Every adult in the countries of the former USSR, and every child too, is familiar with vaccinations. Everyone has ever been vaccinated against various diseases. Children, too, is no exception, from the first days of life the baby should be in control of the pediatrician, and parents should ensure that they receive all the necessary procedures on time.
How to understand when and what vaccination he should get? Of course, for parents there is a vaccination table for children up to one year old, which helps to calculate the terms. However, before you strictly follow the schedule, you must first examine the child doctor, you must pass the tests assigned to them for blood and urine, to identify contraindications, because the body of each person is unique.
Approved by the Ministry of Health is a list of mandatory vaccinations that all children should receive up to a year, but there are additional ones, a doctor can prescribe them or parents can express their wishes.
List of mandatory vaccinations for the child in 2016
During the first days of life, the baby should be vaccinated against viral hepatitis B;
During the first 7 days of life (usually 3-4 days), he should be vaccinated against tuberculosis;
In a month, the child must again be vaccinated against hepatitis B;
At 3 months, the baby should receive the first DPT (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria and tetanus vaccines), it immediately includes vaccines against several serious diseases: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio;
At 4 months, a second DPT is required;
In six months, the baby is obliged to visit the medical center for vaccinations and get a third, last DPT.
Then repeated hepatitis B vaccination is required;
The last ones are vaccinations against measles, the causative agent of rubella and mumps.
What vaccines to use?
Of course, you need to do vaccinations for children up to a year, the table is designed for an exact schedule, but in case of a pass, you should always consult a doctor before the next vaccination and find out the required interval between them.
Sometimes parents themselves buy medicines at the pharmacy and ask the doctor to introduce them to the child. This is practiced often, especially in private centers. The doctor writes the name of the drug, the pharmacist gives it to the pharmacy. If the drug is not required, it is not included in vaccinations for children under one year old; it will not be in the table either.
However, it is quite important to simply examine the drug issued: shelf life, the integrity of the ampoules. Brand and company name is not a guarantee of quality. Compliance with the storage temperature, especially if the injection will not be made immediately, is of great importance.
Proper use
In the vaccination table for children up to one year there are the names of the vaccines and the timing of their use, the rest depends on the attentiveness of the parents and the nurse who will give the injection. She has to check the medications brought to her, the inscription on the box and inside on the ampoules, the integrity, their quantity in the bottle, expiration dates.
If the drugs do not need to be purchased by themselves, parents need to look at how medicines are taken and how health workers perform the injection. The contents of the ampoule, taken out of the refrigerator, it is better to warm to room temperature. It is enough to hold in your hand. If it is given out already warm, it is better to ask for a replacement. It is not known how much time the ampoule was warm.
All the ampoules and vials are opened by the health worker immediately, in the presence of the patient. Also, a new syringe and cotton wool must be opened immediately. Practice in some centers and independent purchases of necessary items for injection by parents.
It is also worth paying attention that the ampoules do not transfer to another room, but immediately used when opened.
Storage conditions for products purchased by yourself
Most vaccines require cold storage, so if the injection is not done immediately, but they prescribe a day and you need to store the drug at home, you should study the storage conditions indicated on the box or in the instructions separately.
If cold is required, you should put in the refrigerator or cool faster in the freezer, if you need to store for several hours. A simple thermos with ice or plastic bottles with frozen water will be suitable for transfer.
Most drugs require a temperature not higher than 2-6C. Bag-thermos is a convenient and modern version of the storage and movement of the vaccine. It is necessary during storage and transportation to wrap the bottle or ampoule in foil, without damaging the label.
Is it possible to refuse vaccinations?
Vaccinations for children under one year old (table 2016 above) are considered mandatory. Failure to comply with the schedule and the complete refusal of vaccination is regarded as a violation of the rights of the child. In addition, after a few years, arranging a child in kindergarten or school, you may encounter difficulties. All kindergartens and schools require a medical card, which shows the dates and names of vaccinations.
Of course, some people oppose, especially when the child is still in its infancy. The only fear that is not in favor of vaccination: "There may be complications from vaccinations!" Fears are in vain. After all, these are achievements of medicine, a way to protect children from many unpleasant and terrible diseases, which in the past became the cause of the death of most children just up to a year. An example is the simplest version of the flu, which in the recent past literally ruined families.
Vaccinations for children under one year on the table in 2016 to comply with it is extremely important if allergies and other contraindications are not available. High-quality vaccination will save from many health problems and strengthen the immune system.
In this article, you will learn what vaccinations and at what age your child needs to be given.
The ministry health care annually reviews and approves the vaccination schedule. Changes are made depending on epidemiological situation in the country. In the calendar of 2016. A fourth hepatitis B vaccine was added.
Table: Vaccination schedule for children up to 14 years old.
| Children's age | Vaccination title | Order of conduct | Note (with schedule violations) |
| Newborns in the first day of life | First vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines to newborns, including those from risk groups: born from mothers - carriers of HBsAg; patients with viral hepatitis B or undergoing viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy; not having examination results for hepatitis B markers; drug addicts, in families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis (hereinafter referred to as risk groups). | |
| Newborns on 3 - 7 day of life | Vaccination against tuberculosis | It is administered to newborn vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis (for sparing primary immunization) in accordance with the instructions for their use. In the subjects of the Russian Federation with incidence rates in excess of 80 per 100 thousand of the population, as well as in the presence of a tuberculosis vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis in the environment of the newborn. | |
| Children in 1 month | Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B | , including from risk groups. | 1 month after the first |
| Children 3 months. | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines for children of this age group. | |
| First polio vaccination | |||
| Children from 3 to 6 months. | First vaccination against hemophilic infection | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children belonging to risk groups: with immunodeficient conditions or anatomical defects, leading to a sharply increased risk of Hib infection; with hematologic diseases and / or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; HIV-infected or born to HIV-infected mothers; located in closed kindergartens (children's homes, orphanages, specialized boarding schools (for children with psycho-neurological diseases, etc.), tuberculosis sanitary and health institutions). | The course of vaccination against hemophilic infection for children aged 3 to 6 months. consists of 3 injections of 0.5 ml with an interval of 1-1.5 months. For children who have not received the first vaccination at 3 months, immunization is carried out according to the following scheme: for children aged 6 to 12 months. from 2 injections of 0.5 ml with an interval of 1-1.5 months. for children from 1 to 5 years a single injection of 0.5 ml |
| Children 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | 45 days after the first vaccination | |
| Second polio vaccination | It is administered by vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (inactivated) in accordance with the instructions for their use. | ||
| Second vaccination against hemophilic infection | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group who received the first vaccination in 3 months. | ||
|
Children 6 Months |
Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group who received the first and second vaccinations in 3 and 4.5 months. respectively | |
| Third polio vaccination | . Children in closed kindergartens (children's homes, orphanages, specialized boarding schools for children with neuropsychiatric diseases, etc.), tuberculosis health facilities), according to indications are vaccinated three times with vaccines for the prevention of polio (inactivated) | ||
| Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group, not related to risk groups, received the first and second vaccination in 0 and 1 month. respectively |
After 6 months after vaccination starts |
|
| Third vaccination against hemophilic infection | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children who received the first and second vaccination in 3 and 4.5 months. respectively | 45 days after the second vaccination | |
| Children 12 months | Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines for children of this age group. | |
| Fourth vaccine against viral hepatitis B | Is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children from risk groups | Innovation 2016 | |
| Children 18 months. | First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines for children of this age group. | One year after complete vaccination |
| First revaccination against poliomyelitis | Is carried out to children of this age group with vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live) in accordance with the instructions for their use | After 2 months after complete vaccination | |
| Revaccination against hemophilic infection | Revaccination is carried out once to children vaccinated in the first year of life in accordance with the instructions for use of vaccines | ||
| Children in the 20 months | Second revaccination against poliomyelitis | Is carried out to children of this age group with vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live) in accordance with the instructions for their use | After 2 months after the first revaccination |
| Children 6 years | Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group who have received vaccination against measles, rubella, and mumps | 6 years after vaccination |
| Children 6-7 years old | Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus | 5 years after the first revaccination | |
| Children 7 years | |||
| Children at 14 | Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus | Conducted in accordance with the instructions for use of toxoids with a reduced content of antigens to children of this age group. | 7 years after the second revaccination |
| Third revaccination against poliomyelitis | Is carried out to children of this age group with vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live) in accordance with the instructions for their use | ||
| Revaccination against tuberculosis | It is carried out by tuberculin-negative children of this age group who are not infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis and vaccinated with vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis in this age group in accordance with the instructions for their use. | Children with Mantoux | |
| Children from 2 months. up to 5 years | Vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
It is conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines annually to these categories of citizens. The vaccine used is Prevenar. In the first year of life, vaccination is carried out twice with an interval of at least 2 months, starting from 2 months, revaccination - in 12-15 months. The minimum interval between vaccination and revaccination is 4 months. If vaccination with this vaccine is carried out after 12 months - the vaccination is done twice with an interval of 2 months, revaccination is not required. After 2 years of age, the vaccine Prevenar is given once, vaccination is not required. |
Vaccination schedule of Russia 2016 for children up to one year
As we see from the table, children under one year old should be vaccinated against the following diseases:
- hepatitis b virus
- tuberculosis
- diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
- poliomyelitis
- measles, rubella, mumps
- hemophilic infection
- pneumococcal infection
Vaccination schedule of Russia 2016 for children up to 3 years
Children from one to three years old must undergo revaccination from the following diseases:
- diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
- poliomyelitis
- hemophilic infection
- pneumococcal infection
Table: Vaccination schedule Kazakhstan 2016
In Kazakhstan, the next vaccination schedule for children for 2016 has been approved.
| Age | Vaccination by |
| 1-4 day of life | Tuberculosis Hepatitis B Polio vaccine (OPV) |
| 2 months | Hepatitis B Polio vaccine (OPV) |
| 3 months | Polio vaccine (OPV) Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP) |
| 4 months | Hepatitis B Polio vaccine (OPV) Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP) |
| 12-15 months | Measles Parotitis |
| 18 months | Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP) |
| 7 years (1 class) | Tuberculosis Measles Diphtheria, tetanus (Td) |
| 12 years | Tuberculosis |
| 15 years | Diphtheria (AD-m) |
| 16 years | Diphtheria, tetanus (ADS-m) |
| Every 10 years | Diphtheria, tetanus (ADS-m) |
Table: Vaccination calendar Ukraine 2016
| Age | Vaccination by |
| 1 day | Hepatitis B |
| 3-5 day | Tuberculosis (BCG) |
| 1 month | Hepatitis B |
| 3 months | Poliomyelitis Hemophilic infection |
| 4 months | Pertussis, diffraria, tetanus (DTP) Poliomyelitis Hemophilic infection |
| 5 months | Pertussis, diffraria, tetanus (DTP) Poliomyelitis |
| 6 months | Hepatitis B |
| 12 months | |
| 18 months | Pertussis, diffraria, tetanus (DTP) Poliomyelitis Hemophilic infection |
| 6 years | Pertussis, diffraria, tetanus (DTP) Poliomyelitis Measles, rubella, parotitis (CCP) |
| 7 years | Tuberculosis (BCG) |
| 14 years old | Difraria, tetanus (ADS) Poliomyelitis |
Is there a new vaccination in the vaccination calendar of 2016?
Yes, the Ministry of Health revised the immunization schedule and decided to pay more attention to vaccinating children against hepatitis B. Thus, in 2016, the fourth hepatitis B vaccination was introduced to children aged 12 months. This vaccination is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children from risk groups.
Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 252n
“On approval of the national preventive vaccination calendar and the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications «
“National immunization schedule”
|
Age |
Vaccination title |
Vaccines |
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Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) |
First vaccination against viral hepatitis В¹ |
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Newborns (3-7 days) |
Vaccination against tuberculosis 2 |
BCG-M |
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Children 1 month |
Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1 |
Endzheriks V 0,5
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Children 2 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (at risk) 1 First vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
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Children 3 months |
First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First polio vaccination 4 |
Infanrix Pentax |
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First vaccination against hemophilic infection (risk groups) 5 |
Act HIB Pentax |
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4.5 months |
Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Second polio vaccination 4 Second pneumococcal vaccination |
Infanrix Pentax Prevenar 13 |
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Second vaccination against hemophilic infection (risk groups) 5 |
Act HIB Pentax |
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6 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1 |
Pentax Infanrix Hex |
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Third vaccination against hemophilic infection (risk group) 5 |
Act HIB Pentax Infanrix Hex |
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12 months |
Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1 |
Korevaya Rubella |
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15 months |
Revaccination against pneumococcal infection | Prevenar 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18 months |
First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First revaccination against polio 6 |
Infanrix Pentax |
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Revaccination against hemophilic infection (risk groups) 5 |
Act HIB |
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20 months |
Second revaccination against polio 6 |
OPV |
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6 years |
Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
Priorix Korevaya Rubella |
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6-7 years |
Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7 |
Td |
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Revaccination against tuberculosis 8 |
BCG-M |
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14 years old |
Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7 |
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Third revaccination against poliomyelitis 6 |
Poliorix |
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Adults over 18 years old |
Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the moment of the last revaccination |
Td |
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Children from 1 year to 18 years, adults from 18 to 55 years not previously vaccinated |
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B 9 |
Endzheriks V 0,5 Engerix B 1,0 |
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| Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive), women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), not ill, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, not having information about vaccinations against rubella |
Rubella vaccination, rubella revaccination |
Rubella |
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| Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years (inclusive), not ill, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, not having information about vaccinations against measles; adults from 36 to 55 years old (inclusive) belonging to risk groups (employees of medical and educational organizations, organizations of trade, transport, municipal and social services; people working on a rotational basis, and employees of state control authorities at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation ), not painful, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, not having information about vaccinations against measles |
Measles vaccination, measles revaccination |
Korevaya |
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Children from 6 months; students in grades 1-11; enrolled in professional educational organizations and educational institutions of higher education; adults working by individual professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60; persons to be called up for military service; Persons with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity |
Flu vaccine |
Waxigripp Influvac |
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Pneumococcal |
Pneumatic 23 Prevenar 13 |
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| Children and adults on epidemic indications |
Meningococcal |
Vaccination schedule for epidemic indications
The procedure for conducting preventive vaccinations to citizens in the framework of the vaccination preventive schedule for epidemic indications1. Within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications, immunization vaccinations are given to citizens at medical organizations, if such organizations have a license to carry out vaccination works (services) (vaccination). 2. Vaccination is carried out by medical workers who have been trained in the use of immunobiological drugs for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the rules of organization and technology of vaccination, as well as on the provision of medical care in emergency or urgent form. 3. Vaccination and revaccination as part of the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications is carried out by immunobiological medicines for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, according to the instructions for their use. 4. Before prophylactic vaccination, the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing immunoprophylaxis are clarified for the person to be vaccinated or his legal representative (guardians), and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention is issued in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 of the Federal Law No. 323-ФЗ dated November 21, 2011 “On the Basics of Citizens Health Protection in the Russian Federation”. eleven 11 Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; No. 26, Art. 3446; 2013, No. 27, Art. 3459; No. 27, Art. 3477; No. 30, Art. 4038; No. 48, Art. 6165; No. 52, Art. 6951. 5. All persons who must be given prophylactic vaccinations are pre-examined by a physician (medical assistant). 12 12 Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 No. 252n “On approval of the procedure for assigning to a medical assistant, midwife by the head of a medical organization for organizing the provision of primary medical care and emergency medical care for individual functions of the attending physician for direct medical care the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including for the purpose and use of drugs, including narcotic drugs and sihotropnye drugs " (registered) The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012, registration number No. 23971). 6. Vaccines may be administered on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body. The interval between vaccinations against various infections when they are carried out separately (not on one day) must be at least 1 month. 7. Vaccination against poliomyelitis according to epidemic indications is carried out by oral polio vaccine. The indications for vaccination of children with oral polio vaccine for epidemic indications are the registration of a case of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus, the release of wild poliovirus in human biological samples or from environmental objects. In these cases, vaccination is carried out in accordance with the decision of the chief state sanitary doctor of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children to be vaccinated, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation. |
Vaccinated children begin from birth. It is desirable that the pediatrician selects and draws up an individual schedule for each baby. But there are general recommendations that the National Calendar of preventive vaccinations contains. These vaccinations will reduce the risk of various diseases. And even if the child gets sick, the disease will pass in a mild form and without complications. But remember that vaccination is voluntary!
How to prepare for vaccination
Vaccination schedule for children - a rational vaccination system, which will allow in the shortest time possible to develop immunity in newborns and young children. However, it is a recommendation. If you have not been vaccinated within the specified time, you can do it later.
And to avoid complications after the procedure, be sure to follow a number of rules:
- Vaccination can only be done if the baby is healthy. Therefore, before vaccination, be sure to consult your doctor, if necessary, you can pass urine and blood tests;
- To reduce the risk of possible allergy to drugs, antihistamines can be given to the child 2-3 days before the procedure, but only after the recommendations of the pediatrician !;
- Do not introduce a new supplement on the eve of the procedure. On the principles of complementary foods read more ;
- You can not do vaccination with the poor state of health of the child. It concerns not only cold and high temperature. Refuse the procedure for severe colic and abdominal pain, teething and allergy symptoms.
- After vaccination, it is better to stay in the clinic for 20-30 minutes in case of an acute allergic reaction. Remember that there are no absolutely safe vaccines !;
- Be prepared that after vaccination the baby may have a fever, headache and malaise, sleep and appetite are disturbed. Do not give your child antipyretic and other drugs without first consulting with a specialist.
The children's immunization schedule was developed by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 2014, taking into account the particularities of age and region of residence. Such a scheme is also suitable for subsequent years, including this 2016.
Grafting Features
Some vaccinations are given in two to four stages with a certain periodicity, while others are performed only once (for example, against tuberculosis). In this case, the child is injected with a dead or weakened agent that causes the disease. As a result, the body independently begins to produce antibodies to counteract the infectious agents. After 1.5 years, revaccination is performed. It involves the constant maintenance of immunity.
Before vaccination, do not forget that the procedure can cause complications! So, in 60-80% of children after vaccination, caries appears. A measles vaccine is rare, but it causes neurological disorders and seizures, lung and tonsil diseases. Remember that vaccination does not give a 100% guarantee that the baby does not get sick. And note that you can not do more than one vaccination at a time!
Parents independently choose which vaccinations to put the child. Of course, you need to make a choice with the help of a doctor. If you do not want to do a vaccination, you need to write a waiver. But note that vaccination is especially important for children at risk, whose parents are carriers of the virus or suffer from dangerous diseases.
The calendar is divided into two types of vaccinations. The first includes standard preventive procedures, and the second - according to epidemic indications. Such vaccination is carried out in regions with a high spread of infectious diseases. Vaccination do oral or intramuscular.
The intramuscular method is used to inject liquid medicines and powder solutions with a needle and syringe under the skin. The oral method involves taking the drug in solid or powder form through the mouth by ingestion. Let's take a closer look at when and how to do prophylactic vaccinations and vaccinations for epidemic indications. Most vaccinations are done with intramuscular injections. Orally administered medication only against polio.
National vaccination calendar
| Age | Title | Indications | Vaccination / revaccination number |
| On the first day after birth | Hepatitis B (prophylactic) | I vaccination | |
| In the first 3 - 7 days of life | Tuberculosis (prophylactic) | One vaccination | |
| 1 month | Hepatitis B (prophylactic) | II vaccination | |
| 2 months | Hepatitis B (prophylactic) | Only for at-risk children | III vaccination |
| I | |||
| 3 months | Hepatitis B (prophylactic) | II | |
| I | |||
| I | |||
| 4.5 months | Poliomyelitis (prophylactic) | II | |
| Pneumococcal infection (according to epidemic indications) | People living in an area with an infection | II | |
| Whooping cough, | II | ||
| 6 months | Hepatitis B (prophylactic) | III | |
| Poliomyelitis (prophylactic) | III | ||
| Pneumococcal infection (according to epidemic indications) | People living in an area with an infection | III | |
| Whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (prophylactic) | III | ||
| Influenza (according to epidemic indications) | I vaccination from 6 months - revaccination every year | ||
| 9 months | Yellow fever (according to epidemic indications) | People traveling to the territory with the focus of the infection | I vaccination from 9 months - revaccination every 10 years |
| 1 year | I | ||
| Hepatitis B (prophylactic) | Only for at-risk children | IV | |
| Mumps or mumps (according to epidemic indications) | Not ill and not previously vaccinated people in the contact foci of infection, only girls | One vaccination | |
| 15 months | Pneumococcal infection (according to epidemic indications) | I revaccination | |
| 1.5 years | Poliomyelitis (prophylactic) | I revaccination | |
| Whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (prophylactic) | I revaccination | ||
| 20 months | Poliomyelitis (prophylactic) | II revaccination | |
| 2 years | Cholera (by epidemic indications) | People traveling to countries at high risk of this infection | I vaccination from 2 years old - revaccination every 6 months |
| Plague (according to epidemic indications) | People living in the territory of the deadly infection carrier | I vaccinate since 2 years - revaccination every year | |
| 3 years | Typhoid fever (according to epidemic indications) | For children living at risk | I vaccination - revaccination every three years |
| Hepatitis A (for epidemic reasons) | Children living in high-risk areas | One vaccination | |
| 4 years | Tick-borne viral encephalitis (according to epidemic indications) | Population living in the tick habitat | I vaccination from 4 years old - II vaccination in a year - revaccination every three years |
| 6 - 7 years | Rubella and measles (prophylactic) | One revaccination | |
| Diphtheria and tetanus (prophylactic) | II revaccination | ||
| Tuberculosis (prophylactic) | Children with Mantoux | Revaccination | |
| 14 years old | Tuberculosis (prophylactic) | Children with a negative Mantoux reaction - | Revaccination |
| Poliomyelitis (prophylactic) | III revaccination | ||
| Diphtheria and tetanus (prophylactic) | III revaccination | ||
| Qu fever (for epidemic reasons) | People working with raw materials and animal products at the source of infection | ||
| Anthrax (according to epidemic indications) | People working with plants, livestock and animal products in the area of infection | From 14 years old I vaccination - revaccination every year | |
| 16 years | Rabies (by epidemic indications) | People who are in contact with stray animals | I vaccination c 16 years old - II vaccination in a year - revaccination every three years |
| 18 years and older | Diphtheria and tetanus (prophylactic) | IV and subsequent revaccination every 10 years |
Vaccinating children under one year
Some experts on breastfeeding do not recommend grafting the first year of a baby’s life if it receives breast milk. Such nutrition provides a sufficient number of useful elements for the formation of immunity in infants. It is proved that even with a single attachment to the chest in the blood of children for another six months, the passive immunity of the mother remains. He will protect the baby from possible infections.
Children who are sick often need additional protection. Sometimes it turns out that the right amount of antibodies is not produced in the child’s body. Then vaccination will come to the rescue. Next, we consider each disease and vaccination scheme.
In the first 24 hours, newborns are vaccinated against hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a dangerous infection of the liver, which is transmitted by blood and leads to serious consequences, even death. Vaccination is especially indicated for children at risk whose parents are sick or are carriers of the virus. Vaccination scheme: first day after birth - 1 month - six months; for children at risk: the first day - 1 month - 2 month - 1 year.
Tuberculosis is a viral infection that affects the lungs and intestines, bones and joints. Monitoring the reaction of the body is carried out with the help of Mantoux. Conduct one vaccination in the first 3-7 days after birth.
Epidemic parotitis (mumps) - an acute infection with inflammation and parotid salivary glands, accompanied by fever and poor health. Vaccination is not recommended for boys, girls up to one year old are given one vaccine at 12 months.
Pneumococcal infection is a complex of diseases, including otitis, meningitis, arthritis and others. Vaccination is carried out according to the scheme: 2 months - 4.5 months - 15 months.
Vaccination schedule: 3 months - 4.5 months - 6 months are used for vaccinations against the following diseases:
- Whooping cough - inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, which is expressed in attacks of convulsive and prolonged cough for 1-3 months;
- Tetanus is accompanied by severe cramps and spasms of skeletal muscles;
- Polio affects nerve cells and the brain, causing paralysis of mainly lower limbs;
- Diphtheria is an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, which is accompanied by the formation of a white film in the throat and provokes respiratory paralysis.
Measles is manifested as a rash on the body, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, the respiratory tract and the oral cavity, sometimes accompanied by cramps. Rubella - a rash in the form of red-pink spots on the body, fever and inflammation of the lymph nodes, sometimes other symptoms of the common cold appear. Children up to one year old receive rubella and measles vaccinations once every 12 months.
Vaccinations for rubella and measles can be done in adulthood, if they have not been done before and provided that the person has not suffered from this disease. The measles vaccine is indicated for people under 35, from rubella to young people under 17 and girls under 25.
Influenza is a severe viral infection that causes inflammation of the airways, fever and even intoxication of the body, spreads quickly and is easily transmitted. You can do from six months, then do the vaccination every year.
Flu vaccinations are recommended every year to children who attend preschool institutions, schoolchildren and students, adults. It is proved that a person in crowded places, as well as regularly contacting with other people, is more susceptible to colds.
Vaccination against influenza will strengthen the immune system and increase body resistance. The first vaccine can be made at the age of six months. The procedure is recommended for schoolchildren and students, employees of social institutions, people with weak immunity, who often suffer from ARVI or ARI.
National vaccination calendar - a document approved by the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which defines the terms and types of vaccinations (preventive vaccinations), carried out free of charge and in large numbers in accordance with the compulsory health insurance program (MHI).
The vaccination calendar is developed taking into account all age features, including the most dangerous infectious diseases in children of the first year of life. Vaccinations that are made as part of the National Calendar can significantly reduce the risk of illness in children. And if the child is still sick, then the vaccine will facilitate the course of the disease in a milder form and will relieve from serious complications, many of which are extremely dangerous for life.
The national vaccination schedule is the system of the most rational use of vaccines, ensuring the development of intense immunity at the earliest (vulnerable) age as soon as possible. The vaccination schedule can be divided into two parts.
First part- The national immunization schedule, which provides for vaccination against ubiquitous infections, which almost the entire human population suffers from (airborne infections - measles, rubella, mumps, whooping cough, chickenpox, diphtheria, influenza), as well as infections, which are characterized by a severe course with high mortality (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection type b).
The second part of - vaccinations for epidemic indications - against natural focal infections (tick-borne encephalitis, leptospirosis, etc.) and zoonotic infections (brucellosis, tularemia, anthrax). Vaccinations conducted in at-risk groups can be assigned to this category - people with both high possibility of infection and high danger to others in the event of their illness (such diseases include hepatitis A, typhoid fever, cholera).
The national calendar is an authoritative source of information that will help parents navigate, from which diseases they can protect their child, and when it is better to do so.
Today, more than 1,500 infectious diseases are known in the world, but people have learned how to prevent only 30 of the most dangerous infections with the help of prophylactic vaccinations. Of these, 12 infections that are the most dangerous (including their own complications) and that children easily get sick around the world, are included in the National Calendar of Vaccinations in Russia. Another 16 from the list of dangerous diseases are included in the national immunization schedule for epidemic indications.
Main vaccination calendars and epidemiological indications calendars
Each WHO country has its own vaccination schedule. The national vaccination calendar of Russia is not fundamentally different from the national vaccination calendar of developed countries. True, some of them provide for vaccinations against hepatitis A, meningococcal infection, human papillomavirus, rotavirus infection (for example, in the United States). Thus, for example, the national calendar of US vaccinations is more saturated than the calendar of the Russian Federation. The vaccination schedule in our country is expanding - for example, since 2015, vaccination against pneumococcal infection has been included.
On the other hand, in some countries, the national calendar does not provide for vaccination against tuberculosis, which, in our country, is caused by the high incidence of this infection. And until now, vaccination against tuberculosis has been included in the vaccination schedule of more than 100 countries, with many providing for its holding in the first days after birth, as recommended by the WHO Vaccination Calendar.
National vaccination calendars from different countries
| Infections | Russia | USA | Great Britain | Germany | Number of countries using vaccine in NK |
| Tuberculosis | + | more than 100 |
|||
| Diphtheria | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Tetanus | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Whooping cough | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Measles | + | + | + | + | 111 |
| Flu | + | + | + | + | |
| Hemophilic infection type b / Hib | + (risk groups) | + | + | + | 189 |
| Rubella | + | + | + | + | 137 |
| Hepatitis A | + | ||||
| Hepatitis B | + | + | + | 183 | |
| Polio | + | + | + | + | all countries |
| Parotitis | + | + | + | + | 120 |
| Chickenpox | + | + | |||
| Pneumococcus | Since 2015 | + | + | + | 153 |
| Human papilloma virus / cervical cancer | + | + | + | 62 | |
| Rotavirus infection | + | 75 | |||
| Meningococcal infection | + | + | + | ||
| Total infections | 12 | 16 | 12 | 14 | |
| Number of injections administered up to 2 years | 14 | 13 | 11 |
In Russia The national calendar is less saturated than the vaccination calendars of countries such as the United States and several European countries:
- no vaccines against rotavirus infection, HPV, varicella-zoster;
- vaccinations against CIB are carried out only in risk groups, hepatitis A - according to epidemiological indications;
- 2nd revaccination against whooping cough;
- underutilized combination vaccines.
Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 25, 2014. Registration No. 32115 Published: May 16, 2014 in RG - Federal Issue No. 6381.
National immunization schedule
| Categories and age of citizens subject to compulsory vaccination | Name of prophylactic vaccination |
| Newborns in the first 24 hours of life | First vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
| Newborns on 3 - 7 day of life | Vaccination against tuberculosis Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for sparing primary vaccination (BCG-M); in the subjects of the Russian Federation with incidence rates in excess of 80 per 100 thousand of the population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients in the environment of the newborn - a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG). |
| Children 1 month | Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the scheme 0-1-6 (1 dose - at the moment of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B which is carried out according to the scheme 0-1-2-12 (1 dose - at the moment of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination). |
| Children 2 months | Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) |
| First vaccination against pneumococcal infection | |
| Children 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| First polio vaccination | |
| First vaccination against hemophilic infection (risk groups) | |
| Children 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| Second vaccination against hemophilic infection (risk groups) Vaccination is given to children at risk (with immunodeficiency or anatomical defects, leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilic infection, with hematologic diseases and / or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in children's homes). |
|
| Second polio vaccination The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of poliomyelitis (inactivated). |
|
| Second pneumococcal vaccination | |
| Children 6 months | Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the scheme 0-1-6 (1 dose - at the moment of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B which is carried out according to the scheme 0-1-2-12 (1 dose - at the moment of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination). |
|
| Third polio vaccination | |
| Third vaccination against hemophilic infection (risk group) Vaccination is given to children at risk (with immunodeficiency or anatomical defects, leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilic infection, with hematologic diseases and / or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in children's homes). |
|
| Children 12 months | Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
| The fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) Vaccinations are given to children at risk (born from mothers who have HBsAg, have hepatitis B or have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, and have no test results for hepatitis B markers who use narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances from families in who have a HBsAg carrier or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis). |
|
| Children 15 months | Revaccination against pneumococcal infection |
| 18 month old | First revaccination against poliomyelitis The third vaccination and subsequent revaccination against poliomyelitis are given to children with a vaccine for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children staying in children's homes with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
| First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | |
| Revaccination against hemophilic infection (risk groups) | |
| Children 20 months | Second revaccination against poliomyelitis The third vaccination and subsequent revaccination against poliomyelitis are given to children with a vaccine for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children staying in children's homes with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
| Children 6 years | Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
| Children 6 - 7 years | Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus |
| Revaccination against tuberculosis Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG). |
|
| Children 14 years | Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens. |
| Third revaccination against poliomyelitis The third vaccination and subsequent revaccination against poliomyelitis are given to children with a vaccine for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children staying in children's homes with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
|
| Adults over 18 years old | Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the moment of the last revaccination |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years, adults from 18 to 55 years not previously vaccinated | Vaccination against viral hepatitis B Vaccination is given to children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the scheme 0-1-6 (1 dose - at the moment of initiation of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months from the start of vaccination). |
| Children from 1 to 18 years old, women from 18 to 25 years old (inclusive), not ill, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, not having information about vaccinations against rubella | Rubella vaccination |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years old inclusive and adults under the age of 35 years old (inclusive), not ill, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, not having information about vaccinations against measles | Measles vaccine The interval between the first and second vaccinations must be at least 3 months. |
| Children from 6 months, students 1 - 11 classes; enrolled in professional educational organizations and educational institutions of higher education; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60; persons to be called up for military service; Persons with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and obesity | Flu vaccine |
The child receives the first vaccinations according to the National calendar in the maternity hospital - this is the very first vaccination against hepatitis B, which is done in the first hours of life. Often, the first vaccination against tuberculosis is also carried out within the walls of the maternity hospital. Up to one year old children are vaccinated against hemophilic infection, whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pneumococcal infection. With half a year, you can vaccinate a child against the flu. Older children, aged 12 months, receive with the help of vaccinations protection against measles, rubella, mumps.
Vaccinations with a polysaccharide vaccine (pneumo23, meningococcal vaccine, etc.) should be started after 2 years of age, since the child’s body does not respond with the production of antibodies to these antigens. For children more early age conjugate vaccines (polysaccharide with protein) are recommended.
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