Salmonellosis causes. Salmonellosis: incubation period, causes, symptoms and treatment

Salmonellosis is a polyethological disease caused by the development of which various types of bacteria of the Salmonella group are becoming.

Distribution difficulties may arise due to the fact that pathology is able to flow latently, without causing the appearance of ailment in the patient. But there are cases of severe course of the disease, when there was a development of serious gastroenterological diseases.

Salmonella sticks can settle and multiply in the body and animals, and people. They are very resistant to the effects of the external environment, therefore are able to maintain their livelihoods in absolutely different conditions.

People around the world may suffer from Salmonellet, but most of all it is distributed in megalopolis and developed countries.

Characteristic pathogen

Salmonella refers to the genus of gram-negative, movable, optional anaerobic, rolling-shaped bacteria. They are able to maintain their viability in various conditions of the external environment:

• in water - no more than 5 months;
• in the ground - about 1.5 years;
• in meat - up to 6 months;
• in carcasses of poultry - about 12 months (but it happens more);
• in milk - up to 20 days;
• in kefir or prostrost - about a month;
• in creamy oil - approximately 4 months;
• in cheese - up to the year;
• in egg powder from 3 to 9 months;
• in the eggshell - from 17 to 24 days.

Salmonella die when exposed to high temperatures, but they are able to maintain vital activity for 5-7 minutes of boiling. It is especially difficult to destroy these bacteria if they are in the thick of the layers of a large piece of meat.

These microorganisms are resistant to salting and smoke, and freezing meat or fish and contributes to the extension of their life. To date, there are hospital strains of these bacteria that do not die completely even when conducting antibiotic therapy and antiseptic processing. Salmonella carriers is domestic cattle, birds, as well as some wild animals. They, like people, pathology can flow absolutely asymptomatic. However, not all animals are subject to salmonella infection, but only those, the immune system of which function is quite weak. Consequently, healthy fauna representatives are almost never sick salmonelles.

When penetrating salmonella in the blood, they begin to spread throughout the body, the internal organs and tissues. A person can pick up an infection when caring for animals, cut meat or eating it into food. Birds infected with salmonella, pollute the outside of the litter, during contact with which a person is also infected. But not always the carriers of these microorganisms are animals - people can also carry infection. Animals can be carriers of Salmonella for several months, people from 3 weeks to several years.

Basically, salmonellosis is transmitted through eating meat or eggs, but there are cases of Salmonella sticks in drinking water. Bacterium is also easily propagated through the milk of an infected animal. In large cities, these microorganisms can be distributed through the air and fall into the human body after inspire of dusty air containing Salmonella wand. Especially susceptible to these representatives of pathogenic microflora are babies and preschoolers, as well as people who are in old age and face with immunodeficiency. Despite the fact that after the suffered salmonellosis, human immunity is produced to him, the protective response of the body of the time and lasts no more than a year.

Incubation period

The incubation period of salmonellosis can fluctuate in the range from 6 hours to 3 days. On average, it lasts about half or day.

No matter how much time has passed since infection, the course of the disease will not change. If the first symptoms appeared at an infected person, they will grow as pathology development. But provided that it proceeded asymptically proceeded from the very beginning, then in the future she can not express themselves. It is much worse, because in such a situation a person will be a source of infection for others.

Symptoms

Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in adult patients depend on the form of pathology proceed. Such there are 5:

• gastrointestinal;
• typhoid;
• asymptomatic;
• bacteridation;
• septic.

Each of these forms has its own features of the manifestation, which one needs to know, because no one is insured against Salmonellez.

Gastrointestinal form

This is the most common form of salmonellosis, which has a rather pronounced clinical picture. First of all, the patient has acute signs of intocication of the body:

• general weakness;
• dizziness;
• cefalgia;
• febrile (38-39 degrees) or pyretic (39-40) fever;
• chills and shiver all over the body.

The clinical picture of the disorder in the work of the tract quickly progresses:

• at first, the patient is tormented by pain in the stomach, near the navel;
• after some time, abundant vomiting opens, while in the vomit's masses are clearly traced not to the end of the digested particles of food;
• after some time, vomiting becomes water, it is possible to appear the impurities of bile;
• the patient has diarrhea with greenish feces and mucous membranes, foam inclusions.

In physical examination there is dryness and the presence of a white plaque in the language, as well as abdominal pain during palpation. When pressed on the stomach, it marks it. This form of salmonellosis is also accompanied by an increase in liver and spleen.

Diarrhea cessation occurs after 3-5 days after the start of pathology, but during this time it can lead to dehydration. To avoid this, the patient should drink as much as possible.

Other unpleasant consequences of diarrhea during salmonelles are:

• infringement of metabolism in the patient's body;
• big loss of mineral salts;
• convulsions;
• hypotension;
• syncope or pre-corporate states;
• plots of Vertigo.

As a rule, Salmonellet symptoms pass in 5 days, but complete recovery can take from 10 to 14 days. This form of the disease has 2 severity:

1. Easy degree is characterized by the absence of either a minor increase in body temperature. Patient may disturb rare attacks of vomiting and diarrhea. Often by 3 days of symptomatics of pathology completely passes.
2. A severe degree for which more prolonged ailments (3-5 days) is characterized. The patient is disturbing frequent vomiting and diarrhea, a sharp decrease in blood pressure and decline.

The severe degree of gastrointestinal shape of salmonellosis is similar to the features of the manifestation of dysentery.

Tipho-like form

The initial symptoms are practically the same as during gastrointestinal form, but after a while the clinical picture begins to resemble the symptoms of the abdominal typhoid. During the patient's week, fever and general intoxication of the body are tormented. The patient can wander, he is beginning to occur hallucinations.

On 6-7 days, red rash appears on the stomach, which passes in 2-3 days. The patient's language becomes gray-brown, the skin pale, the liver and spleen increases. The patient is tormented by frequent seizures of meteorism, stomach constantly swollen.

This form of salmonellosis is quite difficult to win, so complete recovery can be expected only after a month or one and a half.

Asymptomatic form

Such a form of salmonellosis occurs when a small amount of salmonella sticks in the human body. Due to the strong immune system, pathogenic microorganisms are neutralized, without harm to health. This is due to the complete absence of symptoms.

Bacteridation

After infection with Salmonella, a person may be its carrier and a distributor, without knowing it. The wand is highlighted together with the feet for 3 months, but this period may be shorter.

Septic form

This is a rather rare variety of salmonellosis, striking, mostly, the elderly, people with weakened immunity and newborn babies. This form of pathology is characterized by a prolonged feverish condition, hyperhydrosis, chills and tremble in the body, the development of jaundice and an abscess in tissues and organs.

The septic view of Salmonellize is one of the most dangerous, since there is a high risk of fatal outcome. It is explained by the fact that the suppuration in the tissues and internal organs leads to the development of sepsis flowing in chronic form.

Complications of salmonelles

Salmonellosis is dangerous not only by its symptomatics and the ability to involve various internal organs in the pathological process. In the absence of or late early treatment, serious complications may occur.

1. The gastrointestinal form of pathology can be complicated by the development of collapse or hypovolemic shock. This pathological condition is accompanied by a drop of blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, syncope, the poverty of the skin.
2. Development of acute.
3. Emptying in the articular, bone and soft tissues.
4. Purulent jacks in the spleen and liver.
5. Endocarditis.
6. Violation of the kidney of the urinary system -, etc.
7. Abscess brain.
8. The development of peritonitis ,.
9. Less frequently, salmonellosis can cause development.

In most cases, salmonellosis ends with complete recovery, but in rare cases it leads to a fatal outcome.

Salmonelleis in children

Newborn babies and small children (1-3 years old) infection with salmonellosis is manifested much more acute and harder than in adults. This is due to the fact that their immunity is still not enough to fight pathogenic microflora, which contributes to a more rapid development of such dangerous anomalies as dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting and convulsions caused by them.

Important! If you do not pay for medical care in a timely manner, the condition of the sick child can deteriorate significantly for several hours after the first disturbing signs of the disease.

Salmonellosis in newborns is distinguished by the dominance of common symptoms on signs of lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. The child in this case becomes sluggish, apathetic, the intestinal colic is tormented, it does not have an appetite and, accordingly, he loses in weight. Vomys, nausea and diarrhea in the baby may not be, but the infection rapidly spreading in the body can cause the development of meningial syndrome.

Salmonellosis during pregnancy

Salmonellosis in pregnant women has its own causes and features of manifestation.

1. During pregnancy, immunity significantly weakens, which contributes to the free penetration of Salmonella sticks and other microorganisms into the blood.
2. Dehydration and total intocication of the body arises much faster, which often leads to strengthening symptoms with toxicosis.
3. Salmonella can overcome the cells of the placenta, hitting the fruit.
4. Most of the medical preparations used to treat salmonellosis are categorically prohibited during pregnancy.

Based on this, the therapy for salmonellosis in pregnant women should pursue 2 goals: it is as efficient as possible and most secure as possible for the fetus. To avoid severe complications, the treatment of pathology before the occurrence of 5 months of pregnancy is carried out exclusively in hospital conditions.

Diagnostics

The preliminary diagnosis is made on the basis of complaints, as well as the number of cases. As a rule, Salmonellis affects a whole group of people at once, which becomes one of the main reasons why the doctor may suspect the presence of this disease in patients. But to confirm the diagnosis of the patient, still, you will have to pass certain tests:

1. Bacteriological examination of samples of feces and vomiting. Also, in obligatory, part of the food product, which could be poisoned by the patient.
2. Serological test, during which the presence of antibodies in the patient's blood to Salmonella's chopstick is detected.

   Salmonellosis: Treatment

   If the disease occurs in severe form, the patient can be hospitalized. As a rule, inpatient treatment is shown to older people, babies, faces with a weak immunity, food industry workers, pregnant women and medical staff.

   In most cases, the therapeutic approach involves the application:

   1. Dietoherapy. It implies a complete exception from the diet of food, irritating the gastric mucosa: sharp, salted, smoked, hot, sharp.
   2. Antibiotic therapy, which is carried out exclusively in extreme cases. As a rule, they are subject to groups of patients who are hospitalized to the hospital.
   3. Rehydration and disintellation. Patients are prescribed drugs based on saline solution (recider) and enterosorbents (white coal, enterol).
   4. Probiotics (Hilak Forte, Bifiform, etc.).

   

   Diet at Salmonellosis

   Special importance is given by the diet in adult patients, since it significantly reduces the intensity of Salmonellaz symptoms. In stationary therapy, a dietary table number 4 is prescribed, but if the patient is treated with an outpatient, he is recommended to give preference:

   • food that is quickly absorbed by small portions, trying to avoid overeating;
   • apples, bananas, carrots, potatoes;
   • fermented milk products;
   • berries (in particular, Chernice and Cranberry);
   • lemon (in small quantities);
   • low-fat meat and fish;
   • food prepared for a couple;
   • watermelons;
   • white breadcrumbs;
   • water, green tea, fruit compotes and jisels;
   • broths;
   • light soups;
   • manna caress;
   • rice, buckwheat;
   • porridge without oil and salt;
   • unfortunately mashed potatoes.

   In the first days of treatment, you can only drink water, and then the patient is allowed to include boiled and baked food in the diet.

   How to accelerate healing and restore intestinal microflora

   To quickly recover after the disease, the patient should comply with such rules:

   1. For 30 days from the date of the beginning of therapy, it is necessary to continue the observance of the diet.
   2. You can take enzymes from the first day of the development of the disease (mesim, festal, etc.).
   3. If there is plenty of vomiting, you can take Tablets Cerukal or Motilium.
   4. With intensive gastric pains perfectly help VIS NOL capsules, papaverin or but-ships.
   5. If the patient is tormented by the seizures of meteorism, espeamizan or colicide can be applied.
   6. After the termination of the diarrhea, the patient prescribe preparations that restore the intestinal microflora: Linex Forte, Bifidobacterin, Bifiform, etc. The duration of the reception of these drugs should be at least 3 weeks.

   Fitotherapy can be added to the main treatment. Perfectly helps brazers from oak bark, pomegranate crust, cherry fruits. These plants have a binding effect. After their application, it is advisable to start receiving the infusions of the herbs with anti-inflammatory properties - chamomiles, sage, plantain, Hypericum, etc.

   Rehabilitation and prevention

   The prevention methods presented below belong to the discharge of nonspecific. The duration of patients in the hospital at the localized form of salmonellosis is about 2 weeks, with generalized - about a month. After 2 after the end of therapy, the patient necessarily takes a bacterial study. It repeats it twice, and in the absence of salmonella sticks in the human body allow for operation.

   Persons working in the sphere of the food industry are subject to dispensary, the duration of which is about 90 days. Throughout this period of time, the feces are conducted, and with positive results of the analysis, the patient must be removed from work and is isolated from other people for a period of 15 days. In this case, the patient is translated to another workplace, and during the period of its work it is carried out to it a five-volume study of the sample of feces and one-time - bile. If the selection of salmonella continues for another 3 months, the patient is transferred to another job, after which during the year clinical research continues. A sample of feces is examined once every 6 months, and a year later, they make a fivefold study of the bile sample. The interval between analyzes is 1-2 days. If the results are positive, the patient is removed from work, if they are negative - it is returned to the former workplace.

   To prevent salmonellosis infection, it is necessary to expose eggs, meat and fish with careful heat treatment. Also do not forget about personal hygiene. Other methods with which can be prevented by salmonella infection, does not exist, since today there were no specific prophylactic measures yet.

Salmonelles - Bacterial infection that affects man and animals is transmitted by a fecal-oral way (the pathogen stands out with feces and falls into the body through the mouth), usually affects the stomach and the small intestine.

Symptoms of salmonellosis are still described by medieval doctors. In 1885, the pathogen of "Pork Plague" by scientist D. Salmon was discovered. And in 1888, comparing the microbes isolated from the body of the deceased person from the sickness of a man and from the cow meat, the scientist A. Gerdner discovered that this is the same bacterium. By 1934, several species of similar microorganisms were known. They were combined into one group and are named Salmonella.

Salmonellosis can develop both in the form of isolated cases and in the form of flashes. Cases of the disease are registered throughout the year, most often - in the summer season due to a faster damage for food.

Salmonella - Salmonellaza causative agent

Features of the pathogen:

• Salmonella - bacteria in the form of sticks with a length of 2-4 μm and a diameter of 0.5 μm.
• They have flagellas, so movable.
• Anaeroba - for their lives and reproduction, oxygen-free conditions are favorable.
• In the laboratory they are easily grown on ordinary nutrient media.
• Bacteria are capable of living outside the human body for 120 days. In excreta, retain the viability from 80 days to 4 years.
• In milk and in meat salmonella can multiply and accumulate.
• Well tolerate low temperatures.
• At high temperatures, they die quickly.

The pathological effect of Salmonelle on the human body is due to the toxins that they allocate in the intestine.

Do you need to treat salmonellosis in the hospital?

If the disease proceeds in a light form, then treatment may be carried out on the purpose and under the control of the infectious doctor.
With severe forms, hospitalization is mandatory.

Treatment of Salmonellaz forms, under which only the stomach and intestines are affected

Title of the drug / method	Description	Mode of application
Antibiotics	Antibacterial drugs in these forms of the disease are ineffective. On the contrary, they contribute to lengthening the treatment time and the formation of dysbiosis.
Stomach washing	Ideally should be carried out when the first symptoms appear. Appointment procedure: removal from the stomach infected food; removal of salmonel; removal of toxins.	Washing the stomach must be carried out with the help of a rubber catheter and a special tank (Esmark mugs). Some patients independently take a large amount of water and artificially cause vomiting. It is wrong, since with multiple vomit there is a risk of breaking the stomach mucosa at the place of transition to the esophagus. For washing, 2-3 liters2% soda solution are used (temperature - 18 - 20⁰c). If the disease occurs in a slight form, then besides washing another treatment is not required.
Solutions: recider; oral; glucosolyan.	The patient should drink these solutions to replenish lost fluid and salts. Effects: replenishment of fluid; replenishment of salts;	The amount of solution and the multiplicity of its reception is determined by the doctor depending on the state of the patient and the severity of the course of the disease. Conventional doses: if there is a violation of the well-being caused by the effects of bacteria toxins, but there are no signs of dehydration - 30 - 40 ml of solution for each kilogram of body weight; with a moderate course of the disease and the presence of signs of dehydration - 40 - 70 ml per kilogram of body weight. Duration of reception of solutions: during the first 2 - 4 hours - the replenishment of the lost fluid and the removal of intoxication; then within 2 - 3 days - maintaining the achieved effect.
Solutions: trisole; azesole; glosol; quarters reopolyglyukin; polyglyukin; hemodez.	Solutions are intended for intravenous administration. Effects: replenishment of fluid; replenishment of salts; normalization of the water-salt balance; the removal of toxins from the body. Indication for appointment: the patient cannot or refuse to drink; despite the fact that the patient is drinking, signs of dehydration are growing; multiple indomitable vomiting.	The volume of the solution and the mode of administration selects the doctor depending on the state of the patient, the severity of the course of the disease, dehydration degree. Introduction is carried out intravenously through the dropper. When the patient's condition is normalized, and it will be able to drink a sufficient amount of fluid, drugs for intravenous administration are canceled.
Drugs, normalizing digestion: holenzim; abomin; mesphort; festal; panzinorm.	These drugs are enzymes. They improve digestion and learning.	Methods of application: holenzim.: Take 1 tablet after meals 1 - 3 times a day; abomin:1 tablet 3 times in the day of food, treatment can last 1 - 2 months; mesform:1 - 2 tablets before meals, drinking with enough water, if necessary, take another 1 - 4 tablets during meals; festal: 1 - 2 dragee 3 times a day during or immediately after eating; panzinorm:1 - 2 capsules 3 times a day, while eating, not chewing.
Preparations that bind and output toxins from the intestine: enterodez.	These drugs bind toxins that are isolated salmonella, neutralize and derive them.	Methods of use (both drugs are produced in powder form in bags): Smekt: adults - 1 bag 3 times a day, pre-soluble in a glass of water; children under 1 year 1 - 1 bag per day, dissolve in 50 ml of water in a bottle; children from 1 to 2 years old - 1-2 bags per day; children over 2 years old - 1 sachet 1 - 2 times a day; Usually, the reception of the smects lasts 3 - 7 days, until the stool is normalized. Enterodez: Diluted, calculating 2.5 g of powder on 50 ml of water. Dose: children up to 1 year - 3 g of the drug per day per kilogram of body weight; children from 1 to 3 years old - 100 ml of solution per day, divided into two receptions; children from 4 to 6 years - 150 ml of solution per day, divided into 3 receptions; children from 7 to 10 years - 200 ml of solution per day, divided into 2 receptions; children from 11 to 14 years old and adults - 300 ml per day, divide into 3 receptions. The drug is accepted an hour after meals, within 3 - 7 days before the complete normalization of the intestinal work.

Treatment of generalized forms of salmonellosis

During salmonellosis in typhoid or septic form, the same therapy is carried out as in a separate lesion of the stomach and intestines. It adds to it directly to the fight against salmonella.

Until the term of pregnancy 5 months, a woman should be treated only in the hospital.

Folk ways to treat salmonellosis

Infusion of chamomile and calendula

Calendula and Chamomile Effects:

• antiseptic;
• cleansing the body;
• anti-inflammatory.

Method of cooking:

• take 1 teaspoon of a mixture of dried colors of calendula and chamomile;
• pour 1 cup boiling water;
• insist for 4 hours.

Mode of application:

Take a half-table infusion 2 - 3 times a day.

Infusion of Plagain

Effects of plantain:

• anti-inflammatory;
• promotes the accelerated restoration of affected tissues.

Cooking method:

• dry plant leaves;
• grind;
• pour 1 cup boiling water;
• insist for 10 minutes.

Mode of application:

Drink a glass for an hour with small sips.

Infusion of forest strawberry leaves

Effects:

Leaves of forest strawberries have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effect.

Cooking method:

• take a teaspoon of crushed dry leaves of forest strawberries;
• pour a glass of cold boiled water;
• insist for 6 to 8 hours.

Mode of application:

Take the infusion on a half package, not more than 4 times a day.

This information is intended solely for familiarization. Folk methods cannot replace the full-fledged drug treatment of salmonellosis. Vegetable means can cause allergic reactions. Before use, be sure to consult your attending physician. Self-medium can lead to negative consequences .

Salmonella are bacteria provoking salmonelles, which in turn causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract ().

Salmonella infection always enters the stomach through the mouth - mostly with products that are infected with bacteria (the so-called salmonella poisoning).

Salmonella are mainly found in animals, but also people can be infected with them. There are many variations of bacteria that may cause diseases in humans: in addition to salmonella, known as salmonellosis, in which Salmonella infection is limited only to the intestinal tract (inflammation of the intestine), salmonella is also responsible for severe general types of typhoid and paratifoid fever.

In other words, the title and paratif are also a consequence of salmonellosis (i.e. diseases caused by salmonella).

Let us consider in more detail the causes of salmonellosis, symptoms and treatment in adults.

Feature bacteria Salmonella

Salmonella are named after the American Vet researcher Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850-1914), who first allocated this bacterium from pigs. A few years later, identical bacteria have been identified in the material from the patient's deceased from enteritis.

Since then, it has become clear that salmonellosis, in contrast to the abdominal typhoid and parathy, are anthropozonosos. It is possible to obtain the causative agent of salmonellosis not only from a sick person or carrier, but also through contact with sick animals, infected with food of animal origin.

Salmonella refer to the family of intestinal infections, where they are highlighted in a separate genus Salmonella. Are complex on the structure of the antigenic and biochemical structure by bacteria.

However, this does not prevent them from being fairly simple for bacteriological diagnosis by microorganisms. They are available for identifying routine bacteriological methods, almost for each microbiological laboratory.

Salmonella have high resistance to certain factors:

• low temperatures (can be stored at a freezer temperature);
• high temperatures (die at a temperature not lower than 70 degrees Celsius);
• chemical disinfectants and antibiotics.

The last item is especially relevant for Salmonelle - causative agents of nosocomial infections, so-called hospital strains. It is known that this type of salmonella proceeds especially hard, possibly with death.

Bacterium produces resistance to disinfection and antimicrobial therapy tools used under hospital. At the same time, it has the ability to strengthen its pathogenic properties, repeatedly circulating through weakened organisms.

These reasons lead to the fact that, falling for a long time in stationary conditions, patients risk becoming also in-hospital salmonellosis. Bacteria is seriously treated, as Salmonella mutates - produces antibacterial protection mechanisms.

Multiple resistance to antibacterial drugs is caused by several reasons:

• the wide availability of antibiotics in the pharmacy network and the use of their patients without coordination with a specialist - self-treatment.
• the use of antibiotics in agriculture when growing animals.
• the use of antibacterial additives as preservatives for food to extend the storage time.
• use of antibacterial coatings to develop new packaging materials for the same purpose.

The combination of these factors with the presence of a source of infection leads to the development of Salmonellosis disease just in countries with well-developed food and other production. Products are produced in large quantities, delivered to the wide store network, from where they fall to a large number of consumers.

In science, there are about 100 species of these bacteria, almost everyone is very dangerous for a person.

Causes of Salmonelleza

The mechanism of infection with salmonellosis fecal-oral, that is, the hitting of the causative agent into the body through the mouth. Transmission factors serve contaminated food products: chicken eggs; milk products; meat products.

Salmonella, who fell into the intestine from the stomach, infect the small intestine and the upper colon (so doctors talk about salineline enteritis - inflammation of the intestine).

Pathogens invade the cells of the intestinal mucosa and cause damage to them, highlighting the poisons (toxins), it is called the food toxicoinfection of saline-skinned etiology.

For adults, the average infection rate of salmonellosis is food toxicoin intake. Salmonella enters a receptive body with food, where all favorable conditions for reproduction are created for it.

Salmonella are predominantly in animals, but they themselves rarely sick. Basically, infected animals infect people, salmonellosis refers to the so-called zoonoses (diseases transmitted between animals and people). The main sources of Salmonelleze are pets, for example: cows; pigs; chickens; cats; dogs.

Incubation period of salmonellosis in adults

The incubation period in adults fluctuates from 6-12 hours to 2 days. In practice, the most often occurs a period of duration within 1-2 days.

The duration of the hidden flow of infection close depends on:

• the number of pathogen who has fallen into the body - infecting dose;
• the state of the human body itself (the age of concomitant diseases, susceptibility, state of immunity);
• alcohol use (despite all skepticism, there are practical evidence that strong alcohol can weaken the effect of aggression of microorganism).

The first symptoms of salmonellosis in adults

If the bacteria gets into the digestive tract, the first signs do not appear immediately, and after 12-24 hours or 2 days.

Signs of salmonellosis in adults are as follows:

• rapid increase in body temperature;
• intoxication of the body (a feeling of thirst appears, begins to hurt the head and muscles of the whole body);
• there is a resistant pain syndrome in the abdomen. The pain may be cutting or grapple;
• diarrhea (diarrhea), while alone has a specific unpleasant odor, and a little greenish tint (may be foaming);
• man is sick and tear;
• the skin pale and becomes dry;
• the tongue is covered with a gray bloom, appears.
• it is expensive;
• with the palpation of the belly, a strong pain syndrome is observed.

When the first signs of Salmonellosis, an adult man needs to contact the therapist or immediately a gastroenterologist, otherwise the launched stage of Salmonellez may cause complications from the urinary, respiratory and cardiovascular system.

With incorrect treatment or its absence possible, death is possible.

Manifesia Salmonelleza

Clinical symptoms of salmonellosis infection fit into the general term - gastroenteritis, less often, gastroenterocolite.

The stomach, the delicious intestine, the fat intestine, based on this, appear symptoms are susceptible to the defeat.

• nausea, vomiting;
• intoxication;
• abundant diarrhea.

It is in this order that clinical manifestations are observed in the nature of infections. Vomiting with salmonellosis is repeated. First eaten food, then - just spastic, nutritional, not bringing relief. It stops as the severity of intoxication increases. Under this term, it is necessary to understand the combination of the body's reactions to penetrate the pathogen and its livelihoods in the bloodstream.

Suddenly the body temperature increases, possibly up to 39 ° C. At this background, apathy, confusion of consciousness increases, is cold, sticky sweat, headaches, dizziness, loss of appetite.

One of the characteristic symptoms of Salmonellize is precisely sharp, spastic abdominal pain. First in the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach, then, as the disease spreads, throughout the abdomen. Pain syndrome has a periodic character, patients describe them as sharp, spastic and short-term.

Inxication slightly weakens directly in proportion to the increase in the manifestations of diarrhea. At first, the chair is characteristic of cartoons, liquid masses. As the symptoms exacerbate, the frequency of detergents increases to 10-15 times a day.

Chair acquires a watery, frothy character(See photo above), which is a characteristic symptom of the lesion of the loop of the small intestine - enteritis.

If a thick intestine is involved in the process, then patients complain not just on signs of frequent, painful stool, but also to painful, pulling pains in the lower abdomen (tenesmas) before a detergent. However, it does not bring relief and tensions are repeated more often.

Diagnosis of Salmonelleza

Salmonellosis is diagnosed by bacteriological studies of the vomit, fence masses ,.

Thanks to various rapid tests, it is possible to confirm the suspicion of salmonelles during the day. However, to determine what kind of Salmonella caused salmonellosis, it may be necessary from 2 to 3 days. If during the disease fever is observed, additional blood tests and the spinal fluid are carried out.

Determination of the pathogen with the establishment of the Salmonella genus makes it possible to determine its individual sensitivity to antibiotics. The antibioticogram is widely used by epidemiologists as a marker to establish a general nature of the outbreak with mass diseases.

Treatment of Salmonelleza

The treatment of salmonellosis pursues one main goal: to compensate for the loss of fluid and electrolyte associated with the vomiting diarrhea. It is also important to control the functions of blood circulation.

At home to treat salmonelles can notSince there is a big risk of complications. Therefore, a person is put in a stationary institution and prescribe a strict bed regime. At the very beginning of treatment, despite the fact that Salmonella bacteria, it is not always reasonable to prescribe antibacterial therapy. This can only aggravate the course of the disease and the state of the patient.

Important! Antibacterial therapy is reasonably used only with disease in infants and young children, as well as in persons with a weakened immunity and older people with heavy salmonellosis.

In this case, active ingredients are usually introduced for treatment. ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole or ampicillin.

Preparations are prescribed, which are able to restore the intestinal mucous membrane. In order to remove the remnants of the life of these bacteria, it is necessary to take sorbents. If there are pain in the stomach, painkillers are prescribed.

The most important thing is the timely holding of disinfectants. Intravenous by the introduction of the necessary volumes of salt and vitamin solutions to compensate for the loss of fluid and electrolytes with carte and vomit masses.

Diet at Salmonellosis

During the treatment of salmonellosis in an adult and subsequent recovery, it will be necessary to observe a strict healing diet. It is forbidden to use products that can irritate the intestines. These include:

• fat sausages;
• meat with lard;
• smoked;
• it is too salty;
• perfect and sweet.

It is categorically impossible to use dairy products. It is impossible to eat bean and cabbage cultures, they strongly enhance fermentation in the intestine. It is prohibited to use bakery products and fruits. All food must be cooked for a pair. Soups should be boiled on a vegetable broth.

Complications

If the Salmonella infection causes serious symptoms, the following complications may occur: salinellosis with severe diarrhea - and especially with simultaneous vomiting, insufficient fluid consumption, leads the body to:

Her signs include:

• dry mouth;
• turbidity in the eyes;
• silent voice;
• drop in blood pressure;
• cramps.

Especially for very old people or babies, this complication is serious. Loss of fluid, which increases the risk of thrombosis. In very rare cases, Salmonella can fall into the bloodstream and call ().

Mortality

If the bacteria of salmonella leads to salmonelles in people with a weakened immunity (for example, under innocent or acquired immunodeficiency), and if it is not treated, a fatal outcome is possible (up to 5 percent of people with a disease are dying).

Prevention of salmonelleza

Preventive measures to prevent Salmonellosis infection are quite simple:

• comply with the rules of hygiene cooking;
• to withstand the heat treatment temperature;
• adhere to personal hygiene rules;
• strengthen your own immunity.

In order to protect against salmonellosis, you need to thoroughly wash vegetables and fruits before meals. You should not use raw eggs. You can completely abandon chicken eggs. It is necessary to carefully prepare raw meat, and without a difference what it is.

After coming from the street, you need to immediately wash your hands, as you can disseminate bacteria throughout the apartment.

Forecast for patients

Basically, the forecast for patients with salmonellosis is favorable. In medical practice, lethal outcomes are rare (only 3-5%). The main thing in time began to treat salmonelles and prevent complications.

With the right and timely treatment of Salmonellet symptoms begin to disappear about 5-7 days of the disease, the incubation period is not included in this period. By the end of the second week, the patient can feel quite normal: vomiting is characteristic only to start the disease, then only nausea may be present. The frequency of the chair is declining by the fifth day, diarrhea disappears by the middle of the second week.

The brightness of the transmission of intoxication is also reduced, especially if you correctly assign antibiotics and symptomatic treatment. The temperature can be kept in subfebrile limits for 7-10 days.

For a long time, apathy, dizziness, periodic headaches are preserved. This feature is associated with the ability of Salmonelle to penetrate the blood, thereby causing a generalized reaction of the body. This causes the possibility of salineless sepsis in elderly people.

In the period of recovery, in this at Salmonellosis about a month, there are several important points that attention should be paid:

• qualitative conduct of antibacterial therapy with dockets and dosages;
• for the same purpose, not less than a double bacteriological examination after the end of antibacterial therapy;
• prevention of constipation;
• restoration of normal digestion.

Salmonellaz vaccine for people

Today, vaccines against salmonellosis infection for people do not exist.

However, researchers from Texas University in Austin (also known as UT Austin, UT) already develop a human vaccine from salmonellosis, created for receiving through the mouth.

Previously, this group of scientists researchers have already created vaccine variants introduced by injection and protected from 3 species of salmonella, but premium vaccines through the mouth is simpler and is characterized by smaller invasiveness. In addition, it is through the mouth of bacteria in the body.

In most cases, salmonellosis is treated with antibacterial therapy, but some types of bacteria Salmonella quickly produce resistance to antibiotics.

Interesting

Easy malaise, a small stool disorder.
High temperature, multiple vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal pain, headaches, up to loss of consciousness and cramp.
Long-term wave-like fever, liver and spleen are increased, purulent foci in various organs.
Both first and second, and the third can be salmonelles.
How not to get salty salmonellosis and what to do if the diseases could not be avoided, tell me in this article.

Salmonella meets almost everywhere. Animals and people, patients and bacteria carriers may become sources of infection. In food - milk, meat, eggs - bacteria not only persisted for a long time, but they are able to multiply, when freezing and drying, they remain viable, but they die rather quickly when heated.

What happens if Salmonella get into the body?

Often, salmonellosis develops after eating a man in food raw or not sufficiently failing eggs.

With infected products, bacterium enters the stomach. This is the first natural barrier on the path of infection - in the acidic environment of Salmonella die.

If this barrier is overcome, the bacteria fall into the small intestine. Part of Salmonelle is destroyed, highlighting endotoxin - from now on the first symptoms of the disease appear: chills, temperature rise, articular and muscle pain, and then vomiting, abdominal pain and liquid stools.

The remaining bacteria are captured by epithelial cells of the intestines, and then macrophages - cells designed to absorb, destroy infectious agents and transmit them to "identifying signs" to other immune cells to generate antibodies. In the macrophages of Salmonella not only for a while they retain vitality, but they are able to multiply, and together with them get into the blood, and then transferred to lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and other organs, where they are fixed.

Under the action of the immune forces of the bacteria at the place of fixation or completely dying, or they provoke the emergence of new foci of inflammation - in this case, rare typhoid or septic shape of salmonellosis is developing.

How can Salmonellosis flow?

1) Gastrointestinal shape. The most common. The disease begins in a few hours, a maximum of 2 days from the date of infection.

• Increased temperature.
• Nausea, vomiting.
• Pain in the stomach, rumbling, bloating.
• The chair is liquid, watery, with an admixture of mucus, when involving a large intestine, there may be blood in feces and false uiles for defecation.
• Headache, weakness, but there may be severe damage to the nervous system, right up to nonsense, cramps and loss of consciousness.
• Heartbeat, decrease in blood pressure.

2) Tiffoid form. Rare option. At first, the symptoms of gastroenteritis may appear, which pass through 1-2 days, and intoxication, on the contrary, increases, and fever can last up to a month. Increases liver and spleen. In a third of the patients on the abdomen and breasts, a week from the beginning of the disease, a non-market rash appears in the form of pink specks. Sometimes joined cough and throat pain.

3) Septic form. Meets even less often. Long fever with chills and sweats and purulent foci in various organs and tissues (, peritonitis, etc.).

How is salmonellosis diagnosed?

With gastrointestinal form, especially if the patient recalls the use of suspicious products, it is possible to suspect salmonelles, but even the most experienced doctor cannot put a final diagnosis without bacteriological analysis of feces and vomit (with septic form - blood crops).

Do I need to go to the hospital?

Tiffoid, septic form, of course, is treated in the hospital. When gastrointestinal form, hospitalization will be required only with pronounced dehydration: if the patient has repeated vomiting and a chair 10 times a day or more, then without a dropper can not do. In light cases, it is quite possible to be treated at home.

Do you need antibiotics at salmonellosis?

With gastrointestinal form - no. On the contrary, according to statistics, antibiotic treatment even enhances intoxication and slows down the excretion of salmonell from the body.

How then get rid of bacteria?

Oddly enough, it sounds, but, despite diarrhea and vomiting, stomaching and cleansing enema helps.
Accelerate the elimination of toxins enterosorbents - polyfepan, smecta, enterokate, enterodez.
Indomethacin will prevent inflammation of the intestinal mucosa (it is prescribed in the first day, the tablets of 50 mg three times for 12 hours) and calcium gluconate - 5 g once.

How to avoid dehydration?

The use of saline solutions will help prevent dehydration and disruption of water-salt metabolism.

Preference should be given to saline solutions. The pharmacy sells powders for their preparation - ferry, oralitis, citrotrophosolyan.

Standard composition - 1 liter of water:

• 20 g of glucose (8 teaspoons);
• 1.5 g of potassium chloride (sold in a pharmacy, as an alternative - compote from Izyum or Kuragi);
• 2.5 g of soda (half of the teaspoon);
• 3.5 g of cook salt (teaspoon without top).

You need to drink little, but often, perfect - to do a few sips every 5-10 minutes. It is desirable for the first 4-6 hours to drink 300-400 ml. per hour, and then approximately a glass after each defecation.

How to accelerate healing and restore intestinal microflora?

• The gentle diet after the suspended salmonellosis must be observed within a month. The spices, smoked meats, canned food, fatty varieties of meat and fish, sweets, whole milk, raw vegetables and fruits, mushrooms are excluded.
• Enzymes (festal, mesim forte) can be drunk from the first day of the disease up to 2 weeks.
• With a stubborn vomit, you can take the Mothilium or Cerukal, with pain in the stomach - papaverine or but-shpa, and at meteorism - Simetikon (Espumizan, meteorosphazmil).
• After discontinuation of diarrhea, it is possible to start reception of drugs - acipol, bifidobacterin, lines, enterol. The course must be quite long - at least 3 weeks.
• Treatment It is quite possible to add phytotherapy. In the first days, binders are preferred - oak bark, grenade crusts, walnut septum, cherry fruits, and then anti-inflammatory: chamomile, plantain, calendula, strawberries, sage and mint.

How to avoid infection?

The rules for cooking in the canteens control the SES, but also at home you can use them.

• Knives and cutting boards for meat and products that are not intended for heat treatment must be different. And after use, they are desirable not to just rinse, but to be thoroughly wash and dress boiling water.
• Meat "With Blood" may well cause infection. Safe is considered meat or a bird coiled within an hour.
• Eggs need to be boil at least 10 minutes, and if a dish is planned from raw eggs, they need to be thoroughly rinsed with soap.
• Milk, not packed in a sterile container, can not drink nekipyat.
• Ready products need to be stored in the refrigerator, and before there is - be sure to boil or deluge.
• Of course, the rule "" should be carried out strictly.

The prevention rules are simple and familiar from childhood, but one who has faced intestinal infections, to which salmonelles belongs, understands how important them is to observe.

To which doctor to turn

When signs of acute intestinal infection, it is necessary to refer to the infectious doctor. It is often necessary to an additional inspection of the gastroenterologist, a neurologist, pediatrician, especially for eliminating diseases with similar symptoms.

Salmonellosis is an infectious intestinal disease, which occurs under the action of a certain bacterium. Every disease can be infected with such a notch. Dangerous bacterium can be contained in food products that a person consumes regularly (chicken egg, milk, meat and oil). Also picked up salmonellosis through infected water. And if it does not detect bacteria in time, then strong intoxication and dehydration of the body comes.

Most often with such a disease, children are faced up to a year, as well as adults in the warm season. Sometimes Salmonelle is striking whole groups of people who used infected products. It lasts a long time, and if at the same time a person does not take any therapeutic measures, then a fatal outcome may come. Therefore, it is so important to know how to treat salmonellosis, so as not to give such a disease to hit the whole organism.

Initial stages of treatment

With a mild degree of salmonellosis, which flows in gastrointestinal form, outpatient treatment is prescribed. From the body, there is a violation of the intestines, the person faces diarrhea (no more than three times a day) and vomiting.

At the very first signs of poisoning, you need to make a double stomach wash. There should be about 15 minutes between these two procedures. And after the first washing, any sorbent should be taken. But it is best to use a polysorb. Depending on the severity of the symptoms of the Enterosorbent, it will be necessary to take four times a day. Additionally, it is recommended to use saline solutions (regiders) to support the water-salt balance.

In order to support all the main intestinal functions, you need to take some kind of probiotic (bifiform). And this medicine is drinking for twenty days. Food on the very first day of the detection of intestinal infection is better not to take. But you can drink warm chamomile tea, as well as decoction of calendula and sage.

To maintain the intestinal operation, bifiform is accepted

If the deterioration of well-being begins to observe, it applies to the child, then the patient is sent to the infectious office. First of all, this refers to children with a weakened organism, as well as to people suffering from the heavy and medium shape of Salmonellez.

At this point, antibacterial drugs are connected to treatment. After the course of such drugs, probiotics are defined. They help to restore the intestinal work and are accepted for three weeks.

The scheme and the duration of therapy will depend on the age of the patient, from the stage of the inflammatory process, from the presence of related other chronic diseases. Typically, the duration of treatment is 21 days. Fitting therapy is joined to enhance the effect of medication. But only if a person does not have an allergic reaction to medicinal plants and herbs.

Medications

Medical drugs are often treated with salmonelles in adults. Most often, the therapy scheme is as follows:

• purpose of Fluoroquinolone and Hinolon;
• the use of nitrofuran drugs;
• the use of cephalosporin.

Such a medicine is also appointed as Rifaximin. It destroys harmful microbes, but at the same time acts only in the intestinal lumen. Despite the effectiveness of many antibiotics, experts prefer them to apply not so often. But if salmonellosis begins to leak in hard form, then without them it is not necessary. Antibacterial drugs such as azithromycin, cefotaxim, ciprofloxacin become the most frequently used.

It is prohibited to take anabiotic tool.

The reception should be carried out only under the control of the attending physician. After the state is improving, the reception of antibiotics is replaced by intramuscular injections.

In the gastrointestinal form of the disease, antibiotics is undesirable to apply. In this case, the drugs inhibit the process of removal from the body of toxins and salmonella, as a result, intoxication of the body increases and treatment slows down. With such a situation, it is first assigned to washing the stomach and enema of a cleansing nature. Then the enterosorbent agents are prescribed, which will take toxic substances. These drugs include:

• Smekt,
• Polyfepan,
• Enterodez
• Enterokat.

To eliminate the inflammatory process flowing in the intestinal mucosa, most often it is proposed to use an indomethacin preparation released in tablets (50 mg dosage). Current is appointed at the very beginning of the development of Salmonellosis. It must be taken three times a day. Additionally once a day, calcium gluconate is used.

Indomethacin is accepted to eliminate the inflammatory process

If the disease acquires a septic or typhoid form, then the treatment is carried out in stationary conditions. In this case, a dropper is always appointed, as well as drugs that help get rid of symptoms such as frequent diarrhea and vomiting to several times a day.

When the stomach hurts, it is allowed to take a but-shu or papaverine during Salmonellez. And if there is an increased gas formation, then the Espumizan tablet is allowed. After the diarrhea stops, it is necessary to restore the internal intestinal environment. To do this is used:

• Acipol
• Enterol
• Bifidobacterin.

Restoration of the body during dehydration

One of the stages of treating Salmonellize is the fight against the dehydration of the body. Solutions become the basis of such treatment. They can be purchased at the pharmacy (oralitis, regider, citrotrophosolyan) or prepare themselves. To do this, on a liter of water you need to take 20 g of glucose and 1.5 g of potassium chloride.

Also very useful becomes compote, which is preparing from the Kuragi and Izyum. At the same time, half a teaspoon of soda is necessarily added to it and three grams of table salt. This drink is perfectly fighting with dehydration, which arises against the background of Salmonellosis. It is used in small quantities of three throat every five minutes. Gradually, the volume of fluid can be increased.

In order to restore the broken intestinal microflora, it is necessary to monitor meals. The correct diet will need to adhere to at least thirty days. Avoid the spices and smoked products, fatty meat and canned food, sweets and solid milk. Carefully need to be with mushrooms, fruits and vegetables in raw.

Additionally, it is necessary for two weeks to take such drugs as a mesim forte. Enzyme drugs supply the necessary elements to the body that restore the intestinal functions and stomach. If a strong and frequent vomiting occurs during salmonellosis, which further contributes to dehydration, then at the attending physician it is recommended to use Cerukal or Mothilium.

Diet at Salmonellosis

With medication treatment, a prerequisite for complex therapy is the adjustment of its own power supply and drinking mode. The patient necessarily needs to restore the disturbed water and electrolyte balance. To do this, it is necessary to constantly drink clarified tea without adding sugar, saline or mineral water in small sips.

Compliance with Salmonellese diet speeds up the process of recovery

Be sure to keep track of your meals. This is a necessary condition that helps restore the normal functioning of all organs of the digestive system. Many products during the treatment of salmonellosis are able to provide an irritant effect on the intestines. And from such food it will be necessary to completely refuse. As a result, the everyday menu is excluded:

• black and white bread;
• whole milk;
• fat animal origin;
• seafood;
• semi-finished products and sausages;
• fast food;
• confectionery;
• carbonated drinks.

Vegetable and fruit fruits need to be used only in boiled, stew or baked form. The basis of the diet should be products that are easily absorbed. These are fermented ferrous products, a wipe banana, baked apple, boiled potatoes and carrots, steam cutlets of fish and low-fat meat. It is useful to add to the cranberry menu and blueberries in the menu, and compotes and kissels should be selected as beverages. White crackers, light broths, rice and buckwheat porridge, welded on water are also allowed.

Features of the treatment of children under salmonellosis

When such a disease concerns children, then the treatment regimen is appointed as the same as in adults, but the dosage of drugs is reduced several times. In the very first hours, when detecting salmonellosis, the child needs to be rich enough. This will help remove harmful toxic substances from the body. Water, compote or green unsweetened tea is needed to give one teaspoon every five minutes.

If a child has serious dehydration, then the attending physician can prescribe a dropper with glucose. In some cases, when the disease occurs with an increase in temperature, antipyretic agents and even antibiotics can be used. But the dosage defines only a specialist. Trying to cure children's salmonelles risky.

It is allowed to make a child cleansing enema. During the day, it is necessary to ensure that the kid does not make sharp movements. It is recommended to give him light herbal decoctions from chamomile, dill and rosehip.

Additionally, parents must follow the diet of the child during the treatment period. At the same time, he will have to adhere to the diet longer than an adult person. And all because weakened to children's body will be hard to cope with the load provided on its digestive system. Therefore, food must be fractional, and all products need to be pre-grinding and giving a puree. Overbinding is categorically impossible.

Folk Medicine in Combating Salmonellosis

To treat salmonelles at home can be with the help of recipes of traditional medicine. But first you need to consult with your doctor and get it approval. The most effective means of independent therapy are considered:

• nabine from the plantain;
• tincture of walnuts;
• chamomile decoction;
• mint oil.

Cerencing salmonellosis will help infusion from the plantain. You need to take a tablespoon of the pre-crushed plant and pour it with a glass of boiling water. This medicine will be incanded for 15 minutes, after which it needs to be served with small sips.

The indestries of the plantain helps with intestinal infection

A tincture of walnuts will help to cope with intestinal infection. For her cooking you will need a glass of purified fruit and two glasses of vodka. All components are mixed with each other, are placed in a container with a lid and put in a dark place for three days. The finished medicine is accepted every two hours ten drops. Children can also give this tool, but five drops, after adding a slightly boiled water to them.

To strengthen the immune system and increase the overall resistance of a weakened organism, a chamomile decoction can be prepared. One glass of boiling water is taken on one tablespoon of flowers of this plant. The composition is brewed on slow heat for about ten minutes, after which it is accepted four times a day for two tablespoons after meals.

The essential oil of mint will help to get rid of pain and discomfort in the stomach during the treatment of salmonellase. It is used externally. It will be enough to make a massage of the abdomen, which will improve the intestinal peristalsis and thereby eliminate unpleasant symptoms. A few drops of mint oil are applied to the palm, and they are rubbed into the area of \u200b\u200bthe umbilical zone.

Preventive measures

To protect yourself from subsequent infection with salmonellosis, it is necessary to comply with some recommendations. Hands should be washed before each meal. Severed meat or fish products, you need to ensure that the knife and cutting board are carefully disinfected. You can, before use, to quote them with boiling water.

Do not eat meat, which is badly roasted. If such a product is brewed, then the cooking process itself should take at least an hour. You can not drink raw eggs. And if this product is used when cooking, then it must first rinse with water with soap.

It is not recommended to attend public catering sites that are called some doubts. Especially in the summer, when Salmonellez bacteria simply activate. With caution, you need to treat the milk purchased from the hands of strangers.

All products should be stored only in the refrigerator, and the finished dishes are always located separately from the raw products. And if you adhere to such simple rules, then it will be possible to protect against the re-occurrence of intestinal infection.

Faced with salmonellosis and thinking about to treat such a disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. To cope with such a notch, you will need drug therapy and must comply with the diet. Only integrated treatment will help eliminate intestinal infection.