Bacterial allergens, bacterial allergies, we often hear these words. But what do they mean: when bacterial allergens are helpers, and when are enemies, is bacterial allergy treated, why are bacterial allergens activated, and so on. Let's figure it out.
Bacterial allergy
This is a type of allergy in which the activation of allergens is not due to food, dust or the like, but because of bacteria in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys, and so on. It is not detected sharply, but over time, because it is formed against the background of catarrhal illnesses, often untreated, for example, sinusitis. The fire of the disease does not seem to appear externally, but it smolders quietly inside and develops over the years into an allergy in the form of bronchial asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and urticaria. All these are serious illnesses that require serious treatment. But do not be afraid, when you contact a competent specialist and follow all his recommendations, such an allergy goes away forever. Typically, the following types of therapy are offered: phyto-, api-, lipido-, ultrasound and capillary. Symptoms of a bacterial allergy are: breathing problems (including coughing, nasal congestion, persistent runny nose, itching), frequent sneezing, tears, redness in the eyes, and the gastrointestinal tract can respond with pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Unfortunately, anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema also occur. In a child, the symptomatic situation is the same as with adults. Note that before three years, bacterial allergy is almost impossible to replace because of the long process of its development.
Bacterial allergens: types
Such allergens are classically divided into two groups. Group 1. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with pathogens of infectious diseases. Tuberculin (INN, international nonproprietary name - recombinant tuberculous bacterial allergens). From the name it is immediately clear that its activation is associated with tuberculosis diseases, and it is used to identify them. This allergen is recombinant. It includes lipids that increase the effectiveness of the drug and determine the time of its exposure. We are sure that everyone is familiar with the Mantoux test used to detect tuberculosis disease. Group 2. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with opportunistic bacteria. Lepromin. To a large extent, lepromine is composed of protein. Lepromin is not a new allergen, but it is still used to diagnose, treat, determine the body's reactions to leprosy (leprosy).
Bacterial allergens for diagnosis
As we mentioned above, allergens of bacteria of both groups by modern medicine are used to detect diseases (lepromine, tuberculin). Skin tests are used. For example, to detect a tuberculosis disease, a recombinant allergen is taken and Mantoux or Pirke samples are placed. Preparations whose INN are recombinant tuberculosis bacterial allergens (its trade name is tuberculin) can be used only by trained medical specialists. They give very accurate answers to the question - is there tuberculosis? They look at the reaction of the body after three days. The same situation with lepromine. You cannot order the appropriate drug somewhere on the Internet and conduct diagnostics on your own at home. This is possible only in the clinic, since the activation of the body on lepromin does not indicate a disease, only a doctor can correctly decipher the result of the analysis.
Under the skin, 0.1 ml of lepromine is administered. Two days later, Fernandez's reaction is watched - an early reaction to lepromine. It manifests itself in the form of a papule. After a few weeks, they watch the Mitsuda reaction, a late reaction to lepromin. Outwardly, it is already a tubercle or knot.
Bacterial allergens cannot be classified as obligate. Obligatory are those allergens that most often cause an inadequate reaction of the body, among them: chocolate, oranges, honey, fish, strawberries and so on. Most often, such an allergy occurs in a child; his parents should transfer to a diet that excludes these products. With age, a reaction to obligate allergens can pass. In conclusion, we note that despite the fact that the use of bacterial allergens (both tuberculin, lepromin and others) for the diagnosis of diseases for more than 100 years, this method is still effective. By how and at what time the activation of the antigen occurs, you can either determine the disease, or identify the data needed for treatment.
About bacterial allergies, including asthma, we emphasize that it is sometimes treated even better than the usual food. With the right approach, the internal forces of the body are activated (because the allergy is associated with low immunity), and the cause of the allergy is destroyed so effectively that you can forget about it forever.
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Allergy. Causes, symptoms, development, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of allergies
Allergy is an increased sensitivity of the body to the effects of certain environmental factors.
Often, allergies occur during the flowering of herbs, in contact with pets or inhalation of fumes of dyes. An allergic reaction can cause drugs and even ordinary dust.
In some cases, certain foods, synthetic compounds, chemical detergents, cosmetics, etc., are intolerable.
Especially dangerous is allergy due to environmental pollution. A growing number of people suffer from it.
Allergy, its causes and symptoms
The main signs of allergies:
Skin redness
Inflammation of the mucous membranes - the appearance of a runny nose and tears,
Bouts of coughing.
Sometimes the rhythm of the heartbeat may develop and a general malaise may develop. And swelling of the larynx and lungs is a danger to life. Anaphylactic shock caused by allergies can also be fatal.
The main factor on which the manifestation of an allergic reaction depends is the immune system. The immune system is designed to protect the body from elements that can have a harmful effect on it. The danger can come from microbes, foreign proteins, various chemicals, and even from the body’s own cells, if they tend to degenerate into malignant cells that develop into cancerous tumors.
Antigens are called elements that impede the normal functioning of the body, bearing a certain danger to its existence. It can be various enzymes, toxins, foreign proteins and other substances that penetrate the body with microbes, pollen of plants, drugs, in particular serums. Special blood proteins - antibodies, otherwise called immunoglobulins, come into reaction with antigens. They are produced by some cells of the lymphatic system in the presence of antigens.
Immunoglobulins are very sensitive to the presence of foreign substances. They are designed to bind and block antigen cells. And subsequently with them destroyed by special cells (phagocytes) and excreted from the body.
In the process of interaction of antigens and antibodies, substances can be produced that have a negative effect on the body. They play a crucial role in the occurrence of allergic reactions.
The body usually secretes the necessary amount of antibodies to fight antigens. But if for some reason the immune system malfunctions and produces more than necessary number of immunoglobulins, the latter can have a destructive effect on the body, causing allergic reactions that are dangerous to health and even to life itself. The inadequate response of the body to the effects of foreign substances is an allergy.
Certain types of antibodies are resistant to various antigens. In total, there are only five classes of immunoglobulins, each of which must protect the body from certain antigens.
Class A - immunoglobulins that counteract various harmful microbes, toxins, viruses and protect mainly mucous membranes. This type of antibody also includes those that play an important role in the body's response to cold and in protecting against certain allergens. Class A immunoglobulins are involved in the mechanism of rheumatic allergic diseases.
Class D is represented by immunoglobulins released during bone marrow inflammation, i.e., osteomyelitis, and involved in a number of skin allergic reactions.
Class G - the most common immunoglobulins. Within this group, there are several varieties of antibodies designed to combat certain types of toxins, germs and viruses. But the immunoglobulins of this class themselves can cause a number of severe allergic diseases. In particular, hemolytic disease of infants (developing due to the production of antibodies in the mother’s blood for the Rh factor present in the fetal blood), neurodermatitis, eczema, and some others.
Class E - the most active immunoglobulins in allergy development processes. They are the first to respond to the appearance of allergens, although they do not directly participate in their destruction. They also contribute to the formation of a special allergic mood of the immune system. The content of antibodies of this type in the body depends, in particular, on age - their greatest number is produced by 7-14 years of life.
The presence of a more or less significant proportion of class E immunoglobulins also varies depending on the geographical location and climatic conditions of the country in which the person lives.
Class M is another immunoglobulin. These antibodies are involved in the fight against intestinal infections and rheumatic diseases. They bind bacteria entering the body; destroy red blood cells of incompatible blood groups.
Between themselves, the immunoglobulins of the five classes mentioned differ not only in their role in antigen resistance, but also in molecular weight and specific share in the total number of antibodies.
Involved in the process of recognition and destruction of foreign cells are different in their functions cells of the immune system, which are scattered throughout the body. They are called lymphocytes and are formed through the transformation of stem cells.
The task of recognizing antigens is given to those cells that are the first to come into contact with foreign elements. These are macrophages and monocytes, as well as some cells of the liver and nervous system. Then, lymphocytes act against antigens. They, in turn, are divided into several categories depending on the functions performed. Some of the lymphocytes are involved in blocking foreign elements, some in the production of necessary antibodies.
Cytokines - substances secreted by lymphocytes, contribute to the activation of antigen-destroying cells, play an important role in the destruction of dangerous tumors formed in the body. In the case of a clear work of the immune system, they are also eliminated in the future. But, if the body is prone to an inadequate reaction, an excess of these biologically active substances is produced. And not all cytokines are already destroyed after getting rid of antigens. Some of them oppose completely healthy cells of their own body, cause inflammation, and begin to destroy organs. This is the mechanism for the development of an allergic reaction. It should be noted that the release of interacting histamine and a number of other chemicals characterized by increased activity is of particular importance.
It is in those cases when the immune system is characterized by excessive sensitivity to the effects of antigens on the body, allergic reactions occur.
Pseudoallergy and true allergy: how do they differ
In addition to the described true allergy, the so-called pseudo-allergy or false allergy is known. True allergy is manifested due to a malfunction of the immune system. The mechanism of pseudo-allergy is different. The latter differs from true allergy in that antibodies do not participate in the process of its occurrence. In this case, the active substances - histamine, tyramine, serotonin, etc., are released into the body as a result of the direct effect of antigens on the cells. Manifestations of true and false allergies are very similar. Indeed, in both cases the reaction is caused by the same substances - histamine.
If there is an increase in the amount of histamine in the blood, there are signs characteristic of an allergy, such as fever, urticaria, increase or decrease in blood pressure, headache and dizziness, asphyxiation. These symptoms occur with true allergies, and with pseudo-allergies.
Difficulties in diagnosis is that many allergy tests show a negative result, because immunoglobulins do not enter into confrontation with antigens. Recognizing the presence of an ailment is possible only by the experience of repeated contact with an allergen. The release of biologically active substances can occur when certain foods, such as eggs, fish, are consumed, as well as as a result of damage to cells during irradiation, exposure to acids or alkalis, the action of certain drugs, in extreme cold or heat.
A completely healthy body is able to independently neutralize a large amount of histamine, reduce the activity of this substance to a safe level. But with diseases such as tuberculosis, dysbiosis or cirrhosis, the counteraction mechanism is violated. Inadequately responds to the presence of histamine and the body of an allergy sufferer. Therefore, protein-rich foods can cause a pseudo-allergic reaction. The composition of proteins includes amino acids, the derivatives of which are biologically active substances - such as histamine and tyramine.
Some signs distinguish true allergies from false ones. A true allergy is accompanied by an increased content of class E immunoglobulins in the blood. An important indicator is the relationship between the amount of allergen and the strength of the reaction caused by it. With pseudo-allergies, including food intolerance, the reaction intensifies in case of an increase in the amount of food intolerant by the body, flowering plants, household chemicals, etc. Such a type of pseudo-allergy as food intolerance manifests itself much more often than a true allergy, which is associated with violation of the mechanisms of the immune system. A true allergic reaction is caused even by a minimal dose of an allergen-containing substance, for example, a medicine, plant pollen. In addition, the reaction associated with the failure of the immune system often manifests itself in certain seasons, for example, during the flowering of some plants.
Allergy caused by pollen from various plants
Of the truly allergic diseases, diseases caused by pollen from various plants were identified and investigated earlier than others. Their name - pollinosis - comes from the Latin word "pollen." Then new experiments and studies were conducted. The compatriot of the East, Blackley, managed to artificially cause various manifestations of allergy when the pollen contacts plants with damaged skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. The tests developed by this researcher began to be used later in the diagnosis of allergic diseases and contributed to their successful treatment. As the results of subsequent experiments showed, pollinosis is caused by small pollen that can penetrate the bronchioles. In most cases, this category includes pollen from plants that are pollinated by the wind. In addition, it must be sufficiently volatile and maintain viability for a long time. A humid environment, as a rule, enhances the effect of such an allergen. Usually grass pollen is more active than pollen from shrubs or trees.
An overwhelming number of pollinosis also occurs when exposed to pollen of the most common plants in this zone. In Central Europe, this category includes timothy grass, fescue, team hedgehog, wormwood, quinoa, poplar, elm, and linden. In the southern lane, the main allergen is ragweed pollen. Therefore, for allergy sufferers, the flowering periods of these plants are dangerous, especially in the morning, when a lot of pollen is thrown out.
An allergy is manifested, caused by the ingestion of allergens through the respiratory tract, usually with attacks - suffocation, cough, runny nose.
In some cases, hay fever is combined with other forms of allergies that develop as a result of infections, chemicals, drugs, and certain foods.
The ability of products to cause allergies depends on their chemical composition and some other factors. Particularly allergenic are those that have a more complex protein composition. These primarily include milk and products made from it, as well as chocolate, eggs, meat, fish, as well as some fruits, vegetables and berries.
Food Intolerance Allergy
Pseudo-allergy caused by certain products is called food intolerance. It may be associated with the substances contained in the products: preservatives, dyes, etc. People who are hypersensitive to nitrates are advised to limit their use of black radish, celery, beets, bacon, and salted fish.
Intolerance to dairy products or the allergy provoked by the latter is more common in people suffering from diseases of the digestive system - gastritis and gastroduodenitis, cholecystitis, dysbiosis. A lack of vitamins also leads to the development of negative reactions.
Typically, in the case of food allergies, digestive system malfunctions, as well as urticaria and fever, are observed. Dyes, turpentine, mineral oils and other chemicals in contact with the skin can cause allergies in the form of dermatitis.
Infectious Allergy
Infectious allergies can accompany diseases such as tuberculosis and typhoid fever. Sometimes allergens are produced in the body itself due to exposure to very high or very low temperatures or with some mechanical damage.
Factors affecting the development of allergies:
Hereditary predisposition
Certain environmental conditions
Weakening of the nervous system,
Weakness of the body's immune system (due to stress, overload, past illnesses),
Poor nutrition
Smoking;
Alcohol abuse
Repeated contact with the allergen (at the first inadequate reaction to the allergen does not occur).
Substances that cause hypersensitivity in allergy sufferers are calmly tolerated by healthy people.
Also, the development of an allergic reaction may be due to the inability of this organism to protect itself from the effects of the emerging allergen.
Allergic diseases that are transmitted from parents to children are called atonic. An inherited allergy is called atopy. There is a high probability of developing a disease in a person whose parents suffered from allergies.
The reaction of his body to the appearance of an allergen, as a rule, is quick and very strong. But if the gene responsible for the allergy is inherited from one of the parents, the painful reaction will be less pronounced, or even completely absent. But repeated exposure to any antigen can cause a malfunction in the immune system, even an organism not prone to allergies.
Allergies affect different tissues and organs of the body in different ways. Sometimes substances arising from the interaction of “own” and “alien” cells cause bronchospasm. In other cases, the vessels of the skin or muscles of the intestine are affected primarily. And the permeability of capillaries or the mechanism of action of enzymes may be impaired.
Therefore, as a result of allergies, various diseases develop that affect certain organs. Such diseases include bronchial asthma, rheumatism, and inflammation of the kidneys.
If, due to cholecystitis or other diseases, the amount of bile entering the duodenum significantly decreases, the digestion process is disrupted. The body does not absorb fats and certain vitamins. As a result, favorable conditions are created for the vital activity of pathogenic bacteria.
There is a violation of the balance of microorganisms that existed before. Dysbiosis develops. A consequence of dysbiosis is a change in the permeability of the intestinal walls. They cease to restrain the penetration into the blood of various microbes and the toxins secreted by them. As a result, antibodies are produced and allergic reactions occur. The manifestations of allergies can be different, for example, asthma attacks, rashes on the skin. Further poisoning by microbial waste products leads to a general weakening of the body, to damage to the central nervous system. In this case, the patient's mood and appetite worsen, and vitality decreases.
To prevent allergies caused by allergies, timely and consistent treatment of diseases of the digestive system, such as cholecystitis and gastroduodenitis, and the fight against microbes that enter the intestine, is very important.
Development of allergic reactions
Allergic reactions differ in the rate of their development. According to this principle, they are divided into two categories:
Delayed reactions,
Immediate reactions.
For life and human health, the most dangerous are those that manifest themselves especially quickly. This is within one hour after the start of exposure to the allergen.
Immediate reactions
Slow allergic reactions are not so dangerous. But they can also cause serious illnesses that occur for a long time and shorten the life of the patient.
There are several types of allergy manifestations, depending on the immunoglobulins involved in the reaction and the affected organ.
The first type includes allergic reactions that occur especially quickly. They develop within a few minutes or hours after exposure to an allergen. It is reactions of an immediate type that sometimes create life-threatening situations.
Allergic manifestations of this type include:
Anaphylactic shock,
Laryngeal edema
Bouts of asthma,
Subcutaneous edema,
Conjunctivitis,
Hives.
The tissues of the body affected by the disease are affected by histamine and some other biologically active substances released from the cells. In the process of an allergic reaction, class E immunoglobulins are involved
Cytotoxic Type Reactions
The second type of allergic reaction is called cytotoxic. The manifestation of this type can noticeably stand in time from exposure to the allergen. In this case, the cells are damaged by components, the so-called complement - a special protein substance present in the blood, or cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Antibodies of classes C and M are also involved in the process. As a result of allergic reactions of the second type, blood cells are destroyed, kidneys and lungs are damaged, hemolytic anemia develops, and transplanted organs are rejected.
Reactions leading to the development of diseases of the immune complexes
The third type of allergy leads to the development of diseases of the immune complexes.
This is particularly true for:
Alveolitis,
Lupus erythematosus,
Serum sickness,
Inflammation of the kidneys, and resulting from infections.
Various allergens may be involved in the reaction: bacterial, medicinal, pollen, and opposing immunoglobulins, which in most cases belong to classes C and M. Antigens and antibodies combined in complexes are retained in the blood, attracting white blood cells and activating the release of enzymes from cells. As a result of these processes, those organs and tissues that are associated with the immune system are affected.
Slow Type Reactions
The last fourth type of allergy develops due to the delayed type of hypersensitivity. It is characterized by the fact that the reaction to the penetration of antigen into the body appears only after a day. Foci of inflammation occur, and next to them are clusters of macrophage cells and lymphocytes. The process ends with the formation of granules, scars, necrosis of some tissue sites.
In some cases, several types of allergic reactions occur simultaneously. This situation, in particular, occurs with serum sickness or with severe skin damage.
Sometimes an allergic reaction affects blood coagulation or adrenaline production.
Types of Allergies
Allergic reactions are provoked, they can be various substances that exist in the surrounding world.
Medications make up a significant group of allergens. Any pharmacological preparation under certain conditions can be an irritant. The decisive role here is played by the frequency and dose of a particular substance.
Allergens among drugs in most cases are antibiotics, sulfonamides, aspirin, insulin, quinine.
Infectious or biological allergens are various microbes and viruses, fungi and worms. Serums and vaccines containing foreign protein are introduced into the same category.
Any food consumed by humans can act as food allergens.
The next category of allergens is represented by pollen from plants (usually pollinated by the wind). Among the "record holders" in the number of allergic reactions they cause are the most common plants in a particular band. In various natural zones, ragweed, birch, poplar, wheat, cotton, sycamore, maple, alder, mallow, etc. can play such a role.
Industrial allergens include dyes, turpentine, lead, nickel and many other substances. Allergies can also be caused by mechanical stress, cold or heat.
Household allergens are mainly represented by ordinary household dust, animal hair, cleaning products and other household chemicals. They mainly affect the upper respiratory tract.
Depending on the substance that caused the reaction, and on the way the allergen enters the body, these types of allergies are determined:
As a drug
Bacterial
Food
Breathing
Dermal, etc.
There are various manifestations of drug allergies. Features of the course of the disease are associated with factors such as the state of the body’s immune system, the dose of an allergen-containing substance taken, etc.
Drug allergy is divided into several types:
I’ll stress
Lingering.
Acute manifests itself within an hour after the penetration of the allergen into the body and can cause swelling, hives, anemia and anaphylactic shock.
With subacute allergy, a fever appears, which develops within 24 hours after contact with the allergen. There are some other possible consequences.
A protracted type of allergy causes serum sickness, arthritis, myocarditis, hepatitis, etc. The manifestation of these diseases from the moment of interaction with the allergen can separate a fairly long period of time, up to several weeks.
Industrial allergies occur in contact with paints and varnishes, synthetic resins, chromium and nickel, and refined products. Its most common manifestations are dermatitis and eczema.
Residents of rural areas often suffer from allergies caused by chemicals present in mineral fertilizers, as well as physical irritants - prolonged exposure to sunlight, extreme cold or heat. Under the influence of these factors, a professional skin disease - dermatitis develops. The general weakening of the body, caused by the disruption of the endocrine, central nervous and digestive systems, contributes to the development of occupational allergic diseases. At the same time, cracks or scratches on the skin are insignificant at first glance.
Allergies in children
Allergic diathesis is characterized by increased permeability of the mucous membranes, which contributes to the penetration of allergens. The result is an increased tendency to allergies. Allergic diathesis observed in the youngest children and, in most cases, inherited. Subsequently, allergic diathesis may be replaced by diseases inherent in older people, such as asthma, urticaria, dermatitis and eczema.
The main manifestations of the disease:
Diaper rash and other types of rashes on the skin,
Increased irritability and irritability,
Decreased appetite.
There are also changes in the biliary tract, an increase in the size of some internal organs, and dysbiosis.
A predisposition to diathesis can be detected even before the birth of a child, therefore, according to the presence of allergic diseases in his parents, preventive measures should be taken even during the period of pregnancy of the mother. They consist in the exclusion of a woman's use of products containing allergens, timely treatment of infections, careful use of drugs. Similar measures of protection against allergies are also necessary for the baby - they give him later and more carefully lure, only in the absence of manifestations of diathesis do vaccinations are mandatory for children.
Eczema in children with the flow has certain features. Often the disease occurs under the influence of a hereditary predisposition, and food products act as the allergens causing it. More at risk are children who are fed artificially or started to receive complementary foods early. In the future, eczema may turn out to be a reaction to environmental factors - smells, dust, wool, pollen of plants, etc. Usually, the face is usually affected first. It swells, the skin is covered with small bubbles filled with liquid. Developing, the disease is able to capture new areas of the skin.
Eczema in most cases completely dies away even before the children reach school age. But sometimes a relapse occurs, which leads to lasting changes in the color and fat content of the skin and hair.
The development of bronchial asthma at an early age also has certain features, and in case of an attack in children, it is strictly forbidden to use steam inhalations and funds containing mustard, as this can enhance the reaction. But the positive effect is exerted by infusions or decoctions of medicinal plants.
Allergy Diagnosis
Diagnosis of allergy involves two main stages:
The first stage is the determination of the organ that has undergone allergic inflammation;
The second stage is the identification of an allergen that provoked an inadequate reaction.
Specific tests have been developed to reliably identify allergens. You can judge the body’s reaction to the effect of an element by the change in heart rate, inflammation on the skin, the level of immunoglobulins E in the blood serum and some other indicators.
The simplest tool used to determine an allergy-causing substance is a pulse test. It is carried out in this way - if any food product or drug causes concern, half an hour after taking it, you need to measure the pulse. The increase in heart rate, in comparison with the indicators obtained before, can be considered as evidence of intolerance to this substance. Its reception is canceled for several days, and then renewed in small doses, be sure to monitor the pulse.
The elimination method consists in the complete cessation of the use of a product that is suspected of allergenicity. Changes or lack thereof in the patient's well-being should confirm or refute the reliability of the assumption.
More sophisticated research in medical institutions is used. Skin tests are performed. For their implementation, special solutions containing one or another allergen are used. These drugs are manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry. If there are suspicions of intolerance to any substance, then the antigens contained in it can be introduced under the skin of the patient using such a solution. In the case of the development of appropriate antibodies, an allergic reaction occurs, as evidenced by inflammation developing on the skin.
But this method sometimes fails. For example, it may turn out that a person is really allergic to food products or plant pollen and the effect of the allergen is manifested on the intestines or bronchi. And skin tests show a negative result, since such a reaction does not affect it. In other cases, on the contrary, after administration of the antigen, the skin may become inflamed. However, in the future it turns out that this is simply the result of irritation, and not at all evidence of an allergy.
Sometimes, when conducting skin tests, an allergic reaction can manifest itself much stronger than expected, up to serious edema, bronchospasm and even anaphylactic shock.
In cases where there is no specially made drug, a test for intolerance to any product can be done differently. To do this, it is enough to put a small amount of a substance suspected of allergenicity under the tongue. The validity of such fears should be confirmed by a developing reaction in the future.
Another method for detecting a tendency to allergies is a blood serum test. An increase in the number of immunoglobulins E may indicate such a reaction.
With more complex studies, it can be established against which particular antigen protective antibodies are produced.
Widely used previously provocative tests are very risky. Their essence is as follows: a person who is suspected of having an allergic disease is given the blood serum of a known allergic person. Then the provocation follows exactly the allergen from which the famous patient suffered. As a result, the same allergic reaction can occur, manifested in the form of asthma attacks, edema, skin rash, or anaphylactic shock. This allows you to simply and accurately determine the diagnosis. But the method itself, which can cause a strong manifestation of the reaction, is too dangerous. Therefore, in our days it is rarely used, and only in a hospital, where there are all means for emergency assistance.
In some cases, the degree of sensitivity of an organism to a particular substance can be determined in the simplest way outside medical facilities. For example, a small amount of perm, blush, or lipstick can be applied to the skin of the hands and not washed off for several hours. If itching, redness and other signs of allergic skin irritation are not noted, the tested drug is considered safe and suitable for use.
Allergy treatment
The system of measures provides for the treatment of allergies, which, in addition to a healthy lifestyle, include immunotherapy, diet, and pharmacological preparations.
Currently, pharmacological preparations play a paramount role. Constantly developing and applying in practice all new drugs. The pharmaceutical industry provides medical facilities with various pills and ointments, drops and injectables.
The most commonly used drugs for relieving a painful condition caused by an allergy are the well-known medications Suprastin, Fenistil, Claritin.
Until recently, diphenhydramineum has been very popular, which is notable for its low price, therefore the most affordable. It is available in tablets (for oral administration) and in ampoules (for administration under the skin). However, the use of this drug has a serious side effect that adversely affects the general well-being of the patient. So, drowsiness caused by this reduces the reaction on the roads, worsens disability. The use of this substance is incompatible with significant physical and mental stress. Particularly serious consequences can cause an overdose of diphenhydramine. Therefore, the release of this drug is now made exclusively by prescription.
To relieve an allergic reaction and the serious condition caused by it, in some cases, in addition to antihistamines, epinephrine, ephedrine and other drugs are used. For allergic conjunctivitis and dermatitis, hydrocortisone ointment is applied externally. Allergic rhinitis is treated with a mixture of solutions of boric acid, silver nitric acid and adrenaline hydrochloride. Special medicines are intended to combat diseases of an allergic origin - bronchial asthma, rheumatism, etc.
If the development of allergies is associated with factors such as brain injury, deterioration of the adrenal glands, stress, impaired activity of the endocrine and nervous systems, general weakening of the body. Therefore, for the treatment of allergic diseases, soothing and restorative agents are also applicable.
Anaphylactic shock, its treatment
The most severe manifestation of an allergic reaction is anaphylactic shock. It can be caused by the repeated administration of the antigen contained in a drug, regardless of the amount of the substance that provoked the reaction. Injections of vaccine or serum, novocaine, antibiotics and some other substances usually lead to such dire consequences. Less commonly, anaphylactic shock may be associated with other factors. So, in particular, cases of the occurrence of this reaction to an insect bite were recorded.
Some food products also act as allergens that cause shock. These include fresh strawberries and strawberry jam. Usually, children provoke reactions caused by such substances.
Manifestations of anaphylactic shock are extremely severe. A few minutes after contact with the substance that caused the allergy, a sharp deterioration in the patient's well-being is observed, associated with inhibition of the most important body systems.
The main symptoms are a sharp decrease in blood pressure, dizziness, difficulty breathing, noise in the lungs, nausea, pain in the abdomen, skin rash and swelling. Cramps and fever may occur. Dimming or even loss of consciousness occurs. Sometimes the picture of what is happening is not so obvious, only a bronchospasm is noted, without any other manifestations of allergies. In this case, quickly and correctly determine the diagnosis is much more difficult. Usually, only indications of a previous anaphylactic shock or an already occurring allergic reaction to the same antigen help the doctor correctly assess the situation.
If a person in anaphylactic shock does not receive timely medical attention, death from suffocation or heart failure can occur. Therefore, cabinets in which tests for allergens are performed should be equipped with the necessary facilities for emergency assistance.
To save the life of a patient affected by anaphylaxis, the first thing to do is the urgent administration of adrenaline. In the future, some other medications and measures to restore impaired breathing may be required. If anaphylactic shock has occurred outside the medical facility, you should immediately call a doctor. With the ability, you can independently introduce adrenaline to the patient.
Measures to prevent anaphylaxis include caution when introducing substances containing foreign protein and other likely allergens (in particular, serums) into the body, fixing previous cases of an allergic reaction, and accurately identifying the substances that caused them.
Anaphylactic shock is an immediate, extreme manifestation of allergy, which is not so common.
Serum sickness
Serums and other drugs can provoke other forms of allergic diseases. There are similar causes of anaphylaxis to serum sickness. The degree of its development and the presence of complications depend on the frequency and intensity of the introduction of certain drugs into the body.
Typically, obvious symptoms of the disease are observed after an incubation period that lasts from several hours to several weeks, most often about 10 days. The patient begins to feel fever and chills, a severe headache. These phenomena can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, sore joints and lymph nodes, life-threatening edema. Against the background of a drop in blood pressure, the heart rate increases. A skin rash has also been observed. The result of blood and urine tests of the patient, and ECG data show certain deviations from the norm, indicating the presence of serum sickness.
Doctors, having diagnosed, prescribe the appropriate course of treatment. Among the necessary means to combat the disease include antihistamines. In case of laryngeal edema, adrenaline and ephedrine are also used. Sometimes hydrocortisone is needed.
Serum sickness usually lasts from a few days to three weeks. If there are no complications, in the future, in most cases, a full recovery occurs. Doctors can only take preventive measures to prevent the resumption of such a reaction in the future. However, serum sickness can cause very dangerous complications that affect the heart, liver, kidneys and other internal organs. As a result, encephalitis, hepatitis, myocarditis may develop.
To prevent such complications, the patient, along with other drugs, must be administered glucocorticoid hormones for 1-2 weeks.
Dermatitis
The use of pharmacological preparations may also cause other manifestations of allergic reactions. For example, dermatitis, characterized by rashes on the skin, is usually accompanied by damage to the internal organs and disruption of the central nervous system. Contributes to the development of dermatitis, the presence of certain diseases - flu, rheumatism, all kinds of chronic infections. Risk factors include severe stresses, disturbances in the endocrine system, improper metabolism, repeated and prolonged contact with potential allergens.
Dermatitis is most often caused by antibiotics, hormones, anesthetics and some vitamins, as well as sulfa drugs. They can come into contact with the body due to injection, ingestion or external use.
A skin rash is not the only manifestation of drug dermatitis. In addition, there is also a sensation of itching and burning of the skin, increased irritability, sleep disturbance, and temperature rises.
The duration and severity of the disease are related to the rate of detection of the drug that caused the allergy.
To relieve the symptoms of dermatitis, sometimes it is enough to stop taking the drug, to which hypersensitivity is detected.
But a more complex course of the disease requires the use of substances that alleviate the patient's condition. These include, in particular, calcium chloride and sodium hyposulfite, antihistamines. Skin covered with a rash is treated with hydrocortisone ointment. In the vast majority of cases, the patient will recover completely, although the disease may take several weeks under unfavorable circumstances.
Hives
The range of allergens contributing to the development of acute urticaria and extensive allergic edema is much wider. This disease can be caused by contact with plant pollen, the intake of any food or medicine, ultraviolet radiation, the penetration of helminths or bacteria, insect venom, etc. The presence of a tumor also increases the likelihood of hives.
The action of histamine secreted by the body during the penetration of an allergen leads to a change in the degree of permeability of the vascular wall. As a result, reddening of the skin occurs with the formation of blisters of various shapes and sizes, or significant allergic edema occurs, painful and dense. Symptoms of the disease are itching, nausea and vomiting, fever and chills. Edema is able to affect the face and other parts of the body, leading to difficulty in swallowing and breathing. The most dangerous of them are those that affect the larynx, brain, esophagus or intestines. Such edema in some cases creates a danger to the patient's life. However, usually they gradually disappear.
Violation of the permeability of the walls caused by allergies can cover not only the vessels of the skin, but also the vessels of internal organs. Therefore, urticaria can be accompanied by myocarditis and some kidney diseases. It also contributes to the occurrence of arthritis affecting the joints. Features of the treatment of urticaria depend on the nature of the allergen that caused it and on the degree of development of the reaction. In any case, it is necessary to remove substances containing the allergen from the body as soon as possible.
In these diseases, the pharmacological agents used include, in particular, antihistamines, sodium chloride, epinephrine and ephedrine, hydrocortisone and some other substances. Special measures are also taken to prevent complications.
A urticaria patient, among other means, is prescribed a milk and vegetable diet and a temporary refusal to use table salt. Strengthening the body's defenses can be promoted by daily intake of ascorbic acid.
Hay fever or hay fever
Another fairly common allergic disease is hay fever or hay fever. It affects mainly the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory organs, and it can also be accompanied by a rash on the skin. The development of hay fever is observed during the flowering period of plants. The danger of this disease lies in the likelihood of subsequent development of bronchial asthma on its basis. Other complications are possible, such as sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, or bacterial conjunctivitis.
A characteristic feature of hay fever is dependence on the seasons. An outbreak of diseases of this type occurs in the spring period of flowering trees, which falls in the middle of summer during the flowering of cereals and at the end of summer - the beginning of autumn, the time of flowering of weeds.
There may be manifestations of hay fever in various combinations of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and asthma attacks such as asthma. In some cases, they join neurodermatitis or urticaria. With exacerbation of hay fever, there is an increased sneezing runny nose, swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose and difficulty breathing, a burning sensation or pain in the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, redness of the mucous membranes of the eyes, lacrimation and photophobia. Asthma attacks such as asthma may occur, especially in the evening. In some cases, skin rashes appear. Rarely, the course of the disease is accompanied by fever, general weakening of the body and other manifestations of pollen intoxication: headache, insomnia, profuse sweating, etc.
Studies conducted in medical institutions reveal the presence of changes in the composition of the patient’s blood. Often, x-rays show swelling in the region of the maxillary sinuses.
The degree of development of the disease can be different - from minor and non-dangerous manifestations of conjunctivitis or rhinitis to serious asthma attacks.
Often, hay fever manifests itself like diseases such as flu, bronchitis, or conjunctivitis. This can be confusing for the doctor when making a diagnosis. But with repeated seasonal exacerbations, the essence of what is happening becomes obvious.
Allergic reactions with hay fever are observed only during the spread of pollen causing disease plants. Even after the rain, which has brought down pollen carried by the wind, the symptoms of hay fever subside.
Outside the flowering period, the disease may not manifest itself at all or faintly remind of itself of short-term symptoms caused by the use of products associated with an allergenic plant, such as nuts or birch sap.
Exacerbations and severe complications, including anaphylactic shock, in a patient with hay fever can also be caused by improper use of pharmacological agents, primarily antibiotics. In this case, the development of an allergy to new substances, hypersensitivity to which was not previously noted, is not excluded.
As with other allergic diseases, with hay fever, you must first stop contact with the allergen. For this purpose, even moving to another locality during the flowering period of dangerous plants is not excluded. In an extreme case, you can limit your stay to the walls of the house, go outside less, where the effect of pollen carried by the wind can affect. If it is impossible to avoid being outdoors, rinse your nose and take a shower after returning home.
A special role belongs to the diet. It is necessary to exclude from the diet those products that are potential allergens.
Antihistamines are used to combat hay fever, manifested in inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes. Conjunctivitis caused by hay fever is treated with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone. In some cases, ephedrine and adrenaline are used. If the disease has spread to the bronchi, and there are attacks of shortness of breath, the same drugs that are prescribed to patients with asthma come to the fore.
With laryngeal edema that cannot be removed by other methods, surgical intervention can be used.
Strengthening immunity as a treatment for allergies
A special role in recovery belongs to strengthening immunity.
Immunity is the body's defenses, its resistance to various infections or foreign substances. Resistance to the effects of bacteria, viruses or toxins occurs due to a system of devices and reactions, some of which are inherited, and some are acquired later on.
Innate immunity protects a person from all those diseases that affect only animals. The degree of its strength varies from absolute to relative immunity.
Acquired immunity is divided into two types:
Active,
Passive.
Active is produced as a result of the introduction of a vaccine or develops after a certain infectious disease has been transferred.
Passive is associated with the production of antibodies against any pathogen. This occurs with the introduction of serum. Such immunity is unstable, and it can only hold for several months.
It is thanks to the action of the immune system that the stability of the antigenic and cellular composition is maintained. But the immune system can malfunction due to intoxication of the body due to the action of infections, all kinds of toxins and a number of other adverse factors.
The occurrence of allergic reactions is closely related to the state of the immune and central nervous systems. Therefore, among allergy prevention measures, a special role should be assigned to those aimed at strengthening the body's defenses.
Helps increase the body's resistance by taking infusions of certain medicinal plants that relieve fatigue and increase overall tone.
The most famous and effective of them is ginseng, growing in the Far East. Its roots are especially valuable. Tinctures and powders used in medicine are made from them. These healing agents relieve fatigue, increase cardiac activity and are especially beneficial for the body, weakened by the disease. But there are a number of contraindications to its use.
Extracts of the roots and leaves of Eleutherococcus are also able to exert a tonic effect. If you take this tool for more than 2 weeks, such positive changes as improving mood, performance, improving vision and hearing will become apparent. Therefore, Eleutherococcus is taken in case of depletion of forces and with hypotension - low blood pressure.
With a number of diseases, alcohol tinctures of Chinese magnolia vine seeds will have a beneficial effect. In the homeland of the mentioned plant, the Far East, decoctions and infusions from vines, leaves and fruits of lemongrass are also widely used. The use of this tool not only helps relieve fatigue and improve performance, but also contributes to the outflow of bile, and therefore is used for cholecystitis. The drug is effective for hypotension. The ability to increase immunity and improve the functioning of the nervous system allows you to include lemongrass in the number of drugs designed to counter cancer.
Aralia Manchurian, safflower-like leuzea and zamanika also belong to the number of immunity enhancing agents. Alcohol tincture from young roots of Aralia stimulates the activity of the central nervous system, increases blood pressure, relieves fatigue and strengthens the body weakened by the disease. Tincture of dried rhizomes of the temptation is used to treat depression, hypotension, and some forms of diabetes. The same remedy is fortifying, contributing to the restoration of strength after serious illness or tedious work. Many diseases can heal a leuzea. This plant has been used in folk medicine since time immemorial. Currently, the pharmaceutical industry produces a drug known as "liquid leuzea extract." It also serves to relieve fatigue, improve working capacity, and increase blood pressure. The drug based on leuzea promotes the speedy recovery of patients who have undergone a major operation.
Among the tone-enhancing medicinal plants, Rhodiola rosea can be mentioned. From its root, which has a golden hue, infusions, decoctions and extracts have long been made.
In addition to improving disability and fatigue, Rhodiola can help treat diseases of the central nervous system and heal injuries. It neutralizes to some extent the harmful effects of radioactive substances and harmful metal dust.
Allergy: Prevention of Allergic Diseases
Prevention of allergic diseases includes a number of measures.
Since a variety of factors can provoke an inadequate response of the body:
Food,
Pollen of plants
Pharmacological preparations
Household chemicals,
Animal hair
Cold, etc.
That and preventive measures should be aimed at the overall strengthening of the body and the removal of those factors that most increase the risk.
The main conditions for getting rid of allergic diseases:
1. healthy lifestyle
2. moderate exercise,
3. rational mode of work and rest,
4. properly organized nutrition,
5. creating a favorable environmental situation.
Self-medication should be abandoned and pharmacological preparations should only be used as prescribed by a doctor to prevent drug allergies. It is important to note those drugs that already caused previously intolerance, and in no case do not take them again. It is undesirable to start taking several new drugs at the same time, because in case of allergies it will be difficult to identify the substance that caused the reaction.
Improving the functioning of the immune system also plays an important role in preventing drug allergies and other types of the disease. Here, hardening, accustoming the body to the transfer of cold or heat, and a sharp fluctuation in the temperature of the environment will be invaluable. Hardening exercises start from a very young age, of course, given the state of health and the individual characteristics of the child. In order to train the thermostatic apparatus, various methods can be applied, for example, wet wipes, massage, bathing and air baths. But when hardening children, it is necessary to increase the load gradually, in proportion to doses. Excessive and intense exposure to hardening factors (cold water, sunlight) should be avoided, as this may cause the opposite result.
They are used to strengthen the body, increase its resistance to diseases and exercise. But if moderate physical activity contributes to better health, then intensive training, on the contrary, can have a negative effect. Overfatigue during physical or mental work is also unfavorable.
You need to try to avoid nervous breakdowns. Indeed, as you know, difficult experiences can aggravate an existing allergic disease or even cause a new one, in particular, bronchial asthma and some types of skin lesions.
Positive emotions, good mood reduce the likelihood of allergies. Therefore, it is necessary to learn to control your feelings and control your emotional mood, even if difficult life situations arise. Favorite books, classical music, embroidery or knitting, communication with four-legged friends, pleasant walks, etc. will help in this. At home and at work, it is necessary to create, as far as possible, a healthy environment.
In order to avoid dust accumulation in the room after 2-3 days, it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning. Carpets, sofas, curtains need to be processed with a vacuum cleaner. We should not forget about the need to remove dust from books, paintings, televisions, computers. Special air purifiers will help to create a favorable environment. In the kitchen, it is advisable to install an exhaust device that removes products of incomplete combustion of gas and other harmful substances from the room. And of course, a necessary condition for maintaining a good microclimate is to give up active or passive smoking.
If you have to work with harmful substances that can cause dermatitis. In this case, you need to especially carefully care for the skin of your hands, in a timely manner, wash off the dyes and solvents that pollute it and cause irritation. Sometimes it helps to protect the skin gloves. As a emollient, some nourishing creams are used. Even small cracks and scratches should be treated with iodine solution, since their presence facilitates the penetration of allergens. Oily substances should not be strongly sprayed or sprayed, protective screens are installed to limit their contact with the skin.
Particularly serious safety measures are envisaged in the case of work in the factory with radioactive drugs, which, among other things, can cause allergic diseases. Workers should be equipped with special protective clothing, the premises are equipped with exhaust ventilation. For storage and transportation of radioactive materials, hermetic containers are provided, the reliability of which must be monitored.
Caution requires the use of such substances necessary in the household as dyes and solvents, Moment, Octopus, kerosene and gasoline adhesives. After their use, the room should be well ventilated.
Allergies are often caused by various lotions, shampoos, deodorants, creams, blushes and lipsticks, colognes and perfumes, washing powders and other cleaning products.
Choose perfumes or household chemicals with great care. And if there are signs of intolerance (difficulty breathing, skin rashes, etc.), immediately stop using. It is better to filter water for drinking.
For the prevention of bacterial allergies, it is important to timely eliminate the foci of infection present in the body (in particular, treatment or removal of teeth affected by caries).
If you suspect an allergy or if allergic diseases have already been identified, you will have to resort to more radical measures. For example, replace feather pillows with synthetic ones, do not wear clothes made of wool or natural fur, remove dusty objects (carpets, etc.). Even brushing shoes and boots with cream is better outside the apartment (on the balcony or on the landing).
In the presence of diseases of the digestive system, the main danger is food allergy. To prevent it, you will have to avoid the use of spicy, smoked, salted and pickled products. It is advisable to limit the intake of chocolate, coffee and chicken eggs, and use milk boiled or condensed.
The main allergens that cause allergies
Some allergens have already been considered, but dwell on them in more detail.
Air allergens (aeroallergens) are substances that cause an allergic reaction (sensitization) in the body when they enter the respiratory tract.
In order for the air allergen to have a pathogenic effect, it must be contained in air in a significant amount, its particles must be relatively small and stored for a long time in suspension. Airborne allergens include pollen from plants, spores of fungi, including molds, animal products (particles of the vital activity of mammals, insects, ticks), dust (organic and inorganic nature), and occasionally algae.
In the environment, many airborne allergens, such as plant pollen or fungal spores, appear only at a specific time of year for each of them. Separately, they occur occasionally. During abundant flowering, pollen concentration can be high. It is affected by temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction. With an increase in temperature, that is, usually in the middle of the day, the release of pollen by plants and spores by fungi increases. The concentration in the air of spores of many fungi and pollen of some plant species (for example, ragweed) also increases with high humidity. Typically, the concentration of aeroallergens increases at a wind speed of about 24 km / h. With a further increase in wind speed, the concentration of allergen drops. The smaller the aerosol particles containing the allergen, the longer they remain in suspension. The stability of the aerosol with pollen is also affected by the shape of the grains.
Plants are a very common cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. From plants, herbs, weeds and trees can cause allergies. However, plants do not cause allergies on their own, but because they produce pollen during flowering. Pollen is carried in many ways: with the help of insects, animals or wind. Pollen often causes allergy symptoms, but this does not mean that there is an allergy to the plants themselves. For example, if you are allergic to oak pollen, then to the tree itself it is not. You can not be afraid to step on oak flooring and calmly use oak furniture.
In general, a very small percentage of all herbs produces pollen, which provokes allergies or asthma. Basically, these allergenic species are fodder or lawn. About 50 species of flowering plants are known to cause allergies. These include cereals (rye, timothy meadow, fescue, foxtail, bluegrass) and plants of the Asteraceae family (dandelion). Allergies can occur on pollen of many other plants: wormwood, quinoa, sorrel. Moreover, an allergic reaction to the pollen of one of these plants indicates hypersensitivity to the rest.
More often than other plants, the cause of allergies and asthma attacks is ragweed. Many allergics sensitive to ragweed are also affected by weed, a weed that grows in flax. The flowering period of ragweed usually begins in mid-August and ends in October and / or before the first frost. Ambrosia releases most of the pollen between 6 and 11 hours in the morning. In hot and humid weather, pollen is usually less.
Tree pollen is finer than grass pollen. The flowering period of trees producing allergenic pollen usually lasts from late winter or early spring to early summer. As a result, the risk of suffering from tree pollen is lower than from grass pollen.
Trees that produce the most allergenic pollen include elm, willow, poplar, birch, beech, oak, chestnut, maple, boxwood, ash and some types of cedar. Conifers (spruce, pine, fir) are wind-pollinated. Although there is a significant amount of pollen around them, it rarely causes allergies. Many allergy sufferers believe that poplar fluff is the cause of their disease. In fact, they are more often affected by herbs, the peak of pollen formation of which coincides with the period of dispersal of poplar seeds. Poplar pollen causes allergies much less often than they attribute to it.
Flowers produce heavy and sticky pollen, which is carried due to the fact that it sticks to the body of insects and animals. Therefore, flowers, as a rule, do not cause allergies. In most cases, when an allergic disease is associated with the blooming of roses or other flowers, in fact it is caused by pollen from closely spaced herbs and trees. An allergy to flowers can rarely develop in those people who have close contact with them, for example, workers in Flower greenhouses or shops.
Sometimes the cause of an allergic reaction of the oral cavity is the result of a cross-reaction to pollen and certain foods. The reaction of the oral cavity itself is manifested by edema, itching of the parts of the oral mucosa in contact with food - lips, tongue, pharynx, palate. Sufferers of such a reaction should not eat raw foods, especially during the flowering season of plants whose pollen causes them allergies. If you are allergic to birch pollen, it is not recommended to eat apples, pears, celery, carrots, potatoes, kiwi, hazelnuts; with an allergy to ragweed pollen, it is not recommended to eat watermelons, melons, cucumbers; for allergies to pollen of trees and grass, it is not recommended to eat apples, peaches, oranges, pears, cherries, cherries, tomatoes, carrots, hazelnuts, etc.
As a rule, an allergy to the fruits of trees, on the pollen of which there are signs of allergy, an allergy does not develop.
In general, for an allergic reaction to pollen to occur, contact with it is necessary for at least one flowering season. In infants, such a reaction, as a rule, is not observed, as a result of which they do not develop an allergy.
To avoid exposure to pollen allergens, it is recommended:
Avoid prolonged exposure to the open air, especially in the early morning and late evening hours, when the concentration of pollen in the air is maximum;
If you still need to work outdoors, you need to wear a mask or even better - a respirator;
Do not go outside on warm windy days and afternoon, when the concentration of pollen in the air is especially high;
Since cereal pollen is released into the air mainly at the end of the day, it is better to stay indoors at this time;
Staying at home, close windows and doors tightly and use an air purifier;
Wash your hair before going to bed to prevent allergens that have settled on your hair from getting into your pillow;
Drying clothes indoors, because in the open air it can turn into a “trap” for plant pollen, with which you will bring a huge amount of “fresh” allergens to the house.
It can also cause an attack of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis mold. Mold spores are present outdoors and indoors. The danger of mold spores is that their concentration in the air is much higher than the concentration of plant pollen. Unlike plant pollen, which is seasonal in nature, fungal spores are present in the air almost all year round. The peak concentration of fungal spores occurs in the summer. As molds grow indoors, they attack the immune system year-round. Outside the premises, mold grows in fields sown with corn or wheat, on compost, hay, fallen leaves, cut grass, as well as on some food products - tomatoes, corn, pumpkin, bananas, bread, etc. Not all mushrooms cause allergic rhinitis and / or asthma. Mushrooms that produce “dangerous” pollen include Cladosporum and Alternaria. Cladosporum spores are found everywhere in huge numbers, except for the North and South poles, and Alternaria grow only outdoors. They are the most common cause of allergies.
As a result of scientific research, it was found that in children with allergies resulting from contact with fungi of the genus Aspergillus, an asthma attack develops immediately when particles (spores) of fungi get into the lungs. Inhaling spores of this species of fungi contributes to the development of not only asthma, but allergic pneumonitis and severe bronchopulmonary disease - allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
Penicillin antibiotics, widely used in the treatment of various infections, are produced by Penicillinum fungi. However, they do not cross-react to the spores of these fungi. Allergy sufferers sensitive to Penicillinum fungi can use antibiotics without fear.
Even when mowing the lawn or during activities of this kind, asthma or another allergic disease is quite often exacerbated. The reason for this, as a rule, are mold spores. Patients who are allergic to fungi of the genus Penicillinum may develop an oral allergy when eating roquefort or camembert cheeses, as mold fungi of this genus are present in the thickness and surface.
It is possible to suspect that the cause of allergies is mold fungi according to the following criteria:
Allergic rhinitis worries most of the year, and not just in a certain period;
If during the summer months allergy symptoms worsen - especially near untidy arable fields or while working in the garden.
To avoid contact with the mushroom allergen, you should adhere to the following recommendations: do not rake leaves, mow lawns, shovel compost piles, farm work, do not go into the forest; where mold contact is possible, wear a mask or respirator; to combat dampness in residential premises, periodically rinse damp places with bleach to destroy molds and prevent their growth. A lime solution dissolved in three parts of water is usually effective.
In addition to mold, one has to face indoors, indoors, house dust is an extremely dangerous allergen. In addition to particles of molds and their spores, it contains micro-mites, insect secretions, particles of animal hair and dandruff, particles of various fibers, such as acrylic, rayon, nylon, cotton, etc., wood and paper particles, hair and skin particles, tobacco ash pollen of plants. Household dust is not dirt and is not the result of poor cleaning. She is always present in any, even never visited premises.
Home mite is the most powerful house dust allergen. The allergenicity of house mites is 10-100 times greater than the allergenicity of house dust in general. These octopus arachnids are ubiquitous. They can only be seen with a microscope. They feed on particles of the epidermis of people and animals, mushrooms and waste, which form house dust. Especially a lot of mites in mattresses, pillows, carpets, upholstery, soft toys. As a rule, you have to deal with the products of their vital functions and their decaying residues. Sleeping mattresses contain up to several million ticks. This explains the fact that asthma and other allergic diseases worsen at night.
The second most potent allergen present in house dust is pet dander. It often causes allergic rhinitis and an asthma attack. This allergen is present even in houses where there is no cat or dog, getting there through the hands and clothes of animal owners visiting the house. In addition to dandruff in pets, the cause of allergic reactions is the urine of mice and rats. Scientific observations have shown that the waste products of cockroaches are also powerful allergens that contribute to the onset of asthma attacks, especially in children.
Indoor airborne allergen may be latex. Latex particles are present in large numbers in the air of hospital rooms. The main source is rubber gloves that are used by medical staff. In urban areas close to freeways, there is a danger for patients with allergies, since latex is found in microparticles of rubber tires flying in the air.
Indoor foods can also be a source of airborne allergens. Very often an allergic reaction occurs as a result of inhalation of allergens when cooking fish and seafood. Allergic rhinitis and asthma of bakers are also observed for inhalation of flour.
Airborne allergens can cause occupational allergic diseases. The cause of professional bronchial asthma is more than 250 industrial substances.
In addition, perfumes, perfumes usually have an odor with an irritating effect, which can lead to an exacerbation of both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.
Strong odors such as the smell of petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, etc.), organic solvents, diesel exhaust, and the smell of heated cooking oils cause allergies and asthma.
Smoking can also cause bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. It has now been proven that active and passive smoking can cause bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. Tobacco smoke is a major air pollutant in residential buildings. Passive smoking, inhalation of air filled with tobacco smoke, increase the manifestation of allergic diseases of the respiratory tract.
Another substance present in the air of residential enclosed spaces is formaldehyde, which gets into it from wood chipboards and furniture, tobacco smoke, gas stoves, foam insulating materials, carbon paper. Its concentration is especially great in industrial enclosed spaces. A lot of irritating substances in poorly ventilated rooms. They accumulate in them: hydrocarbons, ammonia, acetic acid, which comes from multiplying equipment, insecticides, carpet cleaners, combustion products, tobacco smoke. Sometimes pollution gets into the room outside. For example, air entering the building’s ventilation system from the street with heavy truck traffic leads to an increase in the content of ozone and nitrogen dioxide in the room.
There are a number of symptoms that indicate exposure to airborne allergens indoors. So, allergic symptoms appear during cleaning, making the bed or changing blankets and bedding. In addition, allergy symptoms are disturbing throughout the year, and not periodically. Exacerbations occur more often indoors than outdoors, when waking up or during sleep.
Sometimes the “sick house” syndrome appears in people living or working in homes where poor ventilation and air exchange are slow. Contaminants, reaching a high concentration, during respiration enter the human body. The most common complaints with this syndrome are irritation of the conjunctiva and respiratory tract.
The main air pollutants are in the air. The main pollutants of atmospheric air several decades ago were sulfur dioxide and soot particles, which fell into the atmosphere as a result of burning coal. Now the role of these pollutants as a whole in the world has significantly decreased, excluding the natural sources of these pollutants, such as volcanoes, but at the same time, an increase in the number of cars has led to an increased concentration of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and fine particulate matter in the air. The increased ozone content sometimes contributes to the development of an asthma attack, and nitrogen oxides and ozone enhance the response to the allergen in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma.
The first, most practical and effective way to deal with allergies is to limit contact with the allergen. If we exclude or reduce the degree of exposure to substances that surround us and cause an allergic reaction, then the symptoms of allergies weaken or completely disappear.
A person spends about a third of his life in bed. The main and most aggressive allergen to house dust is a mite, therefore, all efforts should first be directed towards combating it. Although it is practically impossible to completely eradicate them (females lay 20 to 50 eggs every three weeks), their detrimental effect can be minimized.
Measures that will significantly reduce the frequency of exacerbations, the severity of asthmatic and allergic symptoms, reduce the need for medication.
1. Cleaning - clean the room with a vacuum cleaner at least once a week. It is advisable to use a washing vacuum cleaner. If you have asthma or allergies, wear a dust mask during cleaning.
2. Carpets and draperies - Get rid of carpets and thick carpets. If all carpets cannot be removed, they must be treated with substances that deactivate allergens from dust mites. In addition, it is advisable to replace heavy draperies and blinds with easily erasable curtains and curtains.
3. Bed - put on all pillows, blankets, special anti-allergic covers (pillowcases and duvet covers). Every two weeks, wash bedding in hot water (at least 70 ° C), use pillows, blankets and bedspreads made only of synthetic materials. Refuse from feather (down) blankets and pillows; put your bed in the driest place in the house, if possible, use an air purifier and / or desiccant, so that the humidity is at least 50%.
4. Furniture - use furniture made of wood, vinyl, plastic, leather, but without cloth upholstery.
5. Try not to clutter up the room so that dust does not accumulate and the room is easier to clean. Do not hang pictures, photographs on the walls, do not use large pillows. Limit the amount of bedspreads, books, and other personal items in which dust can accumulate.
6. If a child suffers from allergies or asthma, try to reduce the number of soft toys to a few that are machine washable.
The source of allergens is all living things that live in your house (cat or dog). With dandruff and saliva, they secrete proteins - proteins that are powerful allergens. Cells of dead skin not only of humans, but also of your pets serve as food for dust mites. People with asthma or allergies should not have a cat or dog. But if they already live with you, it is extremely difficult to part with them. Therefore, if you do not want to look for new owners for your pets, you should apply the following measures: increase the stay of your pet outside the living area; if the previous recommendation is not feasible, do not let the animal into the room and bed of the allergy sufferer; warn that all family members, stroking the animal, thoroughly wash their hands before communicating with an allergic person; Be sure to wash your pet once a week.
Street mold spores enter the house through an open window or doors and ventilation. Indoors, mold can grow year-round, preferring dark, damp places - basements and bathrooms. Mold mushrooms grow under carpets, in pillows, mattresses, air conditioners, garbage cans and refrigerators. Limitations of mold action is an extremely important measure:
Avoid wet areas in the house, such as a room with a leaking ceiling; use a desiccant to reduce humidity in these places;
Expand the clothes dryer so that the moist air goes toward the window or door, and not into the interior of the home;
Ventilate the bathroom well after a shower or bath;
Using special means, wash surfaces where moisture usually accumulates around the toilet bowl, sink, shower, bathtub, washing machine, refrigerator, etc .;
Remove any visible mold on ceilings, walls, floors using special tools;
Take out the trash can in time and wash it regularly so that the mold does not grow;
Dry shoes and clothes, but do not hang them on the street, where spores of mushrooms can settle on them;
Limit the number of indoor plants, as mold can grow in their soil;
If you suffer from asthma or allergies, remove all plants surrounding the house; you let it breathe and reduce the humidity inside.
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Household allergies in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention + photo
Often, children can have various rashes on the body. Redness, peeling, rash - all this can scare parents. In some cases, for example, in the first months of life, these signs may be a variant of the norm. But what if it is a household allergy?
What is a household allergy in children
Household allergies in children are a reaction to external factors. It can be both hereditary and acquired. If the relatives of the child suffered from an allergic reaction to any surrounding elements, then the baby is highly likely to develop it.
Children with chronic colds are prone to developing household allergies. During the disease, immunity decreases, and the mucous membranes of the body become inflamed and become most vulnerable. Various allergens of various kinds easily penetrate the body.
It should be noted that not only the disease itself, but also the mechanism of its development can be inherited. Since the main route of allergens to enter the human body is the respiratory tract, the most common household allergy manifests itself as a respiratory disease: bronchitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, laryngitis.
Causes and symptoms of the disease
Itchy skin, sneezing, and runny nose are the most common signs of household allergies.
As a rule, allergies are accompanied by several symptoms. The most common are skin reactions and nasal congestion. The specific manifestations of an allergic reaction depend on the root cause of its appearance.
Manifestations of household allergies - table
Diagnostics
The diagnosis is made by the doctor based on the symptoms and history. Sometimes you have to take an additional blood test to check the number of eosinophils. Their increase may be one of the signs of an allergic reaction. Other studies may also be required sometimes.
Allergy tests are not effective in children under three years of age.
Auxiliary diagnostics are carried out in the following cases:
- Determining the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment.
- Therapeutic treatment has failed.
- After a severe allergic reaction to something (for example, anaphylactic shock).
Diagnostic methods:
- Allergy tests. Contraindicated in children under three years of age.
- Immunological tests. They are considered absolutely safe at any age.
- Inhalation test. It is carried out for children from 4–5 years old. Contains allergens of some plants, dust mites, pet hair.
Treatment
Treatment of an allergy should begin with eliminating its source or restricting contact with it.
The main directions of treatment:
- The use of antihistamines and vasoconstrictors.
- The use of ointments, creams and other drugs for external use.
- Hormone therapy (for example, with atopic dermatitis).
- Antibiotic therapy.
- Physiotherapeutic procedures.
- Stimulation of the immune system.
Medication
The main group of medicines used for household allergies are antihistamines. But often an allergic reaction is accompanied by a viral or bacterial infection. In the first case, it is recommended to take immunostimulating agents, and in the second - antibacterial.
While taking medications, the gastrointestinal flora suffers. Therefore, in parallel with drug therapy, the administration of enterosorbents is indicated.
Hormonal ointments (corticosteroids) are very effective in the treatment of atopic (allergic) dermatitis in children. It is important to consult a doctor on time and get appropriate appointments.
Allergy Medicines - Table
Photogallery of medicines
Polyoxidonium enhances immunity and increases the body's defenses Polysorb is safe from the first days of a child's life. Cefotaxime is recommended for bacterial infections that accompany allergies. Hydrocortisone is indicated for atopic dermatitis. Zirtec is an effective antihistamine for pruritus and redness. Tavegil is recommended by the manufacturer for various manifestations of an allergic reaction.Allergy medicines - Dr. Komarovsky’s video
Physiotherapeutic procedures
Methods of physiotherapy contribute to the restoration of body forces, so their implementation is recommended at the very beginning of the disease or at the end, but not in the acute period of the disease.
The most common ones are:
- Electrophoresis of drugs. One of the most effective physiotherapeutic methods. As a rule, it is applied to the collar zone or chest area. Contraindication is intolerance to the drug.
- Darsonvalization. Exposure to the body using high frequency pulsed currents. It is used for diseases of the tissue and mucous membranes (including allergies). Contraindications are tumors, epilepsy, cardioarrhythmia, thrombophlebitis, pulmonary tuberculosis.
- Phytotherapy. Treatment with folk remedies in combination with drugs can give a very tangible result. For example, a therapeutic bath of chamomile: 4 tbsp. l dry flowers pour a liter of water and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and cook for 15 minutes. Then cool, strain and add to the bath. Contraindication is individual intolerance to herbs.
- Halotherapy or speleotherapy. It is used to reduce immunity, as well as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The patient is placed in a room where the air is saturated with salt ions. Contraindications are tuberculosis, exacerbations of chronic diseases, bleeding of any origin and localization, mental illness.
Physiotherapy methods in the photo
Darsonvalization is recommended to increase the body's defenses. Halotherapy is especially effective for allergies to dust. Electrophoresis expands the use of many drugsFeatures of the disease in newborns and infants
First of all, you need to know if this is really an allergy.
The main causes of rashes:
- Hormonal flowering.
- Inadequate hygiene (total: diaper dermatitis and prickly heat).
- Miles.
- Allergic reaction.
In the first months of life, the baby may have the so-called acne of the newborn. Often he is mistaken for an allergy. If the rash appeared in the form of red pimples with a white head, then this is the result of the same hormonal flowering of the baby. It is not necessary to treat it.
It is also important to distinguish an allergic reaction from prickly heat. The latter manifests itself in the form of small red spots. Careful hygiene of the infant must be observed to prevent the occurrence of sweating. A similar problem is diaper dermatitis, manifested in the form of redness, dry skin. Basically, such a reaction can be seen under the diaper. In this case, infant hygiene is also important. Sometimes doctors prescribe appropriate creams and ointments. Sweating can be both in newborns and in older children.
In the first weeks of a child’s life, you can observe miles. These are small white vesicles that are located on the cheeks and face. Pass by yourself.
If the child has flaky skin, redness, sleep disturbances and anxiety are observed, then you should consult a doctor to find out the cause.
Signs of an allergic reaction in a newborn:
- Frequent regurgitation, colic, loose stools, flatulence (one symptom or all together).
- Sleep disturbance, restlessness.
- Redness and peeling of the skin, itching.
- Frequent sneezing.
- Red or pink spots on the skin.
With age, children regurgitate less and less. With an allergic reaction, digestive disorders are often observed, manifested in frequent spitting up, green stools and colic. Sneezing, heavy discharge from the nose and nasal congestion can also accompany allergies. It is important to take preventative measures to prevent the onset of symptoms that greatly complicate the life of the child.
Prevention
First of all, you need to follow a few simple rules:
- frequent walks;
- humidification of air;
- frequent wet cleaning;
- plentiful drink.
Table: preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of household allergies
Household allergies can occur slightly, but can also cause complications, for example, leading to the development of anaphylactic shock. Therefore, it is important to take preventive measures to avoid such a reaction, and also to show the child on time to the doctor to receive recommendations and prescribe appropriate treatment.
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Bacterial eczema in children: why it occurs, the main symptoms and treatment methods
Bacterial eczema in children is a serious disease of the skin, by the name of which it is easy to guess the nature of its origin. Therefore, the disease is often called microbial dermatosis. However, this concept is broader, implying also a category of mycotic skin ailments that provoke the filament of fungi.
The causative agent of bacterial eczema in pediatric patients is often a staph infection, in more rare cases, microorganisms that cause gonorrhea and meningitis. The mechanism of development of the inflammatory process of the epidermis is triggered, as a rule, in violation of its integrity in the child.
Therefore, the causes of bacterial eczema in children, as a rule, are hidden in damage to the skin. As a result of a violation of the protective layer, the onset of dermatosis in babies is associated with the following factors:
- skin injury (wounds, abrasions, open fractures, etc.);
- the occurrence of trophic ulcers, pustules;
- furunculosis;
- burn;
- non-observance of the rules of hygiene and body care.
However, one can quite rightly object, because bacterial eczema does not appear in all children with injuries on the epidermis. Indeed, to start the pathological process, the “lever” of which is wounds and abrasions, an appropriate favorable background is needed. In this sense, the causes of bacterial eczema in a child can be hidden in the following:
- the presence of infectious processes in the body (caries, diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory organs);
- allergic reactions, manifested by skin rashes, diathesis;
- frequent respiratory and colds;
- weakening of immune defense;
- stressful situations, nervous shocks in a child;
- pathology of the digestive system, abdominal cavity, kidneys;
- diabetes;
- disruptions in the metabolic processes of the body.
It is quite difficult to isolate the risk group of the disease among children of a certain age. The microbial form of dermatosis is often found in infants, but often the peak incidence occurs in adolescents. The cause of eczema in this case is most often hormonal changes in the body.
Weak immunity can trigger the development of eczema in a child.
How the disease manifests itself, signs and features
Symptoms of bacterial eczema in a child are often determined by its localization. Since increased activity is characteristic of childhood, it is practically impossible for a baby to avoid injuries on his arms and legs. According to the frequency of diagnosing microbial dermatosis, the most common pathology is located on the palms of the hands. Since the epidermis on the hands always comes into contact with infected surfaces, minimal abrasion or a small burn can be a serious problem.
Bacterial eczema in children also occurs quite often on the feet. Improperly selected tight and uncomfortable shoes rub calluses, while the child's legs begin to sweat heavily. With the appearance of open wounds for infection, there is practically no difficulty to get inside.
Symptoms of microbial eczema in a baby appear sequentially:
- The first signs of dermatosis will be redness, the formation of a pronounced inflammatory focus.
- Then note an increase in cyanosis, the appearance of small nodules.
- There is an increase in papules in size and pouring with exudative fluid, the formation of more noticeable blisters - vesicles.
- Bursting of vesiculate formation, constant excretion of serous-purulent fluid on the affected tissue sites.
- Drying of weeping erosions, the formation of crusty crusts.
- Exfoliation of the stratum corneum, skin regeneration.
In addition, the symptoms of bacterial eczema in children cannot be characterized, not to mention the constant itching, burning and swelling of the tissues. Even an adult is often not easy to cope with such unpleasant manifestations of the disease, which have a negative impact on full life, working capacity. In children, the symptomatology, as a rule, leaves no chance for a sound sleep, rest and a comfortable pastime.
In contrast to the true or allergic form of dermatosis, large foci of lesion are characteristic of the microbial, which often merge, forming large-scale asymmetric areas.
Often, children's eczema becomes chronic. Most often this happens in the absence of treatment or its untimely start. The maximum that parents can do for their baby in this case is not just to calm the disease, but to do everything so that its duration becomes maximum. The period of remission is characterized by peeling and slight swelling of the epidermis, complete restoration of the skin in chronic microbial dermatosis does not occur.
Without treatment, eczema can become chronic.
How to get rid of microbial dermatosis: drugs for treatment
The treatment of bacterial eczema in children is practically no different from the treatment of this disease in adults. The only difference will be increased caution in choosing the right medicines or alternative medicines.
Since microbial varieties of dermatosis are not treated without antibacterial drugs, when selecting the latter, the doctor must necessarily take into account the child's age, his general state of health, and a tendency to certain diseases. Antibiotics are the basis for the treatment of bacterial eczema, but since this drug group of drugs is fraught with side effects, the responsibility for prescribing this or that remedy lies entirely with the doctor.
Antibiotics for microbial dermatosis are prescribed for external use, and in severe cases for oral administration. Combined drugs are especially effective, as part of which you can find not only antibacterial components, but also corticosteroids that have anti-inflammatory effects.
Often, doctors prescribe an ointment for bacterial eczema in children from the list below:
- Pimafucort;
- Hyoxysone;
- Oxycort;
- Baneocin;
- Levomekol;
- Celestoderm;
- Syntomycin;
- Tetracycline ointment.
Hormonal and non-hormonal ointments for pediatric dermatosis
In parallel, doctors recommend the use of anti-inflammatory drugs to start tissue healing processes. Hormonal treatment of bacterial eczema in a child has a number of contraindications and features, meanwhile, often only steroid ointments are able to direct the course of the disease in the right direction of recovery.
Most often prescribed such ointments and creams for bacterial eczema in children:
- Hydrocortisone ointment;
- Prednisone ointment;
- Afloderm;
- Triderm;
- Lokoid
- Elokom;
- Advantan;
- Flucinar.
As soon as the peak of the disease passes, the doctor must necessarily review the therapeutic regimen. It is impossible to prescribe hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs for more than 7-10 days for a small patient, therefore safer non-hormonal ointments will become an alternative to them.
Hydrocortisone ointment is prescribed for bacterial eczema.
The most popular external remedies that are prescribed for children are:
- Skin cap;
- La Cree;
- Magnipsor;
- Zinc ointment;
- Ichthyol ointment;
- vishnevsky ointment;
- Panthenol;
- Radevit;
- Protopic.
Complementary medications for treating microbial eczema in a child
Sick babies, in addition to ointments and creams, are also prescribed tablets. Antiallergic medicines help get rid of bacterial eczema in children. Drugs of this spectrum of action remove itching, relieve inflammation.
Infants, as a rule, are prescribed antihistamines in the form of syrups or drops:
- Fenistil;
- Ketotifen;
- Claritin;
- Aerius
- Zirtek;
- Xizal;
- Erius
- Desal;
- Zodak.
To strengthen local immunity, babies can be prescribed subcutaneous injections of histaglobulin. To achieve long-term remission, it is extremely important to cure all internal diseases, eliminate infectious foci and take measures to restore the protective functions of the body.
Traditional medicine to help: treatment of bacterial dermatosis in children
Proponents of alternative therapy also know how to cure bacterial eczema in children. Doctors themselves recommend using some recipes for home remedies to achieve positive dynamics as soon as possible. It should be remembered that it is impossible to independently apply certain formulations, even if they seem absolutely safe for the baby. Alternative treatment of bacterial eczema in children requires constant intervention of a specialist in the therapeutic process and its observation.
Baths with chamomile and a string will help to cure eczema.
So, to overcome dermatosis in a baby, provoked by microbes, you can use the following recipes:
- Broth from viburnum. For cooking, you will need both berries and tree leaves. Before you put the mass flooded with water, the fruits of viburnum should be slightly crushed with a fork. A glass of plant mass requires 1 liter of water. Then put on the stove, and boil for 10-15 minutes. The cleaned and cooled broth is rubbed on the affected areas of the baby’s skin several times a day.
- Saline solution. A glass of boiled water, slightly warmer than room temperature, will require 1 tsp. sea \u200b\u200bsalt. The solution is also used for regular rubs, the tool helps relieve itching and reduce inflammation.
- Aloe. To prepare a medical compress, you need a sheet of agave, peeled from the top film, 1 tbsp. l honey. To cure dermatosis with such folk remedies, gruel is prepared from aloe, honey is added to it, it is thoroughly mixed and applied to sore skin for a couple of hours. But do not forget: the agave and its juice are allergenic components.
- Baths with a camomile and a succession. With extensive lesions, as well as for the prevention of relapse of bacterial eczema, babies are bathed at least 2 times a week in a therapeutic bath. A decoction that must be added to the bathroom is prepared in a ratio of 4 tbsp. l herbal collection per 1 liter of water.
- Soda solution. It is prepared by analogy with salt, it also has no contraindications, has an antiseptic effect and helps to accelerate the healing process. The resulting composition is wiped on the affected areas on the skin.
In most cases, parents simply have no idea what to do if the child suddenly has bacterial eczema. Therefore, at the first symptoms of the disease, the baby should be taken to a doctor who can prescribe adequate treatment.
But, in addition to drug therapy, for children suffering from a skin ailment, the following recommendations are extremely important:
- Pay attention to the nutrition and diet of the child. The menu of the patient with dermatosis should be balanced, and for the period of exacerbations - strictly dietary, not include fatty, fried, smoked dishes, as well as allergen products: citrus fruits, chocolate, nuts, whole cow's milk, etc.
- With eczema in infants, a nursing mother should revise her nutrition according to the above principle.
- Monitor the temperature of the body and air in the room, prevent excessive sweating in the child.
- Choose clothes made from natural fabrics and safe materials.
- In case of damage to the skin in the form of abrasions, scratches, wounds, treat with antiseptic solutions, apply bandages.
- Timely treat concomitant diseases, prevent the manifestation of allergic reactions.
- Do not let the baby comb his wounds, constantly monitor body hygiene, clean hands and feet.
The best way to cure a child of eczema is to strengthen his immune system. Vitamins, good rest, clean ecology - all this will positively affect the baby’s health and will forget about such a problem as bacterial eczema for a long time, and ideally - forever.
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Slow-type allergic reactions are reactions that occur only a few hours or even days after exposure to an allergen. Tuberculin reactions turned out to be the most characteristic example of this group of allergic manifestations; therefore, sometimes the whole group of delayed-type allergic reactions is called tuberculin type reactions. Slow allergies include bacterial allergies, contact-type allergic reactions (contact dermatitis), autoallergic diseases, transplant rejection reactions, etc.
Bacterial allergy
A delayed bacterial allergy can occur with preventive vaccinations and with some infectious diseases (for tuberculosis, diphtheria, brucellosis, coccal, viral and fungal infections). If a sensitized or infected animal is applied to a scarified skin with an allergen (or injected intradermally), the response begins no earlier than after 6 hours and reaches a maximum after 24-48 hours. At the site of contact with the allergen, hyperemia, hardening and sometimes skin necrosis occur. Necrosis appears as a result of the death of a significant number of histiocytes and parenchymal cells. When injecting small doses of the allergen, there is no necrosis. Histologically, as for all types of delayed-type allergic reactions, mononuclear infiltration (by monocytes and large, medium and small lymphocytes) is characteristic of bacterial allergy. In clinical practice, delayed skin reactions of Pirke, Mantoux, Byrne, and others are used to determine the degree of sensitization of an organism in a given infection.
Slow allergic reactions can be obtained in other organs, for example, in the cornea, bronchi. When tuberculin aerosol is inhaled to guinea pigs sensitized with BCG, shortness of breath occurs, histological infiltration of the lung tissue by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells that are located around the bronchioles is observed. If tuberculosis bacteria are introduced into the lungs of sensitized animals, a strong cellular reaction occurs due to decay and decay of cavities (Koch phenomenon).
Contact allergy
Contact allergy (contact dermatitis) is caused by a variety of low molecular weight substances (dinitrochlorobenzene, picrylic acid, phenols, etc.), industrial chemicals, paints (ursol is an active substance of poison ivy), detergents, metals (platinum compounds), cosmetics, etc. Molecular the weight of most of these substances does not exceed 1000, i.e. they are haptens (incomplete antigens). In the skin, they combine with proteins, probably through a covalent bond with the free amino and sulfhydryl groups of proteins and acquire allergenic properties. The ability to bind to protein is directly proportional to the allergenic activity of these substances.
The local reaction of a sensitized organism to a contact allergen also appears after about 6 hours and reaches a maximum after 24-48 hours. The reaction develops superficially, mononuclear epidermal infiltration takes place and small cavities containing mononuclear cells form in the epidermis. The epidermal cells degenerate, the structure of the basement membrane is disrupted, and the epidermis is detached. Changes in the deeper layers of the skin are much weaker than with other types of local reactions of delayed type a.
Autoallergy
A delayed type of allergic reaction also includes a large group of reactions and diseases resulting from damage to cells and tissues by the so-called autoallergens, i.e. allergens that have arisen in the body itself. The nature and mechanism of formation of autoallergens are different.
Some autoallergens are contained in the body in finished form (endoallergens). Some tissues of the body (for example, tissues of the lens, thyroid gland, testes, gray matter of the brain) during the phylogenesis were isolated from the immunogenesis apparatus, due to which immunocompetent cells are perceived as foreign. Their antigenic structure is an irritant for the immunogenesis apparatus and antibodies are produced against them.
Secondary or acquired auto-allergens that are formed in the body from one's own proteins as a result of the action of any damaging environmental factors (for example, cold, high temperature, ionizing radiation) are of great importance. These autoallergens and antibodies formed against them play a role in the pathogenesis of radiation, burn disease, etc.
When exposed to its own antigenic components of the human or animal organism with bacterial allergens, infectious autoallergens are formed. In this case, complex allergens can arise that preserve the antigenic properties of the constituent parts of the complex (human or animal tissue + bacteria) and intermediate allergens with completely new antigenic properties. The formation of intermediate allergens is very clearly seen in some neuroviral infections. The relationship of viruses with the cells affected by them is characterized by the fact that the nucleoproteins of the virus during its propagation extremely closely interact with the nucleoproteins of the cell. The virus at a certain stage of its reproduction fuses with the cell. This creates particularly favorable conditions for the formation of large-molecular antigenic substances - the products of the interaction of the virus and cells, which are intermediate allergens (according to A. D. Ado).
The mechanisms of the occurrence of autoallergic diseases are quite complex. Some diseases develop, apparently, as a result of a violation of the physiological vascular-tissue barrier and the release of natural or primary autoallergens from tissues, to which there is no immunological tolerance in the body. Such diseases include allergic thyroiditis, orchitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, etc. But for the most part, autoallergic diseases are caused by antigens of the body’s own tissues, modified under the influence of physical, chemical, bacterial and other agents (acquired or secondary autoallergens). So, for example, autoantibodies against their own tissues (antibodies such as cytotoxins) appear in the blood and tissue fluids of animals and humans in radiation sickness. In this case, apparently, water ionization products (active radicals) and other tissue breakdown products lead to protein denaturation, turning them into autoallergens. Against the latter, antibodies are produced.
Autoallergic lesions are also known that develop due to the commonality of antigenic determinants of the tissue's own components with those of exoallergens. Common antigenic determinants were found in the heart muscle and some streptococcus strains, lung tissues and some saprophytic bacteria that live in the bronchi, etc. The immunological reaction caused by exoallergen, due to cross antigenic properties, can be directed against its own tissues. In this way, some cases of allergic myocarditis, an infectious form of bronchial asthma, etc. can occur. And, finally, the basis of a number of autoimmune diseases of the flax (at dysfunction of the lymphoid tissue, the appearance of the so-called forbidden clones directed against the body’s own tissues. Such diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, acquired hemolytic anemia, etc.
A special group of lesions, similar in mechanism to autoallergic reactions, are experimental diseases caused by cytotoxic sera. A typical example of such lesions is nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotoxic serum can be obtained, for example, after repeated subcutaneous administration to the guinea pigs of an emulsion of ground rabbit kidneys. If a guinea pig serum containing a sufficient amount of anti-renal cytotoxins is administered to a healthy rabbit, they develop glomerulonephritis (proteinuria and death of animals from uremia). Depending on the dose of antiserum administered, glomerulonephritis appears shortly (24-48 hours) after administration of serum or 5-11 days. By the method of fluorescent antibodies, it was found that, according to these dates, foreign gamma globulin appears in the glomeruli of the kidneys in the early stages, and after 5-7 days, autologous gamma globulin appears. The reaction of such antibodies with a foreign protein fixed in the kidneys causes late glomerulonephritis.
Homotransplant rejection reaction
As you know, the true engraftment of a transplanted tissue or organ is possible only with autotransplantation or homotransplantation in identical twins. In all other cases, the transplanted tissue or organ is rejected. Graft rejection is the result of a delayed-type allergic reaction. Already after 7-10 days after tissue transplantation, and especially sharply after transplant rejection, a typical delayed response to the intradermal administration of donor tissue antigens can be obtained. In the development of the body's response to the transplant, lymphoid cells are crucial. When a tissue is transplanted into an organ with a poorly developed drainage lymphatic system (anterior chamber of the eye, brain), the process of destruction of the transplanted tissue slows down. Lymphocytosis is an early sign of incipient rejection, and the experimentally superimposed fistula of the thoracic lymphatic duct in the recipient, which allows to somewhat reduce the number of lymphocytes in the body, extends the life of the homograft.
The transplant rejection mechanism can be represented as follows: as a result of transplantation of foreign tissue, the recipient's lymphocytes are sensitized (they become carriers of transfer factor or cellular antibodies). These immune lymphocytes then migrate to the graft, where they are destroyed and release the antibody, which causes the destruction of the transplanted tissue. When immune lymphocytes come into contact with transplant cells, intracellular proteases are released, which cause a further metabolic disorder in the graft. The administration of tissue protease inhibitors (e.g., s-aminocaproic acid) to the recipient promotes the engraftment of the transplanted tissues. Suppression of the function of lymphocytes by physical (ionizing irradiation of the lymph nodes) or chemical (special immunosuppressive drugs) effects also prolongs the functioning of transplanted tissues or organs.
The mechanisms of allergic reactions of a delayed type
All delayed-type allergic reactions develop according to a general plan: in the initial stage of sensitization (shortly after the allergen is introduced into the body), a large number of pyroninophilic cells appear in the regional lymph nodes, from which, apparently, immune (sensitized) lymphocytes are formed. The latter become carriers of antibodies (or the so-called “transfer factor”), enter the bloodstream, partially circulate in the blood, partially settle in the endothelium of blood capillaries, skin, mucous membranes and other tissues. Upon subsequent contact with the allergen, they cause the formation of the immune complex allergen-antibody and subsequent tissue damage.
The nature of the antibodies involved in the mechanisms of delayed allergies is not fully understood. It is known that the passive transfer of delayed allergies to another animal is possible only with the help of cell suspensions. With blood serum, such a transfer is practically impossible, the addition of at least a small number of cellular elements is required. Among the cells involved in delayed allergies, lymphoid cells appear to be of particular importance. So, with the help of lymph node cells, blood lymphocytes, it is possible to passively tolerate hypersensitivity to tuberculin, picryl chloride and other allergens. Contact sensitivity can be transmitted passively with cells of the spleen, thymus, thoracic lymphatic duct. In people with various forms of lymphoid apparatus deficiency (e.g., lymphogranulomatosis), delayed-type allergic reactions do not develop. In an experiment, irradiation of animals with X-rays before lymphopenia causes suppression of tuberculin allergy, contact dermatitis, homotransplant rejection reaction and other delayed-type allergic reactions. Administration to animals of cortisone in doses that reduce the content of lymphocytes, as well as the removal of regional lymph nodes suppresses the development of delayed allergies. Thus, it is lymphocytes that are the main carriers and carriers of antibodies for delayed allergies. The presence of such antibodies on lymphocytes is also evidenced by the fact that lymphocytes with a delayed allergy are able to fix an allergen on themselves. As a result of the interaction of sensitized cells with an allergen, biologically active substances are released that can be considered as delayed-type allergy mediators. The most important of them are as follows:
- 1. Inhibition factor of macrophage migration. It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 4000-6000. It inhibits the movement of macrophages in tissue culture. When administered intracutaneously to a healthy animal (guinea pig), it causes an allergic reaction of a delayed type. Found in humans and animals.
- 2. Lymphotoxin - a protein with a molecular weight of 70,000-90,000. It causes the destruction or inhibition of growth and proliferation of lymphocytes. Suppresses DNA synthesis. It is found in humans and animals
- 3. Blastogenic factor - protein. Causes the transformation of lymphocytes into lymphoblasts; promotes the absorption of thymidine by lymphocytes and activates the division of lymphocytes. It is found in humans and animals.
- 4. In guinea pigs, mice, rats, other factors were also found as mediators of delayed-type allergic reactions, which have not yet been isolated in humans, for example, skin reactivity factorcausing inflammation of the skin chemotactic factor and some others, which are also proteins with different molecular weights.
Circulating antibodies can appear in some cases with delayed-type allergic reactions in the body’s liquid tissue media. They can be detected using a precipitation reaction in agar or a complement binding reaction. However, these antibodies are not responsible for the nature of sensitization of a delayed type and do not participate in the process of damage and destruction of tissues of a sensitized organism during autoallergic processes, bacterial allergies, rheumatism, etc. By their significance for the body, they can be classified as antibody witnesses (but classification of antibodies A. D. Ado).
The effect of thymus on allergic reactions
Thymus affects the formation of delayed allergies. Early thimectomy in animals causes a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes, involution of lymphoid tissue and inhibits the development of delayed allergies to proteins, tuberculin, disrupts the development of transplant immunity, but weakly affects contact allergy to dinitrochlorobenzene. The insufficiency of the thymus function primarily affects the state of the paracortical layer of the lymph nodes, that is, the layer where pyroninophilic cells are formed from small lymphocytes during delayed allergies. With early thymectomy, it is from this area that lymphocytes begin to disappear, which leads to atrophy of lymphoid tissue.
The effect of thimectomy on delayed allergies is manifested only if the thymus is removed in the early stages of the animal's life. A timectomy performed in animals several days after birth or in adult animals does not affect the survival of the homograft.
Allergic reactions of an immediate type are also under the control of the thymus, however, the effect of the thymus on these reactions is less pronounced. Early thimectomy does not affect the formation of plasma cells and the synthesis of gamma globulin. Timectomy is not accompanied by inhibition of circulating antibodies to all, but only to certain types of antigens.
Bacterial allergens, bacterial allergies, we often hear these words. But what do they mean: when bacterial allergens are helpers, and when are enemies, is bacterial allergy treated, why are bacterial allergens activated, and so on. Let's figure it out.
Bacterial allergy
This is a type of allergy in which the activation of allergens is not due to food, dust, or something like that, but because of bacteria in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys, and so on. It is not detected sharply, but over time, because it is formed against the background of catarrhal illnesses, often untreated, for example, sinusitis. The fire of the disease does not seem to manifest itself externally, but it smolders quietly inside and develops over the years into an allergy in the form of bronchial asthma, conjunctivitis and urticaria. All these are serious illnesses that require serious treatment. But do not be afraid, when you contact a competent specialist and follow all his recommendations, such an allergy goes away forever. Typically, the following types of therapy are offered: phyto-, api-, lipido-, ultrasound and capillary.
Symptoms of a bacterial allergy are: breathing problems (including coughing, nasal congestion, persistent runny nose,), frequent sneezing, tears, redness in the eyes, and the gastrointestinal tract can respond to pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Unfortunately, anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema also occur.
In a child, the symptomatic situation is the same as with adults. Note that before three years, bacterial allergy is almost impossible to replace because of the long process of its development.
Bacterial allergens: types
Such allergens are classically divided into two groups.
Group 1. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with pathogens of infectious diseases. Tuberculin (INN, international nonproprietary name - recombinant tuberculous bacterial allergens). From the name it is immediately clear that its activation is associated with tuberculosis diseases, and it is used to identify them. This allergen is recombinant. It includes lipids that increase the effectiveness of the drug and determine the time of its exposure. We are sure that everyone is familiar with the Mantoux test used to detect tuberculosis disease.
Group 2. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with opportunistic bacteria. Lepromin. To a large extent, lepromine is composed of protein. Lepromin is not a new allergen, but it is still used to diagnose, treat, determine the body's reactions to leprosy (leprosy).
Bacterial allergens for diagnosis
As we mentioned above, allergens of bacteria of both groups by modern medicine are used to detect diseases (lepromine, tuberculin). Skin tests are used. For example, to detect a tuberculosis disease, a recombinant allergen is taken and Mantoux or Pirke samples are placed. Preparations whose INN are recombinant tuberculosis bacterial allergens (its trade name is tuberculin) can be used only by trained medical specialists. They give very accurate answers to the question - is there tuberculosis? They look at the reaction of the body after three days. The same situation with lepromine. You cannot order the appropriate drug somewhere on the Internet and conduct diagnostics on your own at home. This is possible only in the clinic, since the activation of the body on lepromin does not indicate a disease, only a doctor can correctly decipher the result of the analysis.
Under the skin, 0.1 ml of lepromine is administered. Two days later, Fernandez's reaction is watched - an early reaction to lepromine. It manifests itself in the form of a papule. After a few weeks, they watch the Mitsuda reaction, a late reaction to lepromin. Outwardly, it is already a tubercle or knot.
Bacterial allergens cannot be classified as obligate. Obligatory are those allergens that most often cause an inadequate reaction of the body, among them: chocolate, oranges, honey, fish, strawberries and so on. Most often such, his parents should transfer to a diet that excludes these products. With age, a reaction to obligate allergens can pass.
In conclusion, we note that despite the fact that the use of bacterial allergens (both tuberculin, lepromin and others) for the diagnosis of diseases for more than 100 years, this method is still effective. By how and at what time the activation of the antigen occurs, you can either determine the disease, or identify the data needed for treatment.
About bacterial allergies, including asthma, we emphasize that it is sometimes treated even better than the usual food. With the right approach, the internal forces of the body are activated (because the allergy is associated with low immunity), and the cause of the allergy is destroyed so effectively that you can forget about it forever.
Viral allergy is a disease that occurs during various infectious infections. The reaction can occur in people of any age. Its manifestation depends on the type of allergen and the individual characteristics of the body.
Infectious Allergies
A viral or bacterial allergy is the body's response to the development of an incompletely cured infectious disease.
Allergy occurs when a person is infected with these microorganisms.
Also, the cause of the reaction may be particles of infected cells. Most often, chronic diseases contribute to the development of infectious allergies.
The most at risk are people with the presence of such diseases:
- dysentery;
- syphilis and gonorrhea;
- tuberculosis;
- plague and anthrax;
- mycosis;
- brucellosis.
Infectious allergies can develop in both an adult and a child.
Sometimes it appears as a result of taking samples for the presence of infection in the body.
Symptoms in children and adults
The main signs of allergies caused by infections are practically no different from the general symptoms of various allergic reactions:
- rash, redness and itching of the skin;
- sneezing, swelling and nasal congestion;
- cough, respiratory failure;
- lacrimation, redness and swelling of the mucous membranes of the eyes;
- violation of the digestive system, diarrhea, nausea.
An allergy to infection in children often occurs after respiratory illness.
The course of the disease is accompanied by:
- runny nose;
- high body temperature;
- difficulty breathing
- coughing
- lack of appetite.
Pain in the arms, legs, and stomach may also appear. Sometimes an allergic reaction in acute respiratory viral infection leads to the development of asthma.
It is very important to identify allergies in time and start treatment, since an exacerbation of the disease can lead to complications.
In some cases, anaphylactic shock is possible.
The reaction that occurs when sampling for the presence of infection in the body can occur immediately. At the injection site, itching is felt, redness and swelling of the skin are visible.
Diagnostics
In order to prescribe the correct treatment, the type of allergen that causes the reaction should be established. Initially, a complete history is carried out, according to which a possible allergen is preliminarily determined.
All transferred infectious diseases are taken into account.
Identification of the exact pathogen is carried out according to skin tests with a possible allergen. If there is an increased sensitivity to a specific microorganism, then at the place of its introduction, a characteristic reddening appears.
An accurate diagnosis is made after a full examination.
Treatment
Infectious allergy is a dangerous disease, the development of which can lead to the death of the patient.
Therefore, when the first signs appear, it is necessary to consult a doctor.
The main principle of treatment is the identification and elimination of an allergen, which can be bacteria, microscopic fungi or viruses. Each type of pathogen is treated with certain drugs.
Virus Allergy Treatment
If after the diagnosis it is confirmed that the reaction in the body is caused by viral infections, then the treatment is carried out with the following drugs:
- "Remantadine" - a drug with pronounced antiviral activity;
- "Zanamivir" - an antiviral agent that neutralizes the viruses of group A and B.
In therapy ...
Causes of Viral Allergy
Bacterial allergies, due to hypersensitivity to bacterial allergens, usually develops in the presence of foci of chronic infection in the body that can be localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, adnexal nasal cavities, bronchopulmonary apparatus, intestines, biliary system.
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- Allergy to viruses and bacteria (there are a lot of beeches, read diagonally - and so everything is clear))))
Bacterial allergies form for a long time, over several years, so it is extremely rare until the age of three.
Under the influence of bacterial allergens, infectious and allergic diseases are formed: infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis, infectious-allergic urticaria. In the specific diagnosis of bacterial allergies, standard bacterial allergens manufactured by the Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Emergency Medicine are used: hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus, proteus mirabilis and vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus, Escherichia coli, pneumococcus group, neiseria.
The first step in diagnosing a bacterial allergy is an allergy history.
The characteristic anamnestic signs of bacterial allergies are seasonality of exacerbation (in the wet cold season), the relationship of exacerbation of the disease with hypothermia due to exacerbation of foci of chronic infection.
An exacerbation of an infectious-allergic disease is often accompanied by febrile or subfebrile temperature, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, and antibiotic therapy is effective in treatment. Acute inflammatory processes in children with atopic diseases are often mistaken for infectious-allergic diseases, especially for patients with atopic bronchial asthma. As a result of this, anamnestic overdiagnosis of infectious-allergic diseases often takes place. Table 2.15 shows that the bacterial positive history (BqA) correlates with a range of other tests in 67.16% of patients, of which 45.10% are provocative. In 1/3 of cases with a positive history, all other tests were negative, that is, bacterial sensitization was not detected.
Thus, in more than half of patients, a bacterial etiology of the disease, suspected by history, is not confirmed by a comprehensive allergological examination. With a negative history, 13.00% of children have a bacterial allergy, mainly subclinical. From this it follows that the history of bacterial allergies is not always reliable.
Skin testing with bacterial allergens is not specific enough. Table 2.15 shows that only in 38.33% of cases, a positive result of intradermal tests (VKP) correlates with a complex of other tests and in 9.45% with a provocative one, and in 61.67% all other tests were negative, i.e.
e. bacterial sensitization not detected. It…
Bacterial allergy treatment
Allergic reactions and diseases are in the first place among pathologies, the prevalence of which is increasing every year.
Those who once encountered an allergy are aware that the most common allergens are plant pollen, food, pet hair, and chemicals.
But not many people know that there is another type of allergic reaction - an infectious allergy, with this pathology, the immune system reacts with a specific reaction to a number of microorganisms that cause certain diseases.
Infectious pathogens leading to allergies
The term infectious allergy refers to the increased sensitivity of the human body to the pathogenic pathogens of infectious diseases and invasive processes.
Pathology can also develop as a reaction to the waste products of pathogens.
An allergy with an infectious disease occurs if the body simultaneously experiences the influence of three factors provoking pathology, this:
- Prolonged course of the disease;
- Localization of infection within the cells;
- The presence of a focus of chronic inflammation.
It has been established that an infectious type of allergy can be caused by:
Infectious allergies often develop not only under the influence of these pathogens.
Fragments of infected cells, crumbling remnants of infectious agents, and products formed during their life can also become the culprit of the disease.
Hypersensitivity of the body can occur with almost any infection. But the most likely occurrence of an infectious allergy if the disease has a chronic course.
The likelihood of pathology increases many times if a person has caries, tonsillitis, sinusitis, pyelonephritis, that is, chronic foci of inflammation.
Diseases in which the occurrence of an infectious allergy is possible
More often, an allergy of an infectious type is established in patients with:
In rare cases, an infectious allergy can develop after a sample used to detect a foci of infection.
With tuberculosis, an impetus for the disease can be given by a Mantoux test, with brucellosis, a Burnet test, a Tsuverkalov test for dysentery, a test with gonovacine to detect gonorrhea, and a number of others.
In children, bacterial and viral allergies are often triggered by influenza, streptococcus, staphylococcus, Escherichia coli.
The likelihood of pathology in children is increased with a prolonged course of respiratory disease, with an increased sensitivity of the body to products formed as a result of the life of microorganisms.
Symptoms in children and adults
The clinical picture of an infectious allergy is practically no different from the symptoms of other allergic diseases.
With its development, it is noted:
- Redness of certain areas of the skin, the formation of rashes;
- Itching of the body;
- Runny nose, manifested by nasal congestion, sneezing, copious discharge;
- Tearing of the eyes, redness of the sclera and conjunctiva;
- Violations in ...
Specific diagnosis of bacterial allergies
Allergy is a pathological reaction of the human immune system to certain substances. It can occur as a result of body contact with pollen, hair, aggressive chemical compounds, certain types of medications, etc. There is also an infectious allergy. In this case, pathogens of various diseases act as allergens.
Kinds
Depending on the allergen, it can be of various types:
- viral allergy;
- bacterial allergy;
- fungal allergy.
All of them are caused by the presence of infection in the body.
Causes of Viral Allergy
Such an immune reaction can appear in both children and adults.
It can be caused by serious illness. Such as:
brucellosis;
anthrax;
mycoses of the skin and other organs;
tularemia;
dysentery;
tuberculosis;
Viral and bacterial allergies in children and adults occur under such conditions:
intracellular location of infection;
long course of the listed diseases;
the presence of a focus of chronic infection in the body.
Such an allergy can occur not only by itself, but also as a result of a test in the presence of infection in the body.
For tuberculosis, this is the Mantoux test, for chronic dysentery, the Tsuverkalov test, for brucellosis, the Burnet test, for gonorrhea, the test with gonovacine, for anthrax, the test with anthraxin, and for tularemia, the test with tularemin.
Children may also experience allergies due to the presence of a less serious infection in the body.
Often it manifests itself after a long course of colds.
In this case, ARI turns into an infectious allergy in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.
So, we can conclude that viral and bacterial allergies in children can be caused by such an infection:pneumococcus;
staphylococcus;
streptococcus;
e. coli.
Infectious allergies in children develop for the following reasons:
severe diseases listed above;
long course of acute respiratory diseases;
hypersensitivity of the body to the waste products of microorganisms that cause any disease (including
flu, etc.);
Also, allergies to the waste products of viruses, bacteria and fungi can occur in adults and children due to a prolonged chronic inflammatory process. It can be chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis and even caries.
Symptoms of an Allergy to an Infection
This type of immune response in adults and children is accompanied by such signs:
redness or rash on the skin;
allergic rhinitis;
redness and tearing of the eyes;
disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach pain, diarrhea);
difficulty breathing
swollen lymph nodes;
in severe cases - anaphylactic shock.
If an allergy occurs after Mantoux or other tests for the presence of an infection in the body, then local symptoms are added to the above signs:
pain and swelling at the injection site;
severe itching;
swelling and redness at the site of the infection test.
Allergies after a long course of acute respiratory illness in children are accompanied by the following symptoms:
fever;
wheezing in the lungs;
wheezing.
Such symptoms may be present in adults if they strongly launched bronchitis or other respiratory diseases.
If children or adults have symptoms of acute infectious allergies, you should not try to treat yourself, as there is a high probability of development ...
Allergy is a pathological reaction of the human immune system to certain substances. It can occur as a result of body contact with pollen, hair, aggressive chemical compounds, certain types of medications, etc. There is also an infectious allergy. In this case, pathogens of various diseases act as allergens.
Kinds
Depending on the allergen, it can be of various types:
- viral allergy;
- bacterial allergy;
- fungal allergy.
All of them are caused by the presence of infection in the body.
Causes of Viral Allergy
Such an immune reaction can appear in both children and adults. It can be caused by serious illness. Such as:
brucellosis;
anthrax;
mycoses of the skin and other organs;
tularemia;
dysentery;
tuberculosis;
Viral and bacterial allergies in children and adults occur under such conditions:
intracellular location of infection;
long course of the listed diseases;
the presence of a focus of chronic infection in the body.
Such an allergy can occur not only by itself, but also as a result of a test in the presence of infection in the body. For tuberculosis, this is the Mantoux test, for chronic dysentery, the Tsuverkalov test, for brucellosis, the Burnet test, for gonorrhea, the test with gonovacine, for anthrax, the test with anthraxin, and for tularemia, the test with tularemin.
Children may also experience allergies due to the presence of a less serious infection in the body. Often it manifests itself after a long course of colds. In this case, ARI turns into an infectious allergy in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.
So, we can conclude that viral and bacterial allergies in children can be caused by such an infection:
pneumococcus;
staphylococcus;
streptococcus;
e. coli.
Infectious allergies in children develop for the following reasons:
severe diseases listed above;
long course of acute respiratory diseases;
increased sensitivity of the body to the waste products of microorganisms that cause any disease (including flu, etc.);
Also, allergies to the waste products of viruses, bacteria and fungi can occur in adults and children due to a prolonged chronic inflammatory process. It can be chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis and even caries.
Symptoms of an Allergy to an Infection
This type of immune response in adults and children is accompanied by such signs:
redness or rash on the skin;
allergic rhinitis;
redness and tearing of the eyes;
disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach pain, diarrhea);
difficulty breathing
swollen lymph nodes;
in severe cases - anaphylactic shock.
If an allergy occurs after Mantoux or other tests for the presence of an infection in the body, then local symptoms are added to the above signs:
pain and swelling at the injection site;
severe itching;
swelling and redness at the site of the infection test.
Allergies after a long course of acute respiratory illness in children are accompanied by the following symptoms:
fever;
wheezing in the lungs;
wheezing.
Such symptoms may be present in adults if they strongly launched bronchitis or other respiratory diseases.
If children or adults have symptoms of acute infectious allergies, you should not try to treat yourself, as there is a high probability of developing anaphylactic shock, which in most cases leads to death. Therefore, in case of signs of an immune reaction to the vital products of viruses, bacteria or fungus, you should immediately consult an allergist. He will prescribe the right treatment, which will help get rid of the symptoms and prevent the recurrence of the disease.
Allergies after a prolonged course of acute respiratory illness can also cause complications if you do not immediately consult a doctor. These can be chronic diseases of the respiratory system, as well as the appearance of immune reactions to other allergens previously perceived by the body normally (for example, pollen, dust, wool, etc.). In this case, children in contact with these allergens will develop an asthma attack.
Virus Allergy Treatment
First of all, the treatment of such an immune reaction involves getting rid of the infection that caused it.
Respiratory diseases are treated with antiviral drugs. It could be:
Zanamivir;
Remantadine.
Interferon-containing preparations (a human immune protein that helps fight infection) are also used. These are the following medicines:
Grippferon and others.
Can also be used drugs that do not contain ready-made protein, but stimulate the body to produce its own interferon. Such drugs are considered the most effective in the fight against acute respiratory diseases. After them are preparations containing ready-made interferon. However, they are less effective, because sooner or later the body begins to block a foreign protein, producing antibodies to it. The following medications are aimed at stimulating the production of own interferon:
Cycloferon;
Also, drugs are used to relieve the main symptoms of acute respiratory diseases. It can be nasal drops, sprays to eliminate redness and sore throat, cough syrups, etc.
Bacterial allergy treatment
The immune response that arose after a long course of diseases caused by bacteria is treated primarily by eliminating the underlying ailments.
For this, antibiotics are used. There are two types of these drugs: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The former kill microorganisms, and the latter only inhibit their growth and reproduction.
Bactericidal antibiotics include:
Aztrionam;
Loracarbef;
Amoxicillin;
Ampicillin
Nafcillin;
cephalosporin antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefadroxil, ceftazidime, cefixime, cefazolin, etc.).
Bacteriostatic antibiotics include the following drugs:
Tetracycline;
Minocycline;
Doxycycline;
Dalfopristine;
Clarithromycin;
Erythromycin;
Azithromycin;
Dirithromycin
Erythromycin With advanced and chronic infections, bactericidal drugs are most often used, since bacteriostatic drugs in such cases only temporarily stop the disease, and after stopping their use, microorganisms begin to multiply again, as a result of which a relapse of the underlying disease and an allergic reaction with it is possible.
Fungal Infectious Allergy Treatment
It is primarily aimed at eliminating the underlying infection. Allergy symptoms are also eliminated, for which antihistamines are used. After a complete cure of the underlying disease, the symptoms of the immune reaction no longer return, however, if mycosis is still not treated, a relapse of the allergy is possible.
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