How long does the rotavirus vaccine work? Clinical manifestations of rotavirus infection

Date: 27.04.2019

Rotavirus infection is a disease in which viruses infect intestinal tract... Children, especially babies, have a hard time tolerating the disease, so vaccinations are recommended. Rotavirus affects children aged 6 months to 4 years, and vaccination eliminates the risk of infection.

Rotavirus vaccination is done in almost all developed countries. This reduces infection by 80%, and mortality from intestinal infections by 20%.

Rotavirus is dangerous because it causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. The intestines are disturbed water and electrolyte balance, the body suffers from dehydration. In severe cases, this leads to lethal outcome... The advantage of the vaccine is that it is oral. It can be done even for premature babies and immunocompromised children. The vaccine does not cause complications. Parents make their own decisions about vaccination, many are afraid to do it. But these fears are unfounded as side effects practically not, and an infection can cause great harm to the body.

It is easy to get infected, since the infection is carried by a person for another month after recovery. The virus is resistant to disinfectants and soap. If a child is ill, he develops immunity to only one type of virus. Vaccination gives immunity to all types at once.

Dangers and complications

A small child tolerates rotavirus vaccination well. The following side effects are rarely observed:

allergic rashes;
vomiting;
increased irritability;
diarrhea.

The reaction usually occurs within 7 days after vaccination. Only 1 out of 100 thousand baby develops intussusception, which requires urgent surgical operation.

To prevent the risk of complications, contraindications to vaccination must be taken into account. It is not done if:

found malformations of the digestive tract;
the child has suffered an intussusception of the intestine;
had a bad reaction to the first dose of vaccine;
revealed sensitivity to the components of the vaccine, for example, to Rotarix latex;
the child is sick, then the vaccination is postponed until he recovers.

Vaccination schedule

There are two types of vaccine - Rotarix and Rotatek. The grafting scheme depends on the type. Rotarix is \u200b\u200bplaced on a baby at 2 and 4 months. Rotatec is injected three times - at 2, 4 and 6 months.

Rotarix is \u200b\u200boften combined with other medications. In this case, the scheme is as follows: at 3 and 4.5 months, it is injected with DTP and a drug for poliomyelitis. Rotatec is administered between 3 and 6 months.

Vaccination rules

One of important rules vaccination is to be vaccinated before the age of one year

The main rule is to vaccinate a child under the age of 1 year. Most often, the infection affects infants and children preschool age, so it makes no sense to do the appropriate vaccination for schoolchildren. Doctors recognize that in this case the vaccine will be ineffective.

Before getting vaccinated, be sure to visit your pediatrician to get permission to vaccinate. Doctors recognize that it is not for everyone. Weak children, who are often sick, are recommended to first strengthen their immunity, and then get vaccinated. A tendency to allergic reactions and bowel disease are significant contraindications. If necessary, you need to take a blood and urine test. They must be normal for vaccination. Height and weight should be appropriate for the baby's age.

After vaccination, the parents and the child should be strengthened personal hygiene, as there is a risk of infection. Fever and other signs of illness should be a reason to see a doctor.

Training

Babies are vaccinated as early as 6 weeks of age so that they are protected during the peak of infection activity (6-12 months). The last vaccination should be given before 8 months of age. The break between procedures must be at least 4 weeks. Keep an immunization schedule so you don't forget to go to the hospital. Throughout the course, you need to inject the same drug, but if necessary, you can complete the course with another vaccine.

Before getting vaccinated, you need to be examined by a pediatrician. He will conclude that the child has no contraindications and acute infections... No other preparation is required. It is not recommended to introduce new foods into the child's diet 1-2 days before vaccination. The baby is fed 1–1.5 hours before the procedure. You cannot go to the doctor hungry, at the same time the stomach should not be full.

How is the vaccine done?

Orally administered - they are buried in the child's mouth. This is necessary for the formation of local immunity in gastrointestinal tract... The vaccine is contained in the applicator. The doctor removes the protective cap and the vaccine is injected into the baby's cheek.

If the baby spits up the drug, at the decision of the doctor, you can drop another drop. The procedure should only be carried out under the supervision of a pediatrician. It is forbidden to give the vaccine yourself.

Immunity to rotavirus infection develops after the first vaccination. The child should be vaccinated a second and third time only if he has tolerated the drug normally. After completing the course, the body acquires reliable protection against rotavirus.

What to do if there are adverse reactions

Many parents believe that adverse reactions vaccinations are much more dangerous than the disease itself. Rotavirus is similar to normal food poisoning, it manifests itself with vomiting and diarrhea. These symptoms are easy to manage even in infant... Parents think that getting sick and getting immunity is easier than waiting for a side effect that can be delayed. In the case of other vaccines, this may be the case. But vaccinations against rotavirus do not cause trouble for the baby.

Diarrhea is a common reaction to the vaccine.

Do not be alarmed if there is an unusual reaction to the vaccine:

rash;
vomiting;
diarrhea;
increased excitability.

Symptoms usually do not require treatment and go away on their own. You can give your baby medications to relieve the condition, such as antipyretic or antiviral drug... Overly pronounced reaction - a reason to see a doctor and not self-medicate.

Variety of vaccine preparations

Rotatek vaccine is an American drug that has been used in Russia since 2012. It contains 5 serotypes of the virus to which immunity is produced. Safe for children, premature babies can be vaccinated. Vaccination is carried out in 3 stages.

The second drug is from - Rotarix, Belgian production. Allowed for babies over 1.5 months. Combines well with other vaccinations. Doctors advise to do a course of 2 vaccinations up to six months of age.

Vaccines will protect your child from intestinal infection if he or she has a weakened immune system. Since this vaccination is optional in Russia, you can refuse it. Even with a minimal set side effects it is stress for the body. After vaccination, the infection can still enter the body, so you need to strictly monitor hygiene. Rotavirus lives in all in public places, you can protect yourself from it by frequent hand washing. All products must be washed and cooked. You cannot drink tap water, it is better to clean it with a filter and boil it. If there is a sick person in the family, he should be isolated until he recovers.

Rotavirus infection is the main cause of diarrhea in infants during their first year of life. Rotavirus Leads to Defeat digestive organs against the background of reduced immunity. Modern medicine does not have the means of specific therapy that would stop the negative effect of viral particles on children's organism... On this moment the only way to protect yourself from infection is to be vaccinated against rotavirus.

What is the danger of rotavirus infection?

Rotavirus enters the child's body through the fecal-oral route. The disease develops rapidly, therefore, after a day, the patient develops symptoms of dehydration. Infection usually occurs in children at the age of 6-12 months, but children under 5 years of age also suffer from the infection.

Important! Rotavirus infection is highly resistant to most antiseptic drugs that are used as part of sanitary and hygienic measures.

After penetration into the body, the pathogen is active for 21 days. During this period, a person poses a danger to others, because he actively releases viral particles. The first symptoms develop 2-5 days after infection. The main signs of rotavirus infection are diarrhea (10-12 bowel movements per day), fever, severe vomiting.

Rotavirus weakens immune system a person, therefore, the risk of developing such complications increases:

Secondary bacterial infection;
Severe intoxication of the body;
Encephalopathy;
Hemorrhagic shock;
Cardiac dystrophy;
Ulcerative enterocolitis.

Existing rotavirus vaccines

Rotavirus vaccination is the only way to prevent dangerous disease... The procedure involves the oral administration of a vaccine based on attenuated viral particles. This leads to the formation of reliable immunity, therefore, in the future, the child's body will be able to quickly suppress the reproduction of rotavirus.

Important! Rotavirus oral vaccines differ high efficiencydo not cause painful sensations during the introduction.

On the territory of Russia, vaccination is carried out using the following drugs:

RotaTeq (USA). It is a pentavalent vaccine based on bovine and human rotavirus strains. The drug contains 5 serotypes of the pathogen, therefore it reliably protects the child's body. The RotaTeq vaccination can be combined with other vaccinations (excluding BCG, whole cell pertussis vaccines, live oral polio vaccine). After the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine, only side reactions, complications that are associated with individual drug intolerance or immunodeficiency are possible. The vaccine is given three times at 2, 4 and 6 months. There are such disadvantages: the vaccine preparation RotaTeq is not registered in Russia, it has a high cost.
Rotarix (Belgium). Monovalent rotavirus vaccine developed from the human strain of rotavirus. The drug can be administered simultaneously with other vaccines, with the exception of BCG. Due to its high safety, the vaccine can be used in a child from 1.5 months. A pronounced immune response is formed after the introduction of the first dose of the drug, however, for stable immunity, the vaccination should be repeated after 2 months.

Should you get vaccinated?

In children younger age increased risk of infection with rotavirus infection. A person becomes infected during contact with a sick person, who begins to secrete viral particles a few days before the first symptoms of the disease appear, and also 2 months after the cure. Rotavirus is able to maintain viability for a long time under conditions of low humidity, and washing hands with soap does not contribute to its destruction.

Important! If a child suffers from a rotavirus infection, then after cure, he will develop immunity exclusively against the serotype that provoked the disease.

Many parents question the need for a rotavirus vaccine for young children. Indeed, by the age of 5, most young patients develop natural immunity, because the body carries the infection 2-3 times. However, rotavirus has 5 main serotypes, so it is possible for a child to be infected repeatedly. And if the child's body is weakened, then the infectious disease will be difficult, hello to the development of numerous complications. Therefore, doctors strongly recommend getting vaccinated to protect your child from rotavirus infection.

How to prepare your child?

Vaccination against rotavirus infection does not require special training. Before vaccination, it is enough to visit a local doctor so that the doctor assesses the baby's condition, excludes the presence of contraindications to immunization. If necessary, you can clinical research blood and urine.

Rotavirus vaccines are produced in special applicators that have a protective cap. Before drug administration nurse in aseptic conditions, he opens the bottle, instills the required dose on the child's cheek.

Possible adverse reactions to vaccination

For most children, immunization against rotavirus infection does not cause adverse reactions. However, patients may experience allergic reactions associated with intolerance to certain components of the vaccine. Adverse reactions also include the child's irritability or weakness, diarrhea, or vomiting.

Important! Development of severe allergic reactions is possible within 1 hour after drug administration. However, such cases are rarely diagnosed.

During the first week after vaccination, abdominal pain, intermittent recurrent vomiting, and blood clots in the stool may occur. Also, in rare cases, there is an increased risk of developing intestinal intussusception. However, the benefits of immunization far outweigh the potential for side effects.

Contraindications

Development of an allergic reaction to the introduction of the first dose of the drug;
Hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine;
Acute course of infectious diseases, recurrence of chronic pathology. In this case, the vaccination is transferred until the patient's condition is normalized;
A history of acute intestinal obstruction;
Digestive system pathologies;
Intestinal intussusception.

Vaccination against rotavirus infection helps protect the child's body from a dangerous virus that leads to the development of severe diarrhea. Many pediatricians recommend getting vaccinated to prevent dangerous consequences infectious disease... Immunization rarely leads to the development of adverse reactions and complications.

In Russia and Ukraine, the situation with rotavirus infection is not critical. Children get sick, but not massively. Therefore, many parents ask themselves why, then, to be vaccinated. And then, the incidence of this disease is growing every year. In addition, modern dads and mothers are increasingly practicing resting with their babies in the hot countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America. It is very easy to "catch" rotavirus in these countries, as it is extremely contagious. Even the most careful observance of hygiene rules will not help. Therefore, do not ignore the recommendations of doctors.

Effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine

The completed course of vaccination provides the child with immune protection for at least 2-3 years. However, vaccinations are not given one hundred percent guarantee that rotavirus gastroenteritis will not occur. Virus infection can occur, but the disease will be mild.

If we consider the effectiveness on a global scale, then the introduction of rotavirus vaccination into the calendars preventive vaccinations allowed many countries of the world to significantly reduce the number of cases of severe gastroenteritis and the death rate from it among young children. Among such states are the USA, Brazil, Mexico.

When to get the rotavirus vaccine

To obtain sufficient immune defense the child should receive three doses of RotaTek. In Russia, it is recommended to introduce them according to the following scheme:

The first dose is in 2 months.
The second dose is in 3 months.
The third dose is in 4,5 months.

Such an immunization plan allows by 6 months, when the dangerous period of life in terms of infection with rotaviruses begins, to provide the child with a sufficient titer of specific antibodies... The second advantage of the presented scheme is the minimization of trips to medical institution... The fact is that in the first 12 months of life, babies need to do a lot of vaccinations, so doctors try to use complex vaccines that protect against several infections at once. RotaTek can also be combined with other immunobiological drugs. So, at 2 months according to the calendar, vaccination against pneumococcus is carried out, and at 3 and 4.5 months (against tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough).

You can also vaccinate children against rotavirus according to other schemes, while three conditions must be observed:

The course is three doses of the drug (if we talk about the RotTek vaccine).
You can start vaccination from 6 weeks, you should finish before 32 weeks.
The intervals between the introduction of the next doses of the vaccine should be at least 1 month.

Rotavirus vaccine should not be given on the same day as a live oral vaccine from. The interaction of these two immunobiological drugs has not been studied, therefore, doctors cannot predict whether there will be any consequences or not.

Contraindications for rotavirus vaccination

There are only three absolute contraindications:

Allergy to any component of the vaccine.
Complications after the previous dose of the drug.
Severe immunodeficiency.

It is advisable to postpone the vaccination if the child has a fever or other signs of an acute illness. After the normalization of the condition, the baby can be vaccinated, increasing the intervals between the next vaccinations will not play a serious role in the formation of immunity. It is much worse not to complete the immunization course.

On an individual basis, it is necessary to decide on the possibility and feasibility of vaccinations against rotavirus in the following cases:

If the child is sick serious illness, eg, .
If the baby is injected with immunosuppressive drugs or has had blood transfusions before.
If the vaccinated person has people with immunodeficiencies in the family. The fact is that after vaccination, children can excrete rotavirus in their feces for some time. environmentthis could put a weakened relative at risk of contracting the disease-causing virus.

Possible reactions and complications

Rotavirus vaccines are usually well tolerated by young patients. In rare cases, the body may react to the vaccination with fever, malaise, loose stools, and vomiting. Even less often post-vaccination complications: respiratory disorders, intestinal obstruction, severe

According to statistics from the World Health Organization, about 30% of child deaths in the world between the ages of one and five years are associated with rotavirus. Globally, every child under the age of five has an average of two to five rotavirus infections. The most severe are cases of the disease, which are more susceptible to children of infancy, early and preschool age. The consequences of the transferred infection in such cases can be unpredictable and affect all vital systems of the body.

Recently, a press conference was held in Moscow on the prevention of rotavirus. Letidor attended this event and is sharing with you the latest information about this disease.

What is the danger of rotavirus infection

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The fact is that you need to vaccinate children of the first year of life clearly at the age of 32 weeks.

Many parents, despite the fact that they are informed from various sources, miss this point by different reasons: the child is sick, then there is no way to come to the clinic. It turns out that time is wasted, and the child is not vaccinated, and later it is impossible to do this.

The truth is that if you vaccinate children in the first year of life, it will create collective immunity.

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To create herd immunity, 70% coverage of the population is required, but we cannot boast of this yet.

What parents need to know

It is necessary to plan the vaccination of the baby in advance so that the child develops immunity before the first meeting with the infection.

The vaccine has high level reducing disease and providing protection even against severe forms.

In Finland, studies have been carried out on this matter, it has been proven that the effect of vaccination lasts up to two years. In addition, with collective immunization, the number of diseases in children and older children is reduced.

Another fact: in Australia, after vaccination in 2005-2006, doctors noted a decrease in the incidence of more than 50% in children aged two to four years.

Why children are not vaccinated after a year

It makes no sense to vaccinate children over 32 weeks old, since usually children over two years old already have at least one episode of rotavirus, and 40% of children already have about three episodes of encountering an infection.

Parents should understand that maternal immunity, even if breastfeeding not enough, it fades out very quickly. In addition, by vaccinating children in the first year of life, we give the opportunity not to get sick to other family members - both adults and older children. Vaccinations begin to be done precisely in the winter, because outbreaks occur in the summer during the vacation period, where it is not always possible to get qualified medical care.

Is the vaccine dangerous?

At the time of vaccination, the child must be healthy, he must not have colds, elevated temperature... Of course, there are a number of contraindications, but there are not many of them, and this mainly concerns allergies to chicken protein... Such children are vaccinated, but according to a certain method.

Therefore, today the population is wondering whether it is worth vaccinating a child if there are no diseases or epidemics, and suddenly there will be a complication of the vaccine. This is wrong, since there is always a danger of bringing infections from other countries. We have seen many examples when, against the background of general well-being, herd immunity suddenly weakens and outbreaks of various diseases occur.

Vaccination against rotavirus is not mandatory, but any child can get it. What should parents know about this vaccine to determine if a baby needs to be vaccinated?

Calculate the vaccination calendar

Why is the disease dangerous?

In adults rotavirus infection often occurs in mild formhowever kids early age get sick much more often and more severely. This infection forces every 65 children to stay in the hospital, and every 300th baby dies from it.

For young children, rotavirus is the most dangerous because of its ability to cause large losses of fluid and electrolytes. Due to vomiting and diarrhea, the baby quickly becomes dehydrated, which is often fatal.

Vaccination against rotavirus infection is considered one of the easiest for the baby's body.

pros

Rotavirus vaccination is available on national vaccination schedules in more than 60 countries around the world. In many of them, after the introduction of such vaccination into the calendar, the number of cases of infection decreased by 80-90%, and mortality from intestinal infections fell by 20-40%.

However, the vaccine often does not cause complications, since it is oral. It can be administered even to preterm and immunocompromised babies.

Possible complications

Almost all babies tolerate rotavirus vaccination very easily. In extremely rare cases, the child's body can respond to this drug allergic reaction, increased irritability, vomiting, or mild diarrhea within 7 days after vaccination. One out of 100,000 vaccinated babies may develop intestinal intussusception, which requires immediate surgical attention.

How can complications be prevented?

Vaccination against rotavirus has a low reactogenicity, however, in order for the child to transfer it easily, it is important to take into account that there are contraindications to this vaccination. It is not performed if the baby has:

There is an increased sensitivity to drug components such as the latex present in Rotarix vaccine.
There was a marked reaction to the first dose of the vaccine.
A malformation of the digestive tract was revealed.
In the past, there was intussusception of the intestine.

Also, vaccination should be postponed for any acute illness, except for mild ailments.

Before getting vaccinated, be sure to read the contraindications and show the child to the pediatrician

Should you get vaccinated?

It is very easy to become infected with a rotovirus, since a sick person begins to shed viruses two days before the onset of symptoms, and also two months after recovery. The virus persists for a long time at low humidity on different surfaces, tolerates ordinary disinfectants and soap. In addition, due to a large number serotypes, infection with rotavirus is possible several times, that is, after the disease, immunity appears only to the type of virus that caused the disease. If vaccinated, the child will be immune to most serotypes.

Many parents doubt whether a child needs an additional vaccination if by the age of 5 he suffers a rotavirus infection once or twice, after which he receives a fairly stable immunity. However, the decision to vaccinate must be made with many factors in mind. For example, if the baby is weakened, then the rotavirus will be very difficult for him.

Vaccination schedule

Depending on the vaccine, the child is vaccinated against rotavirus twice or thrice. The Rotarix vaccine is given to a baby at 2 months, and then at 4 months. The Rotatek vaccine is administered at 2 months, 4 months, and six months. There should be an interval of at least four weeks between vaccinations.

E. Komarovsky's opinion

Renowned physician has a positive attitude towards vaccination against rotavirus, since vaccination helps to prevent the disease in 70-80% of cases and to protect against severe disease in 95-100% of cases.

Rotavirus vaccine literally saves many small lives

At what age are they vaccinated?

It is advised to start vaccinating against rotavirus from 6 weeks, so that by the peak of the incidence of this infection (6-12 months), the child is already protected from it. The first vaccination is recommended at 6-14 weeks of age, the last one before 8 months of age. It is advisable to use the same vaccine for the entire course, however, if necessary, the course of vaccinations can be completed with another drug.

Training

The child must be examined by a pediatrician to identify the presence of contraindications, for example, an acute illness. No other preparation is required for the rotavirus vaccine.

How is the vaccine done?

For vaccination against rotavirus, the Dutch drug Rotatek and the UK vaccine Rotarix are used. They are drugs that are administered orally - the right amount of vaccine is instilled into the child's mouth. The vaccine is contained in a special applicator that has a protective cap. After removing the cap, the contents are introduced to the baby by the cheek.

Rotatec is administered three times and Rotarix two. Immunity begins to develop after the first vaccination, but after the second use, the child acquires persistent polytypical protection. Both vaccines can be used at the same time as any other vaccine except BCG.

Resistance to rotavirus infection appears in a child after the second vaccination

What to do if side reactions appear?

Rotavirus vaccination rarely produces side effect on the child's body, but in some babies after vaccination, increased excitability, loss of appetite, bloating, regurgitation, diarrhea, fever, runny nose, vomiting, rash and others side symptoms... In most cases, such adverse reactions do not require any treatment. The baby can be given drugs that will alleviate his condition, for example, a fat-reducing agent. If the reaction to the vaccination seems very pronounced to the parents, you should show the baby to the doctor.