughing;
• complications in the form of seizures, loss of motor and speech skills, lesions of the central nervous system;
• tearing of the frenum of the tongue due to severe cough.

The most severe symptom of whooping cough in children under 2–3 years of age is a short-term (from a few seconds to 2–4 minutes) respiratory arrest after a series of cough shocks (apnea) (the main symptoms of whooping cough in a 3-year-old child). A feature of the modern course of the disease is the addition of secondary infections, viral or bacterial. Whooping cough in young children can be fatal.

Several thousand cases of whooping cough are registered in Russia every year, most of them in children under 14 years of age. In 2016, a surge in incidence was recorded, which was 1.6 times higher than in the previous year. Experts saw the reason in the low quality of the vaccine or in the next cyclical rise in the incidence.

The influx of labor migrants from countries unfavorable for whooping cough into Russia makes a meeting with him quite possible. Refusal to vaccinate plays an important role in the growth of morbidity.

Types of whooping cough vaccines

Manufacturers do not produce a vaccine for whooping cough alone. The pertussis component is part of several combination drugs. The most popular and most commonly used in the field of pediatric health insurance is called DPT. There are other vaccines, the action of which is aimed at the formation of immunity to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (+ to other infections):

• DTP-Hep B (+ hepatitis B);
• Bubo-Kok (+ hepatitis B);
• Tetracoccus (+ polio);
• Pentaxim (+ polio and infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB));
• Infanrix;
• Infanrix Penta (+ hepatitis B and poliomyelitis);
• Infanrix Hexa (+ hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, infections caused by HIB).

The first three combined vaccines, like DTP itself, are classified as whole-cell vaccines - they contain inactivated, that is, killed whooping cough. These drugs often cause severe general reactions, side effects, and complications. The rest of the vaccines are acellular, they often provoke local reactions, but in general children tolerate them better.

After any of these vaccinations, whooping cough resistance is maintained for 4-6 years. Life-long immunity occurs in those who have had this disease.

Contraindications in children

Vaccination with drugs containing inactivated pertussis pathogen or its toxoid has a number of contraindications. Before the procedure, the pediatrician or paramedic examines the child, interviews the parents. The physician is obliged to exclude the presence of:

• developing diseases of the nervous system;
• a history of seizures;
• a pronounced allergic or general reaction to a previous vaccine administration;
• diseases in the acute phase (vaccination is carried out after 28 days);
• respiratory disease in mild form(the procedure is possible after 14 days);
• exacerbation of a chronic disease (children are vaccinated after 4 weeks of remission).

Interaction with other vaccines and medicines

As mentioned above, the pertussis vaccine in pure form not available today. Pertussis vaccine is combined with drugs against tetanus and diphtheria, as well as poliomyelitis, hepatitis B and diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B. After an acute reaction, subsequent vaccination and revaccination are carried out with drugs that do not contain an anti-whooping cough component.

If the temperature rises after vaccination, the child should be given an antipyretic agent.

The vaccine manufacturers have not reported anything about drug interactions. Practicing pediatricians recommend that when a child rises in the first two days of temperature above 37.3 °, give him an antipyretic based on paracetamol or ibuprofen (in extreme cases, nimesulide), and in case of allergies - an antihistamine.

Preparation for vaccination

To make it easier for the baby to transfer the vaccine, you need to prepare for it. First of all, the child must be healthy. To do this, limit his communication with children and adults - sit at home for three days before vaccination. Do not cancel walks.

The introduction of the vaccine is a serious test for the child. Reduce other stress: Ease the child's diet on the day before going to the clinic, and ensure a bowel movement the day before.

If your child is taking vitamin D, stop taking it 3 days before the vaccine. It is recommended during this period to give calcium preparations (1 tablet of Calcium gluconate per day). Both of these measures will reduce the likelihood of an allergic reaction.

Usually vaccinations are given on the so-called days. healthy child, but not the fact that healthy babies adults who are not completely healthy will not (will), so there is a chance of getting an infection on the day of vaccination (and at the same time a post-vaccination complication). Try to minimize the child's stay in the line - leave dad or grandmother in it, and wait outside if the weather permits.

On the day of vaccination and the day before, carefully observe the well-being of the baby. If you notice something unusual (decreased appetite, lethargy, drowsiness, or, conversely, increased excitability, nervousness), inform the pediatrician about it.

The pediatrician must make sure that the child is completely healthy at the time of vaccination

Psychological preparation of the child for the procedure is also necessary. You can tell a two- or three-year-old baby where and why you are going with him, explain that the doctor will examine him first, and then the nurse will give him an injection, which will be a little painful, but you will hold him on the arms. Tell him / her that he / she is very brave and, of course, will withstand such a nuisance. Promise the little hero a reward and hand it over, even if he does not behave like a hero at all.

Vaccination schedule

Despite the fact that newborns do not have innate immunity to whooping cough, they are vaccinated against whooping cough for the first time only at 3 months. It is possible to become infected with this disease only through very close contact with the patient, therefore, an unvaccinated child must be protected from contact with any coughing person.

In accordance with the schedule, one and a half months later, another vaccination is given, and the next one in six months. Revaccination is carried out in a year and a half.

Normal reaction and complications after vaccination

Prior to vaccination, the pediatrician or procedure nurse advises parents on possible reactions to the vaccine and when to seek urgent medical help... A short-term (in the first two days after vaccination) temperature rise above 38 °, anxiety or, conversely, lethargy, loss of appetite, redness, induration, itching and slight swelling at the injection site is considered normal. Some children react to the vaccine with digestive upset - vomiting and diarrhea.

Irritability, lethargy, and a slight increase in temperature in the first couple of days after vaccination is considered a normal reaction

The temperature decreases after taking antipyretics, local reaction can last up to 5 days. A temperature above 40 °, which is not reduced by medications, edema more than 5 cm in diameter at the injection site or edema of the entire leg, a pronounced disturbance of the general condition, convulsions, loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest, unreasonable sharp crying lasting more than two hours is a reason for emergency call for an ambulance.

Caring for your baby after vaccination

Despite the desire to go home with the crying child immediately after the vaccination, this cannot be done. Rarely, but there are reactions to vaccines such as Quincke's edema and anaphylactic shock, so stay in or near the clinic for half an hour.

When you come home, watch your child carefully. Soreness at the injection site and mild lameness are normal reactions to this shot. Think in advance about quiet entertainment: stock up on kind, not exciting cartoons, books, board games, walkers. If the baby is not yet walking, dress him more loosely so that the clothes rub against the injection site, and if it is warm at home, do not put anything on his legs at all.

For two days after the procedure, follow a diet: do not introduce new foods, give food as much as the baby wants, do not overfeed. Vitamin D can be given again after 2-3 days, during which time continue to take calcium. Give your child smaller meals often.

Refrain from bathing on the day of your vaccination. In the absence of complications, you can bathe the next day without touching the injection site. Wipe off gently by blotting moisture with a towel.

Do not overheat the child, try to provide him with fresh cool air at a humidity of 50–70%. If there is no heat, go for a walk - it will only benefit.

Is pertussis prevention possible?

When thinking about preventing whooping cough in a baby, take care of your own protection when planning a pregnancy. Immunity will not be passed on to the baby, but you yourself will not infect him with this dangerous disease before vaccination.

The only way of prevention is vaccination, and not only within the framework of the National Vaccination Schedule. The schoolchildren vaccinated in accordance with this document suffer from whooping cough, albeit in a mild form. Weakened children, including those who are suffering chronic diseases, carry the disease harder than healthy peers, so you should think about revaccination at school age.

The tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccine is better known as DPT. This is one of the most important vaccinations for children of the first year of life. Even those parents who are generally negative about vaccinations usually do not refuse it. According to the schedule, the baby should be given the first DPT immunization at the age of three months. Most often, complex vaccines are used, which makes it possible to inject antigens of pathogens of three (or more) diseases at once with one injection. The vaccine arsenal is diverse. Which one is better and safer?

Comprehensive vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough protects the child from infections that are highly contagious, with a severe course that can result in complications and even fatal. These diseases are especially dangerous for babies under five years of age with immature immunity.

• Diphtheria (Diphteria). Diphtheria corynebacterium can easily be infected by airborne droplets or through the patient's belongings contaminated with the pathogen (linen, clothes, dishes, toys). The incubation period lasts about a week, but in some cases it can take up to several months. Intoxication with high fever, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract with the formation of fibrinous films - all this contributes to the severe course of the disease. In weakened children, pathology can end with complications: myocarditis, polyneuritis, pneumonia, nephrosis. Therefore, the diphtheria vaccine is all the more important.
• Whooping cough (Pertussis). Babies contract whooping cough by inhaling the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The incubation period is four to 16 days. Intoxication with elevated temperature and a "barking" cough for whooping cough are characteristic symptoms. The resulting tissue hypoxia disrupts the metabolism of a sick child. In children of the first year of life, breathing processes can be significantly impaired, which provokes convulsions, leading to death.
• Tetanus (Tetanus). Tetanus can only be transmitted through damaged skin or the lining of the respiratory tract. The incubation period lasts from a week to several months. The development of the disease leads to muscle contraction and seizures. Convulsions of the muscles involved in breathing cause suffocation and death.

Tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough vaccine: a review of medications

The most famous domestic vaccine against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis for children is called "Pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus adsorbed liquid vaccine". Abbreviated as DTP vaccine. She is immunized in polyclinics free of charge.

In some cases, it is replaced with a less "reactogenic" drug, ADS, which does not contain pertussis bacteria. For revaccination after four years or emergency immunization, an even "lighter" version of the vaccine, ADS-M, in which diphtheria and tetanus antigens are contained in a reduced amount, may be recommended. In cases where the baby only needs protection from tetanus, "Purified Tetanus Toxoid Liquid" (AC) is used.

At the same time, according to reviews, today imported analogues of the Russian DPT are increasingly popular. Despite the fact that they are paid. As practice has shown, they are less likely to provoke side effects, and the post-vaccination period is easier to carry. In addition, in some drugs, in addition to the antigens of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, antigens of other infections are present. The plus is that it makes it possible to immediately take care of protecting the baby from more diseases. Although it should be borne in mind that this gives an increased load on the body. We are talking about the following drugs.

• "Pentaxim" (France)... Includes five components isolated from pathogens that cause tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria, poliomyelitis and hemophilic infection.
• Infanrix (Belgium)... Designed for immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough and hemophilus influenza.
• Infanrix Hexa (Belgium)... Contains six constituents: diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis toxoids, inactive poliomyelitis virus, hemophilus influenzae polysaccharide and hepatitis B antigen.
• Infanrix IPV (Belgium)... The drug includes antigens: tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria and poliomyelitis.

The Russian version of the DPT "extended" by other components - the drug
"Bubo-Kok". It is a "live" vaccine against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and hepatitis B.

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus Vaccination Schedule Approved national calendar vaccination. The timing and recommended number of injections are shown in the following table.

Table - Scheme of immunization of a child against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis

Vaccination	Child's age	Vaccine
First vaccination	3 months	DTP
Second vaccination	4.5 months	DTP
Third vaccination	6 months	DTP
First revaccination	1.5 years	DTP
Second revaccination	7 years	ADS-M
Third revaccination	14 years	ADS-M

Children who have already had whooping cough at the time of immunization do not need a vaccination against this disease. For them, the use of bivalent ADS is recommended.

If deadlines are missed

Some children cannot be vaccinated according to the vaccination schedule. If the recommended deadlines are missed, then the children are vaccinated according to the following schemes.

• Child four to six years old... The ADS vaccine is injected twice with an interval of one and a half months. Revaccination is carried out after 9-12 months.
• Children over six years old... The drug ADS-M is injected twice with an interval of one and a half months. Re-immunization is carried out after six to nine months.

If for some reason the date of the first revaccination was missed, this does not mean that the previous three vaccinations were in vain. However, re-administration of the drug is required. In this case, agree on the timing and vaccine with the pediatrician on an individual basis.

The immunological protection that the drug provides after the first course of vaccination is effective against diphtheria and tetanus for ten years. After this period, a second immunization is needed. Protection against pertussis bacteria "works" for five to seven years. A separate vaccine for vaccination against whooping cough has not yet been created.

According to the instructions, vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis and infant, and older children do it intramuscularly in the shoulder or thigh. After the procedure, you can bathe the child and wet the injection site. But you cannot steam or comb this place.

Post-vaccination period: reactions and complications

The reaction to the vaccine is usually mild. The symptoms are as follows:

• slight inflammation of the injection site;
• slight swelling of the injection site;
• low temperature (37.4-38 ° C);
• irritability;
• lethargy and drowsiness;
• pain in an arm or leg.

These side effects are attributed to the disadvantages of tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccinations. But they usually go away in two to three days and do not require special treatment... An antipyretic drug can be used to normalize the temperature. With insignificant allergic reactions(hand reddened, swelling of the injection area) anti-allergic drugs are recommended.

Rarely, but complications arise after pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccination. According to statistics, in 93% of cases, the adverse effects of vaccination appear on the first day of vaccination. Complications include:

• severe edema (diameter more than 7 cm) and redness at the injection site;
• encephalopathy;
• allergic reaction (edema, rash, anaphylactic shock).

The cause of such conditions can be:

• violation of sanitary and hygienic standards with the introduction of the drug;
• combing the area of ​​the injection with the introduction of infection;
• violation of the rules for preparing for vaccination (examination by a pediatrician, delivery of urine and blood tests).

Contraindications

DPT is given only to healthy children. Contraindications include:

• acute infections;
• diseases of the nervous system (encephalitis, meningitis);
• an allergic reaction to the first injection of the vaccine;
• high temperature (39.5-40 ° C);
• convulsions on the first injection of the drug;
• immunodeficiency states;
• taking immunosuppressants.

Weakened by chronic diseases (heart, kidney, liver), children must be vaccinated against tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough, if there are no contraindications listed above.

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– effective method prevent the development of an infectious disease or facilitate its course. Diphtheria is an infectious disease.

It has been proven repeatedly: timely vaccination will save not only dangerous complications, but also from death. Immunization is indicated for both children and adults.

Physician-therapist: Azalea Solntseva ✓ Article reviewed by a doctor

Vaccination against diphtheria, methods of vaccination and types of drugs

A timely vaccination provides protection against the disease provoked by the pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or rather, toxins secreted by this microorganism. The disease is characterized by the formation of dense films on the mucous membrane of the pharynx, nose, larynx, trachea and the appearance of signs of general intoxication.

Since persistent immunity cannot be obtained after a cure from diphtheria, everyone should be vaccinated, regardless of age. The introduction of a vaccine preparation promotes the formation of antitoxic immunity, which helps to avoid the development of dangerous forms pathology resulting in disability or death of the patient.

To immunize the population, a vaccine is produced, which is a weakened diphtheria toxin. Its introduction provokes the synthesis of antitoxins. Their presence determines immunity to the effects of corynebacteria (diphtheria sticks).

Modern medicine uses 2 types of vaccine preparations:

1. With a preservative (thiomersal, merthiolate). It is a substance that contains mercury. This compound also has antiseptic and antifungal properties. Its concentration in the vaccine is so small that it cannot have any harmful effect on the body as a whole. Merthiolate vaccines are available in ampoules for several doses. The list of drugs with thiomersal is presented by the DTP, ADS-M, ADS, Bubo-Kok, Bubo-M, DT Vax vaccines.
2. No merthiolate. These formulations are safer and can be dispensed into single-use syringes. Among the vaccines without preservatives, it is worth highlighting Pentaxim, Infanrix, Infanrix Hexa, Tetraksim.

Pertussis vaccination, tetanus, diphtheria - vaccine name and characteristics

Immunization is mainly carried out with the help of DTP vaccination, the full name of the vaccine is adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

It contains:

• non-living whooping cough microbes;
• diphtheria toxoid;
• tetanus toxoid.

The vaccine is cellular and acellular. The first option is preparations with whole cells of the killed pathogen (DPT), the second type of vaccines contains particles of non-living pathogenic microorganisms (Pentaxim, Infanrix).

The first vaccines cause more adverse reactions such as fever, headache, redness and swelling at the injection site.

The DTP vaccine is produced by the Microgen company (Russia).

Immunization can also be carried out using foreign vaccines:

1. Pentaxim. From the name of the vaccine, it is clear that the number of components is five. It protects not only from the pathologies listed above, but also from two diseases - poliomyelitis and hemophilic infection. The French drug is well tolerated by children and is administered to babies from 2 months of age.
2. Infanrix. Belgian vaccine with 3 main components, as in the Russian DPT. Indications: primary immunization and revaccination. Vaccination is allowed from 2 months.
3. Infanrix Hexa. It helps to protect yourself from both the main three pathologies and from hepatitis B, hemophilic infection and poliomyelitis.
4. Tetracoccus. The French-made drug is intended for the prevention of 3 major diseases and poliomyelitis. It is introduced from 2 months to 6 years of age. Thanks to the passage of a course consisting of 4 vaccinations, almost 100% protection against the listed ailments is achieved.

Vaccination calendar - at what age, at what age diphtheria vaccination is recommended

It is difficult to underestimate the importance of using the DPT vaccine, because before its invention, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus were the most common causes of death in children. Therefore, it is worth listening to the instructions of doctors and not giving up vaccination. And for this you need to know at what age vaccinations are given.

Vaccination calendar:

• from 3, 4.5, 6 months of age;
• 1.5 years;
• 6-7 years old;
• 14 years.

For adults, immunization is carried out on the basis of whether a diphtheria vaccine has been previously administered. If a person has been injected with the drug, the vaccine is used every 10 years to maintain immunity, starting at the age of 24.

18 months - first revaccination

Since after a course of vaccination a year later, it is possible to stop the production of antibodies, it is planned to re-administer the drug to babies who are 1.5 years old.

Parents, who are not aware of the possible risk, refuse to carry out revaccination, especially after the appearance of negative reactions to the injected substance. It is possible to make sure that the baby is fully protected only with the help of an immunological study.

Re-vaccination at 7 years old

The second revaccination (diphtheria tetanus vaccination) should be carried out at the age of 7, while using drugs containing only tetanus and diphtheria toxoid.

Revaccination at age 14

How important is diphtheria vaccine at 14? Teenagers with the onset of 14 years of age are vaccinated with the ADS-M vaccine, in which active toxoids are present in small quantities. This is due to the fact that there is no need to create immunity. It only needs to be supported.

Where to inject and how to prepare for the procedure

If the child is to be vaccinated on a routine basis, parents should know where the injection is given, why the drug should be injected into a specific place, and how to prepare.

DTP vaccination is done by a qualified health worker in compliance with all the rules. For children it is provided intramuscular injection in the thigh area.

An injection in this place guarantees the most effective result, while the reaction will be weak. This is possible due to the presence in the selected areas of a minimum layer of subcutaneous tissue, which contributes to the normal absorption of the drug.

Adults are given injections in:

• subscapularis;
• the antero-outer zone of the thigh.

Doctors constantly remind of the importance of preparing for the procedure, since complications after vaccination are not excluded.

To minimize the risk, you must adhere to a number of conditions:

• the vaccination is given to a healthy child;
• the best time for vaccination is one hour after a meal;
• it is recommended to visit the toilet before the procedure;
• you should stock up on antipyretic;
• on the day the injection is given, you must refrain from walking and bathing.

Possible complications after DPT vaccination

Any vaccine, including DPT, is sometimes capable of provoking complications resulting from a reaction to the components of the drug.

As statistics show, in America since 1978, not a single case of the severe consequences of the administration of the vaccine against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria has been registered. Among probable complications, which are extremely rare, doctors distinguish neurological manifestations that are presumably caused by reactions to pertussis antigen.

This refers to the occurrence of:

• seizures without an increase in temperature indicators (there can be from 0.3 to 90 cases per 100 thousand vaccinated);
• encephalopathy (less than 1 case per 300 thousand vaccinated).

At the moment, convulsive phenomena not accompanied by an increase in temperature are not considered a complication.

The risk of serious consequences increases greatly if absolute contraindications are ignored.


In addition to the listed violations, it is possible that:

• infectious toxic shock;
• a serious allergic reaction.

Usually, the appearance of such complications occurs almost immediately after vaccination.

Consequences of using DPT and a possible reaction - leg hurts, temperature

Do not panic when your leg hurts after the injection. According to doctors, special treatment is not required in this case. The symptom disappears on its own within 7 days. If the pain bothers too much, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen, Nimesulide) is allowed.

In addition to painful sensations, there may be the following consequences and reactions when vaccinated with diphtheria and tetanus in the form of:

• swelling of the injection site, provoked by local inflammation;
• seals (this is a consequence of the composition entering the subcutaneous tissue and dissolves for about a month);
• temperature (it is allowed to take antipyretic).

You should be careful: an increase in temperature indicators 2 days after the procedure indicates the beginning of the development of a completely different pathology, and vaccination has nothing to do with its appearance.

Sometimes, after vaccination in a child, parents are faced with:

• febrile seizures;
• a shrill cry in a child;
• upset stool;
• itching;
• increased sweating;
• cough attacks;
• headache;
• dermatitis;
• runny nose;
• sleep disorders;
• loss of appetite.

These side effects shouldn't be alarming. They are quite easy to treat.

Contraindications to DPT - absolute and relative

Before agreeing to vaccination, you should make sure that there are no contraindications. This is especially true for young children. Parents should find out when vaccinations are allowed and when they are prohibited.

Contraindications are:

• absolute;
• relative.

The former include the presence of:

• history of afebrile seizures;
• progressive diseases of the central nervous system;
• pronounced reactions to the previous DTP vaccination: temperature above 40C in the first 2 days after vaccination, swelling or redness at the injection site more than 8cm.

When these conditions are present, DTP will not be administered at all. If one of the absolute contraindications is ignored, the patient faces a serious complication.

If there are relative contraindications, vaccination is postponed for a certain period.

The vaccine is given later to those who suffer from:

• acute diseases;
• aggravated chronic diseases.

Vaccination of pregnant women - vaccination schedule when carrying a child

If a woman becomes pregnant, use of live vaccines is prohibited, otherwise the child may suffer from infection. The drugs used for immunization against diphtheria contain only toxoid in their composition.

The World Health Organization allows the use of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines during pregnancy. If the last vaccination was delivered 10 years ago or more, a woman in a position may well be immunized.

In the event that the course was not completely completed earlier, a schedule is drawn up that provides for 3-fold administration of vaccine preparations. This will help ensure that the baby has antibodies during the first months of life.

However, the possible risks of using vaccines during pregnancy should be considered. It is advisable to refrain from immunization until 12 weeks. At the onset of the 13th week, the vaccine preparation for the baby does not pose a threat.

Pregnant women should be vaccinated without fail if an epidemic is developing in the region where they live.

Ideally, prophylaxis should be carried out before pregnancy in order to minimize the risk of harm to the developing fetus.

Diphtheria - historical background, vaccination achievements

Hippocrates was the first to mention such a dangerous ailment as diphtheria. He wrote that the disease provokes paresis and paralysis of the muscles of the face, soft palate and arms, not to mention the formation of a grayish-white film with a putrid odor covering the pharynx, tonsils, nasopharyngeal mucosa and causing suffocation.

During the 17th century, the disease claimed many lives in European countries, and in the 18th the disease penetrated the American continent.

Diphtheria, as a separate disease, was first isolated in 1826 by the French scientist Pierre Bretonneau and was named "diphtheria". Later, a student of Bretonneau applied the term used in modern medicine to the disease - "diphtheria".

The pathogen was discovered by the German bacteriologist and pathologist Edwin Klebs in 1883. And in 1890, toxoid was found in human blood - a substance that neutralizes the effect of diphtheria toxin.

1902 - scientist S. Dzerzhikovsky (Russia) developed the first vaccine against diphtheria, which he tested on his body. After 20 years, the composition began to be used in Europe for the prevention of a formidable disease. The mass production of a one-component drug began in the 50s. DTP was created in 1974.

Mass immunization has contributed to a significant decrease in the number of patients, both in Russia and around the world.

Vaccinations used for diphtheria have repeatedly proven their effectiveness, and complications are rare. The key to success is adherence to the vaccine administration technique and correct preparation to the procedure.

The DPT vaccine scares many parents. This is not surprising, because on the Internet there are so many negative reviews about vaccination and about DPT in particular. This vaccine is recognized as the most reactogenic. But if we compare the frequency of serious side complications vaccinations and the likelihood of contracting an infection, then the benefits will clearly be behind vaccination.

In our progressive age, it became possible to highly purify vaccines from the most reactogenic component of vaccinations - whooping cough. Acellular DPT vaccines are gaining popularity. This is due to the fact that after their introduction, the child has practically no complications. Many acellular vaccines have been registered in Russia. Infanrix is ​​an imported analogue of DPT, it is a whole line of vaccinations, in which there are five representatives. Among them is a drug called INFANRIX IPV. In it, in addition to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, a component from poliomyelitis is added. In some cases, it will be better to choose this particular vaccine than DPT. How is it different? When is it better to put Infanrix IPV? What contraindications and complications does this vaccine have?

Description of the Infanrix IPV vaccine. The Infanrix IPV vaccine combines four components, that is, the vaccine is combined. The vaccine is highly purified, which means that it does not contain bacterial cells, but contains only antigens. The composition of the Infanrix IPV vaccine consists of the following components:

• diphtheria toxoid;
• tetanus toxoid;
• pertussis antigens (filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, pertussis toxin);
• polio antigens type 1;
• polio antigens type 2;
• poliomyelitis antigens type 3.

What diseases does Infanrix IPV protect against? Thanks to these components, immunity is created against:

• whooping cough;
• diphtheria;
• tetanus;

Whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria are very dangerous diseases with a high mortality rate. Poliomyelitis is a lesion of the spinal cord, leading to paralysis, residual effects and disability are observed in 70–80% of cases, and death - in 10%.

The pertussis component is presented in Infanrix IPV not by its bacillus, as, for example, in conventional DPT, but only by some of its antigens, therefore the vaccine is considered acellular and highly purified. The elimination of unnecessary antigens made it possible to minimize adverse reactions to this vaccine.

The instruction for the Infanrix IPV vaccine allows the drug to be administered from 2 months of age. The vaccine is also suitable for revaccination. In our country, according to the vaccination calendar, the first administration of the polio vaccine is provided in 3 months. Respectively good option will use "Infanrix IPV" for a course of vaccination and revaccination in 18 months against whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis and tetanus at the same time. After all, unnecessary injections are a psychological trauma for the baby.

Infanrix IPV is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline (Great Britain).

Description of instructions for use

The Infanrix IPV vaccination is given in accordance with the Russian calendar. The Infanrix IPV vaccination schedule described in the instructions is slightly different from the Russian one.

1. The first introduction at the age of 2 months (3 months according to the Russian vaccination calendar).
2. The second vaccination is 3.5 months (4.5 months according to the calendar).
3. Third introduction - 5 months (6 months according to the national calendar).
4. Revaccination - 18 months.

The terms of the Infanrix IPV revaccination may vary, but after the last course of vaccination, a break of at least 6 months is required.

The vaccine, like all DPT vaccinations, is administered intramuscularly. For children under one year old, it is placed in the area of ​​the outer surface of the thigh, at an older age - in the deltoid muscle.

The main rule of any vaccination is the absence of acute processes in the child. What if I had to postpone or skip the vaccination for health reasons? Nothing wrong with that. Vaccination can be continued by simply moving the timeline.

Up to what age can Infanrix IPV be vaccinated? In Russia, this drug is allowed to be used up to 5 years 11 months, that is, almost up to six years of age.

After vaccination, you need to arrange a gentle regime for the child and be less in crowded places. Some mothers complain that the baby got sick after the vaccination. After vaccination, the immune system begins to actively synthesize antibodies, after a while it is depleted, this is a dangerous period in terms of colds. Any vaccine has this effect. And it is important to prevent drafts, hypothermia, contact with infected persons.

Separately, it is worth touching upon the storage of "Infanrix IPV". Vaccines are very temperature sensitive. The temperature range must be strictly observed. The amount of preserved antigens and, accordingly, immunity will depend on this. Infanrix IPV should be stored in the refrigerator and kept at a temperature between 2 and 8 ° C. It is necessary to transport it from the pharmacy home and then to the vaccination room in special thermal bags or containers that maintain the desired temperature.

Contraindications and complications. Infanrix IPV has the following contraindications:

• intolerance to any component of the vaccine;
• allergy to the previous administration or to any component;
• colds;
• conditions accompanied by fever;
• if after the previous administration of any vaccine with a pertussis component, symptoms of encephalopathy were observed.

The DPT vaccine differs in that many children have side reactions, sometimes quite serious. This is due to the content of the whole-cell pertussis component in the inoculation. Unlike DPT, only three pertussis antigens are added to Infanrix IPV, and the rest of the cell particles are destroyed and removed. Therefore, reactions to the Infanrix IPV vaccine are very rare and mild.

Possible side effects of Infanrix IPV are as follows.

Frequent side effects:

• pain, redness, swelling at the injection site;
• fever;
• irritability, sleep disturbance, atypical crying.

Rare side effects:

• nausea, diarrhea;
• headache;
• rhinitis, pharyngitis;
• rash, urticaria.

Very rare side effects:

• enlarged lymph nodes;
• anaphylactic shock;
• angioedema;
• convulsions;
• collaptoid states.

In 11 clinical trials, complications after vaccination with Infanrix IPV were assessed. A causal relationship with vaccination was not established in all cases, but the timing of these reactions coincided with this period.

After primary vaccination, the following were observed:

• toothache;
• rhinitis;
• pharyngitis;
• otitis;

After revaccination:

• insomnia;
• conjunctivitis;
• drowsiness;
• rhinitis;
• bronchitis;
• pharyngitis;
• otitis;
• asthenic syndrome.

Swelling of the injection site is the most frequent complication... In 10% of cases, the swelling did not reach 5 cm. More than 5 cm, swelling was observed in 0.1–1% of cases. There are known cases of edema of the entire limb. The temperature after the Infanrix IPV vaccination rises slightly or does not rise at all. Infanrix IPV does not cause serious consequences. The drug is well tolerated due to the high degree of purification.

The effectiveness of "Infanrix IPV" and additional information

One month after the primary vaccination with Infanrix IPV, the maximum amount of antibodies is reached. Anti-tetanus and anti-diphtheria immunity is formed in 99% of those vaccinated, against whooping cough - in 95%, against poliomyelitis - in 100%. Studies have been conducted in families with cases of whooping cough. The protective efficacy of the drug was 88%. In another study, the duration of immunity was observed. At 4 years of age, the vaccine retained its effectiveness.

Post-vaccination immunity lasts 4 years. After that, it is recommended to revaccinate only with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and polio vaccine without the pertussis component. But "Infanrix IPV" can be used up to 14 years old, if children up to 5 years old live together with such children. It is adults and adolescents who carry whooping cough. Polio vaccination ends at age 14. From this age, lifelong immunity against this disease is ensured. Vaccination with the Infanrix IPV vaccine is approved by the WHO and is recognized as safe and effective.

Identical analogues of Infanrix IPV are the following vaccines:

• Boostrix Polio;
• "Tetraxim";
• "Tetrakok".

The description for Infanrix IPV says that the vaccine contains some formaldehyde. This should be taken into account when assessing portability.

Persons with immunodeficiency are not contraindicated to receive this vaccine. But the effect of it can be significantly reduced.

It is better for pregnant women to refrain from vaccination and to postpone it. Women who are breastfeeding can be vaccinated if the intended benefit outweighs the harm.

The poliomyelitis virus in Infanrix IPV is presented in an inactivated form. If, in the case of a live vaccine, there is a small likelihood of developing post-vaccination poliomyelitis, then with a killed vaccine, this risk is absent.

Summing up, we recall that Infanrix IPV protects against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis. In our country, polio is very rare. Therefore, many parents refuse this component. But the risk of infection always exists, because our country is visited by citizens of the Middle East, where this disease has not yet been eradicated. Reactions in the form of temperature or local manifestations- these are complications arising from the introduction of most vaccines, and not only on Infanrix IPV. Disability and death from dangerous diseases are worse than these side effects. It has also been proven that the joint administration of a DPT vaccine with a poliomyelitis component does not increase the frequency of adverse reactions, but, on the contrary, reduces them. If administered separately, the vaccines would have to be placed in different areas, therefore the risk of local manifestations increases.

Polio(polio (Greek) - gray, myelos - brain) - an acute viral infection that affects nervous system (Gray matter spinal cord). The appearance of flaccid paralysis, mainly of the lower extremities, is characterized. In the most severe cases, spinal cord injury leads to respiratory arrest. Clinically, poliomyelitis is manifested by fever, headaches and muscle pains, followed by the development of paralysis. In the pre-vaccination era, poliomyelitis was a threat to all children, causing devastating epidemics. It was polio that caused disability Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States of America.

The polio virus is an intestinal virus. The spread of the virus occurs with the discharge of the patient, however, in some cases, and by airborne droplets. The virus is resistant in the external environment- 3-4 months survives in feces, sewage, vegetables and milk. At a temperature of 37 degrees, the virus persists for 50-65 days. Sensitive to heat and disinfectants.

Wild (not vaccine) virus does not circulate in both Americas, the vast majority of European countries - these regions are certified by WHO as polio-free countries, however, vaccination in them continues. In countries and regions where cases of the disease are still observed - the Asian region, Africa, WHO is conducting mass vaccinations with the aim of completely eradicating poliomyelitis on the planet. Recent cases polio diseases in Russia were registered in 1996 in Chechnya, due to the lack of vaccinations among the population.

Incubation period- 5-12 days. The polio virus enters the intestines, multiplies on the intestinal mucosa, then enters the intestinal lymph nodes and from them into the blood. After that, it penetrates into all organs and systems, mainly into the spinal cord, affecting it at different levels and affecting the nerves extending from it. The polio virus is able to penetrate into the brain.

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Disease begins with diarrhea, since the virus is primarily localized in the intestine. Typical symptoms paralytic (1-5% of all cases) poliomyelitis- the first appearance of "flaccid" (weakness and pain in the muscles), and more severe "tense" paralysis (compaction and tension of muscles in the absence of the ability to control them). If the virus enters high levels spinal cord and takes over the control center of the respiratory system, this can lead to respiratory arrest and death. Persistent headaches are a sign of the virus entering the brain.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria (from the Greek. Diphthera - film, membrane) has been known since the time of Hippocrates and Galen under the name “fatal ulcer of the pharynx”, “suffocating disease”. V recent history, already in the XX century, in 1943, diphtheria caused an epidemic that affected 1 million people and caused about 50 thousand deaths.

During epidemics of the first half of the 90s on the territory of the CIS countries, which arose due to low vaccination coverage, about 120 thousand people fell ill with diphtheria, about 6 thousand people died. Since 2002, an increase in the incidence rate has again been observed in Russia, accompanied by an increase in the proportion of severe toxic forms to 25% and a shift in the incidence rate for adults, which is also caused by a decrease in the coverage of revaccinations of the adult population. According to 2003 data, only about 50% of adults are immune to this infection.

Prophylaxis carried out through vaccination. The effectiveness of modern vaccines is 95-100%. The world organization recommended vaccination for all countries of the world without exception.

A source tetanus bacillus- herbivores (especially rodents), birds and humans. Tetanus stick excreted into the external environment with feces. The pathogen is widespread in soil and other objects of the external environment, where it multiplies and persists for a long time. From the soil, along with dust, bacteria can get into any premises and on any objects.

The transmission mechanism is contact. Tetanus stick penetrates through damaged skin and mucous membranes (wounds, burns, frostbite). In newborns, infection can occur when an umbilical wound is infected if aseptic rules are not followed.

The place of the entrance gate of a tetanus bacillus can be completely different wounds - splinters, cuts, abrasions, open fractures, burns, frostbite, bites, etc. The infection is not transmitted from a sick person to a healthy one.

The person is very susceptible to tetanus sticks. Have recovered tetanus immunity to the disease is not formed, since that very small dose tetanus toxin, which causes the disease, is insufficient to provide immunity. Most often, adolescent boys are ill (due to increased trauma), workers Agriculture and some industrial enterprises.

Tetanus symptoms

The incubation period is from 1 to 21 days, on average, 7-14 days. V individual cases clinical manifestations occur after the infected wounds have healed. Doctors believe that the shorter incubation period illness, the harder it is tolerated by the patient.

The disease always begins always acutely. The first and most common tetanus symptom- trismus (convulsive contraction of the jaws) due to spasm of the chewing muscles. Almost immediately, two other signs of tetanus join, forming the classic triad: "sardonic smile" as a result of spasm of facial muscles, dysphagia (difficult painful swallowing) as a result of contraction of the pharyngeal muscles. The combination of these three signs is found only in tetanus.

In the midst of the disease, painful cramps spread to the muscles of the trunk and limbs, without seizing the hands and feet. Muscles are constantly tense, even during sleep. When the cramps spread to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, breathing becomes shallow and rapid. Due to the tension of the muscles of the perineum, it is difficult to defecate and urinate.

As a result of severe tension and soreness of the back muscles in severe tetanus, the so-called. opisthotonus: the patient's back arches in such a way that you can stick your hand between it and the bed. Muscle tone is extremely strong and can lead to bone fractures and muscle tearing from bones. Seizures can be both short-term and persistent. They start from the smallest irritants. In severe cases, the seizures are excruciating, involve a large group of muscles and continue almost continuously.

According to the severity, there are mild, moderate and severe forms. Death occurs in 25% of cases.

Tetanus treatment

The patient is subject to immediate hospitalization. To neutralize tetanus toxin tetanus serum or specific immunoglobulin is administered. With the aim of combating convulsive syndrome use sedatives, narcotic, neuroplegic drugs, as well as muscle relaxants.

In case of breathing disorder, carry out resuscitation measures... Laxatives are prescribed, a gas tube is placed, and if necessary, bladder catheterization is performed.

To prevent pneumonia, the patient is often turned around, breathing and coughing are stimulated. Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat bacterial complications. The fight against dehydration is carried out by intravenous infusions of sodium bicarbonate solution, polyionic solutions, hemodez, rheopolyglucin, albumin, plasma.