PROJECT
REQUIREMENTS
TO CONDITIONS OF IMPLEMENTATION
BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF PRIMARY GENERAL EDUCATION
Hygienic requirements
Moscow
INTRODUCTION .. 3
1. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PLACEMENT OF GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS .. 4
2. REQUIREMENTS TO THE PLOT OF INSTITUTIONS .. 5
3. REQUIREMENTS TO BUILDING ... 7
4. REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR-HEAT MODE .. 12
5. REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE .. 15
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR NATURAL, ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND INSOLATION 16
6.1. Requirements for natural and artificial lighting .. 16
6.2. Insolation requirements for classrooms and the site. nineteen
7. REQUIREMENTS FOR DRAWING UP FURNITURE OF ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AND EDUCATIONAL BOARDS ... 20
7.1. Requirements for student furniture and its placement in the classroom. 20
7.2. Requirements for the organization of student workplace. 22
7.3. Requirements for educational boards .. 24
8. REQUIREMENTS TO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS .. 24
9. REQUIREMENTS FOR ACADEMIC AND BOOK EDITIONS, COMPUTER MEANS OF TRAINING .. 33
9.1. Requirements for educational publications .. 33
9.2. Requirements for computer-aided learning (CSR) 43
9.3. Requirements for books for educational development, further education, literary and artistic, popular science, encyclopedias, reference books .. 44
10. REQUIREMENTS FOR SCHOOL RENTS AND REPLACEMENT SHOES .. 49
10.1. Requirements for schoolbags .. 49
10.2. Requirements for interchangeable shoes. 50
11. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF FOOD .. 52
12. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL SECURITY .. 59
INTRODUCTION
For many years, the priority habitat for school-age children has been general education institutions, in which not only necessary but also safe conditions should be created for successful educational activities of children. The body of the child can exist, successfully develop and master the programs of training and education, only being in unity with the environment. In this regard, the educational environment , by which we understand the totality of factors formed by the school’s way of life: the material resources of the school, the organization of the educational process, nutrition, medical care, the psychological climate, determine not only the success of training and education of children and adolescents, but also their health. Material-technical and other conditions for the implementation of basic general educational programs include architectural and planning solutions of educational institutions, their equipment, ensuring sufficient levels of lighting and insolation, optimal microclimate, water supply and sewage, organization of training places using appropriate furniture, educational publications, technical means of education, school bags and shoes. The most important component of the learning environment is the organization of the educational process, school meals and medical care for students. Requirements for the organization of the educational environment are subject to regulation by state educational standards.
The system of hygienic requirements, ensuring safe conditions for the normal growth and development of the implementation of basic educational programs, is intended to create safe, comfortable conditions for the education of children, as well as to eliminate the causes of school-related pathology.
1. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE HOSTING OF GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Buildings of educational institutions (hereinafter referred to as institutions) should be placed in the inner quarter of the microdistrict distant from inter-quarter passages with regular traffic for a distance of at least 170 m. land plot
up to 25 m.
Institutions should be located in housing estates on separate land plots remote from main streets, utility and industrial enterprises, garages. Distances from the territory of institutions to industrial, municipal, agricultural facilities, transport roads and highways are determined in accordance with the requirements for planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements. Placement of institutions on intra-and inter-quarter passages with regular traffic is unacceptable.
Construction near the institutions of individual garages for passenger cars is unacceptable. The location of institutions near public garages is determined by the sanitary protection zone. The size of the sanitary protection zone depends on the capacity of the garage: when the number of passenger cars is up to 10 cars - at least 15 m, up to 20 cars - 25 m, up to 50 cars - 50 m. The grounds for installing garbage containers of the microdistrict should be removed from distance not less than 20 m.
The radius of servicing the population by institutions located in residential buildings of cities is not more than 500 m for primary school students.
The placement of institutions in rural areas should provide for primary school students a radius of accessibility of no more than 2 km on foot. For students living from the institution at a distance of 1 km or more, transport service is organized. The distance from the place of residence to the place of gathering at the bus stop for pupils of primary school age should be no more than 500 m. The stop should have a hard surface and a view from the road not less than 250 m. It should be equipped with a canopy fenced from three sides. From the roadway, it must be protected by a barrier.
2. REQUIREMENTS TO THE PLOT OF INSTITUTIONS
The area of the land plot of the institution is determined on the basis of not less than 35 m 2 per student. The site must have a fence around the entire perimeter of at least 1.5 m in height and safety devices that prevent students from running out onto the roadway from the entrance of the building.
The distance from the building to the red line must be at least 25 m, from the border of the land plot to the walls of residential buildings - at least 10 m.
On the site there are the following areas: recreation, physical culture, educational and experimental and economic.
Rest zone should be close to the exit from the building and equipped with platforms for outdoor games: for pupils of 1 class with an area of at least 180 m 2, and for students of 2 with 4 classes at the rate of 100 m 2 for each class.
Sports and fitness areaplaced at least
25 m from the building of the institution for a strip of green space. It should not be placed on the side of the windows of classrooms. For primary school students equip a gymnastic ground, a combined ground for sports, ball throwing and jumping. Sports and playgrounds must have a hard coating and not have irregularities and potholes. Stationary and portable equipment should be installed on the sports and playground (gymnastic wall with a set of walls and ladders, gymnastic logs, targets, basketball backboards and rings, table tennis, pit for jumping, wooden benches, etc.). The equipment of the sports area should ensure the implementation of educational programs for physical education and the implementation of recreational activities.
Educational Experimental Zone * (plot of vegetable and field crops, plot of fruit and berry crops, flower and ornamental plants, greenhouse with a zoo corner, playground for outdoor activities) should not exceed 25% of the total area of the plot. In the conditions of a shortage of territory, it is allowed to reduce the training and experimental zone.
Economic zone located at the entrance to the production premises of the dining room (buffet) on the border of the site at a distance of at least 35 m from the building and fenced with greenery. She must have independent entry from the street.
In the absence of heating and centralized water supply on the territory of the economic zone, a boiler room is placed to supply heat to the building and a pumping station with a water-pressure tank to supply water from local drinking sources.
Waste collectors with tight lids should be installed on a concrete pad at a distance of at least 25 m from the windows and the entrance to the dining room (buffet). In the economic zone of rural institutions it is allowed to place a shed, vegetable store, sheds for inventory and equipment.
Driveways, lanes and platforms must have a hard surface. The level of artificial illumination area on the ground must be at least 10 lux.
Landscaping area should be at least 50% of the territory. It includes green areas of the educational and experimental zone and recreation area, a protective green line along the perimeter of the site in the form of a hedge separating separate zones, as well as lawns and decorative green plantings. The width of the green strip along the boundaries of the site should be at least 1.5 m, and from the street - at least 6 m. The distance from the institution’s building to the trees should be at least 10 m. For landscaping, do not use trees and shrubs with poisonous fruits and prickles. The site should be cleaned daily.
3. REQUIREMENTS TO BUILDING
Capacity of newly built institutions should not exceed
1000 people (for all levels of education).
The number of students should not exceed the estimated capacity of the institution. The floor of the building should not exceed three floors. In the conditions of dense urban development, it is allowed to build institutions with a height of 4 floors. Educational premises for primary school students should be allocated in a separate unit and located on the 1st, 2nd floors. They should not be placed in the basement and basement of the building.
The structure of the building should provide:
- The maximum separation of the children's team into separate age groups;
- separation of classrooms from school-wide, which are sources of noise, dust and other air pollution (sports and assembly halls, kitchen, administrative and business premises);
- approximation of classrooms to student recreation rooms (recreation) and sanitary facilities;
- convenient and fairly short links of educational and recreational premises of primary classes with wardrobes and a land plot used for students to rest in a break;
- the possibility of isolating individual groups of students in the event of infectious diseases in order to prevent their spread to the whole team and the rapid elimination of the source of infection.
Depending on the climatic zone, the entrances to the building should be equipped with one, two (III zone, II zone) or three (I zone) vestibules.
Wardrobes are located on the 1st floor with the mandatory equipment sections for each class. They are equipped with hangers for clothes and cells for shoes. It is not necessary to arrange clothes in educational premises and recreations.
Ladders must have fences. The height of the fences is 1.5 m, the height of the handrails for primary school students is at least 0.6 m, the handrails for adults are set at a height of 0.85 m.
Educational premises are grouped into educational sections:
- in the training sections for class 1 should be placed no more than 3 - 4 classrooms with sleeping-games (rest rooms) and sanitary facilities;
- in the training sections for grades 2–4, no more than six classrooms with recreation and sanitary facilities and a universal room for after-school groups are placed.
The area of recreation is determined from the calculation of not less than 2 m 2 per student.
The best option for organizing the motor activity of younger schoolchildren during the changes is the hall recreation. The width of recreation with a one-sided arrangement of classes should be not less than 4.0 m, with a bilateral arrangement of classes - not less than 6.0 m. The orientation of the windows of classrooms should be on the southern, southeastern and eastern sides of the horizon.
The curtains of the classrooms are equipped with adjustable sun-protection devices such as blinds or fabric curtains of light colors, combined with the color of the walls and furniture. On the northern side of the horizon can be oriented cabinets drawing, computer science.
The area of the classroom is determined on the basis of at least 2.5 m 2
for 1 student. Educational premises include a working area for students (placement of desks or teaching desks), for a teacher, additional space for teaching and visual aids, technical teaching aids, a zone for individual lessons of students and possible active activities.
Drawing cabinets should have areas for watercolor painting, oil painting and drawing. The area of 1 workplace for oil painting is at least 3.5 m 2, for watercolor painting and drawing at least 2.0 m 2.
The area per workplace for work with computers should be at least 6.0 m 2 when using a computer based on a cathode ray tube and at least 4.5 m 2 when using liquid crystal monitors.
Library total for the whole school, the area of which is taken at the rate of not less than 0.6 m 2 per student. In the library premises, zones are distinguished: readers' places, an information point (issuing and receiving literature, places for working with catalogs, open access funds, funds for closed storage).
Music class must have an area of at least 2.6 m 2 per student.
Sports Hall for primary classes should be separate. It should be placed on the 1st floor, as an exception - it is allowed on the 2nd floor, provided that there are no training rooms under it. The size of the gym should be at least 9.0x18.0 m with a height of at least 6.0 m. When the gym should be provided separately for boys and girls locker rooms, showers, bathrooms, as well as a room for the teacher.
Pooldesigned for primary classes, equip shortened bathroom area of not more than 330 m 2. The recommended bath length is 16.6 m, width is 11.5 m, the depth in the shallow part is 1.2 m, and in the deep part is 1.8 m. The bath area for swimming learners should be no more than 180 m 2, the recommended length is 10.0 m, width - 6.0 m, depth in the shallow part - 0.6 m, in the deep part - 0.85 m. For safety reasons, no more than 10 people should be trained in swimming at the same time.
The composition of the pool, in addition to the hall with bathrooms, includes 2 changing rooms for boys and girls with showers and a bathroom. In the places of exit from the shower room to the swimming pool, foot baths are installed with a length and width of at least 0.8 m and a depth of 0.1 m.
Assembly Hall common to the whole school. The size of the hall is determined by the number of seats (60% of the total number of students in the institution) at the rate of not less than 0.65 m 2 for 1 seat. For primary school students it is advisable to have a separate assembly hall.
Meals for students are organized depending on the capacity of the institution in the school canteen, working for raw materials, or in the canteen, working on semi-finished products, or in the canteen-dispensing station, equipped according to the current sanitary-epidemiological rules. When buffets and canteens necessarily provide a dining room with an area of at least 0.7 m 2 for 1 seat, based on the landing of 100% of schoolchildren in 3 turns. Meals for primary school students are organized separately (in one of the queues).
When dining or buffets, dispensers must install sinks at the rate of 1 tap for 20 seats.
Bedrooms for students in grade 1visiting the extended day group, should have an area of at least 2.0 m 2 for 1 bed. They are equipped with beds 140 cm long, 60 cm wide and 30 cm high. The minimum gaps between the long sides of the beds are 0.65 m, from the outer walls - 0.6 m, from heating appliances - 0.2 m, between the headboards of two beds - 0.3 m. All children should be provided with bedding and towels. The use of built-in furniture is allowed with a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion.
Sanitary facilities. On each floor it is necessary to place sanitary facilities for boys and girls, equipped with cabins with doors. Cabins should be separated by partitions-screens not less than 1.8 m high from the floor, not reaching the floor 0,2m. The number of sanitary appliances is determined at the rate of 1 toilet for 20 girls, 1 washbasin for 30 girls; 1 toilet and 1 washbasin for 30 boys. The area of sanitary facilities is determined on the basis of not less than 0.1 m 2 per student. For the staff of the institution equip a separate bathroom.
The distance between the taps of an individual washbasin should be at least 0.65 m. The height of the upper surface of the sinks above the floor for pupils of the 1st class should be 0.5 m, for pupils of the 2–4 classes - 0.6 m.
Necessary room for storage of cleaning equipment, detergents and disinfectants. It should be equipped with a crane at a height of 0.5 m from the floor for water intake.
Medical Center includes the following premises: a doctor's office with a length of at least 7.0 m (to determine the acuity of hearing and vision of students) and an area of at least 14.0 m 2; Dentist's office with an area of at least 12.0 m 2, equipped with a hood; treatment room with an area of at least 14.0 m 2. When the medical center equip a bathroom. Mandatory and recommended sets of medical equipment are presented in Appendices 1, 2, 3.
Psychologist's office (common for the whole school) with an area of at least 12.0 m 2, as well as a speech therapist office with an area of at least 12.0 m 2.
In a full-time facility for primary school students, it is necessary to provide a separate gym, a room for physiotherapy exercises, a sleeping room for first-grade students, and play rooms for all primary-school students.
Interior decoration. The walls of the premises of the primary school should be smooth and have a finish allowing wet cleaning and disinfection.
In educational premises oriented towards southern horizon points, finishing materials and paints of soft, cold tones (pale blue, pale green) are used, and warm colors (pale yellow, pale pink, beige) are applied to the northern points of the horizon. Individual elements, but not more than 25% of the total area, are allowed to be painted in brighter colors. The surface of the walls of the premises for music and gymnastics should be painted in light colors. For decoration use finishing materials with sanitary-epidemiological conclusion.
The floors of the premises should be smooth, non-slippery, tight-fitting, without cracks and defects; the plinth should fit snugly to the walls and floor. As the material for the floor using wood (wooden floors, which are covered with oil paint, or parquet). It is possible to cover the floors with synthetic polymeric materials, insulated with linoleum, which meet hygienic requirements and can be treated with a wet method and disinfection. The floors of the toilet and washrooms are lined with ceramic or mosaic polished tiles. Cement and marble are not allowed to finish the floors.
4. REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR-HEAT MODE
The temperature of the air in the training rooms should correspond to the values given in table 4.1.
The air temperature in training rooms with tape glazing depends on their orientation:
North orientation of windows - the optimum temperature range is 21–22 ° C, the allowable one is 18–24 ° C;
The south orientation of the windows is 19–20 ° C;
Eastern orientation of windows is 20–21 ° С.
Table 4.1
Standards of air temperature in educational premises
(with ordinary glazing) depending on the climatic region
and seasons of the year
The air temperature in the assembly hall, the class of singing and music, drawing should be 18 - 20 ° C, in the gym - 15 - 17 ° C, in recreation -
16 - 18 ° С, in the lobby and wardrobe - 16 - 19 ° С.
The relative humidity of the air in the training rooms should be 40 - 60%.
The buildings of the institutions are equipped with central heating and ventilation systems.
In single-storey small rural schools, furnace heating is allowed; it is unacceptable to install iron stoves. In order to avoid the pollution of indoor air with carbon monoxide, the chimneys are closed no earlier than complete combustion of the fuel and no later than 2 hours before the arrival of students.
Radiators, tubular heating elements can be used as heating devices.
Heating devices are protected by removable wooden gratings. Fences made of chipboard and other polymeric materials are not allowed. The temperature of the surface of the heating devices must not exceed 80 ° C.
In the design of mechanical ventilation with mechanical induction in the classrooms, it is necessary to provide equipment for natural exhaust ventilation.
With air heating combined with ventilation, automatic control of the systems should be provided, including maintaining the rated temperature during working hours in the rooms depending on the construction-climatic zone and relative humidity of air within 40 - 60%, as well as ensuring the temperature at night air is not below 15 ° C. Air recirculation in the air heating systems of classrooms is not allowed.
The minimum required air supply to classrooms for primary classes should be considered 40 m 3 / hour of air per student.
Natural ventilation is carried out through the transom and vents. The area of transom and window leaves in the classrooms must be at least 1/50 of the floor area. Framugi and vents should function year-round.
The classrooms are ventilated during breaks, recreation - during class lessons, posted in each class and recreation. Before the start of classes and after their graduation, it is necessary to carry out through-ventilation of classrooms. Duration of through ventilation is determined by weather conditions (Table 4.2).
Table 4.2
Duration of through ventilation of classrooms
On warm days it is advisable to conduct classes with open transoms and windows.
Tamburae entrance to the building must have air-heat curtains. It is allowed to install thermal curtains from the supply system with installation of a reheat heater and automatic air damper in the second tambour.
To optimize the air environment of the classrooms, aerofitomodules are used.
5. REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE
The buildings of the institutions must be equipped with drinking-water, fire-fighting and hot water supply systems, sewage and drains.
Institutions should be provided with centralized water supply, safe drinking water in accordance with hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems.
The use of filters for the purification of drinking water should be coordinated with the territorial bodies authorized to carry out sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.
In the absence of a centralized water supply in the village, the organization of the students' drinking regime is carried out only with the use of water packaged in a container, subject to the organization of control over the bottling of drinking water. Bottled water supplied to educational institutions must have documents confirming its origin, quality and safety.
When using installations with dosed bottling of potable water packaged in a container, the container is replaced as needed, but at least 1 time in 2 weeks.
When organizing the drinking regime using bottled water, sufficient amount of clean dishes (glass, earthenware - in the dining room and disposable - in training and sleeping rooms), as well as separate labeled trays for clean and used glass or earthenware, collection containers should be provided. used disposable tableware.
During the entire time that students stay in an educational institution, they must be provided with free access to drinking water: in the dining room, in each classroom and premises for after-school groups, the drawing room, and the medical office. Wash basins installed in the specified premises must be supplied with cold and hot water. The temperature of the hot water entering the device mixers should not exceed 60 ° C.
Institutions should be provided with centralized sewers. In non-canalized areas, they will be equipped with internal sewage provided that local treatment facilities are installed.
In non-canalized areas, it is allowed to equip small-scale rural educational institutions (with a capacity of up to 50 seats) with loft flocks or grapes (with the organization of drains). It should not be poured into the waste water from under the sinks and after cleaning.
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR NATURAL, ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND INSOLATION
6.1. Requirements for natural and artificial lighting
Standards of indicators of natural, artificial and combined lighting in the main premises of institutions are given in table 6.1.1.
The levels of natural lighting are determined by the coefficient of natural lighting (hereinafter KEO), which is the percentage of the interior lighting in the classroom to the outside lighting. The normalized level of KEO is not less than 1.5%, the maximum permissible value is 1.35%.
In the classrooms there should be a left-sided light distribution of natural light.
The levels of artificial illumination on the working planes from the general lighting system must be at least 500 lux. At the same time, the general lighting system is provided by ceiling lights with discharge lamps. The use of incandescent bulbs for classroom lighting is impractical.
In the conditions of urban development of high density, it is allowed to use the system of combined illumination with standardized KEO - 1.3%, the maximum permissible value - 1.17%. In this case, the level of illumination from artificial light sources must be at least 600 lux.
6.7. Physical education classes and sports classes should be held in well-aerated gyms.
It is necessary during classes in the hall to open one or two windows on the leeward side with the outdoor temperature above plus 5 C and the wind speed not exceeding 2 m / s. At lower temperatures and higher air speeds, classes in the hall are held with one to three transoms open. When the outdoor air temperature is below minus 10 ° C and the air speed is more than 7 m / s, the through ventilation of the hall is carried out in the absence of students of 1-1.5 minutes; in big changes and between shifts - 5 - 10 minutes.
When the air temperature reaches + 14 ° C, the ventilation in the gym should be stopped.
6.8. Windows should be equipped with folding transoms with lever devices or windows. The area of the transom and vents used for ventilation in the classrooms should be at least 1/50 of the floor area. Framugi and vents must operate at any time of the year.
6.9. When replacing window units, the glazing area should be maintained or increased.
The window of opening of windows should provide the mode of airing.
6.10. Glazing of windows should be made of solid glass fiber. Replaced broken glass should be carried out immediately.
6.11. Separate exhaust ventilation systems should be provided for the following rooms: training rooms and classrooms, assembly halls, swimming pools, shooting galleries, a dining room, a medical center, a camera room, sanitary facilities, rooms for processing and storing cleaning equipment, joinery and metalworking workshops.
Mechanical exhaust ventilation is equipped in the workshops and cabinets of service workers, where the plates are installed.
6.12. Concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the premises of educational institutions should not exceed the hygienic standards for atmospheric air of populated areas.
VII. Requirements for natural and artificial lighting
7.1. Daylight.
7.1.1. All classrooms should have natural lighting in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.1.2. Without natural lighting it is allowed to design: equipment, washrooms, showers, toilets at the gym; showers and toilets staff; storerooms and storage rooms, radio centers; film labs; book storages; boiler, pumping water supply and sewage systems; chambers ventilating and air conditioning; control units and other premises for installation and management of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; rooms for storage of disinfectants.
7.1.3. In classrooms, you should design side natural left-side lighting. With the depth of classrooms more than 6 m, it is necessary to have a right-side illumination device, the height of which must be at least 2.2 m from the floor.
The direction of the main light flux in front and behind the students is not allowed.
7.1.4. In workshops for labor training, assembly and sports halls can use bilateral lateral natural lighting.
7.1.5. The premises of educational institutions are provided with normalized values of the coefficient of natural light exposure (KEO) in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.1.6. In classrooms with unilateral lateral natural lighting KEO on the working surface of desks in the room farthest from the windows should be at least 1.5%. With bilateral lateral natural lighting, the KEO index is calculated on the middle rows and should be 1.5%.
The light coefficient (SC - the ratio of the area of the glazed surface to the floor area) must be at least 1: 6.
7.1.7. The windows of classrooms should be oriented to the south, southeast and east sides of the horizon. On the northern side of the horizon can be oriented window cabinets drawing, drawing, as well as the premises of the kitchen. The orientation of the offices of computer science - to the north, north-east.
7.1.8. Depending on the climatic zone, the light apertures of the classrooms will be equipped with adjustable sunscreen devices (lift-up blinds, fabric curtains) with a length not lower than the sill level.
It is recommended to use curtains of light-colored fabrics, which have a sufficient degree of light transmission, good light-scattering properties, which should not reduce the level of natural lighting. The use of curtains (curtains), including curtains with lambrequins, from polyvinyl chloride film and other curtains or devices that limit natural light, is not allowed.
When not in use, the curtains should be placed in the walls between the windows.
7.1.9. For the rational use of daylight and uniform illumination of classrooms should:
Do not paint window glass;
Do not place flowers on window sills, they are placed in portable flower girls 65 - 70 cm high from the floor or hanging pots in the walls between the windows;
Cleaning and washing glasses should be carried out as they are contaminated, but at least 2 times a year (in autumn and spring).
The duration of insolation in the classrooms and classrooms should be continuous, for a duration of at least:
2.5 hours in the northern zone (north of 58 degrees N);
2.0 hours in the central zone (58 - 48 degrees N);
1.5 hours in the southern zone (south of 48 degrees N).
The absence of insolation in the study rooms of computer science, physics, chemistry, drawing and drawing, gymnastics halls, food processing facilities, the assembly hall, administrative and business premises is allowed.
7.2. Artificial lighting
7.2.1. Artificial illumination levels are provided in all rooms of the educational institution in accordance with the hygienic requirements for natural, artificial, combined lighting of residential and public buildings.
7.2.2. In the classrooms, the general lighting system is provided with ceiling lights. Fluorescent lighting is provided using lamps by the color emission spectrum: white, warm white, natural white.
Lamps used for artificial lighting of classrooms should provide a favorable distribution of brightness in the field of view, which is limited by the discomfort index (Mt). The discomfort indicator of the general lighting installation for any workplace in a class should not exceed 40 units.
7.2.3. Do not use fluorescent and incandescent lamps for general lighting in the same room.
7.2.4. In classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, light levels should meet the following standards: on desktops - 300-500 lux, in technical drawing and drawing cabinets - 500 lux, in computer science cabinets on tables - 300 - 500 lux, on the chalkboard - 300 - 500 lx, in assembly and sports halls (on the floor) - 200 lx, in recreation (on the floor) - 150 lx.
When using computer technology and the need to combine the perception of information from the screen and recording in notebooks, the illumination on the students' tables should be no lower than 300 lux.
7.2.5. In classrooms should use the system of general lighting. Luminaires with fluorescent lamps are arranged parallel to the light-bearing wall at a distance of 1.2 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the inner.
7.2.6. A blackboard that does not have its own luminescence is equipped with local illumination — spotlights designed to illuminate the blackboards.
7.2.7. When designing a system of artificial lighting for classrooms, it is necessary to provide for the separate inclusion of lines of lamps.
7.2.8. For the rational use of artificial light and uniform illumination of classrooms, it is necessary to use finishing materials and paints that create a matte surface with reflection coefficients: for the ceiling - 0.7 - 0.9; for walls - 0.5 - 0.7; for the floor - 0.4 - 0.5; for furniture and desks - 0.45; for blackboards - 0.1 - 0.2.
It is recommended to use the following colors of paints: for ceilings - white, for walls of classrooms - light tones of yellow, beige, pink, green, blue; for furniture (cabinets, desks) - the color of natural wood or light green; for blackboards - dark green, dark brown; for doors, window frames - white.
7.2.9. It is necessary to clean the lighting fixtures of luminaires as they become dirty, but at least 2 times a year and to replace burnt lamps in a timely manner.
7.2.10. Faulty, burned out fluorescent lamps are collected in a container in a specially designated room and sent for recycling in accordance with current regulations.
Viii. Water and Sewage Requirements
8.1. Buildings of educational institutions should be equipped with centralized drinking water supply systems, sewage and drainage systems in accordance with the requirements for public buildings and facilities in terms of drinking water supply and sanitation.
Cold and hot centralized water supply is provided for the premises of the general education institution, pre-school education and boarding school at the educational institution, including: food processing facilities, canteen, refreshment rooms, shower rooms, washrooms, personal care cabins, medical premises, labor training workshops, home economics offices, primary rooms classrooms, drawing rooms, physics, chemistry and biology, laboratory technicians, rooms for processing cleaning equipment and toilets in newly built and reclaimed set up general education institutions.
8.2. If there is no centralized water supply in the existing buildings of general education institutions, it is necessary to ensure uninterrupted supply of cold water to catering facilities, medical premises, toilets, boarding facilities at general educational institutions and pre-school education and water heating systems.
8.3. Educational institutions provide water that meets hygienic requirements for the quality and safety of drinking water supply.
8.4. In the buildings of educational institutions, the sewage system of the canteen should be separate from the rest and have an independent release into the external sewage system. The sewers of the upper floors should not pass through the production premises of the canteen.
8.5. In non-canalized rural areas, buildings of educational institutions will be equipped with internal sewage systems (such as loft flocks), provided that local treatment facilities are installed. Equipment for outdoor toilets is allowed.
8.6. In general education institutions, the students' drinking regime is organized in accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for catering for students in general education institutions, primary and secondary vocational education institutions.
Ix. Requirements for premises and equipment of educational institutions located in adapted buildings
9.1. The placement of educational institutions in adapted premises is possible at the time of the overhaul (reconstruction) of the existing main buildings of educational institutions.
9.2. When placing a general education institution in an adapted building, it is necessary to have a compulsory set of premises: classrooms, catering facilities, medical premises, recreation, administrative and business premises, bathrooms, cloakrooms.
9.3. The areas of classrooms and classrooms are determined based on the number of students in the same class in accordance with the requirements of these sanitary rules.
9.4. If it is not possible to equip your own gym, you should use sports facilities located near the educational institution, provided that they meet the requirements for the device and the maintenance of places of physical culture and sports.
9.5. For small educational institutions located in rural areas, in the absence of the possibility to equip their own medical center, it is allowed to organize medical services at the medical and obstetric centers and dispensaries.
9.6. In the absence of a wardrobe, it is allowed to equip individual lockers located in recreation and corridors.
X. Hygienic requirements for the mode of the educational process
10.1. The optimal age for the start of schooling is not earlier than 7 years. In the 1st grade they accept children of the 8th or 7th year of life. Children of the 7th year of life are admitted when they reach at least 6 years and 6 months by September 1 of the school year.
Class occupancy, with the exception of compensatory training classes, should not exceed 25 people.
10.2. Education of children under the age of 6 years and 6 months to the beginning of the school year should be conducted in a pre-school educational institution or in a general educational institution in compliance with all hygiene requirements for the conditions and organization of the educational process for pre-school children.
10.3. For the prevention of students' overwork in the annual calendar curriculum, it is recommended to provide for an even distribution of periods of study time and holidays.
10.4. Training sessions should begin no earlier than 8 hours. No zero lessons allowed.
In institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects, lyceums and gymnasiums, training is conducted only in the first shift.
In the institutions working in two shifts, training of the 1st, 5th, final 9th and 11th grades and classes of compensatory training should be organized in the first shift.
Education in 3 shifts in educational institutions is not allowed.
10.5. The number of hours allotted for students to master the curriculum of a general education institution consisting of the mandatory part and the part formed by the participants of the educational process should not collectively exceed the value of the weekly educational load.
The value of the weekly educational load (the number of studies), implemented through the coursework and extracurricular activities, is determined in accordance with Table 3.
Table 3
Hygienic requirements for the maximum values of the weekly educational load
The organization of specialized education in the 10th - 11th grades should not lead to an increase in the educational load. Career guidance should precede the selection of a training profile.
10.6. The weekly educational load must be evenly distributed during the school week, and the volume of the maximum allowable load during the day should be:
For students of the 1st grade should not exceed 4 lessons and 1 day per week - no more than 5 lessons due to a physical education lesson;
For students of 2 - 4 classes - no more than 5 lessons, and once a week 6 lessons at the expense of a physical education class for a 6-day school week;
For students of 5 - 6 classes - no more than 6 lessons;
For students of the 7th - 11th grades - no more than 7 lessons.
The lesson schedule is compiled separately for compulsory and elective classes. Optional classes should be scheduled on days with the least amount of required lessons. Between the beginning of elective classes and the last lesson, it is recommended to have a break of at least 45 minutes.
10.7. The schedule of lessons is based on the daily and weekly mental performance of students and the scale of difficulty of school subjects (Appendix 3 of these sanitary rules).
10.8. When compiling a lesson schedule, you should alternate various subjects of complexity during the day and week: for students of the first stage of education, the main subjects (mathematics, Russian and foreign languages, natural history, computer science) should be alternated with lessons of music, visual arts, labor, physical culture; for students of the second and third stages of education, subjects of natural-mathematical profile alternate with humanitarian subjects.
For students in grades 1, the most difficult subjects should be taught in class 2; 2 - 4 classes - 2 - 3 lessons; for students of 5 - 11th grades in 2 - 4th lessons.
In elementary classes, double lessons are not held.
During the school day should not be more than one test. Examinations are recommended for 2 - 4 lessons.
10.9. The duration of the lesson (academic hour) in all classes should not exceed 45 minutes, except for the 1st class, in which the duration is regulated by clause 10.10 of these sanitary rules, and the compensating class, the duration of the lesson in which should not exceed 40 minutes.
Density of educational work of students in the lessons in the main subjects should be 60 - 80%.
10.10. Education in the 1st grade is carried out in compliance with the following additional requirements:
Training sessions are held on a 5-day school week and only on the first shift;
Use of the “graded” training mode in the first half of the year (in September, October - 3 lessons per day, 35 minutes each, in November-December - 4 lessons, 35 minutes each; January - May - 4 lessons, 45 minutes each) ;
For those who visit the extended day group, it is necessary to organize daytime sleep (at least 1 hour), 3 meals and walks;
Training is conducted without scoring the students' knowledge and homework;
Additional weekly holidays in the middle of the third quarter in the traditional mode of study.
10.11. To prevent overwork and maintain an optimal level of performance during the week, students should have a lightweight school day on Thursday or Friday.
10.12. The duration of the changes between lessons is at least 10 minutes, the big change (after the 2nd or 3rd lesson) is 20 - 30 minutes. Instead of one big change, it is allowed after the 2nd and 3rd lessons to install two changes of 20 minutes each.
It is recommended to organize changes in the open air. To this end, during the daily dynamic pause, it is recommended to increase the duration of the big change up to 45 minutes, of which at least 30 minutes is devoted to the organization of motor-active activities of students on the sports ground of an institution, in the gym or in recreation.
10.13. The break between shifts should be at least 30 minutes for carrying out wet cleaning in the premises and airing them; in case of an unfavorable epidemiological situation for disinfecting treatment, the break is increased to 60 minutes.
10.14. The use in the educational process of innovative educational programs and technologies, timetables, training modes is possible in the absence of their adverse effects on the functional state and health of students.
10.15. In small-scale rural educational institutions, depending on the specific conditions, the number of students, their age characteristics, the formation of classes-sets of students at the first stage of education is allowed. The best is the separate education of students of different ages I level of education.
When students of the I stage of education are combined into a class-set, it is optimal to create it from two classes: 1 and 3 classes (1 + 3), 2 and 3 classes (2 + 3), 2 and 4 classes (2 + 4). To prevent students from fatigue, it is necessary to shorten the duration of combined (especially 4 and 5) lessons by 5-10 minutes. (except physical education lesson). The occupancy of the class sets should be in accordance with Table 4.
Duration of through ventilation of classrooms
depending on the outdoor temperature
| Outdoor Temperature | Ventilation duration of the premises (min.) |
|
| in small changes | in big changes |
|
| from + 10 ~ С to + 6 ° С | ||
| from +5 "C to 0" C | ||
| from 0 ~ С to -5 "С | ||
| from-5 "sdo-10" C | ||
| below -1 OS | ||
“Man - color - space.
Applied Color Psychology From the book of Heinrich Freemenga and Xaver Auer The human body reacts to color. Yellow color - light, like a sunny day - causes a cheerful, joyful mood. Violet and blue - colors uncertainty, gloom. We perceive the blue color as a light, heavenly color. Walls painted in dark blue color, cause us sad on-structure. Light greens seem light, airy and vice versa, the marsh-green color is soft and heavy. Green color soothes us, tends to sleep, causes a desire to dream. The brown color is perceived more hard and earthy compared to pure orange. Pure red primarily expresses strength, activity. Active colors — yellow and red — always have an advantage over passive ones — blue and green, so they are desirable in small doses. Yellow and red are imprinted in the memory much deeper. Because of these properties, red as an accent, preferably green or blue, which do not catch the eye. In the classroom of the school, the green front wall with yellow side walls creates favorable conditions for work, because eyes are not tired with bright color, and warmth is felt from the corresponding coloring of the side walls. Color psychology studies of children have shown that children prefer one or another color depending on age. At an early age, they prefer red or purple, with girls mostly pink. At the age of 9-11 years, interest in red is gradually replaced by interest at the beginning to orange, then to yellow, yellow-green, and then to green. After 12 years, the favorite color is blue. Often an excited child, after being shown a red object in the environment, calms down. When we add red color to the design of classes for junior schoolchildren, be it a red panel or a red wall, we can be sure that this color will have a calming effect on children. It is necessary, if possible, to avoid painting the blackboard black, it is better to prefer dark green or dark blue. It should not be on the wall, where the blackboard hangs, to create a sharp color contrast, so as not to tire students' eyesight.| Preferred colors | Negative color color | The prevailing psychological state * |
|
| Red, magenta, pink, turquoise | Black, dark brown, gray | Stay in the world |
|
| Green, yellow, red | Olive, Pastel Green, Purple | The predominance of sensory perception of the world |
|
| Ultramarine, oran-chewed, green | Purple, purple | Rational approach to the perception of the world, the development of self-consciousness |
|
| Red orange | Purple, pink | Instinctive-purposeful perception of the world |
SCHEDULE CABINET
PROPERTY LIST
CABINET OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
| № payment order | Property name | quantity | Mark off (date, act no.) |
| Teacher's desk | |||
| Teacher's chair | |||
| Desk double | |||
| Student chairs | |||
| Bookcases | |||
| Support for flowers | |||
| Bookcases | |||
Airing the office - one of the most important tasks that must be performed during the educational process, as well as at an inopportune time.
One of the most important tasks that must be performed during the educational process, as well as at inappropriate time, is airing the cabinet.
Sanitary rules and norms establish certain standards regarding air circulation, temperature and humidity in educational institutions, but they do not contain information about the duration of the ventilation, or about what is considered to be properly conducted ventilation.
This is due to the fact that for each room the ventilation must take place differently, depending on the size of the room, the number of people in it, the ventilation system, the climate, the season, weather conditions and the size of the room.
Consider the basic concepts associated with airing and set the most appropriate schedule for airing classrooms in schools.
The importance of airing
"Stagnant" air causes many problems, impairs the performance and well-being of people in the room, contributes to the development of allergies. It plays a big role in working capacity.
In an unventilated room, favorable conditions are created for the appearance of mold, ticks, allergens (especially in dust).
In turn, free air circulation solves these problems and also has the following effects:
- normalizes the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air, which is important for the children's territory;
- significantly reduces the concentration of allergens, fungi and dust;
- removes unpleasant odors;
- helps regulate humidity and temperature.
Airing the classroom at school regularly helps prevent many problems.
Natural ventilation of the school premises
Ventilation without direct changes in environmental characteristics (temperature, humidity, pressure) is a type of ventilation, such as natural ventilation of a school. Its implementation occurs in several ways:
- through the pores of the material of the external fences (walls) of the building;
- through the holes and gaps between the constituent structures of the building;
- through doorways and breathable window frames;
- through the vents and transom.
Natural ventilation of the first type (through the walls) is directly dependent on their material. The most breathable walls are made of bricks and pine wood. However, air permeability is quite easy to reduce with the help of interior decoration (painting, wallpapering).
Through the gaps between building structures, doors and window frames also air flows from the external environment, but they are not significant. Thus, the main source of natural ventilation are vents and transoms.
The main reasons for the movement of air flow are wind strength and temperature difference in the building and beyond. The stronger the wind and the greater the temperature difference, the better is the ventilation. If there is no wind, and the temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air is insignificant, the movement of air will take place solely due to diffusion. In this case, the diffusion intensity is directly proportional to the area of the vents and the ventilation time.
According to the standards, in educational institutions, in order to maintain the microclimate, the total area of the vents should be at least 2% of the floor area. The average window area in the classroom is about one square meter. That is, in a class with three windows, at least two of them must have window space half a meter square.
When designing a ventilation system (which includes natural ventilation), the vents are usually installed in the upper third of the window.
The window leaf should open at least 45 °, with the outer flap should be free to fold out and up, and the inner flap inward down. Improper installation can cause problems with air circulation and microclimate.
Instead of window vents, transoms are also installed, which, when checked, have several advantages over window vents:
- The temperature of the internal and external air is significantly different, which contributes to the movement of air.
- Higher thermal insulation, which allows to keep heat indoors for a longer period of time.
- The ability not to close the transom even when children are in class.
- In winter and late autumn, school classes are ventilated only in the absence of children. Since the air circulation at low temperatures can cause students cold.
It is strictly forbidden to air the room in the presence of students in autumn and winter
As in preschool institutions, about four to four and a half cubic meters of air are provided for one child in schools, provided that airing is carried out every academic hour.
Artificial ventilation
Cabinets at the school are also equipped with artificial ventilation, which is capable of changing the characteristics of the air flow (temperature, humidity). However, mechanical ventilation systems in educational organizations are used infrequently. A survey of such premises shows the effectiveness of ventilation systems.
To maintain a comfortable microclimate, the school ventilation project introduces intake systems that provide fresh air in addition to simple ventilation. In such a system, the air flow penetrates through the grill, which also protects the air duct from precipitation. Next, the flow passes through the filter to remove dust and other debris, and in case the valve is open, enters the cabinet.
An integral part of the air intake system is the air heater, which is able to raise the air temperature if necessary, and the fan, which, on the contrary, cools the air. An important task in the design of the system was to provide sound insulation for working devices. There are many ways to solve this problem.
After manipulating the temperature and humidity of the air, the streams enter the air supply network and are distributed to the cabinets with the help of a special control system.
Exhaust ventilation is used to remove carbonated air. From time to time it is necessary to carry out an inspection, an assessment of the technical condition and cleaning of the supply and output systems and its components.
Supply and output systems significantly reduce the need for ventilation, as they provide additional air movement. It is at the level of the design of artificial ventilation that the need and frequency of airing school classrooms is determined.
Airing schedule and duration
The schedule of airing the office at school by sanpin provides airing for twenty minutes before the start of classes, after which each academic hour for five to seven minutes.
- Most schools start at eight o'clock in the morning, so the teacher or the person on duty must air the classroom in advance of the arrival of the children.
- After each lesson, which typically lasts forty-five minutes, it is necessary to air the classroom again. Cabinets are ventilated in the absence of children, so that the child does not catch a cold, and also had the opportunity to change the situation and relax outside the classrooms.
- After the end of the first shift in an educational institution, it must be repeated for at least twenty minutes. Depending on the saturation of the air.
After the end of the first shift in school, the school class must be aired for 20 minutes.
A big role is played by the correct schedule of airing the classrooms. The schedule and norms of airing are shown in the table below:
SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10
Types of ventilation
For airing educational institutions suitable three ways of airing, depending on the time of year and the duration of air exchange. Consider each individually:
- Refreshing the air through the window in the "airing" mode. The duration of this ventilation does not exceed fifty minutes and is suitable for ventilation at an inopportune time or before classes. However, this method greatly cools the room (although it has a beneficial effect on humidity). In winter, it is worth refusing such ventilation.
- Refreshing the air with an open window. Such ventilation lasts much less (5-7 minutes). Ideal for airing between changes. In winter, heat losses are not as significant as in the first case, but they are also present.
- Draft. To resort to this method is infrequent and in the absence of students in the room. Such ventilation will allow you to fill the office with fresh air in a matter of minutes.
Conclusion
In this article, we determined what tasks the ventilation performs, the principle of operation of the ventilation and intake and output systems in an educational institution, its importance for maintaining and changing the microclimate, reviewed SanPiN standards for ventilation in schools, suggested an optimal schedule for conducting ventilation in classrooms and introduced the main ways of airing.
Air-thermal regime, hygienic requirements for lighting, organization of water supply for children and teenagersIndoor air circulation plays an impressive role for our health and well-being. So do not forget to air not only the cabinets, but also your own housing!
Air-thermal regime, hygienic requirements for lighting, organization of water supply for children and teenagers
Air-thermal regime in institutions for children and adolescents is provided with heating systems.
In the premises of DOW, radiators, convectors and concrete panels can be used as heating devices. The manufacture of protective shields for wood-shaving panels and asbestos cement sheets is not allowed.
The relative humidity of the air in rooms with children should be 40-55%, the temperature of the indoor air - 21 ° C (except for the bath rooms of the pools).
The calculated temperature and frequency of air exchange in the premises of the DOW are taken in accordance with the table. 7.32.
Table 7.32.Design temperature and air exchange rate
Notes:at IA, 1B, ΙΓclimatic subareas air flow in the room is carried out by mechanical ventilation systems; in the laundry room and ironing rooms, as a rule, mechanical air inflow and exhaust should be carried out; in the toilet rooms of the groups, air extraction should be provided from the toilet; in toilet groups of children, designed without natural light, the hood must be at least 3 times.
To periodically intensify the air exchange on the exhaust duct and in the toilet rooms without window openings, it is recommended to install an axial small-sized fan in the external fences. In utility rooms with windows with transoms or vents (with the exception of showers and toilets), the device of exhaust ventilation channels can be omitted.
Independent exhaust systems should be designed from the food processing, washing / ironing, pool facilities.
Medical facilities should have separate exhaust channels.
The main sanitary equipment in preschool is recommended to complete according to Table. 7.33.
The water temperature in the pool bath should be maintained at 29 ° C. When designing pools with a water volume of 50 m3 and more, it is necessary to provide measures for its disinfection. For pools with baths of 7x3 m with a continuous flow of fresh water, the use of disinfectants is not required. The walkways of the bathtubs of the indoor children’s pools should be heated with the surface temperature maintained at between 26-30 ° C. It is allowed not to provide heating of the tracks in the case when the walls bordering the bypass tracks are internal and the bypass tracks are arranged above the warm room (technical underground). In the absence of heating, the tracks must be covered with synthetic mats with low thermal conductivity.
Heating appliances in cabinets for drying children's clothes in the dressing rooms, as well as towel warmers in the toilet, should be connected to the hot water system.
The temperature of hot water entering the DOW building should not be lower than 60 ° С.
Electric lighting should be working, emergency, evacuation (emergency for evacuation) and duty. For emergency lighting evacuation lighting fixtures are used. Luminaires for emergency and evacuation lighting are distinguished from the number of working lighting luminaires and are marked with special signs. Hygienic standards of illumination are given in table. 7.34.
Table7.33. Basic sanitary equipment
Table 7.34.Norms of illumination of the premises of the kindergarten with artificial light
In accordance with the fire safety requirements for the DOE, at least two distributed exits from the building and from each floor are provided; Both evacuation exits from a group cell must be located in its different rooms and have access to different staircases. Outdoor escape stairs are made of non-combustible materials, their slope should not exceed 45%, the width of the march should be at least 0.8 m, the width of the steps should be 0.2 m.
Air-thermal regime in educational institutions provided by heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Heat supply of buildings should be provided from CHP, district or local boiler houses. Steam heating schools is unacceptable.Radiators, tubular heating elements embedded in concrete panels can be used as heating devices; use of convectors with covers is allowed. Heating devices must be fenced with removable wooden grilles, located under window openings and have temperature controllers. It is not allowed to install fences made of chipboard and other polymeric materials. The average surface temperature of the heaters should not exceed 80 ° C.
When using air heating combined with ventilation in a school building, it is necessary to automatically control the systems in order to maintain the calculated levels of temperature and relative humidity of air within 40-60% during working hours.
During extra-curricular time, the temperature in the premises should not be below 15 ° C.
The air temperature in the air heating system during working hours shall not exceed 40 ° C.
Air recirculationin air heating systems of classrooms is not allowed.
Separate exhaust ventilation systems are provided for rooms (groups of rooms): classrooms and training rooms (in the absence of air heating), laboratories, assembly halls - lecture halls, training workshops, sports halls, swimming pools, galleries, a dining room, a first-aid post, a cinema, sanitary facilities. , premises for processing and storage of cleaning equipment.
Air exchange in school canteens should be calculated on the absorption of heat excess emitted by the kitchen technological equipment.
It is prohibited to use asbestos-cement air ducts in educational institutions.
Stove heating is allowed only in single-storey small schools (no more than 50 people). The firebox should be arranged in the corridor. It is forbidden to install iron furnaces.
Square transom and ventsin classrooms must be at least 1/50 of the floor area. Framugi and vents must operate at any time of the year.
Training rooms should be aired during recess, and recreational facilities during lessons. Before the start of classes and after their termination, it is necessary to conduct through ventilation. On warm days it is advisable to conduct classes with open transoms and vents.
The duration of through ventilation is determined by weather conditions according to the table. 7.35.
Air temperature, depending on climatic conditions, should correspond to the indicators presented in Table. 7.36.
Physical education classes should be conducted in well-aerated rooms. To do this, it is necessary to open 1-2 windows on the leeward side during classes in the hall when the outside air temperature is above +5 ° C and weak wind. At lower temperatures and higher air speeds, occupations in the hall should be conducted with open transoms, and through-ventilation during changes - in the absence of students.
Table 7.36.School air temperature
Note:* - with ribbon glazing; ** - optimal parameters; *** - valid parameters.
When the indoor air temperature reaches 15-14 ° C, the airing of the room stops.
In the premises of educational institutions relative air humidity should be in the range of 40-60%.
Exhaust ventilation should be equipped in workshops, kitchen, shower and toilet facilities. Exhaust ventilation grilles are subject to monthly dust cleaning.
School training and production workshops, where work on machines and mechanisms is associated with the release of heat and dust, must have mechanical exhaust ventilation. The air exchange rate must be at least 20 m3 per hour for 1 child.
One of the most important components of the condition of the child’s life is natural and artificial lighting.All school premises should have natural light. Without natural lighting it is allowed to design shell, washrooms, showers, latrines in the gymnasium, showers and latrines of personnel, storerooms and storage rooms (except for rooms for storage of flammable liquids), radio centers, cinema
laboratories, book storages, boiler rooms, pumping of water supply and sewage systems, ventilation and air conditioning chambers, control units and other premises for installation and management of engineering and technological equipment, storage rooms for disinfectants.
In the classrooms should be provided side left side lighting.With two-sided lighting, which is designed with the length of the classroom more than 6 m, the right-side illumination is required, the height of which must be at least 2.2 m. In this case, the direction of the light flux in front of and behind the students is unacceptable.
In training workshops, assembly and sports halls, bilateral lateral natural and combined (top and side) lighting is also possible.
The level of natural illumination, measured by the coefficient of natural illumination, in training rooms with unilateral lateral natural illumination at a distance of 1 m from the wall opposite to the apertures should be 1.5%, i.e. make up 1.5% of the illumination at the same level, but on the street.
An important condition for the normal operation of a person’s visual analyzer is not only sufficiency, but also uniformity of illumination. The unevenness of the natural lighting of classrooms should not exceed 3: 1.
Light rooms of classrooms should be equipped with adjustable sun-protection devices such as blinds, fabric curtains of light colors, combined with the color of the walls and furniture. Inoperative curtains should be placed in the piers between the windows. It is forbidden to use curtains made of polyvinyl chloride film.
For the finishing of classrooms, finishing materials and paints that create a matte surface should be used. It is necessary to use the colors of paints presented in table. 7.37.
In classrooms, standardized levels of illumination and quality indicators should be provided. artificial lighting(discomfort indicator and the pulsation coefficient of light) in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 23-05-95. "Natural and artificial lighting" (tab. 7.38). In classrooms it is recommended to use mainly fluorescent lamps.
Table 7.38.Normalized levels of illumination of classrooms
Note:* - if necessary, combine the perception of information from the screen and recording in a notebook - 300 lx.
It is forbidden to use fluorescent and incandescent lamps in the same room. The use of new types of lamps and fixtures must be coordinated with the authorities of Rospotrebnadzor.
When using dia- and film projectors, the illumination on the students' tables should be 500 lux. In this case, you should use only local lighting or create a system of "functional" artificial lighting with a "dark corridor" in front of the screen.
In classrooms should be used general lighting system. Luminaires with fluorescent lamps should be located parallel to the light-bearing wall at a distance of 1.2 m from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the inner wall. Luminaire lines must be switched on separately. For general illumination of classrooms, fluorescent lamps of the type LS002-2Х40, LP028-2Х40, LP002-2Х40, LP034-4Х36, TsSP-5-2Х40 are used.
Chalkboard must be equipped with spotlightsand be illuminated by two mirror-mounted luminaires of the type LPO-30-40-122 (125) installed parallel to it. These lamps are placed above the upper edge of the board at 0.3 m and 0.6 m in the direction of the class in front of the board.
Lighting fixtures fixtures to be cleaned at least twice a year. Burnt lamps must be replaced. It is forbidden to involve students in this work.
Faulty, burnt fluorescent lamps must be collected and removed from the school building. Their storage in unsuitable premises of educational institutions is prohibited.
In the buildings of educational institutions should provide household and drinking, fire and hot water supply, sewage and drainage.
Water supply and sewage in general education institutions should be centralized.
General education institutions should be provided with good-quality drinking water. Provision should be made for the supply of cold water to the shells of chemical laboratory tables and demonstration tables in the laboratories of chemistry, physics, and biology; to flush barrels in bathrooms, to wash basins, installed on 1 in each classroom of 1-4 classes and premises for after-school groups. The supply of cold and hot water should be provided for 1 each in the drawing room and visual arts, computer science and computer technology,
circle rooms of technical modeling, young naturalists, painting, drawing, sculpture studios; washbasins and car washes in the workshops for processing fabrics and cooking; to the washstands in the staff room, the catering department, to the water fitting taps, installed for household needs, 1 per washroom for students; to the sinks in the training workshops, in the room of the technical staff and in the room of the wildlife corner; to girls' personal care booths; for washing in photo and film laboratories; to laboratory cabinets in the laboratories of chemistry, physics, biology, as well as to the equipment of canteens and buffets, to which the supply of hot and cold water is provided according to the technological requirements.
The temperature of the hot water entering the device mixers should not exceed 60 ° C.
In the period of epidemiological well-being in educational institutions should be daily wet cleaningpremises using soda, soap or synthetic detergents.
Class cleaningand other educational and auxiliary premises are held after the end of the lessons with open windows or transoms. When the school is working in 2 shifts, cleaning is done twice. Wash floors, wipe places of dust accumulation (window sills, radiators, etc.).
1 time per month is held spring-cleaningpremises using not only detergents, but also disinfectants. The windows outside and inside and window openings are washed 2 times a year (spring and autumn).
Common areas (toilets, a canteen, a canteen and a medical office) are washed using disinfectants.
Sanitary equipment is subject to daily disinfection regardless of the epidemiological situation.
The dining room is cleaned after each visit to its children (breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea). Tables are washed with hot water with soap or soda after each meal.
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