The constant microflora of the digestive tract refers. Normal composition of intestinal microflora and its value for the body

Date: 27.07.2020

Catad_Tema Dysbacteriosis - Articles

Intestinal bacteria, probiotics and prospects for their use for the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Yu.O. Shulpekova
Department of propiautics of internal diseases of the medical faculty MMA. THEM. Sechenov, Moscow discusses the features of the composition and the role of intestinal bacteria symbiontes in maintaining the state of health. The correctness of the application of the term "dysbacteriosis" in clinical practice is discussed; Diseases and conditions are indicated that are often erroneously interpreted as dysbacteriosis. A brief overview of diseases is given, in which the effectiveness of some probiotics is confirmed by the results of comparative studies. Indications are presented to the use of a modern combined probiotic drug Lines, its advantages and dosing regimens.

The history of studying the role of intestinal microflora in maintaining human health takes its beginning at the end of the XIX century, when the development of the presentation of the disease as a result of intestinal "autoinoxication" was obtained.

But today it is necessary to admit that we still know little about the interaction of our body and inhabiting its bacteria, and it is very difficult to estimate the composition of the microflora inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract), from the standpoint "norm" and "pathology".

Composition and physiological value of intestinal microflora

More than 400 species are inhabited in the human gastrointestinal tract. The content of the colony-forming units (Code) in 1 ml of intraceproof content as the stomach is moving to the colon increases from 10 2-3 to 10 11-12. At the same time, the proportion of anaerobic microorganisms increases and their oxidative potential is reduced.

Intestinal bacteria are represented by the main (dominant, or resident), concomitant and residual populations.

The dominant population consists mainly of bacteria of families Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria and bacteroids.

The concomitant population is represented by an intestinal wand, eubacteria, fuzobacteriums, enterococci and peptococci.

The residual population includes yeast-like mushrooms, bacillos, clostridia, protea, etc. Part of these microorganisms has more or less pronounced pathogenic properties. It is believed that in a healthy person, the characteristics of pathogenic or externallyopathogenic have no more than 15% of intestinal microbes.

In the upper sections of the tract, microflora composition is similar to that of octopling; A noticeable share is represented by streptococci. In the distal direction, the content of lactobacillus gradually increases, and bifidobacteria is dominated in the colon.

According to modern ideas, the main role in maintaining the normal physiological state of the GCT microflora is played by bacteria of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria families, which are gram-positive unfortunate anaeros that do not have pathogenic properties. An important characteristic of these microorganisms is the sucrolytic type of metabolism. In the process of fermentation of carbohydrates under the action of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria enzymes, short-chain fatty acids are formed - dairy, acetic, oil, propionic. In the presence of these acids, the development of conditionally pathogenic strains is inhibited, which for the most part possess the proteolytic type of metabolism. The suppression of proteolytic strains is accompanied by the inhibition of rotten processes and the suppression of the formation of ammonia, aromatic amines, sulfides, endogenous carcinogens. Due to the production of fatty acids, the pH is regulated by the PH of the intracean content.

Short-chain fatty acids play an important role in the regulation of metabolism. Entering the systemic bloodstream, they provide up to 20% of the daily energy needs of the body, and also serve as the main energy supplier for the epithelial wall.

Oil and propionic acids increase mitotic activity and regulate the differentiation of the epithelium. Dairy and propionic acid regulate calcium suction. Great interest causes their role in the regulation of cholesterol and glucose metabolism in the liver.

Lactobaccilles and bifidobacteria synthesize amino acids, proteins, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, K, nicotine and folic acid, substances with antioxidant activity.

The bacteria of the main population play an important role in digesting the components of milk. Lactobacillia and enterococcus are able to split lactose and dairy proteins. The phosphoprotein phosphatase isolated by bifidobacteriums is involved in casein metabolism. All these processes proceed in the small intestine.

Types of lactobacilli inhabiting the intestines include: L. Acidophilus, L. Casei, L. Bulgaricus, L. Plantarum, L. Salivarius, L. Rhamnosus, L. Reuteri. Among bifidobacteria is distinguished by B. Bifidum, B. Longum, B. Infantis.

From aerobic microorganisms related to a concomitant population, a serious role in the microbial bowelosis of the intestine belongs to the non-maletic intestinal wand - Escherichia coli, which produces vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, K, nicotin, folic, pantothenic acid), participates in the exchange of cholesterol, Bilirubin, choline, bile and fatty acids, indirectly affects the absorption of iron and calcium.

As knowledge is expanded on the peculiarities of the intestinal microflora, there is an increasingly distinct idea of \u200b\u200bits important role in maintaining the tension of local and systemic immunity.

In the intestine, there are protective mechanisms that prevent overpracting and the introduction of microflora. These include the integrity of the epithelium and the brush cut (the distance between microwaves of which is less than the sizes of the bacteria), the production of immunoglobulin A, the presence of bile, the presence of peyer plaques, etc.

Due to the production of substances with antibacterial activity (bacteriocinnes, short-chain fatty acids, lactoferrin, lysozyme) The normal microflora provides local protection against excessive reproduction of conditionally pathogenic and the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms. The presence of a permanent microbial stimulus and contact with macrophages and lymphocytes in the field of peer plaques provide sufficient tension of local immunity, the production of immunoglobulin A and high phagocytic activity. At the same time, constant contact with immune cells underlies the immunological tolerance.

The components of the intestinal bacteria penetrate the systemic bloodstream, which thus maintaining the necessary degree of systemic immunity strength and providing its "acquaintance" with the microflora.

However, even those intestinal bacteria, which are considered non-pathogenic, not possessing a distinct ability to adhesion, invasion and products of toxins, with the insolvency of local protection mechanisms are theoretically able to cause damage to the intestinal wall, and may also be a systemic infection. Therefore, the purpose of drugs on the basis of intestinal bacteria (probiotics) should always be justified.

Causes of intestinal microflora composition

The composition of the intestinal microbial population is even in a healthy person prone to variability and, apparently, reflects the ability to adapt the body to the features of nutrition and lifestyle, climatic factors.

It should be recognized that the general concept of "dysbacteriosis", until recently, widely used for the design of the composition of intestinal microflora, does not fully reflect the essence of such changes, does not allow you to clearly formulate the diagnosis and determine the treatment tactics.

Thus, separate diseases and syndromes can be distinguished, which are often mistakenly interpreted as dysbacteriosis:

excess bacterial growth syndrome;
antibiotic-associated diarrhea;
clostridium Difficile infection (pseudomambranous colitis);
irritable bowel syndrome;
"Traveler diarrhea";
disaccharidase insufficiency;
candidiasis of the intestine against the background of immunodeficiency states;
staphylococcal enteritis, etc.

Each of these diseases has its cause, certain risk factors, a clinical picture, diagnostic criteria and treatment tactics. Of course, against the background of these diseases, secondary disorders of the intestinal microbial composition can develop.

Perhaps most often in clinical practice, there is a syndrome of excess bacterial growth, characterized by a decrease in the number of anaerobes (especially bifidobacteria), an increase in the total number of functionally defective forms of E. coli ("lactose-", "mannit-", "indo-negative"), the content of hemolytic forms E. coli and creating conditions for breeding Candida SPP.

Excess bacterial growth syndrome develops against the background of violations of translucent or intricate digestion (congenital shortage of enzymes, pancreatitis, gluten enteropathy, enteritis), intestinal content passage (intestinal fistula, "blind loops" of intestines, diverticulus, peristaltics disorders, intestinal operation); reduction of the protective properties of the mucous membrane (anacid states, immunodeficiency); Non-hydrogen influences on the intestinal microflora (the use of corticosteroids, cytostatics, especially in weakened and elderly patients).

Excessive reproduction of bacteria is observed mainly in the small intestine, since it creates the most favorable nutrient medium. Manifestations of excess bacterial growth syndrome, such as flatulence, rumbling, transfusion in the abdomen, liquid chair, hypovitaminosis, weight loss, often overlook the first plan in the clinical picture of the main diseases listed above.

Tests confirming the presence of pathological disorders of microflora composition

As in the diagnosis of other diseases, adequate methods must be applied to assess the changes of intestinal microflora.

Sowing Cala on dysbacteriosis common in Russia cannot be recognized by an informative test, especially since the pathological changes in microflora mainly affect the small intestine. This method is value in terms of exclusion of intestinal infections, as well as C. difficile infection.

A microbiological study of the sowing of aspirate of the contents of the small intestine is highly accurate.

The breathing test with 14c-xylose, hydrogen tests with lactulose and glucose make it possible to detect existence of excess bacterial growth in the intestine, but do not give views of the microflora composition.

The determination of the spectrum of greasy acids in the feces of gas-liquid chromatographic analysis makes it possible to approximately estimate the quantitative ratio of various types of intestinal bacteria.

Application of probiotics

At the beginning of the 20th century, the great Russian scientist Mesnikov I.I. He put forward a hypothesis that the high content of lactobacilli in intestinal biocenosis is a prerequisite for the health and longevity of man. Mesnikov I.I. He conducted experiments on the use of live culture of bifidobacteria in therapeutic purposes.

In subsequent years, the development of drugs on the basis of microorganisms with beneficial properties continued, - so-called probiotics.

As a potential medical agent, the lactobacillus was originally attracted to themselves the most attention as bacteria with the most well-studied useful properties. From the 1920s. L. Acidophilus culture began to be used in the form of acidophilic milk for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases accompanied by constipation. From the 1950s. Experience is accumulated by L. acidophilus and other cultures to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

As microbiology develops, new information on the positive properties of bifidobacteria, intestinal sticks, non-operational lactic streptococcus - Streptococcus (or Enterococcus) FAECIUM were obtained. Certain strains of these microorganisms and their combinations began to include probiotics in preparations.

When studying the ability of microbes to adhesion to the epithelialocytes of the small intestine, it is shown that the use of microorganisms in combination increases their ability to be recorded in the brush cut area.

The treatment mechanisms of probiotics include: suppression of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, restoration of the integrity of the epithelium, stimulation of the secretion of immunoglobulin A, the suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the normalization of metabolic processes.

A modern approach to the development of such drugs implies, firstly, the use of microorganisms in combinations and, secondly, the release of them in a capsuated form allowing long storage at normal temperature. Clinical asperimal studies have shown that under the action of gastric juice and bile, probiotics lose up to 90% of their activity until the intestine ingress. Methods for increasing the survival of bacteria are being developed - due to their immobilization on porous microcarmers, including the drug components of the nutrient medium.

Despite the "theoretically" competent development of probiotic drugs, not all of them turn out to be effective in practice. To date, the data of many open and blind controlled studies have been accumulated, based on the results of which some conclusions are made about the prospects for the use of certain types of microorganisms in various bowel diseases.

It is shown that L. Rhamnosus The GG strain, in adults - E. Faecium SF68 have the greatest effect in the treatment of infectious gastroenteritis.

According to some data, during the recovery period after the viral gastroenteritis, it is advisable to assign drugs containing lactobacteria or combinations with bifidobacteriums and enterococcus; A speedy resolution after bacterial intestinal infections contribute to subspecies of bifidobacteria.

The ability to reduce the rate of development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is established for the following bacteria in the composition of probiotics:

L. Rhamnosus GG strain;
combination L. Acidophilus and L. Bulgaricus;
E. FAECIUM SF68;
B. Longum;
the combination of Lactobacillus and B. Longum;
therapeutic yeast sacchaomyces boulardii.

To reduce the frequency of side effects of antichelicobacter therapy, simultaneous reception of probiotics containing L. Rhamnosus and S. BoulardII, or a combination of L. acidophilus with Bifidobacterium lactis, is recommended.

In the prevention of the development of travelers' diarrhea, the combination of L. Acidophilus, L. Bulgaricus and Streptococcus Thermophilus turned out to be effective.

According to the meta-analysis, in the treatment of a recurrent infection C. difficile (pseudommabranous colitis) is the most effective is the probiotic containing S. boulardii.

In the irritable intestine syndrome, the influence of probiotics into the severity of such symptoms such as bloating, pain, as well as the total manifestation. The effectiveness of microorganisms E. Faecium, L. Plantarum, as well as the VSL # 3 mixture (combination Bifidobacterium breve, B. Longum, B. Infantis, L. Acidophilus, L. Plantarum, L. Casei, L. Bulgaricus, S. THERMOPHILUS) Mixes L. Acidophilus, L. Plantarum and B. Breve and Mixes of L. Salivarius and B. Infantis. However, these data were obtained on relatively small groups of patients, therefore, they have not yet been reflected in international recommendations for the treatment of irritable intestinal syndrome.

The question of the possibility of using probiotics for the treatment and prevention of exacerbations in chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestines is ulcerative colitis and crown diseases. Taking into account the undoubted role of endogenous microflora in maintaining the integrity of the epithelium and control of inflammation, as well as the potential toxicity of the immunosuppressants used today, high hopes are imposed on the "preparations of the future" in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Due to the insufficiently large statistical material, the results of the studies have not allowed to develop generally accepted recommendations on the inclusion of probiotics into standard treatment regimens. However, very encouraging data was obtained in relation to the ability of the complex probiotic VSL # 3 to reduce the frequency of recurrence of Crohn's disease. With ulcerative colitis, the effect in terms of maintaining remission was demonstrated by E. coli Nissle 1917 and Lactobacillus GG; From the point of view of induction of remission - very high doses of probiotic VSL # 3.

It should be understood that the appointment of probiotics is rarely effective in the absence of etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment of the underlying disease. Depending on the specific situation, surgical treatment may be required (for example, in the syndrome of the leading loop, intercircuit fistulas), the appointment of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs, the Motoric regulators of the gastrointestinal tract (for example, during irritable intestinal syndrome).

In Russia, many probiotics drugs are registered. However, the overwhelming majority of them are not fairly modern and does not contain species and strains of microorganisms, for which proactive research is obtained. As experience accumulated, there has been a tendency to apply combined probiotics.

Characteristics and application of lines

In recent years, in the practice of Russian gastroenterologists, the Linex, a combined drug, containing bacteria - representatives of the natural intestinal microflora: Bifidobacterium infantis v. Liberorum, Lactobacillus Acidophilus and non-fusion lactic streptococcus group D - Streptococcus (Enterococcus) Faecium. As noted above, these types of bacteria have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of a number of intestinal diseases and are among the microorganisms that special "hopes" are associated with the inclusion in the future in the therapy of therapy of chronic insecurity. The cultures of microorganisms included in the lineup are obtained by cultivation on media with the addition of antibiotics, therefore, they are resistant to most antibacterial agents and are able to multiply even under conditions of antibacterial therapy. The stability of the resulting strains to antibiotics is so high, which is preserved during repeated inoculations of 30 generations, as well as in vivo. It does not notice the transfer of antibacterial resistance genes to other types of microorganisms. This is very important from the point of view of the consequences of the use of Linex: both on the background of the reception and after the abolition of the drug there is no danger of producing resistance to antibiotics by pathogenic bacteria and its own microflora.

Therapeutic effect of the lines is in the temporary substitution of the functions of the patient's own intestinal microflora under its suppression, in particular against the background of the use of antibiotics. The inclusion of lactobacilli, S. faecium and bifidobacillia, to the composition of Laintx, and bifidobacteria ensures the admission of "therapeutic" microflora into different intestinal deposits in quantitatively and qualitatively balanced ratios.

In a placebo-controlled study with the participation of 60 adult patients suffering from antibiotic-associated diarrhea or diarrhea of \u200b\u200bunidentified etiology, the reception of Linex for 3-5 days was accompanied by the normalization of the stool. In children, the high efficiency of Linex is demonstrated in preventing and treating the already developed antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

The use of lines against the background of eradication antihelicobacter therapy improves the tolerability of antibiotics: reduces the frequency of the meteorism, diarrhea.

In the intestine, the microbial components of the lines are not only an eubiotic effect, but also perform all the functions of normal intestinal microflora: participate in the synthesis of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, H (Biotin), RR, K, E, folic and ascorbic acids. Reduced pH of intestinal content, they create favorable conditions for suction of iron, calcium, vitamin D.

Lactobacteria and milk solvent streptococcus carry out the enzymatic splitting of proteins, fats and complex carbohydrates, including the substantive effect with lactase insufficiency, which in most cases accompanies intestinal diseases.

Linex is available in capsules containing at least 1.2 × 10 7 live lyophilized bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics of the drug has little studied due to the fact that there are currently no pharmacokinetic models for studying in humans of complex biological substances consisting of components with different molecular weights.

Breast children and children under 2 years old are appointed 1 capsule 3 times a day, children 2-12 years old - 1-2 capsules 3 times a day, children over 12 years old and adults - 2 capsules 3 times a day. The drug is accepted after meals, drinking a small amount of fluid. You can not drink hot drinks to avoid the death of a live microflora.

Linex can be prescribed during pregnancy and breast feeding. There are no reports on cases of overdose of Linex.

Conclusion

Thus, probiotics, especially their combined drugs, gradually occupy an increasingly strong place in gastroenterology.

As the evidence database accumulates, they may provide doctors to treat the patient, skillfully affecting its symbiosis with the world of bacteria and the minimum risk for the human body.

Literature

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Zhikhareva N.S., Havkin A.I. Therapy of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis // RMG. 2006. T. 14. No. 19. P. 1384-1385.
Ushkalova E.A. The role of probiotics in gastroenterology // Pharmatek. 2007. No. 6. P. 16-23.
Shenwald S., Tsar B. Results of a single placebo-controlled clinical trial of Linex. Indok, Lek, 1984.
Arunachalam K, Gill HS, Chandra RK. Enhancement of Natural Immune Function by Dietary Consumption of Bifidobacterium Lactis (HN019). EUR J Clin Nutr 2000; 54 (3): 263-67.
Bassetti S, Frei R, Zimmerli W. Fungemia with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae After Treatment with Saccharomyces Boulardii. Am J MED 1998; 105: 71-72.
BengMark S. Colonic Food: Pre- and Probiotics. Am j Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (Suppl. 1): S5-7.
Cremonini f, di caro s, covino m, et al. Effect of Different Probiotic Preparations on Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Therapy-Related Side Effects: A Parallel Group, Triple Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Am j gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2744-49.
Elmer GW, Surawicz CM, McFarland LV. Biotheraputic Agents. Jama 1996; 275: 870-76.
Hilton E, Isenberg HD, Alperstein P, et al. Ingestion of Yogurt Containing Lactobacillus Acidophilus AS Prophylaxis for Candidal Vaginitis. ANN INTERN MED 1992; 116: 353-57.
Loizeau E. Can Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Be Prevented? Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 29: 15-18.
PERAPOCH J, Planes AM, Querol A, et al. Fungemia with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Two Newborns, Only One of Whom Had Been Treated with Ultra-Levura. EUR J Clin Microbiol Infect DIS 2000; 19: 468-70.
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With the normal functioning of the stomach of the microflora, it is almost absent in it, due to the acidic reaction of the gastric juice and the high activity of hydrolytic enzymes. Therefore, the stomach can be found in a small amount of acid-resistant species - lactobacilli, yeast, sarcinaventriculi and more cells (10 6 -10 7 cells per 1 ml of contents).

In the duodenum and upper departments of the small intestine of microorganisms, there is little, despite the fact that the acidic stomach environment is alkaline. This is due to the unfavorable effect on the microbes present enzymes here. Here enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, mushrooms, difteroids (10 6 cells per 1 ml of content) are found. In the lower sections of the small intestine, gradually enriched, the microflora comes closer with the microflora of the colon.

The colon microflora is the most diverse in the number of types (more than 200 species) and the number of microbes detectable (10,9 -10 11 cells per 1 ml of content). Microbes are 1/3 of the dry mass of feces.

The bond microflora is represented by anaerobic (bacteroids, bifididbacteria, belligella) by bacteria (96-99%) and optional anaerobes (E. coli, enterococci, lactobacilli - 1-4%).

The transient microflora is represented by the following birth and species: protea, klebseyella, clostridium, crooked wand, Campylobacter, yeast-like mushrooms of the genus Candidai dr. MorodineLoBacter (C.Fennelliae, C.Cinaedi, C.Hyointestinalis) are found in the thick intestine of a person in immunodeficiency states of various nature .

The composition of the intestine microflora changes during the life of a person.

In the newborn in the first hours after the birth of Mekonia sterile - aseptic phase. The second phase is a phase of an increasing dissemination (the first three days of the child's life). During this period, the intestines are predominated by escherichia, staphylococci, enterococci, yeast-like mushrooms. The third phase is the transformation phase of the intestinal flora (starting from 4 days of life). A lactic acid microflora, lactobacilli, acidophilic bacteria is established.

After finishing breastfeeding, constant biocenosis in the digestive tract begins to gradually form.

In the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, the mucous (m) and translucent (P) microflora, which is different, is distinguished. M-Flora is closely associated with the mucous membrane, more stable and represented by bifidesbacteria and lactobacteriums. M-Flora prevents the penetration of the mucous membrane by pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. P-Flora, along with bifidum and lactobacteriums, includes other permanent inhabitants.

To study the microflora of the thick intestine, the study is subject to feces that are taken with a sterile wooden or glass stick and placed in a test tube with a preservative. The material is delivered to the laboratory for 1 hour, since with a longer storage, the relationship between species is significantly violated.

They conduct a microscopic study of smears and feces, painted by gram, as well as produce sowing of feces to nutritional environments: endo, blood agar, milk-salt agar, Agar Saburo. Sowing is made with such a calculation so that the number of colonies with different characteristics can be calculated and determine the number of microbial cells of different types of microorganisms in this sample. If necessary, the biochemical identification and serological typing of species are carried out.

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V.M. Bondarenko, D.M., Professor,
Head of the laboratory of genetics virulence bacteria NIIM
them. N.F. Gamaley, Moscow

In recent years, the problem intestinal dysbiosis It still causes serious disputes, demonstrating the most polar points of view. However, everything is converged that it is impossible to outset this concept. Dysbacteriosis - This is a clinical and laboratory syndrome characterized by quantitative and qualitative disorders in the bond
Microflora in a specific biotope, developing as a result of a breakdown of adaptation, disruption of protective and compensatory mechanisms and leading to immunological and metabolic shifts.

Disorder of intestinal microflora (dysbacteriosis), apparent innocent at first glance, leads to severe consequencesso doctors of different specialties are considered today dysbacteriosis as the initial link formation of polyorgan pathology. In dysbacteriosis, the permeability of the intestinal wall for toxins and allergens increases, intoxication develops, the barrier functions of the liver and skin are reduced, which leads to the formation of allergic diseases, impaired intricate digestion and absorption of micronutrients, causing failed, fat, cholesterol and bilirubin exchanges in the body that leads to liver and pancreas. In addition, the synthesis of vitamins, the absorption of calcium salts, iron, which leads to the development of hypovitaminosis, rickets and anemia, and the disorder of the protective function of the microflora is accompanied by often disruption of oral tolerance and a decrease in the organism immunoresistance, as the risk factors of frequent ORVI With the formation of complications for the ENT organs and the bronchopile system.

The most attention of doctors, scientists and wide community circles is currently attracted by intestinal microbiocenosis, that is, a set of microbial intestinal population. The fact is that it is the most numerous microbiocenosis. Gastrointestinal tract population extremely varied anaerobic and aerobic microorganismswhich are distributed as vertically - from the oral cavity to the lower (distal) colon departments - both horizontally - from the lumen to different layers of the mucous membrane (mucous, or the cloth microflora). Wherein the greatest number of microorganisms is found in the colon man.

In general, it should be noted that the mass of the normal intestinal microflora adult is more than 2.5 kg., 10 12 -10 14 kone (colony-forming units) per gram of feces. Earlier it was believed that the intestine microflora had 17 families, 45 clay and about 500 species. However, this information should be revised taking into account the latest data obtained in the study of microflora using molecular genetic research methods. Apparently, the total number of previously known and newly identified species will be within one and a half thousand and more.

It is generally accepted that the classification of microorganisms is a system of hierarchical coented units, to designate which the term "taxon" is adopted. Currently, all living cell organisms are customary to be divided into eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Taxon of the Higher Category is the kingdom of prokaryotov, which is combined in the order of the hierarchy system of taxa of various, lower-scale scale or rank: domain, phila, class, order, family, genus, view. As you know, prokaryotes include two domains: archaeys and bacteria.

Recently, P. Eckburg et al. (2005) showed that the onset and translucent microflora include 395 phylogenetically separate groups of microorganisms, of which 244 (62%) are absolutely new. At the same time, 80% (195 of 244) of new, previously unknown taxonomic groups identified in a molecular genetic study belong to microorganisms that are not growing on nutrient media in the cultivation of aspiration samples, both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Most of the alleged new phylogenetically separate groups of microorganisms are representatives of two phil: firmicutes and bacteroitedes. Interesting data were obtained when studying the microbiota of the intestine of volunteers suffering from obesity, in comparison with the intestinal microflora. In obesity, a decrease in the intestinal microbiota is shown to 90% of the BacteroiteDes phila and an increase in Firmicutes Phil's 20% (LEY R.E., 2005;
TURUBAUGH P.J. et al., 2006). The scientific classification of taxa of Firmicutes and Bacteroitedes diverges with generally accepted and requires clarification.

Characterize microflora man, often use terms: bond (resident, indigenous, autochonne) and optional (transient, alchton, random) microflora. According to the nature of the relationship with macroorganism, pathogenic and non-pathogenic microflora differ, often attributed to commensant microbes. If representatives of the bond or optional microflora caused an inflammatory infectious process, they are considered as causative agents of an opportunistic infection. It should be noted that in foreign literature there is no term "conditional and pathogenic microorganisms", however, we found it appropriate to use this term, widely used in domestic medical literature.

In the formated microbiocenosis, 90% are bonded microbiota representatives, less than 9.5% - optional and up to 0.5% - random microorganisms. About 20% of microbiot representatives inhabit in the oral cavity (more than 200 species), 40% - in gastro-duodenal and distal gastrointestinal tract departments, 18-20% fall on skin cover, 15-16% - on the rotoglot and 2-4 % - to the urogenital tract of men. Women's vaginal biotop accounts for about 10% of Normoflora.

The microflora of a person is a complex self-regulating system capable of recovering with competent correction. Based on these positions, liquid synbiotic biocomplexes were created "Normoflorins"containing viable metabolically active probiotic bacteria (latobaccilles and bifidobacteria) capable of competing with pathogenic microorganisms for a place on the mucous membranes, thereby suppressing its reproduction and activity.
The high content of microbial metabolites ensures the rapid restoration of metabolic, immunological, enzymatic and synthetic processes in the body.

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The main functions of the normal microflora of the intestinal tract

The normal microflora (normoflora) of the gastrointestinal tract is a prerequisite for the life of the body. The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract in modern understanding is considered as a human microbi.

Normoflora (microflora in good condition) or Normal condition of microflora (eubiosis) - This is a qualitative and quantitative relationship of various populations of microbes of individual organs and systems supporting biochemical, metabolic and immunological equilibrium necessary to preserve human health. The most important feature of microflora is its participation in the formation of the body's resistance to various diseases and ensuring the prevention of the colonization of the human body by outsiders.

In any microbiocenosis, including intestinal, there are always permanent types of microorganisms - 90% belonging to the so-called. bond microflora ( synonyms: The main, autochthonne, indigenous, resident, mandatory microflora), which is assigned a leading role in maintaining symbiotic relations between macroorganism and its microbiota, as well as in the regulation of intercultural relations, and also there are additional (concomitant or optional microflora) - about 10% and transit ( Random species, Allochton, residual microflora) - 0.01%

Those. The entire intestine microflora is divided into:

bond — the main ormandatory microflora , about 90% of the total number of microorganisms. The bond microflora mainly includes anaerobic sucrolytic bacteria: bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium)Propionic Bacteria (PropioniBacterium), Bacteroids (Bacteroides)Lactobacteria (Lactobacillus);
optional — recognizing oradditional microflora it is about 10% of the total number of microorganisms. Optional biocenosis representatives: Escherichia (intestinal stick and - Escherichia), Enterococci Enterococcus, fuzobacterium (Fusobacterium), peptopulationococci PepTostReptococcus, Klostridia (Clostridium) eubacterium (EUBACTERIUM) et al., Of course, have a number of physiological functions important for the biotope and the body as a whole. However, the predominant part is represented by patient pathogenic species, which, with a pathological increase in populations, may cause serious complications of an infectious nature.
residual — transient microflora or random microorganisms, less than 1% of the total number of microorganisms. The residual microflora is represented by various saprophytes (staphylococci, bacillos, yeast fungi) and other conditionally pathogenic representatives of enterobacteria, which include intestinal: Klebsiella, proteins, citrobacter, enterobacter, etc. Transient microflora (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Morganella, Serratia, Hafnia, Kluyvera, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Yeast and yeast-like mushrooms, etc.), mainly consists of individuals listed from the outside. Among them, options with high aggressive potential may occur, which when weakening protective functions, bond microflora can increase the populations and cause the development of pathological processes.

In the stomach, microflora contains little, much greater than it in the subtle intestinal department and especially many in the colon. It is worth noting that suction The fat-soluble substances, the most important vitamins and microelements take place mainly in the Torkychka. Therefore, the systematic inclusion in the diet of probiotic products and biodeadows, which contain microorganisms, regulating the processes of intestinal suction, becomes a very effective tool in the prevention and treatment of alimentary diseases.

Intestinal suction - This is the process of receipt of various compounds through the cell layer in blood and lymph, as a result of which the body receives all the substances they need.

The most intense absorption occurs in the small intestine. Due to the fact that small arteries are penetrated into each intestinal cessink, the absorbed nutrients easily penetrate into liquid mediums of the body. Glucose and split proteins sprung to amino acids are absorbed into blood media. Blood, carrier glucose and amino acid, is sent to the liver, where carbohydrate deposition occurs. Fatty acids and glycerin - a product of fats refining under the influence of bile - absorbed in lymph and already from there fall into the circulatory system.

In the picture from the left (Scheme of the fragment of the small intestine ving): 1 - cylindrical epithelium, 2 - central lymphatic vessel, 3 - cape network, 4 - mucous membrane, 5 - submucous shell, 6 - muscle plate mucosa, 7 - intestinal iron, 8 - lymphatic channel .

One of the microflora values tolstoy intestine It is that it is involved in the final decomposition of reptile food residues. In the thick intestine, the digestion is completed by hydrolysis of non-digestible residues of food. During hydrolysis in the thick intestine, enzymes are involved, which come from the small intestine, and the enzymes of intestinal bacteria. There is absorption of water, mineral salts (electrolytes), the splitting of plant fiber, the formation of carts.

Microflora Plays a significant (!) role in the peristaltic, secretion, suction and cellular composition of the intestine. Microflora participates in the decomposition of enzymes and other biologically active substances. The normal microflora provides colonization resistance - protection of the intestinal mucosa from pathogenic bacteria, suppressing pathogenic microorganisms and preventing the initiation of the body. Bacteria enzymes split fiber fibers, untapped in the small intestine. Intestinal flora synthesizes vitamin K and group vitamins, a number of essential amino acids and enzymes the necessary organism. With the participation of microflora in the body, proteins, fats, carbon, bile and fatty acids, cholesterol, are inactivated by procancelogens (substances that can cause cancer), excess foods are recycled and cavalous masses are formed. The role of normoflora is extremely important for the host body, which is why its violation (dysbacteriosis) and the development of dysbiosis as a whole leads to serious diseases of a metabolic and immunological nature.

The composition of microorganisms in certain intestinal departments depends on many factors: Lifestyle, nutrition, viral and bacterial infections, as well as drug treatment, especially the reception of antibiotics. Many gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory, can also disturb the intestinal ecosystem. The result of this imbalance is frequently encountered digestive problems: bloating, dyspepsia, constipation or diarrhea, etc.

The intestinal microflora is an unusually complex ecosystem. One individual has at least 17 families of bacteria, 50 bodies, 400-500 species and an indefinite number of subspecies. The intestinal microflora is divided into obligate (microorganisms that are permanently included in the normal flora and playing an important role in metabolism and anti-infective protection) and optional (microorganisms that are often found in healthy people, but are conventional pathogenic, i.e. capable of causing diseases resistance of macroorganism). The dominant representatives of bond microflora are bifidobacteria.

Table 1 shows the most famous functions of intestinal microflora (microbiota), while its functionality is much wider and still studied

Intestinal bacteria, probiotics and prospects for their use for the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Department of propiautics of internal diseases of the medical faculty MMA. THEM. Sechenov, Moscow discusses the features of the composition and the role of intestinal bacteria symbiontes in maintaining the state of health. The correctness of the application of the term "dysbacteriosis" in clinical practice is discussed; Diseases and conditions are indicated that are often erroneously interpreted as dysbacteriosis. A brief overview of diseases is given, in which the effectiveness of some probiotics is confirmed by the results of comparative studies. Indications are presented to the use of a modern combined probiotic drug Lines, its advantages and dosing regimens.

Composition and physiological value of intestinal microflora

Intestinal bacteria are represented by the main (dominant, or resident), concomitant and residual populations.

The dominant population consists mainly of bacteria of families Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria and bacteroids.

The concomitant population is represented by an intestinal wand, eubacteria, fuzobacteriums, enterococci and peptococci.

Lactobaccilles and bifidobacteria synthesize amino acids, proteins, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, K, nicotine and folic acid, substances with antioxidant activity.

Causes of intestinal microflora composition

Thus, separate diseases and syndromes can be distinguished, which are often mistakenly interpreted as dysbacteriosis:

excess bacterial growth syndrome;
antibiotic-associated diarrhea;
clostridium Difficile infection (pseudomambranous colitis);
irritable bowel syndrome;
"Traveler diarrhea";
disaccharidase insufficiency;
candidiasis of the intestine against the background of immunodeficiency states;
staphylococcal enteritis, etc.

Tests confirming the presence of pathological disorders of microflora composition

As in the diagnosis of other diseases, adequate methods must be applied to assess the changes of intestinal microflora.

A microbiological study of the sowing of aspirate of the contents of the small intestine is highly accurate.

In subsequent years, the development of drugs on the basis of microorganisms with beneficial properties continued, - so-called probiotics.

It is shown that L. Rhamnosus The GG strain, in adults - E. Faecium SF68 have the greatest effect in the treatment of infectious gastroenteritis.

The ability to reduce the rate of development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is established for the following bacteria in the composition of probiotics:

L. Rhamnosus GG strain;
combination L. Acidophilus and L. Bulgaricus;
E. FAECIUM SF68;
B. Longum;
the combination of Lactobacillus and B. Longum;
therapeutic yeast sacchaomyces boulardii.

In the prevention of the development of travelers' diarrhea, the combination of L. Acidophilus, L. Bulgaricus and Streptococcus Thermophilus turned out to be effective.

According to the meta-analysis, in the treatment of a recurrent infection C. difficile (pseudommabranous colitis) is the most effective is the probiotic containing S. boulardii.

Characteristics and application of lines

The use of lines against the background of eradication antihelicobacter therapy improves the tolerability of antibiotics: reduces the frequency of the meteorism, diarrhea.

Linex is available in capsules containing at least 1.2? 10 7 live lyophilized bacteria.

Linex can be prescribed during pregnancy and breast feeding. There are no reports on cases of overdose of Linex.

Thus, probiotics, especially their combined drugs, gradually occupy an increasingly strong place in gastroenterology.

As the evidence database accumulates, they may provide doctors to treat the patient, skillfully affecting its symbiosis with the world of bacteria and the minimum risk for the human body.

Belmer S.V. Antibiotic-associated intestinal dysbiosis // RMG. 2004. T. 12. No. 3. P. 148-151.
Zhikhareva N.S., Havkin A.I. Therapy of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis // RMG. 2006. T. 14. No. 19. P. 1384-1385.
Ushkalova E.A. The role of probiotics in gastroenterology // Pharmatek. 2007. No. 6. P. 16-23.
Shenwald S., Tsar B. Results of a single placebo-controlled clinical trial of Linex. Indok, Lek, 1984.
Arunachalam K, Gill HS, Chandra RK. Enhancement of Natural Immune Function by Dietary Consumption of Bifidobacterium Lactis (HN019). EUR J Clin Nutr 2000; 54 (3): 263-67.
Bassetti S, Frei R, Zimmerli W. Fungemia with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae After Treatment with Saccharomyces Boulardii. Am J MED 1998; 105: 71-72.
BengMark S. Colonic Food: Pre- and Probiotics. Am j Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (Suppl. 1): S5-7.
Cremonini f, di caro s, covino m, et al. Effect of Different Probiotic Preparations on Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Therapy-Related Side Effects: A Parallel Group, Triple Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Am j gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2744-49.
Elmer GW, Surawicz CM, McFarland LV. Biotheraputic Agents. Jama 1996; 275: 870-76.
Hilton E, Isenberg HD, Alperstein P, et al. Ingestion of Yogurt Containing Lactobacillus Acidophilus AS Prophylaxis for Candidal Vaginitis. ANN INTERN MED 1992; 116: 353-57.
Loizeau E. Can Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Be Prevented? Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 29: 15-18.
PERAPOCH J, Planes AM, Querol A, et al. Fungemia with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Two Newborns, Only One of Whom Had Been Treated with Ultra-Levura. EUR J Clin Microbiol Infect DIS 2000; 19: 468-70.
Perdigon G, Alvarez S, Rachid M, et al. Immune System Stimulation by probiotics. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78: 1597-606.
Scarpignato C, Rampal P. Prevention and Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea: A Clinical Pharmacological Approach. Chemotherapy 1995; 41: 48-81.

Of several hundred species of bacteria inhabiting the intestines, bifidobacteria and bacteroids are quantitatively dominated, the share of which is 25% and 30%, respectively, with respect to the total number of anaerobic bacteria.

Before the birth of a child, his gastrointestinal tract is not inhabited by bacteria. At the moment of birth, there is a rapid sequestment of the intestine of a child by bacteria that are part of the gastrointestinal and vaginal mother's flora. As a result, a complex community of microorganisms, consisting of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterobacteria, clostridium and gram-positive coccobs are formed. After that, the composition of microflora is subject to change as a result of environmental action, the most important of which is the nutrition of the child.

Already in 1900, German scientists have proven that in children on breastfeeding, the main component of intestinal microflora are bifidobacteria. Such a microflora, with a predominance of bifidobacteria, performs protective functions and contributes to the ripening of the mechanisms of the child's immune system. On the contrary, in children on artificial feeding, the number of bifidobacteria in the thick intestine is significantly less and the species composition of intestinal microflora is less diverse.

The species composition of bifidobacteria in the intestine of children only on breastfeeding is presented with numerous species and modifications. The colonies of certain types of bifidobacteria, inhabitants in the intestine of an adult, are absent, which is fully consistent with the normal species composition of bifidobacteria in the intestine of infants.

At the same time, in children on artificial feeding, the composition of intestinal microflora is more diverse and contains the same amounts of bifidobacteria and bacteroids. The minimum components of the intestinal microflora in children on natural feeding are lactobacilles and streptococci, and in children who are artificial feeding, staphylococci, intestinal wand and clostridia. When the child is added to the nutrition of solid food in children on natural feeding, the amount of bifidobacteria in the thick intestine decreases. At the age of 12 months in children, the composition and number of anaerobic (capable of developing atmospheric oxygen) of microorganisms in the thick intestine approaching such in adults.

In the gastrointestinal tract of a person dwells a lot of bacteria, which, in fact, are "cohabitants" of their "host". Shatterly sounds, the host's body also needs microbial inhabitants, as they are in his support.

The main part of microorganisms enters the disclosure of the gastrointestinal tract from the octopling and with food.

As part of the normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, more than 400 species of non-basalized aerobic (capable of developing in the atmosphere) were allocated (capable of developing in the atmosphere) and optionally anaerobic bacteria.

In the intestinal biocenosis also includes a small number of conditionally pathogenic organisms forming the so-called "residual colony": staphylococci, mushrooms, protea, etc.

The composition of microflora of unequal throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In the upper and middle departments of the small intestine, the population of microorganisms is relatively small (at the beginning of the intestine, their content is not more than 100 microorganisms per 1 ml of contents) and includes mainly gram-positive aerobic bacteria, a small number of anaerobic bacteria, yeast and mushrooms.

The largest content of microorganisms is observed in the colon. Here, their concentration reaches 1010-1011 and more than 1 g of content.

In the colon there is a major mass of anaerobic microorganisms. The "main population" (about 70%) constitute anaerobic bacteria - bifidobacteria and bacteroids. As "accompanying" lactobacilli, intestinal wand, enterococci.

Bacteria, inhabiting the clearance of the gastrointestinal tract, perform a number of functions that are very important for the host's body.

Microbes play a crucial role in intricate digestion, in particular, participate in digestion of dietary fibers (cellulose), the enzymatic splitting of proteins, high molecular carbohydrates, fats and in the process of metabolism produce a number of new substances useful for the body.

The chief representative of the anaerobic intestinal microflora - bifidobacteria - produce amino acids, proteins, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, Vikasol, nicotin and folic acid. It is suggested that some substances produced by bifidobacteriums have special properties and contribute to a decrease in the risk of incidence of colon cancer.

Among aerobic (atmospheric air-dependent air) microorganisms, the most important role in protein cleavage processes belongs to an intestinal wand with large and variety of properties. So, one of the types of intestinal stick produces several vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamins B12, K, nicotinic, folic, pantothenic acid), participates in the exchange of cholesterol, bilirubin, choline, bile and fatty acids, and also affects the absorption of iron and calcium.

The products of protein processing products (indole, phenol, scatol) are generated under the influence of microflora provide an adjusting effect on the normal operation of the intestine.

Recently, the role of intestinal microflora in the formation of the organism's immune system and the protection of the body is increasingly studied.

Representatives of normal intestinal microflora produce substances with antibacterial activity (such as bactericoines and short-chain fatty acids, lactoferrin, lysozyme), which prevent the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms and suppress excessive reproduction of conditional microflora. Intestinal sticks, enterococci, bifidobacteria and lactobacillos have the most pronounced overwhelming properties for pathogenic microorganisms.

Products of vital activity of lactic acid bacteria (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli) and bacteroids are dairy, acetic, amber, formic acids. This ensures that the acidity index of the intracean content is 4.0-3.8, thereby keeping the growth and reproduction of pathogens and rotary microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract.

Limited initially ideas about the "local" protective role of intestinal microorganisms have significantly expanded in recent years. Modern medical science emphasizes the importance of continuous "communication" of the human body, the "host" with its bacteria "cohabitants." By contact with bacteria through the mucous membrane and constant penetration of a small amount of bacteria, their antigens and productivity products in the circulatory system are supported by the immunity of a person, including the "tone" of antitumor protection is supported.

The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is actively involved in the chemical transformations of many substances of internal and external origin, in particular, drugs. In the process of intestinal and hepatic metabolism, which comes from the intestinal lumen to the liver are subjected to complex biochemical processes, and many of them are then released again with biliary. In the lumen of the intestine, under the action of enzymes of intestinal microflora, they are subject to numerous changes, without which the normal functioning of the body is impossible, after which they are again absorbed and returned to the liver on a gate vein.

The mechanisms for maintaining a normal "microbial equilibrium" in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract and containment of microbial growth include protective factors of the mucous membrane (anti-infectious properties of the stomach hydrochloric acid, the production of mucus and antibodies), as well as a normal peristaltic (reducing intestinal muscles) intestinal activity, in the process of which Part of bacteria is regularly removed from the body. The integrity of the brush cutting of enterocytes also acts as an important protection link, since it acts as a "bacterial obstacle", which does not allow contacts of bacteria with the cells of the mucous membrane.

The quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microflora can be changed under the influence of various reasons for both intra-immune and external origin. However, this change should be considered as secondary to the main reason.

The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is a set of microorganisms located in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. The most populated microflora body is a fat intestine. In each department of the gastrointestinal microflora path, there has a different quantitative and high-quality composition. The bulk of the useful flora is located in the lower intestinal deposits. Microflora can be both useful and pathogenic, which is significant for the health of the human body, because Balance is needed, because the useful microflora is responsible primarily for a good human immunity.

The useful flora is bifi and lactobacilli, which are responsible for the normal work of the intestine. Also, these beneficial bacteria protect the human body from the penetration of pathogenic alien microbes and toxins, and accordingly contribute to the absorption of vitamins, digestive processes, and also strengthen the immune system.

If the gastrointestinal tract works normally, the intestinal microflora has the balance of pathogenic and useful microbes and bacteria. In the stomach of a man's bacterial, since it has a sour medium, their amount is 103 species, the largest number of bacteria is located in a thick intestine, their amount is about 1013 species. If the balance of useful and pathogenic bacteria is broken, this leads to dysbacteriosis and other diseases.

The role of microflora in the human body

The microflora of the digestive tract plays an important role in the body of not only person, but also animals. For example, animals also have a microflora, the impaired of the balance sheet leads to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Microbes are the most numerous representatives of our planet, they fill out absolutely all space affordable. In the process of the evolution of microorganisms, they adapted to exist under certain conditions, so-called ecognos, and a person is one of them. Microorganisms learned to coexist together with a person, while not just exist, but also to benefit - both to themselves and their owner. Evolution influenced the fact that certain types of microorganisms are capable not only to live in the intestine of a person, but also to care for its immune system, as well as to be the main and indispensable link in the work of the digestive system.

Factors that contribute to excessive growth of intestinal flora:

the presence of fistulas in the intestine;
surgical operations;
atrophic gastritis;
the use of drugs, especially antibiotics, which are killed both pathogenic and useful microflora;
violation of intestinal motility;
intestinal obstruction and much more.

The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is divided into translucent and clutch flora, their composition is different. The composition of the tribe flora is more stable, and is represented mainly by lactobacteriums and bifidobacteriums that protect the intestines from pathogenic bacteria. The composition of the plane flora, in addition to lacto and bifidobacteria, includes a number of other inhabitants.

The normal human flora is a single and agreed working mechanism, this is a sensitive indicator of the state of the human body when exposed to a variety of factors.

Protective. Normal flora suppresses pathogenic and outsider, falling into our body with water and food. This is ensured by such mechanisms:
- Normal flora activates the synthesis of antibodies in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, which have binding ability for extraneous antigens;
- Microflora produces substances capable of suppressing a sensed and pathogenic and pathogenic flora;
- Flora forms milk acid, lysozyme, hydrogen peroxide and other substances with antibiotic activity;
Enzymatic. Normal flora digested carbohydrates and proteins, and also produces chemiecelulase, which is responsible for digesting the fiber. In turn, the digestible fiber when interacting with normal flora forms glucose and organic acids, stimulating intestinal motility and forming chair;
Synthesis of vitamins. Basically, it is carried out in a blind intestine, since they are absorbed. The microflora provides synthesis of vitamin B, nicotinic acid and other vitamins. For example, bifidobacteria provide the synthesis of vitamin K, pantothenic and folic acid;
Synthesis of proteins and amino acids. Especially in cases of their deficit;
Exchange of trace elements. The microflora helps to increase the absorption processes through the intestines of iron, calcium ions, vitamin D;
Dehydration or detoxification of xenobiotics (toxic substances). This feature is an important intestinal microflora process, which occurs as a result of its biochemical activity;
Immune. Normal flora stimulates the formation of antibodies, children contribute to the establishment and maturation of the immune system. Bifidobacteria regulate cellular and hormonal immunity, prevent the destruction of immunoglobulin, produce lysozyme and stimulate interferon formation. Lactobacillia increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages, neutrophils, the formation of interferons, synthesis of immunoglobulins and interleukin-1.

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The multifunctionality of normal microflora is an important component of preserving its composition. The high-quality and quantitative composition of microflora affects a large number of different factors: these are environmental conditions (sanitary and hygienic, professional, chemical, radiation and other), climate-geographical conditions, quality and nature of nutrition, various immune disorders, hypodynamia, stress, and so on ; Also, the composition of the flora is disturbed in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Helicobacter Pilori - Cause of many gastrointestinal diseases

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral bacterium that infects more than 30% of people around the world. As a rule, bacterium does not give clear symptoms, and therefore people having a helicobacter may not even suspect its presence in their body. This bacterium is not so harmless and is the cause of a number of serious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, right up to cancer.

How to recognize Helicobacter?

The most common symptoms: heartburn, bloating, diarrhea constipation, reflux, meteorism, abdominal pain, belching.

As a rule, a person does not pay special attention to these symptoms and relates them to the normal operation of the body. Helicobacter is the main cause of inflammation of the stomach shell, widely known as gastritis. Almost 80% of the stomach ulcers and 90% of the duodenal ulcers are caused by this bacterium.

Nevertheless, Helicobacter manifests itself not only in gastrointestinal symptoms, but also with cardiovascular diseases, migraine, Raino disease (poor blood circulation on hand and legs).

Bacteria lives in the mucous membrane of the stomach of people and animals. People can often manifest themselves in frequent mood swings. Helicobacter is entered into the body through consumption of polluted water and products. Therefore, it is recommended to thorough food thoroughly, follow the condition of water and wash your hands as often as possible, especially before meal.

The most popular and effective method of treating Helicobacter is antibacterial therapy, including antibiotic preparations and drugs regulating the acidity in the stomach. It is necessary to contact the gastroenterologist for the diagnosis and purpose of the proper treatment.

Proper nutrition is no less important when treating from this bacterium. It is necessary to include more vitamins A, C, E, and minerals, especially containing zinc, which can protect the mucous membrane of the stomach. Probiotics, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, can also be very effective in the treatment of Helicobacter.

Bacteria gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal diseases of piglets have preferential distribution in infectious pathology and cause significant economic damage, being the main cause of animal death. According to a number of authors, with bacteriological studies of samples derived from patients and fallen animals, in most cases microorganisms are represented by associations: echryochia and clostridia (31.7-35.2%); Escherichia, staphylococci and enterococci (33.4-35,1); Escherichia, Enterococci and Salmonella (32.4-33,6); Salmonella and Klostridia (10.4-11.2%).

With stress as one of the reasons, the emergence of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases is associated with agricultural animals, in the development of which a significant role belongs to a conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microflora. In the removable period of piglets are exposed to two main stressfactors - excommunication from sow and transition from one type of feed to another. Often ignored animals over a long period of time are bacteria carriers and become a permanent source of environmental contamination.

Numerous technological stresses caused by intensive technology for growing and fattening pigs in production conditions, in its intensity often exceed the compensatory possibilities of the body of the pig and lead to a decrease in immunological reactivity, a violation of the biocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Widely used antimicrobial agents are often ineffective and environmentally unsafe due to the formation of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria and a decrease in product quality.

Recently, preparations containing various organic acids with antibacterial effect and substances for enriching the missing nutritional elements are being developed.

Purpose of the study - To study the effect of feed additives (biofit, bi tang Drick Max, Lumanza) on enterobiocenosis piglets with a diarrheal symptom complex.

Objects and research methods

The experiment was carried out on the pigway complex of the Omsk region. Microbiological analysis was performed in the bacteriological department of the industrial veterinary laboratory of the complex and on the basis of the Omsk regional veterinary laboratory.

In total, the experiment participated 480 pigs of Landras breeds and large white. The piglets were on growling (37-60 days) in the conditions of a pig-breeding economy with industrial technology of detention and feeding.

For the experiment, four groups of animals 120 goals were formed in each. Animals of the first experimental group were obtained by a fodder supplement of biofit, with holding lauric acid, mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Animals of the second group included in the diet of the addition of bi tan dry max containing salts of organic acids and yeast extract. Animal of the third group as a natural antibiotic in the diet introduced a drug that contains a number of orgcislot, essential oils, vegetable extracts, resins and yeast.

The fourth group of animals was controlled and received an ordinary diet.

Biological preparations were used daily in doses that meet manufacturers' recommendations.

During the experiment, clinical examination of animals was carried out daily, the feedback of feed was noted. Bacteriological studies of feces samples prior to the use of additives and every fifth day before the end of the experiment (21 days).

The study of the intestinal microbiota piglets were carried out according to the methodological instructions on bacteriological diagnosis of rolling colibacteriosis (echeryhiosis) of animals (MCS and food of the Russian Federation of 07.27.2000 No. 13-7-2 / 2117); Methodical instructions for the accelerated indication of Morganll, Salmonelles and enteropathogenic escherhius with adhesive antigens in pathological material, feed, objects of the external environment in the coaggglutination reaction (MSH and food of the Russian Federation of 11.10.1999 No. 13-7-2 / 1758); Methodical instructions on the use of unified microbiological (bacteriological) research methods in clinical and diagnostic laboratories (Appendix No. 1 to the order of the USSR Ministry of Health of April 22, 1985 No. 535).

Results of research

In the piglets of the experimental groups, a satisfactory condition was observed during the experiment, the feed additives were observed when the feed additives were reacted to a specific odor of drugs. In the experimental group number 1, where a feed additive of biofit was introduced into the diet, the piglets periodically manifested the gastrointestinal tract (19.5%), and in the second, where the feed additive bi tan dry Max was used, often observed sneezing of animals when eating Feed, but the appetite was good. The diarrheal symptom complex in the second group was registered in 16.1% piglets. In the experimental group No. 3, where a stern additive of Lyumanza was introduced into the diet, the disorder of the gastrointestinal tract was manifested in 17.8% piglets. During the experiment, the experimental groups in animals, the diarrheal symptom complex was a brief, the case of experienced groups was not registered. The animals of the control group appetite was reduced, in comparison with animals of experimental groups in piglets, a diarrhea symptom complex (32.2%) was more often registered.

When carrying out bacteriological studies of samples of feces from animal experienced groups with a diarine symptom complex, the microorganisms of the Enterobacteriacae family were highlighted; Staphylococcus, Entero Coccus, Lactobacillus and Bifi Dobacterium.

In the experimental group No. 1 (biofit), the culture of E. Soli (35.7%), Staphylococcus SPP prevailed in samples. (25.4), Citrobacter SPP. (17,3), Enterobacter SPP. (15.3), Enterococcus Faecalis (3.6) and Enterococcus Faecium (2.1%).

In the experimental group No. 2 (bi Tang, Max), in most cases, cultures were allocated: E. Soli (53.4%), Citrobacter SPP. (19.4), less common - Enterobacter SPP. (13.7), Enterococcus Faecalis (7.4) and Enterococcus Faecium (6.1%).

The following cultures were allocated in the experimental group No. 3: E. Soli (43.6%), Staphylococcus SPP. (27.3), Citrobacter SPP. (18,2), Enterobacter SPP. (6.5), Enterococcus Faecalis (2.6) and Enterococcus Faecium (1.2%).

In the control group, the micolsters of the Enterobacteriacae family were allocated in the control group with bacteriological examination of samples of feces of patients Births Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas, namely: E. Soli (38.4%), Staphylococcus SPP. (18.3), Proteus vulgaris (18,6), Klebsiella SPP. (1,3), Citrobacter SPP. (4.2), Enterobacter SPP. (5.4), Yersinia Enterocolitica (1,3), Enterococcus Faecalis (5,6), Enterococcus Faecium (5,1), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (1.3%).

In the next two weeks, animals in experienced groups have preserved a good appetite and activity. Diarrheal symptom complex did not register. At the same time, animals with a reduced living mass of 31.7% were in experienced groups (Group №1); 22.5 (Group number 2); 27.4% (No. 3).

In the control group, the piglets were observed a reduced appetite, heterogeneity in the weight mass, a significant part of the animals was exhausted (27.1%).

Upon completion of the experiment, microbiological studies were carried out by the samples of feces obtained from animals of experienced and control groups. The results of the study are presented in the table.

As a result, a decrease in the number of staphylococci in the first group (biofit) was established by 16.7%, in the second - by 58.3 (bi Tang Dry Max), in the third (Lymanza) - by 41.7%.

The number of enterococci in piglets in the first group (biofit) decreased by 7.5%, in the second (bi tang, Max) - by 12.5, and in the third (luminance) - by 12.8% compared with the indicators of the control group. An insignificant increase in the number of lactobacilli in the first group is 3%, whereas in the second and third, their number increased by 20%, which is very important, since these bacteria constrain the growth and development of staphylococci, the earsech, salmonella due to the production of lactic acid. The number of actino and micromycetes in all groups was insignificant both at the beginning of the experience and after completion.

The content of bifidobacteria in piglets in the experimental group No. 1 (biofit) was 109-1010 kone, in group No. 2 (B. Tang Dry) and No. 3 (Lumanza) - 1010, whereas in the control this indicator was 107-108 Core. The greatest reproduction of bifidobacteria was facilitated by feed additives No. 2 and 3 (Bi Tang Drick Max, Lumanza). Bifidobacteria is involved in the ribbon digestion, they have pronounced adhesion to the cells of the intestinal mucosa, prevent the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms due to the formation of biofilms, as a result, the number of staphylococci and enterococci decreases.

After bacteriological studies with cultures related to the morphological, cultural and enzymatic properties to the genus of the echryochi, reactions with agglutinating adhesive serum were delivered. In the control group, the animals discovered the pathogenic culture of E. coli strain F41. Pathogenic strains of enterohemorrhagic E. Soli: O157: H7 and O115 were found in the serological reaction with o-coliagoglutinating serums.

When carrying out comprehensive studies, it was established that the feed additives bi Tan Dry Max, Lumanza and Bofit have a positive effect on the composition of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, effectively controlling the equilibrium of microorganisms against pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria. It has been established that the feed additives bi tang Drick Max and Lyumanza most actively affect the reproduction and growth of bifido and lactobacilli, contributing to the best digestibility of the nutrient components of the feed.

FGBOU to Omsk State Agrarian University. P. A. Stolypin (Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology)

The main functions of the normal microflora of the intestinal tract

Normoflora (microflora in good condition) orNormal condition of microflora (eubiosis) - this is high quality and quantitative.the ratio of various populations of microbes of individual organs and systems supporting biochemical, metabolic and immunological equilibrium necessary to preserve human health.The most important feature of microflora is its participation in the formation of the body's resistance to various diseases and ensuring the prevention of the colonization of the human body by outsiders.

The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most complex microcological media of the human body, in which on the total area of \u200b\u200bthe mucous membrane, component of about 400 m 2, there is extremely high and diverse (over 1000 speciesheterogeneous bacteria, viruses, arches and mushrooms - ed.) The density of the microbial dissemination, in which the interaction between the protective systems of macroorganism and microbial associations is very subtly balanced. Bacteria are believed to be from 35 to 50% of the volume of the contents of the human colon, and their cumulative biomass in the gastrointestinal tract approaches 1.5 kg.However, bacteria are unevenly distributed in the gastrointestinal tract. If in the stomach, the density of microbial colonization is small and is only about 10 3 -10 4 CFU / ml, and in the ileum - 10 7 -10 8 CFU / ml, then in the region of the ileocecal valve in the colon, the gradient of the density of bacteria reaches 10 11 -10 12 CFU / ml. Despite such an extensive variety of types of bacteria living in the gastrointestinal tract, most can only be identified by molecular genetically.

Also in any microbiocenosis, including intestinal, there are always permanent types of microorganisms - 90% belonging to the so-called bond microflora ( synonyms: The main, autochthonne, indigenous, resident, mandatory microflora), which is assigned a leading role in maintaining symbiotic relations between macroorganism and its microbiota, as well as in the regulation of intercultural relations, and also there are additional (concomitant or optional microflora) - about 10% and transit ( Random species, alchton, residual microflora) - 0.01%.

Basic types Intestinal microbiota are Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, VerruComicrobia, Tenericutesand Lentispharae.

Among the bacteria-commemmers cultured from the tract, more than 99.9% are bonded anaerobes from which dominant are roda : Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, EUBACTERIUM, LACTOBACALLUS, CLOSTRIDIUM, FaecaliBacterium., Fusobacterium., Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus., Escherichia. and Veilonella. The composition of the discovered bacteria in various tract sections is very variable.

Increase density Microorganisms and biological diversity of species are observed along the gastrointestinal tract in the caudally-cervical direction. Differences in the intestinal composition are also observed between the intestinal lumen and the surface of the mucous membrane. Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus are predominant. rodami. In the list of intestines, while Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and AkkerMansia are predominant on the surface associated with the mucous membrane - i.e. this is andmicrobiota Accordingly (or otherwise, translucent and mucous). Microbiota associated with the mucous membrane plays a very important role in maintaining homeostasis, given its proximity to the intestinal epithelium and the main immune system of the mucous membrane [3 ]. This microbiota can play an important role in maintaining the host cell homeostasis or in the launch of inflammation mechanisms.

After establishing this composition, the intestinal microbiot remains stable throughout the adult life. There are some differences between the intestinal microbiota of older and young people, primarily relating to the prevalence rodov Bacteroides and Clostridium in the elderly and type Firmicutes in young people. There were three versions of human intestinal microbiota, classified as enterotypes Based on variation of levels of one of three Rodov: Bacteroides (Enterotype 1), Prevotella (Enterotype 2) and Ruminococcus (Enterotype 3). These three options, apparently, do not depend on the body mass index, age, gender or nationality [,].

Depending on the frequency and constancy of the detection of bacteria, the entire microflora is divided into three groups (Table 1).

Table 1. Microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Microflora type		Main representatives
Permanent (Indigenous, Resistant)	Bond (Home)(90%)	Bacteroids, bifidobacteria
Permanent (Indigenous, Resistant)	Optional (concomitant) (~ 10%)	Lactobacteria, Escherichia, Enterococci, Clostridia *
Random (transient)	Residual<1%)	Klebsiella, Protea, Staphylococci, Citrobacter, Yeast

However, such a division is extremely conditionally. Directly in the colon man, in varying amounts present bacteria of the genera Actinomyces, Citrobacter, Sorynebacterium, Peptococcus, Veillonella, Acidominococcus, Anaerovibrio, Vutyrovibrio, Acetovibrio, Campylobacter, Disulfomonas, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Selenomonas, Spirochetes, Succinomonas, Wolinella. In addition to these groups of microorganisms, representatives and other anaerobic bacteria can also be found (Gemiger, Anaerobiospirillum, Metanobrevibacter, Megasphara, Bilophila), various representatives of the Nepatogenic simple birth of Chilomastix, Endolimax, Entamoeba, Enteromonas) and more than ten intestinal viruses (more than 50% of healthy people have some and the same 75 species of bacteria, and more than 90% of the colon bacteria belong to the types of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes - Qin, J.;et al. A Human Gut Microbial Gene Catalog Established by Metagenomic Sequencing.Nature.2010 , 464 , 59-65.).

As noted above, the division of the tract microorganisms into groups of "constancy and importance" is very conditional. Science does not stand still and taking into account the emergence of new cultural and independent methods of microbiota identification (DNA sequencing, fluorescent hybridization in situ (Fish.), the use of Illumina technology, etc.), and conducted in connection with this reclassification of a number of microorganisms, a look at the composition and role of a human healthy intestinal microbiota was noticeably changed. As it turned out, the composition of the microbiome of the tract depends on man accessories. A new idea of \u200b\u200bthe dominant species appeared - appeared refined phylogenetic tree Microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of a person (about it and not only see the sections "" & " ".

Between the colonies of microorganisms and the intestinal wall there is a close relationship, which allows them to merge into a singlemicrobial and tissue complexwhich form the microcolonic bacteria and the metabolites produced by them, mucus (mucin), the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane and their glycocalix, as well as the cells of the stroma of the mucous membrane (fibroblasts, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neuroendocrine cells, microcirculatory cells, etc.). It is necessary to remember the existence of another population of microflora -strip(or as it was indicated above - translucent)which is more volatile and depends on the speed of the food substrates on the digestive channel, in particular the dietary fibers, which are a nutritious substrate and play the role of the matrix, on which intestinal bacteria colonies are fixed. Extensive (translucent) Flora Dominates in the fecal microflora, which causes special care to evaluate changes in various microbial populations detected in bacteriological examination.

In the stomach, microflora contains little, much greater than it in the subtle intestinal department and especially many in the colon. It is worth noting that suctionlife-solublenative substances vitamins and microelements take place mainly in the Torkychka. Therefore, the systematic inclusion in the diet and probiotic products and biodevices thatmoderate intestinal microflora (microbiota), regulating intestinal suction processes,it becomes a very effective tool in the prevention and treatment of alimentary diseases.

Intestinal suction - This is the process of receipt of various compounds through the cell layer in blood and lymph, as a result of which the body receives all the substances they need.

One of the microflora values tolstoy intestine It is that it is involved in the final decomposition of reptile food residues.In the thick intestine, the digestion is completed by hydrolysis of non-digestible residues of food. During hydrolysis in the thick intestine, enzymes are involved, which come from the small intestine, and the enzymes of intestinal bacteria. There is absorption of water, mineral salts (electrolytes), the splitting of plant fiber, the formation of carts.

Microflora Plays significant (!) Role inperistaltics, secretion, suction and cellular component of the intestine. Microflora participates in the decomposition of enzymes and other biologically active substances. The normal microflora provides colonization resistance - protection of the intestinal mucosa from pathogenic bacteria, suppressing pathogenic microorganisms and preventing the initiation of the body.Bacteria enzymes split, untapped in the small intestine. Intestinal flora synthesizes vitamin K and vitamins Group B.A number of indispensable amino acids and enzymes the necessary organism.With the participation of microflora in the body, proteins, fats, carbon, bile and fatty acids occurs, cholesterolThe procanogens (substances that can cause cancer) are inactivated, excess foods are recycled and cavalous masses are formed. The role of normoflora is extremely important for the host body, which is why its violation (dysbacteriosis) and the development of dysbiosis as a whole leads to serious diseases of a metabolic and immunological nature.

The composition of microorganisms in certain intestinal departments depends on many factors:lifestyle, nutrition, viral and bacterial infections, as well as drug treatment, especially the reception of antibiotics. Many gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory, can also disturb the intestinal ecosystem. The result of this imbalance is frequently encountered digestive problems: bloating, dyspepsia, constipation or diarrhea, etc.

For details on the role of intestinal microbioma in maintaining health Accommodation, see Article: (see incl. Links at the bottom of the specified section).

Figure: Spatial distribution and concentration of bacteria along the gastrointestinal tract of a person ( averaged data).

Intestinal microflora (intestinal microbiom) is an unusually complex ecosystem. One individual has at least 17 families of bacteria, 50 bodies, 400-500 species and an indefinite number of subspecies. The intestinal microflora is divided into obligate (microorganisms that are permanently included in the normal flora and playing an important role in metabolism and anti-infective protection) and optional (microorganisms that are often found in healthy people, but are conventional pathogenic, i.e. capable of causing diseases resistance of macroorganism). Dominant representatives of bond microflora are biofidobacteria.

Table 1 shows the most famousfunctions of intestinal microflora (microbiota), while its functionality is much wider and still studied

Table 1. Basic functions of intestinal microbiota
Main functions	Description
Digestion
Protective functions	Synthesis of immunoglobulin A and interferon, phagocytic activity of monocytes, polyferaction of plasma cells, formation of intestinal colonization resistance, stimulation of the development of the lymphoid apparatus of the intestine in newborns, etc.
Synthetic function	Groups K (participates in the synthesis of blood coagulation factors); In 1 (catalyzes ketok acid decarboxylation reaction, is a carrier of aldehyde groups); In 2 (carrier of electrons with NADH); In 3 (electron transfer to 2); In 5 (predecessor Coenzyme A, participates in the exchange of lipids); In 6 (carrier of amino groups in reactions with the participation of amino acids); In 12 (participation in the synthesis of deoxyribose and nucleotides);
Disinfection function	including Neutralization of certain types of drugs and xenobiotics: acetaminophen, nitrogen-containing substances, bilirubin, cholesterol, etc.
Regulatory function	Regulation of immune, endocrine and nervous systems (the latter - through the so-called " gut-Brain-Axis» - It is difficult to overestimate the importance of microflora for the body. Thanks to the achievements of modern science, it is known that the normal intestinal microflora takes part in the splitting of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, creates conditions for the optimal flow of digestive and suction processes in the intestine, takes part in the maturation of the cells of the immune system, which ensures the increase in the protective properties of the body, etc. .The two main functions of normal microflora are: barrier from pathogenic agents and stimulation of response immune response: Barrier action. Intestinal microflora rendersthe overwhelming effect on the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and thus prevents pathogenic infections. Processattachments ia includes complex mechanisms.Bacteria of intestinal microflora suppress or reduce the adhesion of pathogenic agents by competitive exception. For example, the bacteria of the trim (mucous) microflora occupy certain receptors on the surface of the epithelial cells. Pathogenic bacteriawhich could be attached to the same receptors are eliminated from the intestine. Thus, intestinal bacteria prevent the penetration into the mucous membrane of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes (in particular, propionic acid bacteria P. Freudenreichii. They have pretty good adhesive properties and are attached to the intestinal cells very securely, creating a mentioned protective barrier. Also, bacteria permanent microflora help to maintain intestinal peristalsis and intestinal intestinal integrity. So, B.akteria - Colon Commensals During the catabolism of unsecured in the small intestine of carbohydrates (so-called food fiber) form short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, Short-Chain Fatty Acids), such as acetate, propionate and butyrate that support barriers functions of the Muzin Layer mucus (increase the products of mucins and the protective function of the epithelium). Immune intestinal system. In the intestines of humans, more than 70% of immune cells are concentrated. The main function of the immune system of the intestine is to protect against the penetration of bacteria into the blood. The second function is the elimination of pathogens (pathogenic bacteria). It provides two mechanisms: congenital (inherited by a child from mother, people from birth have antibodies in the blood) and acquired immunity (appears after entering the blood of alien proteins, for example, after transferring the infectious disease). When contacting with pathogens, it is stimulated by immune protection of the body. When interacting with TOLL-like receptors, the synthesis of various types of cytokines is launched. The intestinal microflora affects the specific clusters of lymphoid tissue. Due to this, the cellular and humoral immune response is stimulated. The cells of the intestinal immune system are actively producing secretory immunolobulin A (LGA) - protein, which is involved in providing local immunity and is an essential immune response marker. Antibiotic-like substances. Also, the intestinal microflora produces many antimicrobial substances that depress the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria. With dysbiotic disorders, the intestines are observed not only excessive growth of pathogenic microbes, but also a general decrease in immune protection of the body.Normal intestinal microflora plays a particularly important role in the life of the organism of newborns and children. Thanks to the production of lysozyme, hydrogen peroxide, milk, acetic, propionic, oil and row of other organic acids and metabolites that reduce the acidity (pH) of the bacterium medium normal microflora are effectively struggling with pathogens. In this competitive struggle of microorganisms for the survival, antibiotic substances of the type of bacteriocinnes and microcins occupy a leading place. Below in Figure Left: Colony of acidophilic sticks (x 1100), On right: The destruction of Shigella Flexneri (A) (Schigella Flexner is a form of bacteria, pathogens of dysentery) under the action of bacteriocinproductive cells of acidophilic sticks (x 60000) It is worth noting that there are almost all microorganisms in the intestineshave a special form of coexistence, which is called biofilm. Biopleka iscommunity (Colony)microorganisms located on any surface whose cells are attached to each other. Typically, the cells are immersed in the extracellular polymer substance highlighted by them - mucus. It is a biofilm that performs the main barrier function from the penetration of pathogens into the blood, by eliminating the possibility of their penetration to epithelial cells. For biofilm, see Read more: History of study of the composition of microflora GTS The history of the study of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) began in 1681, when the Dutch researcher Antoni Van Levenguk first reported on his observations regarding bacteria and other microorganisms found in human feces, and put forward a hypothesis about the joint existence of various types of bacteria in gastro -Chechnyet. In 1850, Louis Paster developed the concept of functional The role of bacteria in the fermentation process, and the German doctor Robert Koh continued research in this direction and created a method for the release of pure crops, which allows identifying specific bacterial strains, which is necessary for the distinction of pathogens and useful microorganisms. In 1886, one of the founders of the teachings about intestinal F. Esherich infections first described intestinal Wandbook (Bacterium Coli Communae). Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1888, working at the Louis Pasteur Institute, argued that intestines A person lives a complex of microorganisms that have a "autoinoxic effect" on the body, believing that the introduction of bacteria to the "Justice" bacteria can modify the action intestinal Microflora and counteract intoxication. The practical embodiment of the ideas of the sword-Ni-Kov was the use of acidophilic lactobacillus with therapeutic goals, started in the United States in 1920-1922. Domestic researchers have begun to waste this issue only in the 50s of the XX century. In 1955, Pertz L.G. showed that intestinal A wand of healthy people is one of the main representatives of the normal microflora and plays a positive role due to the strong antagonistic properties in relation to pathogenic microbes. Started more than 300 years ago studies of the composition of the intestinal microbiocenosis, its normal and pathological physiology and the development of methods of positive influence on intestinal microflora continue at present. Man like bacteria habitats The main biotopes are: gastrointestinaltract (Rota cavity, stomach, small intestine, thick intestine), leather, respiratory tract, urogenital system. But the basic interest for us here is the organs of the digestive system, because The bulk of a variety of microorganisms dwells there. The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract is the most representative, the mass of the kiishi microflora in an adult is more than 2.5 kg, the number is up to 10 14 k. Earlier it was believed that the microbiocenosis of the GCC includes 17 families, 45 clay, more than 500 types of microorganisms (the latest data is about 1500 species) constantly corrected. Taking into account the new data obtained in the study of microflora of various gastabase biotopes using molecular genetic methods and a gas-liquid chromato-mass spectrometry method, the total genome of the BCC bacteria has 400 thousand genes, which is 12 times the size of the human genome. Submitted analysis On the homology of sequenced genes 16S PRNA Priest (Mukoznaya) microflora 400 different gastrointestinal departments, obtained with an endoscopic study of various departments of volunteer intestines. As a result of the study, it was shown that the intricate and shift microflora includes 395 phylogenetically separate groups of microorganisms, of which 244 are completely new. At the same time, 80% of new taxa identified in a molecular genetic study belong to non-cultivated microorganisms. Most of the alleged new microorganis philotips are representatives of the generics of Firmicutes and Bactero-IDES. The total number of species is approaching 1500 and requires further clarification. The gasts through the sphincter system is reported to the external environment of the world around us and simultaneously through the intestinal wall - with an internal environment of the body. Thanks to this feature, the gastrointestinal gastrointestinal tract created its own medium, which can be divided into two separate niches: chimus and mucous membrane. Food-variable human system interacts with various bacteria, which can be designated as "endotrophic microflora of human intestinal biotope." The human endotrophic microflora is divided into three main groups. The first group includes a human-beneficial eubiotic indigenic or eubiotic transient microflora; to the second - neutral microorganisms, constantly or periodically sowing from the intestines, but not affecting human activity; Third - pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria ("aggressive populations"). Hanging and clutch microbiotopes gasts In the microecological plan, the gastrointestinal biotop can be divided into tiers (mouth cavity, stomach, intestinal deposits) and microbiotop (strip, cloth and epithelial). The ability to appliqués in the cluster microbiotope, i.e. Histadgeziness (property is fixed and colonized tissues) determine the essence of transitivity or indigracy of bacteria. These signs, as well as belonging to the eubiotic or aggressive group, are the main criteria characterizing the microorganism interacting with the GPC. Eubi-o-tichetic bacteria are involved in the creation of the colonization resistance of the organism, which is a unique mechanism of the system of anti-infective barriers. Lucky microbiotop Throughout the gastrointestinal tract, its properties are determined by the composition and quality of the contents of a tier. Taruses have their own anatomical and functional features, therefore their contents differ in the composition of substances, consistency, pH, movement speed and other properties. These properties determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the strip microbial populations adapted to them. Prieucous microbiotop. It is an essential structure, a limit-native internal environment of the body from external. It is represented by mucous overlays (mucosa gel, mucin gel), glycocalix located above the apical membrane of enterocytes and the surface of the apical membrane itself. Priestly microbiotop represents the greatest (!) Interest from the position of bacteriology, since it is in it that a useful or harmful interaction for humans with bacteria is that we call symbiosis. In other words, in the microflora, the intestines distinguish 2 types: mukozny (M) flor - Mukoznaya microflora interacts with the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, forming a microbial-fabric complex - microcolonic bacteria and their metabolites, epithelial cells, mucin of glass-shaped cells, fibroblasts, immune cells of peer plaques, phagocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neuroendocrine cells; translucent (P) flor - Translucent microflora is in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, does not interact with the mucous membrane. The substrate for its livelihood is unsecured dietary fibers, on which it is fixed. To date, it is known that the microflora of the intestinal mucous membrane is significantly different from the microflora of the intestinal lumen and the roaming masses. Although each adult person inhabits a certain combination of prevailing types of bacteria, microflora composition may vary depending on the lifestyle, nutrition and age. Comparative study of microflora in adults consisting in genetic kinship to one degree or another revealed that the composition of intestinal microflora genetic factors influence more than food. Note to the drawing: Flood - Foundation Division of the stomach, Azho - Antral Stomach Division, DPK - duodenal gut (:Chernin V.V., Bondarenko V.M., Parfenov A.I. Participation of translucent and mucous microbiota intestinal human in symbiotic digestion. Bulletin of the Orenburg Scientific Center URO RAS (e-magazine), 2013, №4) The location of the Mukozny microflora corresponds to the degree of its anaerobiosis: bonde anaerobes (bifidobacteria, bacteroids, propionic acid bacteria, etc.) occupy a niche in direct contact with the epithelium, then there are aerotransterable anaerobes (lactobacillia, etc.), even higher - optional anaerobes, and then aerobes .Translucent microflora is the most volatile and sensitive to various exogenous effects. Changes in nutritional rations, environmental impacts, drug therapy are primarily reflected on the quality of translucent microflora. See additionally: The number of microorganisms of the mucous and shift microflora To external influences, the mucous microflora is more stable than a shift microflora. The ratios between the mucous and shift microflora are dynamic, and are determined by the following factors: endogenous factors - the effects of the mucous membrane of the digestive channel, its secrets, motility and microorganisms themselves; exogenous factors - affect directly and indirectly through endogenous factors, for example, the reception of one or another food changes the secretory and motor activity of the digestive tract, which transforms its microflora Microflora of the oral cavity, esophagus and stomach Consider the compositions of the normal microflora of various gastrointestinal departments. The mouth cavity and the pharynx are pre-mechanical and chemical treatment and give an estimate of bacteriological hazards relative to the bacteria penetrating into the human body. Salus is the first digestive fluid processing foods and affecting the penetrating microflora. The total content of bacteria in saliva is variable and on average is 10 8 μ / ml. The normal microflora of the oral cavity includes streptococci, staphylococci, lactobacilli, coreinbacteria, a large number of anaerobes. Total microflora of the mouth has more than 200 types of microorganisms. On the surface of the mucosa, depending on the hygienic agents used by an individual, about 10 3 -10 5 MK / mm2 is found. The colonization resistance of the mouth is carried out mainly streptococci (S. Salivarus, S. Mitis, S. Mutans, S. Sangius, S. Viridans), as well as representatives of skin and intestinal biotopes. At the same time, S. Salivarus, S. Sangius, S. Viridans adhere to the mucous membrane and the dental flare. These alpha hemolytic streptococci, which have a high degree of histadgesia, constrain the colonization of the mouth of mushrooms of the genus of Sandida and staphylococci. The microflora, transiently passing through the esophagus, is unstable, the histadhesiviness to its walls does not exhibit and is characterized by an abundance of temporarily located species falling from the oral cavity and pharynx. The stomach creates relatively adverse conditions for bacteria due to increased acidity, the effects of proteolytic enzymes, the rapid motor-evacuator function of the stomach and other factors that limit their growth and reproduction. Here, microorganisms are contained in an amount not exceeding 10 2 -10 4 in 1 ml of content.Eubiotics in the stomach are masterful in the mainly expensive biotop, the cloth microbiotope is less accessible for them. The main microorganisms active in the gastric medium are acid-resistant Representatives of the genus Lactobacillus, possessing or not possessing a hystadgesic attitude to mucin, some types of soil bacteria and bifidobacteria. Laktoba-cyl, despite the short time of stay in the stomach, can, besides antibiotic action in the cavity of the stomach, temporarily colonize the clutch microbiotop. As a result of the joint action of protective components, the main mass of microorganisms falling into the stomach dies. However, in disruption of the operation of the mucous and immunobiological components, some bacteria are in the stomach of their biotop. So, due to the factors of pathogenicity in the gastric cavity, the Helico-Bacter Pylori population is fixed. A little about the acidity of the stomach: Maximum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach 0.86 pH. The minimum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach is 8.3 pH. Normal acidity in the lumen of the body of the stomach of an empty stomach of 1.5-2.0 pH. Acidness on the surface of the epithelial layer facing the lumen of the stomach 1.5-2.0 pH. Acidness in the depth of the epithelial stratum of the stomach of about 7.0 pH. The main functions of the small intestine Small intestine - This is a tube of about 6m long. It takes almost the entire lower part of the abdominal cavity and is the longest part of the digestive system, connecting the stomach with a thick bowel. Most of the food is already digested in the small intestine with the help of special substances - enzymes (enzymes). To the main functions of the small intestinebelieve weight and cloth hydrolysis, suction, secretion, as well as barrier and protective. In the latter, in addition to chemical, enzymatic and mechanical factors, an indigenous microflora of the small intestine plays a significant role. It takes an active part in the stripe and clutch hydrolysis, as well as in the processes of suction of food substances. The small intestine is one of the most important links that provide long-term preservation of eubiotic interface microflora. There is a difference in the population of the eubiotic microflora of a stripe and clutch microbiotop, as well as the sequestment of tiers along the intestinal length. The strip microbiotope is subject to fluctuations in the composition and concentration of microbial populations, the clutch microbiotope has a relatively stable homeostasis. In the thickness of the mucous superteps, populations are preserved with histadage properties to mucin. The proximal department of the small intestine normally contains a relatively small amount of gram-positive flora consisting mainly of lactobacilli, streptococcal and mushrooms. The concentration of microorganisms is 10 2-10 4 per 1 ml of intestinal content. As the total number of bacteria approaches the distal portions of the small intestine, the total number of bacteria increases to 10 8 per 1 ml of the content, at the same time additional views appear, including enterobacteria, bacteroids, bifidobacteria. Basic intestinal functions The main functions of the colon arereservation and evacuation of chimus, residual digestion, isolation and absorption of water, suction of some metabolites, residual nutrient substrate, electrolytes and gases, formation and detoxification of carts, regulation of their allocation, maintenance of barrier and protective mechanisms. All listed functions are carried out with the participation of intestinal eubiotic microorganisms. The number of colon microorganisms is 10 10 -10 12 kone per 1 ml of content. On bacteria accounts for up to 60% of the carte masses. Through a healthy person, anaerobic species of bacteria prevail (90-95% of the total composition): bifidobacteria, bacteroids, lactobacillia, fuzobacteria, eubacteria, Weillousella, peptopulationococci, Klostridia. From 5 to 10%, the microflora of the colon is the aerobic microorganisms: the echryochia, enterococci, staphylococci, various types of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria (protein, enterobacter, citrobacter, serration, etc.), non-enzyme bacteria (pseudomonads, acinobacter), yeast-like mushrooms of the genus Sandida Dr. Analyzing the species composition of the microbiota of the colon, it is necessary to emphasize that in its composition, in addition to these anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms, there are representatives of non-pathogenic simple birth and about 10 intestinal viruses.Thus, in healthy people in the intestine there are about 500 species of various microorganisms, most of which are representatives of the so-called bond microflora - bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, non-pathogenic intestinal wand, etc. At 92-95% of the intestinal microflora consists of bonde anaerobes. 1. Prevailing bacteria. Due to the anaerobic conditions in a healthy person in the composition of normal microflora in the thick intestine prevail (about 97%) anaerobic bacteria:bacteroids (especially Bacteroides Fragilis), anaerobic lactic acid bacteria (for example, bifidumbacterium), clostridium perfringens, anaerobic streptococci, fuzobacteria, eubacteria, Weiliella. 2. Small part microflora Make up aerobic I.optional and anaerobic microorganisms: gram-negative coliform bacteria (first of all intestinal wand - E. coli), enterococci. 3. In a very small amount: staphylococci, protea, pseudomonads, mushrooms of the genus Candida, separate types of spirochete, mycobacteria, mycoplasm, simplest and viruses Qualitative and quantitative STRUCTURE the main microflora of a large intestine in healthy people (CFU / G FEKALY) varies depending on their age group. On the image The features of the growth and enzymatic activity of bacteria in the proximal and distal divisions of the large intestine are shown under different conditions of molar, mm (molar concentration) of short-chain fatty acids (KCZH) and the values \u200b\u200bof the hydrogen indicator, pH (acidity) of the medium. « Floors settlement bacteria» For a better understanding of the topic we will give a brief definitionconcepts what aerobes and anaerobes are Anaerobes - Organisms (including microorganisms), resulting in energy in the absence of oxygen access by substrate phosphorylation, finite products of incomplete oxidation of the substrate at the same time can be oxidized to obtain more energy as ATP in the presence of finite protons acceptor by organisms exercising oxidative phosphorylation. Optional (conditional) anaerobes - Organisms whose energy cycles pass through an anaerobic path, but capable of exist in the access of oxygen (i.e., both in anaerobic and aerobic conditions), in contrast to bonde anaerobes, for which oxygen is destroyed. Bond (strict) anaerobes - Organisms living and growing only in the absence of molecular oxygen in the medium, it is destroyed for them. Aerobes (from grech. aER - Air and BIOS - Life) - Organisms with aerobic breathing type, that is, the ability to live and develop only in the presence of free oxygen, and growing, as a rule, on the surface of nutrient media. Anaerobam includes almost all animals and plants, as well as a large group of microorganisms, which exist at the expense of energy exempted in the oxidation reactions occurring with the absorption of free oxygen. In relation to airbones to oxygen they are divided into bond (strict), or aerofiles that cannot develop in the absence of free oxygen, and optional (Conditional), capable of developing with a reduced oxygen content in the environment. It should be noted thatbiofidobacteria As the most stringent anaeros colonize the closest to the epithelium zone, where negative redox potential is always supported (and not only in the colon, but also in other, more aerobic biotopes of the organism: in the rotoglot, vagina, on the skin). Proponionic bacteria It is less strict anaerobam, that is, to optional anaerobam and can be transferred only to the low rival oxygen pressure. Two biotope differing in the anatomy-physiological and environmental characteristics - a thin and large intestine separates an efficiently functioning barrier: a Baugiine valve that opens and closes, passing the intestinal contents in only one direction, and keeps the sistemicity of the intestinal tube in the quantities needed by a healthy organism. As the content inside the intestinal tube improves, the partial pressure of the oxygen is reduced and the polar value of the medium is increasing, and therefore the "floors" of the resettlement of various types of bacteria vertical appears: above all airfare, below are optional anaerobes And even lower - strict Anaerobes. Thus, although the content of bacteria in the mouth can be quite high - up to 10 6 CFU / ml, it decreases to 0-10 2-4 CFU / ml in the stomach, rising to 10 5 CFU / ml in the trankchka and up to 10 7- 8 CFU / ml in the distal deposits of the ileum, followed by a sharp increase in the number of microbiota in the colon, reaching the level 10 11-12 CFU / ml in its distal departments. Conclusion The evolution of man and animals passed with constant contact with the world of microbes, as a result of which the close relationship between macro and microorganisms was formed. The effect of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract on the maintenance of human health, its biochemical, Metabolic and immune equilibrium is undoubtedly and proven by a large number of experimental work and clinical observations. Its role in the genesis of many diseases continues to actively study (atherosclerosis, obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the intestines, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, etc.). Therefore, the problem of correction of microflora disorders, in fact, is the problem of preserving human health, forming a healthy lifestyle. Preparations probiotics And probiotic products provide the restoration of normal intestinal microflora, increase the nonspecific resistance of the body. We systematize general information about the importance of normal microflora GCC for man Microflora GCT: protects the organism from toxins, mutagens, carcinogens, free radicals; it is injected with a biosorbent accumulating many toxic products: phenols, metals, poisons, xenobiotics, etc.; suppresses grinding, pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria, causative agents of intestinal infections; inhibits (suppresses) the activity of enzymes involved in the formation of tumors; strengthens the body's immune system; synthesizes antibiotic-like substances; synthesize vitamins and indispensable amino acids; plays a huge role in the process of digestion, as well as in metabolic processes, contributes to the absorption of vitamin d, iron and calcium; is the main processor of food; restores the motor and digestive functions of the gastrointestinal tract, prevents meteorism, normalizes the peristaltics; normalizes mental stateregulates sleep, circadian rhythms, appetite; provides cell cells with energy. See Read more: Local and system microbiota functions. (Babin V.N., Minushkin O.N., Dubinin A.V. et al., 1998) The extreme degree of intestinal dysbiosis is the appearance in blood (!) pathogenic bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract (bacteremia) or even the development of sepsis: Video shows some points of how imminent protection can lead to dangerous bacteria in the blood Conclusion: Due to the fact that modern science, studying microorganisms and their influence on a person does not stand in place, radicallychange And many ideas about the role of intestinal microflora, which is today called intestinal microbioma or intestinal microbiota. Microbis man A more extensive concept than intestinal microbi. However, the intestinal microbi is the most representative in the human body and has the most significant impact on all metabolic and immunological processes in it. The results of modern studies clearly show that intestinal microbiota can be an excellent target for therapeutic interventions in order to prevent and treat many diseases. To obtain an initial idea of \u200b\u200bvarious mechanisms for interactions of intestinal microbiome with the owner, we recommend to familiarize yourself with the supplementative material. Probiotics and prebiotics to improve the condition of type 1 type Most popular 1 Safe protection of plants from diseases and pests in July and August 2 Show lunar calendar 3 Resurrection of Christ - Easter Length Menu on Great Post by Days 4 Where you can see the constellation of the scales 5 Planting seeds to seedlings in March on the lunar calendar favorable days to plant seedlings © Copyright 2021, WarframeTrader.ru Rubric Groups Users Tatyana O. Elena Berezovskaya Fun party Groups Users Tatyana O. Elena Berezovskaya Fun party WarframeTrader.ru. Groups Users Tatyana O. Elena Berezovskaya Fun party School Kindergarten