Revaccination for diphtheria and tetanus at 7 years of age. Diphtheria vaccination for children and adults - indications, frequency of vaccination, side effects and reactions

Being a protection against a dangerous infection, the diphtheria vaccine is given to children as early as infancy. The toxin of the microorganism Corynebacterium diphtheriae provokes the disease. The course of the disease is quite severe: dense films form on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, throat and intestines, under which ulcers and tissue necrosis are found.

If serum is not administered on time, mortality is 70 cases out of 100. Therefore, diphtheria vaccination is given to children from the age of three months in the form of a complex vaccine - DTP, which is also protection against tetanus and whooping cough. In an isolated form, diphtheria vaccination is rarely used today.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Most often, children are vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus at the same time - it is a combination of toxoids and is called ADS. There is also a vaccine with a pertussis component (DTP vaccination), but not all children tolerate it. Why is an injection given for two diseases at once? There are quite good reasons for this:

• both components (anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus) require the same active substance– aluminum hydroxide;
• schedules for the introduction of vaccinations, schemes, timing of vaccination against these diseases (if taken separately) are the same, which allows you to put these vaccines at the same time;
• the current level of industrial development allows you to put these two components in one drug, which means that the number of injections for babies is halved.

In any case, it is convenient for doctors, parents, and children themselves that one vaccination provides protection against two of the most dangerous infections at once. Accordingly, the reaction of a small organism to vaccination, its side effects can be experienced only 1 time instead of 2.

Features of vaccination

Doctors should inform parents in advance when the diphtheria vaccination is given and how to prepare for the upcoming vaccination. It is carried out in accordance with the generally accepted vaccination calendar:

• at 3 months;
• at 4.5 months;
• in six months;
• at one and a half years;
• at 6–7 years old.

The full susceptibility of the body to diphtheria is formed after the introduction of three doses of the vaccine (they are given at intervals of 30–40 days). But to maintain the immune system, children are given two more auxiliary vaccinations against diphtheria, which allow them to maintain immunity to infection for 10 years. So revaccination after that will be necessary only at 16-17 years.

The second question that always worries parents before this procedure is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. This requires a muscle, so it is recommended to inject under the shoulder blade or in the thigh, where the thickness of the skin is not great, which means that the vaccine will reach its final goal faster.

Despite the usefulness and maximum effectiveness of this vaccination, and also due to the availability of information on how the diphtheria vaccine is given, many parents hesitate to give consent to such a procedure. Why is the number of refusals from it every year not decreasing, but growing?

Pros and cons

Before vaccination, parents are interested in whether the diphtheria vaccination is mandatory and whether it can be waived. On the one hand, you can write a refusal, and then the injection will not be given to the child. But at the same time, doctors should explain in detail to parents what this can lead to. You need to keep in mind what advantages the diphtheria vaccine has:

• the risk of infection is minimal;
• even if the child falls ill with diphtheria, but is vaccinated against it, the course of the disease will be rapid, the form will be mild, recovery will not be long in coming;
• when your child grows up, he may not be hired due to lack of medical card information about this vaccination.

Moreover, the list of works for which diphtheria vaccination is required is quite impressive:

• agricultural;
• construction;
• hydroreclamation;
• procurement;
• geological;
• commercial;
• survey;
• forwarding;
• animal care;
• maintenance of sewer facilities;
• the medicine;
• education.

So if you want to see your baby in the future as a doctor or teacher, it is better to immediately agree to vaccination, otherwise many doors will simply close in front of him. Why, then, is the diphtheria vaccine so frightening for parents that they refuse the saving and so useful injection? Perhaps they are afraid of the list of complications that may arise after it. However, they develop only if some contraindications have not been observed, the presence of which is detected in children before they are given the vaccine.

Contraindications

One of the most important advantages of diphtheria vaccination is the minimum of contraindications. Vaccination is not carried out at all if the child has an individual intolerance to the components of the administered drug. In other cases, vaccination can only be postponed:

• in the acute course of any disease;
• if there is a high temperature;
• if you are taking potent medicines;
• the presence of eczema;
• if the child has diathesis.

If individual intolerance or these factors were not detected in time, only in this case can we expect some side effects after vaccination against diphtheria. In all other cases, the reaction to this vaccination does not go beyond the norm.

Reaction to vaccination

Parents should know what kind of reaction their child should have to a diphtheria vaccine so as not to worry in vain. Despite the fact that the symptoms of this post-vaccination reaction can be unpleasant, they pass quickly and without a trace, without affecting the health of the child. These most often include:

• local reaction: redness skin;
• lethargy;
• general malaise;
• drowsiness;
• if the diphtheria vaccine hurts, there is no need to be afraid of it: inflammation forms at the injection site, which can be accompanied by pain, so such a reaction is natural for a whole week after vaccination;
• a slight swelling at the injection site can also last for a week, until the drug is completely absorbed into the blood;
• the formation of a bump is a consequence of the fact that the vaccine preparation did not get into the muscle, but into the fiber under the skin: there is nothing wrong with this, but this neoplasm will resolve for a long time - for a month;
• if within two days after vaccination the child has a fever, it can be brought down with antipyretics; usually it does not last too long and is not extremely high.

In order for the reactions after the injection to be completely normal, you need to know a few basic points for caring for the puncture site. For example, many are interested in how long it is necessary not to wash after vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, although there are no contraindications after this vaccination to water procedures no. You just don’t need to bathe your child in a too hot bath with foam, and even more so with salt, so as not to irritate the skin at the injection site. It is also better not to use a washcloth during the week. Otherwise, there are no restrictions, so parents should not be afraid to give consent to vaccination against diphtheria. Moreover, complications after it are extremely rare.

Complications

All the consequences of vaccination against diphtheria can hardly be called complications, since, firstly, they are very rare, and secondly, they do not cause significant harm to the health of the child. These include:

• diarrhea;
• profuse sweating;
• dermatitis;
• cough;
• otitis;
• pharyngitis;
• runny nose;
• bronchitis.

All these diseases are treated in a short time. As side effects after vaccination against diphtheria, they are extremely rare. Moreover, the motives of those parents who refuse this vaccination are not clear. Neither anaphylactic shock nor deaths were observed after injection of ADS. At the same time, the effectiveness and benefits of vaccination have been repeatedly confirmed in practice. So, before making such a responsible decision, parents should definitely talk to a pediatrician, find out all the advantages and disadvantages of an anti-diphtheria injection and draw the right conclusions. After all, the health and future life of the baby will depend on them.

What is ADS vaccination

• children with whooping cough;
• children from three years old;
• adult vaccination;

• tetanus toxoid;
• diphtheria toxoid.

Instructions for vaccination

Contraindications

1. Individual intolerance. It also includes the occurrence of allergies during previous injections of the drug.
2. DTP vaccination is contraindicated in patients with cancer who are undergoing immune system suppression and radiotherapy. As well as those suffering from epilepsy or seizures.
3. A contraindication for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is an acute illness, such as a cold, or an exacerbation of a chronic illness.
4. If a person suffers from tuberculosis, hepatitis or meningitis, then vaccination with ADS can be carried out only a year after the cure.
5. With the vaccine, you need to wait 2 months if you did another vaccine. This may increase the risk of side effects.

How to prepare for vaccination

Reaction to ADS vaccination

What to do after ADS vaccination

Vaccination against diphtheria and its effect on the human body

Modern medicine has reached a good level in the treatment and rehabilitation of such patients. The diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, when administered, exposes the body to great danger. Should I agree to this?

Vaccines are designed to form human protection against various bacteria and viruses. They are created by identifying disease factors that are pathogenic to humans.

When this factor is determined, its pathogenicity is chemically destroyed. All that remains is the structure from which the human immune system can be developed.

Anatoxin is a safe toxin, which is chemically deprived of its pathogenic properties with the help of formalin. It is used to create substances in the human body that will fight a real toxin.. Pathogenic toxins are produced by microorganisms that cause infectious pathology.

Any substance that enters the body causes a cascade of reactions that lead to positive or negative consequences.

So the reaction to the diphtheria vaccine can cause various changes.

Entering the bloodstream active substance Vaccines work with the immune system as a stimulant that provokes the production of antibodies. It is they who are able to fight the toxins of Corinobacterium.

Does the diphtheria vaccine have consequences that will adversely affect human health? Of course, it does not, because the active ingredient of the vaccine does not cause the changes characteristic of diphtheria.

The burden on health after the injection is provided by the immune system, and side effects are often caused by additional substances. Vaccination against diphtheria stimulates the formation of long-term and lasting immunity, which an adult needs to maintain once every ten years.

Berbiga Anatoliy Efremovich, Kyiv, consultant doctor at a private clinic for infectious diseases

Practical medicine has now reached such a level of care that saving a patient from diphtheria rarely ends in complications and death.

But this is more likely due to the preservation of the general immunity of the population against diphtheria.

A lot of my patients worry when they get the diphtheria vaccine. I always say that it is better to spend 140 rubles. for vaccination than 20,000 rubles. for treatment for this disease.

Why are the consequences of the disease more dangerous than the side effects of the vaccine? Diphtheria disease is a pathological condition caused by Corynobacterium.

The disease is characterized by damage to any mucous membrane, severe symptoms of intoxication, as well as a high risk of developing complications of vital organs.

These include the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys. The severity of the disease depends on the reactivity of the organism and the number of pathogenic bacteria that have entered the bloodstream. They will produce pathogenic toxins.

The vaccine contains a safe toxin that cannot cause the onset of the disease..

Only those vaccines that are stored for no more than 3 years at a temperature of 2-8 ° C are suitable for use. If frozen, they become unusable.

Subject to the rules of vaccination, vaccination against diphtheria does not cause side effects in adults. But if they are violated, it will lead to the manifestation of negative effects in 80-90% of cases.

If the temperature rises after DTP vaccination, this can be considered a norm or a complication, read in the next article.

When is diphtheria vaccination needed for adults and children?

Many patients and even doctors ask themselves the question "When is the diphtheria vaccine given?" The answer to this question is contained in the Population Vaccination Calendar.

It has all the necessary rules for the use of vaccines. The diphtheria vaccine has the same contraindications as other vaccines, which are also described in detail in this calendar.

After the age of 18, children and adults are vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria every 10 years. But in case of illness, revaccination is not done, since it is believed that immunity after the disease has already been formed.

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccination is used at any age for planned and emergency prevention of these diseases. The whooping cough and tetanus vaccine is often given to preschool children.

There is also a vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age. It will be discussed in our other article.

What is hidden under the mysterious letters of the abbreviations DTP, ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, Bubo-M

DTP is a whole-cell pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, which in 1 dose of 0.5 ml contains 30 IU of diphtheria, 60 IU of tetanus toxoids and 4 MZU of pertussis vaccine.

Substances are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The preservative used is merthiolate.

ADS is a Russian-made diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, which in 1 ml contains 60 LF of diphtheria and 20 EU of tetanus toxoids.

ADS-M is a Russian-made diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, which in 1 ml contains 10 LF of diphtheria and 10 EU of tetanus toxoids.

This diphtheria vaccine for adults is given intramuscularly at a dosage of 0.5 ml. The first vaccination is given in two doses with the introduction of immunoglobulin.

AD-M - diphtheria toxoid, produced by the Russian Federation, the Microgen company. 1 dose (1 ml) contains 10 LF of diphtheria toxoid.

Vaccination against diphtheria for children over 6 years of age is done according to the rules for using the ADS-M vaccine.

Alekseeva Nina Ilyinichna, Lugansk, pediatrician of the infectious department No. 2

Vaccination practice is currently subject to considerable juggling of the facts about its results.

In modern articles, journalists greatly exaggerate the risk of adverse reactions from vaccinations.

Do not succumb to anti-vaccine panic, you need to look at things realistically. Thanks to vaccination, the world is gradually getting rid of deadly diseases, from diseases after which the patient remains disabled.

Now you do not need to swallow a huge number of pills to recover. You can just vaccinate on time and correctly.

Bubo-M - vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, hepatitis B. The vaccine is produced by the Combiotech company, Russian Federation. 1 dose (0.5 ml) contains 10 μg HBsAg, 5 LF of diphtheria and 5 EU of tetanus toxoids and a preservative - 2-phenoxy-ethanol, merthiolate 0.005%. It is administered to children over 6 years old in 1 dose intramuscularly.

When not to get vaccinated

It is definitely not worth vaccinating at elevated body temperature, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, pregnancy, relapse of long-standing diseases.

This can aggravate the condition. During pregnancy, immunity decreases, so the effect of vaccination on a woman can lead to the threat of termination of pregnancy.

During the period of breastfeeding, revaccination is not recommended, since the baby receives all the components of the mother's blood through milk.

So the possibility of toxin entering the baby's body is dangerous for his health.

Do not get the diphtheria vaccine in the first 30 days after recovering from any disease.

This is a period of convalescence, when the patient recovers from an illness and vaccination will lead to the occurrence of various diseases or side effects.

The body's response to vaccination

Diphtheria vaccination causes a wide variety of side effects in adults. From itching in the injection area, to anaphylactic shock.

At risk are those people who have a history of life had allergic reactions medicines, including previously administered vaccines.

But with careful collection allergic history and compliance with all vaccination rules, diphtheria vaccination does not cause side effects.

If complications arise in such situations, it is necessary to be treated exclusively in a hospital, because undesirable effects may increase over time.

The most common side effect is itching at the injection site.. And patients very often turn to an infectious disease doctor with the question “How to care for the injection site?”

The answer is quite simple: you need to forget about this place, do not scratch it, do not wash it.

A mistake is rubbing the injection site with alcohol, applying compresses, even if the diphtheria vaccine hurts.

Pain can be caused by mechanical trauma to the muscles when the drug is injected, and irritation on the skin can be provoked by formic alcohol, which is often used to treat the skin before an injection.

Where is the diphtheria vaccination done, where is it better to do it

Pain and swelling after vaccination - this may be a normal reaction, the main thing is not to intensively affect this place

All vaccinations should be done at external muscle hips as deep as possible.

To determine where to get vaccinated against diphtheria, you need to make sure that the pediatrician (for children) or the infectious disease specialist (for adults) is competent at the clinic at the place of residence.

State institutions work according to the latest modern orders, which are drawn up by scientists of the necessary specialty.

When consulting, pay attention to the professionalism and attentiveness to the details of the doctor. If everything suits you, do preventive tests and boldly vaccinate. Before vaccination, it is necessary to pass and evaluate the results of the tests:

• Clinical blood test;
• Urinalysis (how to pass an analysis in infants using a urinal, read here).

Also, at the discretion of the doctor, instrumental studies are prescribed:

• Ultrasound of organs abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space.

All these examinations can be done in the near future. medical institution.

The need for vaccination of adults should be consulted in the office of infectious diseases.

In regions where such rare diseases like the plague, tularemia, typhoid fever, anthrax, hemophilic infections, vaccination according to epidemic indications is quite widespread.

In case of danger of developing negative consequences in humans, cell-free toxoids can be used for vaccination.

They differ in higher prices, but the risk of development adverse reactions they are significantly lower than that of whole-celled.

Vasina Irina Grigorievna, Kharkiv, infectious diseases doctor of the city Polyclinic

I have been vaccinating adults for over 20 years. And in my entire medical career, I have met only 2 cases of side effects from vaccination against diphtheria.

Competent doctors are very careful in vaccinating the population, carefully considering all the indications and contraindications for an individual patient

Is it really necessary to vaccinate against a disease that is no longer ill?

In 1990-1995, tonsillitis had the character of an epidemic. At that time, almost 60% of children and 15% of adults died from complications caused by corynobacteria.

Only thanks to vaccination, the prevalence of the disease decreased by 2008 to 5-6 cases per year in the territory Russian Federation. However, high contagiousness bacterial infection saved.

After compulsory vaccination in the early 90s, 10-15 years have passed. During this time, many people's immune systems against the disease weakened.

Therefore, at present, revaccination is needed for each segment of the population.. Reduced immunity leads to the appearance of carriers of the pathogen.

This person still has immunity against the toxin, but it is not enough to fight the pathogen. So the carrier is in the society of people, infecting them with the disease by airborne droplets.

findings

Based on the above facts, we can conclude that only systematic vaccination of various segments of the population will help eradicate such a disease as diphtheria from the face of the Earth. Avoid vaccinations. Follow the rules for using vaccines and then the side effects from them will not bother you.

Parent feedback

Marina, 32 years old, Rostov-on-Don

I thought for a long time where and when to vaccinate against diphtheria for my youngest son, I thought about it and decided to go to a regular clinic.

Surprisingly, the doctor was responsible and treated my children with great attention. The vaccination was made after a thorough examination and testing. It's been 2 weeks now and we're fine.

Alina, 32 years old, Zaporozhye

Have been vaccinated at the clinic at 18.5 months. They said: "Do it while there is a vaccine." The vaccine hurt for 2 days.

Now we have not been able to recover for a month. Either SARS, then tonsillitis, then chickenpox. And how now to trust doctors?

Irina, 28 years old, Moscow

I do not trust doctors in public hospitals, so I always treat my girl in private clinics. The whole family was vaccinated against diphtheria six months ago. Nothing supernatural happened.

Within 4 days, the temperature was 37.1-37.2 ° C, the injection site ached a little, but how differently. But now I am sure that if we meet a patient with diphtheria in the subway, none of us will get sick.

Dr. Komarovsky will tell you in detail about the DTP vaccination in his video, which we invite you to watch and learn something new for yourself:

The DTP vaccination is one of the main ones in the national vaccination calendar. But what if the child has serious complications from this vaccine? What to enter if the baby already had whooping cough and received lifelong immunity. Is it worth exposing his body to additional danger?

Below we will talk about an alternative option for DPT vaccination specifically for these groups of children. ADS - what is this vaccine? What contraindications and indications does it have, does it cause complications and adverse reactions? When and where to do this vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What is ADS vaccination

Deciphering the ADS vaccination - diphtheria-tetanus adsorbed. This vaccine provides protection against two diseases - diphtheria and whooping cough. It is indicated for the following groups of patients:

• children with whooping cough;
• children from three years old;
• adult vaccination;
• persons with serious adverse effects after introduction of DTP.

If the child had a pronounced reaction to the DTP vaccine, then most likely it arose for whooping cough antigens.

The composition of the ADS vaccine includes the following components:

• tetanus toxoid;
• diphtheria toxoid.

Accordingly, this vaccine protects against tetanus and diphtheria.

The manufacturer of ADS vaccination is the Russian company Microgen. The vaccine has no identical analogues. But it can be considered as such ADS-M, a more weakened vaccine with the same composition.

Instructions for vaccination

ADS vaccination schedule according to national calendar carried out differently depending on the situation. If DTP is a replacement for DTP, then it is administered twice with an interval of 45 days. In this case, revaccination is carried out once a year. The next introduction of ADS is carried out at 6-7, and then at 14 years.

For children who have had whooping cough, the DTP vaccine is administered at any age instead of DTP.

Adults can be given either ADS or ADS-M. To maintain permanent immunity, the vaccine is given every 10 years.

If the child was given a single injection of DPT, which provoked serious side effects (encephalopathy, convulsions), then the next ATP is administered once with an interval of 30 days. Revaccination is carried out after 9-12 months.

Only revaccination of DTP is possible after one to one and a half years, if the previous 3 vaccinations were made using DTP.

Vaccination with ADS in adults is done if injections were previously missed. In other cases, ADS-M is introduced. Medical workers, teachers, sellers and other persons in contact with food, kindergarten teachers are subject to mandatory vaccination.

Pregnant women should not be vaccinated with ADS. If a woman wants to be vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria, then this is allowed 45-60 days before pregnancy is planned.

Where is the vaccine given? The instructions for the ADS vaccine say that it is administered intramuscularly. The buttock and upper outer thigh area are recommended. Large muscles are more suitable for injection. For adults and children over 7 years of age, the introduction of ADS into the subscapular region subcutaneously is allowed.

Mixing the drug and administering at the same time is possible only with polio vaccine.

Contraindications

The diphtheria and tetanus vaccine has the following contraindications.

How to prepare for vaccination

The risk of severe complications from whooping cough after DTP is significantly higher than from DTP vaccination, which does not have this component. Therefore, the decision on which vaccine to put for vaccination of children who have not recovered should be made only by a doctor. Severe consequences of ADS vaccination occur in less than 0.3% of cases. While almost half of the patients die from tetanus.

To minimize the risk of possible complications, the child should be examined by a pediatrician before vaccination and on the day of administration. The temperature is being measured. It is advisable to donate blood and urine in advance for general analysis. If there are problems on the part of neurology, you should definitely see a narrow specialist. Together with him, weigh the pros and cons, if necessary, get a withdrawal from vaccination.

But still, the decision on whether to vaccinate ADS or not is made by the parents. But one should not cancel the vaccination, just because it is fashionable. The reason "I'm afraid" doesn't work either. The consequences of diphtheria and tetanus are much worse. There must be real contraindications for the medical tap, justified clinically and laboratory.

Reaction to ADS vaccination

The absence of the pertussis component greatly improves the tolerability of ADS vaccination, since it has the highest reactogenicity (the body's reaction to foreign agents).

Statistics show that side effects after this vaccination are much less common than after DTP. But they still exist.

The most common, as with most vaccinations, are local reactions. The child may be disturbed by redness, swelling, induration, pain at the injection site. They go away on their own within 2-3 days. As a rule, no assistance is required. But if the seal greatly worries the child, then it is recommended to make warm lotions so that it resolves faster. Pain at the injection site can be relieved with half the dose of an antipyretic drug. In this case, it will act as a pain reliever. Physical activity and a light massage will also help the infiltrate to disappear sooner.

Another possible reaction to ADS vaccination is fever. This is the second most common complication. It usually occurs on the day of the injection. It can take up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 ° C, it is not worth lowering it. And if it is higher - you can give a single dose of antipyretic, drink plenty of water. The temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.

Most often, such reactions occur in infants. The ADS vaccine at 6 years of age is well tolerated. There are practically no side effects at this age.

In rare cases, severe complications after ADS vaccination were observed, such as convulsions, encephalopathy, neurological disorders in the form of prolonged continuous crying, collapse and loss of consciousness. If you suspect these conditions, you should urgently call an ambulance.

An allergic reaction cannot be ruled out. It can occur both in the form of a rash, and anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema. These side effects occur in the first minutes after the injection, so it is not recommended to leave the clinic for about 20-30 minutes.
What to vaccinate if serious complications arise after vaccination with ADS? In this case, ADS-M is recommended.

What to do after ADS vaccination

Can I bathe after a diphtheria and tetanus shot? Even considering that adverse reactions are rare, it is not recommended to wet the vaccine during the day. Visiting baths and saunas, taking hot baths is undesirable, as they can reduce immunity.

How to behave after the introduction of ADS? A gentle regimen is recommended. It is advisable not to swim, not to walk and not to overeat. Babies are shown frequent breastfeeding. Hypothermia and drafts are also dangerous, they can reduce immunity, and if a cold occurs, the risk of adverse reactions increases several times.

Let's summarize. ADS is a vaccine that creates immunity in the human body against tetanus and diphtheria. It contains only toxoids of pathogens. But it is they who cause the clinic and the terrible consequences of these diseases. The introduction of this vaccine is justified if the child had whooping cough or had a strong reaction to previous injections of DTP. It is also administered for revaccination to children after three years, since whooping cough is already excluded in them. Adults are less likely to get the vaccine. Preference is given to ADS-M.

The adsorbed tetanus and diphtheria vaccine is better tolerated than analogues with a pertussis component. Complications are typical reactions for most vaccinations: local redness, soreness, fever. Vaccination does not pose a great danger and is recommended to all persons with indications.

Diphtheria vaccination- an effective way to prevent the development of an infectious disease or to alleviate its course. Diphtheria - infection.

It has been proven repeatedly: timely vaccination will save not only from dangerous complications, but also from lethal outcome. Immunization is indicated for both children and adults.

Therapist: Azaliya Solntseva

✓ Article checked by Dr.

Diphtheria vaccination, methods of vaccination and types of drugs

Timely vaccination provides protection against the disease provoked by the pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or rather, the toxins secreted by this microorganism. The disease is characterized by the formation of dense films on the mucous membrane of the throat, nose, larynx, trachea and the appearance of signs of general intoxication.

Since permanent immunity cannot be obtained after a cure for diphtheria, every person, regardless of age, should be vaccinated. The introduction of the vaccine preparation contributes to the formation of antitoxic immunity, which helps to avoid the development of dangerous forms of pathology, resulting in disability or death of the patient.

For immunization of the population, a vaccine is produced, which is a weakened diphtheria toxin. Its introduction provokes the synthesis of antitoxins. Their presence causes immunity to the effects of corynebacteria (diphtheria bacilli).

Modern medicine uses 2 types of vaccine preparations:

1. With preservative (thiomersal, merthiolate). It is a substance containing mercury. This compound also has antiseptic and antifungal properties. Its concentration in the vaccine is so low that it cannot have any harmful effect on the body as a whole. Vaccines with merthiolate are available in ampoules designed for several doses. The list of drugs with thiomersal is presented by DTP, ADS-M, ADS, Bubo-Kok, Bubo-M, D.T.Vaks vaccines.
2. Without merthiolate. Such formulations are safer and dispensed into syringes for single use. Among vaccines without a preservative, it is worth highlighting Pentaxim, Infanrix, Infanrix Hexa, Tetraxim.

Vaccination pertussis tetanus diphtheria - the name of the vaccine and characteristics

Immunization is mainly carried out with the help of DTP vaccination, the full name of the vaccine is adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

It contains:

• non-living whooping cough microbes;
• diphtheria toxoid;
• tetanus toxoid.

The vaccine is cellular and acellular. The first option is preparations with whole cells of the killed pathogen (DPT), the second type of vaccine contains particles of non-living pathogenic microorganisms (Pentaxim, Infanrix).

The first vaccines cause more adverse reactions such as fever, headache, redness and swelling at the injection site.

The DTP vaccine is produced by Microgen (Russia).

Immunization can also be carried out using foreign vaccines:

1. Pentaxima. From the name of the vaccine, it can be seen that the number of components is five. It protects not only from the pathologies listed above, but also from two diseases - polio and hemophilic infection. The French drug is well tolerated by children and is administered to babies from 2 months of age.
2. Infanrix. Belgian vaccine with the presence of 3 main components, as in the Russian DPT. Indications: primary immunization and revaccination. Vaccination is allowed from 2 months.
3. Infanrix Hex. Helps protect against both the main three pathologies and hepatitis B, hemophilic infection and poliomyelitis.
4. Tetracoccus. The French-made drug is intended for the prevention of 3 major diseases and poliomyelitis. Introduced from 2 months to 6 years of age. Thanks to the passage of a course consisting of 4 vaccinations, almost 100% protection against the listed ailments is achieved.

Vaccination schedule - at what age, at what age is diphtheria vaccination recommended

It is difficult to underestimate the importance of the DPT vaccine, because before its invention, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus were the most common causes of death in children. Therefore, it is worth listening to the instructions of doctors and not to refuse vaccination. And for this you should know at what age vaccinations are given.

Vaccination calendar:

• from 3, 4.5, 6 months of age;
• 1.5 years;
• 6-7 years;
• 14 years old.

For adults, immunization is carried out taking into account whether a diphtheria vaccination has been previously given. If a person has been injected with the drug, the vaccine is used every 10 years, starting at the age of 24, to maintain immunity.

18 months - first revaccination

Since after a course of vaccination, a year later, it is possible to stop the production of antibodies, it is planned to re-administer the drug to babies who are 1.5 years old.

Parents who are unaware of the possible risk refuse to carry out revaccination, especially after the appearance of negative reactions to the injected substance. It is possible to make sure that the baby is completely protected only with the help of an immunological study.

Re-vaccination at 7 years

The second revaccination (diphtheria-tetanus vaccination) should be carried out at the age of 7, using preparations containing only tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.

Revaccination at 14

How important is the diphtheria vaccine at 14? Adolescents with the onset of 14 years of age are vaccinated with the ADS-M vaccine, in which active toxoids are present in a small amount. This is explained by the fact that there is no need to create immunity. It just needs to be supported.

Where is the injection done and how to prepare for the procedure

If a child is scheduled for vaccination, parents should know where the injection is given, why the drug should be injected in a certain place, and how to prepare.

The DTP vaccination is done by a qualified health worker in compliance with all the rules. For children provided intramuscular injection in the thigh area.

An injection in this place guarantees the most effective result, while the reaction will be mild. This is possible due to the presence of a minimum layer of subcutaneous tissue in the selected areas, which contributes to the normal absorption of the drug.

Adults are given injections in:

• subscapular region;
• anterior thigh area.

Doctors constantly remind about the importance of preparing for the procedure, since complications after vaccination are not excluded.

To minimize the risk, it is necessary to adhere to a number of conditions:

• vaccination is given to a healthy child;
• the best time for vaccination is an hour after a meal;
• it is recommended to go to the toilet before the procedure;
• you should stock up on antipyretics;
• on the day when the injection is given, it is necessary to refrain from walking and swimming.

Possible complications after DTP vaccination

Any vaccine, including DTP, is sometimes capable of provoking complications resulting from a reaction to the components of the drug.

As statistics show, in America since 1978 there has not been a single case of severe consequences of the introduction of a vaccine against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. Among the likely complications that occur extremely rarely, physicians distinguish neurological manifestations that are presumably caused by reactions to pertussis antigen.

This means the occurrence of:

• seizures without an increase in temperature indicators (for 100 thousand vaccinated there can be from 0.3 to 90 cases);
• encephalopathy (less than 1 case per 300 thousand vaccinated).

At the moment, convulsive phenomena that are not accompanied by an increase in temperature are not considered a complication.

The risk of severe consequences is greatly increased if absolute contraindications are ignored.

In addition to the above violations, the occurrence of:

• infectious-toxic shock;
• serious allergic reaction.

Usually the appearance of such complications is observed almost immediately after vaccination.

Consequences of using DTP and a possible reaction - leg hurts, temperature

Do not panic when your leg hurts after an injection. According to doctors, special treatment in this case is not required. The symptom disappears on its own within 7 days. If the pain bothers you too much, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen, Nimesulide) is allowed.

In addition to painful sensations, there may be the following consequences and reactions when vaccinated with diphtheria tetanus in the form of:

• swelling of the injection site, provoked by local inflammation;
• seals (is the result of the composition entering the subcutaneous tissue and resolves for about a month);
• temperature (it is allowed to take antipyretics).

You should be careful: an increase in temperature after 2 days after the procedure indicates the beginning of the development of a completely different pathology, and vaccination has nothing to do with its appearance.

Sometimes parents after vaccination in a child are faced with:

• febrile convulsions;
• a piercing cry from a child;
• stool disorder;
• itching;
• increased sweating;
• coughing fits;
• headache;
• dermatitis;
• runny nose;
• sleep disorders;
• loss of appetite.

These side effects should not be cause for concern. They are fairly easy to treat.

Contraindications to DTP - absolute and relative

Before you agree to vaccination, you should make sure that there are no contraindications. This is especially true for small children. Parents should learn when vaccination is allowed and when it is forbidden.

Contraindications are:

• absolute;
• relative.

The first includes the presence of:

• history of afebrile seizures;
• progressive diseases of the central nervous system;
• pronounced reactions to the previous DTP vaccination: temperature above 40C in the first 2 days after vaccination, swelling or redness at the injection site more than 8cm.

When the listed conditions are present, DTP will not be administered at all. If one of the absolute contraindications is ignored, the patient faces a serious complication.

In the presence of relative contraindications, vaccination is postponed for a certain period.

Vaccination is given later for those who suffer from:

• acute diseases;
• aggravated chronic diseases.

Vaccination of pregnant women - schedule of vaccinations when carrying a child

If a woman becomes pregnant, live vaccines should not be used, otherwise the child may suffer from an infection. The preparations used for immunization against diphtheria contain only toxoid.

The World Health Organization allows the use of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines during pregnancy. If the last vaccination was delivered 10 years ago or more, a woman in position may well be immunized.

In the event that the course has not been fully completed before, a schedule is drawn up that provides for 3-fold administration of vaccine preparations. This will help ensure that the baby has antibodies during the first months of life.

However, the possible risks of using vaccines during pregnancy should be considered. It is advisable to refrain from immunization until 12 weeks. At the onset of 13 weeks, the vaccine preparation for the baby does not pose a threat.

Pregnant women should be vaccinated without fail if an epidemic is developing in the region where they live.

Ideally, prophylaxis should be given before pregnancy occurs to minimize the risk of harm to the developing fetus.

Diphtheria - historical background, vaccination achievements

Hippocrates was the first to mention such a dangerous disease as diphtheria in his works. He wrote that the disease provokes paresis and paralysis of the muscles of the face, soft palate and hands, not to mention the formation of a grayish-white film with a putrid odor covering the throat, tonsils, nasopharyngeal mucosa and causing suffocation.

During the 17th century, the disease claimed many lives in Europe, and in the 18th century the disease penetrated the American continent.

Diphtheria, as a separate disease, was first isolated in 1826 by the French scientist Pierre Bretonneau and was called "diphtheria". Later, a student of Bretonneau applied to the disease the term used in modern medicine - "diphtheria".

The pathogen was discovered by the German bacteriologist and pathologist Edwin Klebs in 1883. And in 1890, it was possible to detect anatoxin in human blood - a substance that neutralizes the action of diphtheria toxin.

1902 - scientist S. Dzerzhikovsky (Russia) developed the first vaccine against diphtheria, which he tested on his body. After 20 years, the composition began to be used in Europe for the prevention of a formidable disease. Mass production of a single-component drug began in the 50s. DTP is created in 1974.

Mass immunization contributed to a significant decrease in the number of patients, both in Russia and around the world.

Vaccinations used against diphtheria have repeatedly proven their effectiveness, while complications are rare. The key to success is compliance with the vaccine administration technique and proper preparation for the procedure.

To date

graft from

diphtheria is the introduction of not the causative agent of the disease, but its toxin. This diphtheria toxoid causes a specific reaction of the immune system, during which special substances are produced - antitoxins. It is antitoxins that provide subsequent human immunity to diphtheria

infections

History of mass application

vaccines from diphtheria dates back to 1974, when the World Health Organization launched the Expanded Program on Immunization of the Population. Over the past 40 years, in countries where the population was massively vaccinated against diphtheria in childhood, it was possible to reduce the incidence of this infection by 90%. Antitoxins after vaccination remain in the body, and have an effective protective effect for about 10 years.

Diphtheria vaccination

The diphtheria vaccine will help adults and children protect themselves from the dangerous infectious disease that is caused by

Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In the development of infection, the key role is played not by the microorganism itself, but by the toxin secreted by it in the human body. The main manifestation of diphtheria is the formation of dense films that form on the mucous membranes of the throat, nasopharynx or

intestines

These films are not removed, and if they are forcibly torn off, then ulcerative-necrotic lesions of the mucous membrane will open. The course of the infection is extremely severe. If you do not use serum in combination with

antibiotics

That mortality among children reaches 50 - 70% of cases.

Mortality among sick children is especially high, so they are vaccinated against diphtheria from a very young age. In Russia, the diphtheria vaccination is given from the age of three months, and is a complex vaccine - DTP, which is also designed to form immunity to tetanus and whooping cough. If a person was not vaccinated against diphtheria in childhood, then an adult should do this. Adults also need protection from diphtheria, as their susceptibility to infection is no less than that of children, as well as the course of the disease and mortality. To form a full-fledged protection against this disease, it is necessary to deliver several doses of the vaccine in order to accumulate a sufficient amount of antitoxin.

After a full course of vaccinations against diphtheria (three pieces), a person acquires immunity, which has a limited duration. An increase in the duration of the body's immunity to this infection is achieved by introducing additional doses of the vaccine, which are called booster. Such booster doses are administered one year (at 1.5 years) after a full course of three diphtheria vaccinations, then at a younger school age(at 6 - 7 years), after which it is enough to renew your immunity to infection every ten years.

Today, two types of diphtheria vaccines are produced - with and without a preservative (thiomersal). Vaccines with a preservative are usually ampoules in which a certain volume of the drug is poured, sufficient for several doses. Vaccines without a preservative are dispensed into disposable syringes, ready to use, which contain only one dose of the drug. Such drugs have a limited shelf life, and a much lower risk of side effects. Any vaccine against diphtheria should be stored at a certain temperature - from 2 to 4oC, without freezing. If these storage conditions are violated, the vaccine cannot be used.

Today, the diphtheria vaccine is practically not used in isolation. Usually, a diphtheria vaccine is given in combination with tetanus toxoid (Td) and pertussis (DTP).

Tetanus and diphtheria vaccination

The most commonly used combination of toxoids in the complex vaccine (ADS) is tetanus and diphtheria components. ADS is used for children and adults, both for the primary course of vaccinations, and as booster doses necessary to maintain previously formed immunity. Children are usually given a vaccine with a pertussis component (DTP), but if the pertussis component is intolerant, ADS is used. Adults and children over 4 years of age are given only ADS, since whooping cough is no longer dangerous for them, but diphtheria and

tetanus

still require active immunization.

The combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in one vaccine is justified, since both components require a special substance - aluminum hydroxide, on which they are adsorbed. On the other hand, the schemes for administering vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus separately completely coincide, which makes it possible to put these vaccines at the same time. The timing of revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is also the same. In connection with the development of the industry, it became possible to place two components in one preparation, which allows one vaccination to be administered, which will protect against two infections at once. One vaccine preparation against two infections means that the number of injections is exactly halved.

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

against diphtheria and

poliomyelitis

at the same time, only Tetracoc can protect. The composition of Tetrakok includes components against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough. The vaccine is purified, therefore it is minimally reactogenic. In addition, Tetracoc contains an inactivated polio component, which can never cause vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, unlike live oral vaccine(drops in the mouth). To create a full-fledged immunity of the child's body against all four infections - diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and poliomyelitis, a complex of four doses of Tetrakok is required. The drug can be used to vaccinate children, instead of using two vaccines - DTP and against polio (in the form of drops in the mouth).

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

The answer to the question "should I vaccinate against diphtheria?" is a private matter for each individual. To make the right decision, one should discard emotions, and under the influence of an exceptionally cold mind, weigh all the pros and cons.

The diphtheria vaccine protects a person from an infectious disease that has killed thousands of children over the centuries. The death from diphtheria is due to blockage of the respiratory tract of a child or an adult by specific films that form on the mucous membranes during the infection. With the rapid progression of diphtheria, films are formed in large quantities, and clog the airways. In this case, in the absence of emergency assistance, death occurs.

Blockage of the respiratory tract with diphtheria films can occur within a very short period of time - from 15 to 30 minutes, during which it is not always possible to simply get to the hospital. Emergency assistance in such a situation consists in imposing a tracheostomy - a hole is made in the larynx, a tube is inserted into it, through which the person breathes. At this time, diphtheria films are removed, if possible, and sucked off with special devices.

At the end of the 19th century, diphtheria epidemics claimed the lives of about half of those who fell ill. But after the First World War, diphtheria antitoxin was invented - a specially prepared immunobiological preparation, like an antidote, which made it possible to cure up to 90% of the sick. To date, the disease is treated with the use of antitoxin and antibiotics. Antitoxin relieves the manifestations and further progression of the infection, and antibiotics suppress the reproduction of bacteria that cause the disease.

A sick person is also dangerous because he is a source of infection for others. Moreover, such asymptomatic carriage and a rather high contagiousness for others persist even after clinical recovery. The bacterium that causes diphtheria can only live in the human body. Therefore, when the percentage of vaccinated people in the population is high, the infection simply stops circulating - it can be eliminated, as they did with smallpox.

After recovery, immunity may or may not form. It depends on the individual properties of the human immune system. Therefore, the transfer of diphtheria in the form of a full-fledged disease does not at all guarantee a person subsequent immunity to this dangerous infection. But a sequential series of four doses of the vaccine allows you to create immunity to infection, which has been convincingly proven in the example of developed countries, where almost 98% of the population is vaccinated, and diphtheria is a rarity.

The diphtheria vaccine is very well tolerated and almost never causes serious complications. Due to the danger of the infection itself, and the high efficiency and safety of the vaccine, it is believed that it is still worth doing the vaccination.

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

The diphtheria vaccine for an adult can be re-vaccinated if he has not previously been vaccinated. If in childhood a person received a full course of vaccinations against this disease, then adults should give one dose of the vaccine every 10 years to activate and maintain immunity to infection. Such revaccination of adults vaccinated in childhood is carried out at the age of 18 - 27, 28 - 37, 38 - 47, 48 - 57 and over 58 years old, according to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation N 174 of 05/17/1999.

If an adult has not previously been vaccinated against diphtheria, then he must receive three doses of the vaccine to form immunity. The first two are administered with a break of 1 month between them, and the third - a year after the second. Then, 10 years are counted from the third vaccination, after which revaccination is performed with a single dose of the drug.

Adults should be revaccinated against diphtheria, since this infection is dangerous at any age, which makes it necessary to maintain immunity to the disease. Mandatory vaccination is carried out for students, military personnel, construction industry workers, diggers, railway workers, as well as all adults living in a region where the epidemiological situation for diphtheria is not favorable. Adults are vaccinated with ADS-m, AD-m, Imovax or Adyult, which is also a tetanus booster.

Immunization of children

Children are vaccinated against diphtheria with a complex vaccine - DPT, which also contains anti-tetanus and anti-pertussis components. In case of intolerance to the anti-pertussis component in the composition of the DTP vaccine, only tetanus and diphtheria are vaccinated in children with DTP preparations. Vaccination against diphtheria includes the mandatory administration of five doses of the vaccine preparation at the following times:

1. At 3 months.

2. At 4.5 months.

3. At 6 months.

4. At 1.5 years.

5. At 6 - 7 years old.

For the formation of full-fledged immunity to diphtheria, the introduction of three doses of the vaccine is sufficient, with an interval of 30 to 45 days between injections. But the peculiarities of the functioning of the immune system of children lead to the need to maintain this immunity to infection by introducing booster doses at 1.5 years and at 6-7 years. After the last booster dose at the age of 6-7 years, immunity to diphtheria persists for 10 years. Thus, the first revaccination is necessary only at 15-16 years of age. After 16 years of age, revaccination is carried out only once every 10 years, counting from the last vaccination.

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Pregnant women cannot be vaccinated with live vaccines because there is a risk that the baby will be infected. Live vaccines include measles, mumps,

rubella

chickenpox

and from poliomyelitis. As for the diphtheria vaccine, they contain only toxoid. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, can be freely administered to pregnant women for the purpose of immunization against dangerous infections.

Pregnancy

is not a contraindication or an obstacle to revaccination against diphtheria if 10 years have passed since the last vaccination.

If a pregnant woman has not previously been fully vaccinated against diphtheria, the World Health Organization recommends a course of three vaccinations during pregnancy so that the newborn baby has antibodies during the first months of life. Due to the lack of objective data and observations, it is not recommended to administer vaccine preparations only up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, and from the 13th week of vaccination against diphtheria, there is no danger to the fetus.

It is best, of course, to plan a pregnancy, and put all vaccinations in advance. In this case, after immunization against diphtheria, one month must pass before conception so that the drug does not have negative impact on fetal development.

Vaccination Schedule According to the National Immunization Schedule, the following dates for vaccination of children and adolescents against diphtheria have been adopted in Russia:1. 3 months.

2. 4.5 months.

3. Six months (6 months).

4. 1.5 years (18 months).

5. 6 - 7 years old.

6. 16 years.

This vaccination schedule is performed if the child has no contraindications to vaccination. Vaccination at 16 years of age is considered the first revaccination, which should then be carried out once every 10 years. That is, the next vaccination against diphtheria must be given at 26 years old, then at 36, at 46, at 56, at 66, at 76, etc.

If a child aged from one to 7 years has not been vaccinated against diphtheria, then when the possibility of vaccination arises, it is recommended to carry it out according to the following scheme: two doses are administered with a break between them of 2 months, then the third one six months later - a year after the second. Adults who have not previously received the diphtheria vaccine are also vaccinated according to the same scheme. You can start the immunization cycle at any age if the person has no contraindications. In this case, after the last vaccination, immunity against infection persists for 10 years, after which it is necessary to re-immunize by administering a single dose of the drug. All subsequent reimmunizations are carried out 10 years after the last one. Even if more than 10 years have passed since the last vaccination, in order to restore immunity to infection, it is enough to administer only one dose of the drug.

Where is the vaccine injected?

The vaccine must be placed in the muscle, so the vaccine should be administered in the thigh or under the shoulder blade. The choice of injection site is due to the fact that on the thigh and under the shoulder blade the muscle layer comes close to the skin, and the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue is minimal. It is necessary that the drug hit the muscle - then the effect will be maximum, and the severity of reactions is minimal.

Where is the immunization carried out?

The diphtheria vaccine is available in any state polyclinic, in special vaccination centers or departments of hospitals. If a person is expected to develop a severe reaction (for example, an allergy), then it is best to administer the vaccine in a hospital setting. In all other cases, you can get vaccinated at outpatient settings- in a clinic or vaccination center.

In state institutions, drugs are available that are purchased by the state, and they are free for the patient, and in vaccination centers you can get vaccinated with an imported vaccine, which costs significantly more. If you wish, you can buy a certain drug at a pharmacy, and then go to the vaccination room of a polyclinic or vaccination center to medical worker just made an intramuscular injection. If you buy the vaccine yourself at a pharmacy, take care of the proper conditions for transporting and storing the drug in advance.

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

In our country, according to the law of the Russian Federation "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" dated July 17, 1998, articles N 5 and N 11, a person has the right to refuse preventive vaccinations, including diphtheria. However, according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 825 of July 15, 1999 "On approval of the list of works, the implementation of which is associated with a high risk of disease infectious diseases and requires mandatory preventive vaccinations”, diphtheria immunization is mandatory for people working in the following sectors of the economy:

1. Agricultural, hydro-reclamation, construction and other works on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, commercial, geological, prospecting, forwarding, deratization and pest control works in areas that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

2. Works on logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, recreation and recreation areas for the population in areas that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

4. Works on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

5. Works on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.

6. Work related to the care of animals and the maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

7. Work on catching and keeping neglected animals.

8. Works on maintenance of sewer facilities, equipment and networks.

9. Work with patients with infectious diseases.

10. Work with live cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases.

11. Works with human blood and biological fluids.

12. Works in all types and types of educational institutions.

All these people are vaccinated at the expense of the state budget, and for a person it is free.

Despite this order, a person may writing give up preventive vaccination from diphtheria. But in this case, a person may not be allowed to work or study during an epidemic or threat of an outbreak.

After vaccination against diphtheria

After vaccination against diphtheria, local reactions most often develop, that is, various

symptoms

at the injection site. The probability of developing these local reactions increases slightly with the introduction of a vaccine containing anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus components (ADS), compared with a diphtheria-only (AD) drug.

After vaccination against diphtheria, a number of rules should be observed that will help reduce the severity of post-vaccination reactions. Firstly, it is possible to vaccinate only against the background of full health, on an empty stomach and after emptying the intestines. Try to minimize the time spent in the walls of the clinic so as not to catch a cold or SARS.

After the procedure, try to stay at home for several days so that you can lie down in a calm environment. For 2 - 3 days, observe a semi-starvation regimen with abundant consumption of fluids in the form of heat. Do not eat any exotic and unfamiliar foods, avoid salty, spicy, sweet, spicy, etc. Also, you can’t visit a bathhouse, sauna, swimming pool, go hiking, participate in competitions and visit crowded places (cafes, theaters, cinemas, etc.) for 7 days.

Diphtheria vaccination and alcohol. After vaccination against diphtheria, it is necessary to refrain from drinking alcohol for three days.

Is it possible to wash after diphtheria vaccination, and wet the injection site. In general, there are no contraindications to water procedures. However, you should not take too hot a bath with foam or salt, so that irritation does not develop on the skin at the injection site. Also, when washing, do not rub the injection site with a washcloth. The rest of the injection site can be wetted.

Reaction to the vaccine

Vaccine reactions are normal, not pathological. Symptoms of post-vaccination reactions can be unpleasant, but they pass on their own and without a trace, without causing disturbances.

health

person. The diphtheria vaccine belongs to the class of low reactogenic, that is, it very rarely causes the development of reactions. The most common local reactions are at the injection site. There may also be fever, lethargy,

drowsiness

General malaise and slight weakness, which pass within a few days (maximum of a week). Let us consider in more detail the most common reactions to the diphtheria vaccine:

The diphtheria vaccine hurts. Since local inflammation is formed at the injection site of the vaccine, which is always accompanied by pain, such a reaction is quite natural. Soreness will persist as long as there is inflammation. And the inflammation will persist until the entire drug is absorbed - usually it takes up to 7 days. If the pain is too bothersome, you can take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, ibuprofen, imesulide, or regular Analgin).

The diphtheria vaccine is swollen. The swelling of the injection site is also due to the presence of local inflammation, and will persist until all the drug is absorbed into the blood. If the swelling does not hurt or cause discomfort, leave it alone - it will come down within a week.

Lump after vaccination against diphtheria. The formation of a bump is due to the ingress of the vaccine preparation not into the muscle, but into the subcutaneous tissue. In such a situation, the drug forms a depot and is slowly washed out into the blood, which is manifested by the formation of a bump at the injection site. This condition does not require treatment, but the resorption of the formation will have to wait at least a month. During this period of time, carefully observe the hygiene of the injection site so as not to accidentally introduce an infection, since suppuration is possible in this case.

Temperature after vaccination against diphtheria. If the temperature rises immediately or within a day after the injection, then this is a normal reaction of the body. Since the temperature does not help the formation of immunity to diphtheria, it does not make sense to endure it. It can be knocked down with conventional antipyretic drugs based on paracetamol or ibuprofen. If the temperature rises after two or more days, then this is a symptom of a completely different disease, and this condition has nothing to do with vaccination. You should consult a doctor to find out the causes of fever.

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

The diphtheria vaccine is one of the safest in terms of side effects. To date, no cases have been identified

anaphylactic shock

in response to the vaccine. Side effects are expressed in the development of a strong local reaction, which may increase as the number of doses of the drug received increases.

The main side effects of the diphtheria vaccine are:

• diarrhea;
• profuse sweating;
• cough;
• dermatitis;
• runny nose;
• otitis;
• bronchitis and pharyngitis.

These conditions are easily amenable to therapy, and do not cause permanent impairment of human health.
Complications

Complications from diphtheria vaccination are rare. No cases of severe

allergies

or neurological disorders. However, a number of cases of allergy development have been registered when children were vaccinated against diphtheria against the background of

It is these cases that are referred to as complications.

Contraindications

An absolute contraindication to vaccination against diphtheria is only the presence of a severe allergic reaction to the components of the vaccine. In this case, the vaccine can never be delivered at all. Temporarily, the vaccine can not be given against the background of a temperature, in acute period diseases or allergies, and after normalization of the condition, immunization can be carried out fearlessly.

Failure to vaccinate against diphtheria

Everyone has the right to refuse vaccination against diphtheria. Your refusal must be made in writing, and the application must be submitted to the head of the institution (clinic, school, kindergarten, etc.). The declaration of refusal to vaccinate must contain the legal justification for your action, as well as a signature with a transcript and the date. An example sample of writing a diphtheria vaccine refusal is shown below:

Chief Physician of Polyclinic No.

Cities (villages, villages)

From (applicant's full name)

Statement

I, ____________ full name, passport details ______________ refuse to do (specify which specific vaccinations) to my child (name) / myself, date of birth _________, registered at the clinic no. Legal basis - "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens" dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1, articles 32, 33 and 34 and "On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases" dated September 17, 1998 No. 57 - FZ, articles 5 and 11 .

Signature with decryption

ATTENTION! The information posted on our site is a reference or popular and is provided to a wide range of readers for discussion. Purpose medicines should only be carried out by a qualified specialist, based on medical history and diagnostic results.

The national vaccination schedule is constantly undergoing some changes. New vaccinations appear in it, because vaccines for severely treatable diseases are constantly being invented. But the vaccination against diphtheria has remained unchanged in it for many decades, although many doctors have not seen this disease in their practice for a long time.

Do you need to be vaccinated against this disease today? Perhaps the time has come to completely abandon it due to the absence of epidemics? Should you expose your child to the dangers of incorrect or failed vaccinations? Let's find out all the important points about the diphtheria vaccination for children and the pitfalls that can be avoided.

Do I need a diphtheria vaccine?

Accurate medical figures speak of the benefits of vaccination against diphtheria. Every year, each country counts the cases and deaths from complications of this disease. But there is another important component that is difficult to calculate - this is saving parents' time, their money and peace of mind, which they do not waste, since children today almost do not get this disease.

So, let's find out what universal diphtheria vaccination has led to in recent decades.

1. In countries where the population is vaccinated in almost 100% of cases, this disease occurs only in visitors or those people who have not previously been vaccinated in a timely manner.
2. 95% vaccination coverage provides complete protection against diphtheria bacillus.
3. The transferred disease does not guarantee that the child will not become infected with it again.
4. Doctors can fight bacteria, but they have not yet come up with a cure for their toxins, therefore, in our time, one of the most serious complications of diphtheria is death (up to 4% of cases).
5. At a time when vaccinations were only introduced into medicine, about 20% of all diseases in children were diphtheria, and the number of deaths was more than 50% of cases. These numbers are now significantly reduced.
6. The main part of young doctors in our time knows about classical diphtheria only from books. Modern doctors have to work only with those complications of diphtheria that have developed in older people who have been ill.

The need for vaccination against diphtheria is primarily due to the inability to deal with the consequences of the disease. These include heart disease, kidney disease, nervous system accompanied by early and late paralysis. It is possible to cure the disease by completely removing the inflammation of the throat, lowering the body temperature, but it is impossible to remove the weakness of the neck muscles due to paralysis, to return the voice if the nervous system is disturbed.

At what age are diphtheria vaccinations given?

Immediately after birth, the child's body is protected from diphtheria for some time thanks to mother's immune cells. If a woman timely and correctly made all the required vaccinations from infection before pregnancy, the child inherits immune protection, but only for a short time. For only three months, the baby has antibodies.

At what age is the first diphtheria vaccine given? In the absence of contraindications, the first meeting with the vaccine in a child should take place at 3 months. This is the optimal period to protect the baby in a timely manner at the moment when the parent immune defense is weakening. Vaccination takes place in three stages and the interval between vaccinations must be at least a month. According to the new schedule, the vaccine is given at 3 months of age, then at 4 months and then at 5 months. Only in this case it is possible to assert with confidence that the protection will work. The first revaccination of diphtheria is carried out at 18 months. The next one should be at 6 years old, and the third at 14–16. Such a schedule provides 95% protection against infectious disease, but not for a long period.

What to do in case of violation of vaccination schedules? This happens if the child had contraindications to the administration of the drug or the parents refused vaccinations. Children after 7 years of age are vaccinated against diphtheria with a weakened toxoid ADS-M twice with an interval of a month. Further, revaccination follows no earlier than after 9 months, subsequent revaccinations are carried out after 10 years, as in the case of the usual schedule.

Until what age is the diphtheria vaccine given? According to modern recommendations of doctors, immunization is carried out every ten years, without age restrictions. Such changes have affected the national vaccination schedule recently, the last vaccine was previously administered at 66 years of age. In connection with the increase in average life expectancy, the schedules have also changed slightly.

How long does the diphtheria vaccine last? If a full course of vaccination with revaccination is carried out, then the drugs protect against diphtheria for at least 10 years.

Composition and rules for administering the vaccine

All vaccines that include protection against diphtheria contain diphtheria toxoid. These are not live or killed bacteria, but a substance prepared from the main damaging factor of a bacterium - its toxin. The bacteria themselves do not harm an infected person, it is the toxin that leads to all the negative effects. In response to the introduction of the drug, the immune system produces antibodies for a quick, timely response when it encounters an infection.

Can you get diphtheria from a vaccine? - no, because the vaccine does not contain living cells, which, in case of deterioration of the child's immunity, begin to act. These are harmless particles that are unable to infect the baby.

At three months, the child is given a vaccine containing 30 units of diphtheria toxoid. This is in most cases a three-component vaccine with additional protection against whooping cough and tetanus.

There are vaccines against diphtheria, with a lower content of protective cells or two-component ones - ADS, ADS-M (10 units of toxoids in 1 ml). For children and adults allergic to tetanus toxoid and pertussis, there is an AD-M vaccine containing only protection against diphtheria (10 units). Each of the proposed vaccines is administered according to strict indications.

Where is the diphtheria vaccine given? One dose of the drug is only 0.5 ml. For ease of introduction and quick effect it is used in small children intramuscularly in the anteroexternal region of the thigh. Do not inject drugs into the buttock or other muscles. Firstly, with the development of an allergic reaction to the thigh, it is easier to apply a tourniquet. Secondly, this surface is intensively supplied with blood, so the drugs act faster.

Where is the diphtheria vaccine given at 14? Adolescents and adults can do deep subcutaneous injection of the drug in the subscapular region.

Indications and contraindications

The only indication for the introduction of the vaccine is the prevention of severe forms of diphtheria and its consequences.

As for contraindications - there are a few more. Any vaccination is an imbalance in the work of the child's body systems, so many contraindications are associated with a temporary state of immunity.

When is the vaccine not given? When is the diphtheria vaccine contraindicated?

1. A temporary medical exemption until full recovery is received by a child in case of an acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic one. It can be viral, bacterial or any other infection.
2. The introduction of vaccination against diphtheria is contraindicated in the development of allergic reactions.
3. If there are strong post-vaccination complications on the previous vaccination.
4. neurological diseases in active phase are also a ban on the introduction of toxoid, but only until such time as remission or a period without exacerbations occurs.
5. Mild forms of diseases such as rhinitis, redness of the throat are not dangerous and do not require vaccination to be canceled, but if the parents insist, the doctor observes the child and vaccinates when the symptoms completely disappear.

Unlike other vaccinations, immunodeficiency states, oncological diseases and powerful chemotherapy are not a contraindication to diphtheria vaccination.

Is diphtheria vaccination mandatory and can it be waived? If there are no contraindications, it should be done because of the danger of meeting with diphtheria, the consequences of which are sometimes unpredictable. At the same time, the introduction of any vaccine is a voluntary procedure, therefore, written permission is taken from parents before immunization. If the parents refuse, the health workers cannot force them. Although vaccination is mandatory in our country, it is carried out only with the consent of loved ones.

Possible reactions and complications

Single- and double-component vaccines (for diphtheria and tetanus) are very well tolerated and are among the least reactogenic in medicine. But in the first year of life, the baby is almost always vaccinated against diphtheria together with the pertussis component (DTP vaccine), to which children most react. Reactions develop within a few hours or on the first day after vaccination. They proceed relatively favorably and in most cases do not require specific treatment and specialist assistance.

What reactions are possible in children to the diphtheria vaccine?

1. Local reactions in the form of redness and swelling of the thigh.
2. General reaction in the form of weakness, impaired well-being.
3. Possibly fever after diphtheria vaccination. A pronounced reaction is noted if the temperature is more than 38.5 ° C for more than two or three days and does not go away after taking antipyretic drugs.

Vaccine complications include more serious consequences that occur for a long time with deterioration not only general condition, but sometimes with development neurological symptoms. They rarely appear, but they also cause trouble for the child and his parents.

Complications of vaccination against diphtheria can be as follows.

1. Toxic reactions in childhood are a whole range of temporary symptoms, which include: lethargy, partial loss of appetite, when the baby rarely eats and refuses to eat a little or completely, anxiety and sleep disturbance, deterioration in general well-being.
2. Various options nervous lesions: convulsions, a piercing cry of a baby that appears a few hours after vaccination, anxiety and a short-term increase in body temperature.
3. If a bump appears after vaccination against diphtheria, it is possible that this is not a complication, but a violation of the rules of vaccination, when the active substance did not get subcutaneously or intramuscularly, but into the fiber. In this case, such a complication should pass on its own, after a few days or within a week.
4. Side effects in children on the diphtheria vaccine are all variants of allergic reactions: small rash at the injection site or throughout the body, the appearance of Quincke's edema, an asthmatic attack some time after injection, anaphylactic shock.

Diphtheria after vaccination is not the result of a child's reaction to the vaccine. It is an accident. Most often, the disease occurs if an already infected child has been vaccinated or a low-quality drug has been introduced that could not protect the baby from infection.

Complications and side effects of the diphtheria vaccination do not always develop immediately, sometimes they appear on the second or third day and require the appointment of medications to normalize well-being.

How to deal with the effects of the diphtheria vaccine

Reactions and complications, except for special ones, are in most cases predictable, so you can prepare for them. You should start by reading as much information about the upcoming vaccination as possible and talking with your doctor about the possible consequences.

Let's find out what to do if some unwanted symptoms appear.

1. If a sore throat after vaccination against diphtheria is more often not the effect of the vaccine, but the addition of a concomitant infection. If there are no other symptoms, it is enough to rinse the throat with any antiseptic for older children, babies can treat the throat with drugs in the form of sprays.
2. An increase in temperature is already a more serious symptom and more often it manifests itself precisely in the DTP vaccine. In most cases, doctors recommend waiting for a higher temperature - 38.5 ° C to prescribe treatment, but in the case of this vaccine, it is possible to prescribe antipyretic drugs already at a body temperature of 37.5 ° C and even a little less.
3. Diphtheria vaccination or injection site hurts. This is possible, since inflammation occurs at the injection site of the vaccine, which can last up to several days, until the entire drug is absorbed by the body. With severe pain, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.
4. After vaccination against diphtheria, redness and swelling - what to do in this case? A small local reaction (about 25 mm) does not require the use of special tools. But if the inflammation increases and is painful when touched, then it is enough to prescribe anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this case, an examination by a doctor is required.

Rules of conduct before and after vaccination

The main rule is to be in the clinic or near it within 30 minutes after vaccination, so that in the event of a severe complication, the child can be quickly and effectively treated emergency assistance. But it's not the only one important point.

What can and cannot be done after a diphtheria vaccination?

Before any vaccination, including against diphtheria, the child should be examined by a pediatrician to exclude the possibility of administering the vaccine to a sick baby.

Types of diphtheria vaccines

In most cases, the prevention of diphtheria is carried out with multicomponent vaccines. Single-component preparations are administered in case of allergy to other components of the vaccine or when it is necessary to carry out prophylaxis only against this infection.

What vaccines are available to protect against diphtheria?

1. DPT - administered to children under six years of age (protection against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough).
2. ADS-M is a vaccine to protect only against diphtheria and tetanus in children over 6 years of age and adults.
3. AD-M diphtheria toxoid for emergency prevention of the disease.
4. "Pentaksim" helps to develop protection against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio and hemophilic infection.
5. "Infanrix" - contains protective cells against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough. This is an imported analogue of the DTP vaccine.
6. "Infanrix Hexa" - a six-component vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B and polio.

Do I need a diphtheria vaccine or is it better to refuse it? Forced intervention in the work of human immunity by doctors is due to many years of unsuccessful experience in the fight against diphtheria. It is not yet possible to completely defeat and eradicate this disease. You can only reduce the likelihood of contracting diphtheria and prepare the body to meet it with the help of vaccination.

ADS is one of the few vaccines that are administered to a person not only in emergency cases, but also on a planned basis. Vaccination protects the body from acute infectious pathologies, but cannot provide permanent immunity. Antibodies developed in childhood are not able to persist for a long time, so adults have to be periodically vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus. If young children are vaccinated with ADS, then after 6 years, doctors use ADS-M serum, which differs from the first only in the concentration of toxoids. One standard dose of the vaccine contains:

• 5 units tetanus toxoid;
• 5 units diphtheria toxoid;
• auxiliary components (thiomersal, aluminum hydroxide, formaldehyde, etc.).

AT early age put an injection of DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus serum). In order to maintain immunity constantly, adults are vaccinated every 10 years using a preparation without pertussis toxoid. At the same time, if a person was not vaccinated in childhood, it is allowed to administer ADS at any age according to the standard vaccination schedule. Insofar as preventive measure is not mandatory, you can issue a refusal to vaccinate against tetanus, diphtheria. The only exceptions are health workers, teachers, laboratory workers, cooks, etc.

From diphtheria

This disease often affects the upper respiratory tract, resulting in dangerous complications in the oropharynx in 95% of cases, as evidenced by tissue edema and white coating on its surface. Diphtheria is rapidly transmitted by airborne droplets and is difficult to treat. In the worst cases, the pathology affects the nerves, causes inflammation of the heart, kidneys.

Adults are rarely vaccinated with ADS, as a rule, if a prophylactic injection was not given in childhood. Since the child's body absorbs the vaccine more easily, it is recommended that the injection be given before the age of 6 years. As a rule, parents follow the schedule and vaccinate the child at 3, 6, 12, 18 months. If you didn't get the vaccine as a child, you can still get vaccinated as an adult. After the introduction of serum from diphtheria, immunity to the disease is formed. In this case, a dead vaccine (anatoxin) is used, which starts the process of creating protective active substances.

Against tetanus

Since this pathology is extremely difficult to treat, vaccination is considered the best method to combat it. When is the tetanus shot given? From the age of 17, vaccination against the disease is carried out every 10 years. Previously, ADS was no longer administered at the age of 66, now the age limit has been removed, which is associated with an increase in life expectancy and the wide spread of the disease. If the immunization schedule is violated or an emergency occurs, they may receive an emergency tetanus shot. The basis for this is:

• the presence of long non-healing wounds, purulent abscesses on the skin;
• the appearance of wounds on the skin or mucous membrane as a result of frostbite, trauma, severe burns;
• animal bite;
• upcoming operation (if you have not been vaccinated with DTP before).

Revaccination of ADS for children

If DTP replaces DTP, then it is administered in two doses with an interval of 45 days, while revaccination is carried out once a year later. Subsequent vaccinations are given at 7 and 14 years of age. For children who have had whooping cough, the ADS vaccine is administered at any age and every 10 years they support immunity by repeating the procedure. If the child was vaccinated once with DTP, and the medicine caused an allergy or provoked adverse reactions, then it is changed to an analogue. It is created without a pertussis component (ADS is administered a month after DPT). Revaccination is carried out after 9-12 months.

Where is the vaccine given?

According to the instructions for the ADS preparation, children are vaccinated by injecting the vaccine into the muscle of the thigh or subscapularis. For adult patients, the injection is given subcutaneously (in these areas, the skin thickness is small). By injecting serum ADS into muscle tissues, the doctor reduces the risk of negative consequences and side effects. It is recommended to do a prophylactic procedure in the morning on an empty stomach, so immunization will be as quick and easy for the body as possible.

Indications and contraindications

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is done for almost all people, contraindications to immunization are insignificant. If a child / adult has intolerance to the components of the serum or hypersensitivity to them, the procedure is canceled. The tetanus shot and alcohol are incompatible, which the patient is warned about in advance. In the case of drinking such drinks 1-3 days before immunization, it is delayed. In addition, a doctor may tolerate the Td vaccine if:

Effects

Any reaction of the body to the ADS vaccination should not be considered a deviation. When immunity to diseases is formed, unpleasant symptoms only indicate this and disappear 1-3 days after vaccination on their own. Many children complain that the tetanus shot hurts - this is also a natural reaction. Local compaction and redness in the area of ​​​​vaccination should not frighten parents. These symptoms disappear after 3-4 days.

Normal reaction in adults

Diphtheria vaccination for children and adults can cause certain side effects, but complications after vaccination are extremely rare. Their appearance indicates the beginning of the formation of immunity and individual reaction organism. The vaccine does not have a negative effect on human health, but it can cause temporary symptoms such as:

• drowsiness / lethargy;
• temperature increase;
• redness / swelling / hardening of the injection site;
• loss of appetite;
• general malaise;
• indigestion, vomiting.

How does the diphtheria vaccine affect the body?

During the first days after the injection, temporary general and local reactions may occur. After 1-3 days, such symptoms disappear, they do not require treatment and do not pose a threat to human health. These include:

• increased irritability / aggressiveness;
• soreness at the injection site, next to the lymph nodes under the armpits;
• decreased immunity;
• prostration.

Complications

With the exception of isolated cases, ADS vaccination does not affect human health in any way. Complications are recorded extremely rarely, if they appear, you should immediately consult a doctor. The cause for concern should be pathological conditions after vaccination:

• seal / red spot at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more;
• encephalopathy (impaired consciousness, convulsions);
• rhinitis;
• dermatitis;
• pharyngitis;
• otitis.

Is it possible to wet the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine

With this type of immunization, doctors advise not to wet the injection site, but patients are not forbidden to wash. The main thing is not to rub the injection area with a washcloth to avoid infection of the wound with an infection. Bathing after vaccination should be done carefully and only under running water. It is forbidden to visit saunas, pools, baths and take baths with oils or salt. Such procedures cause skin irritation and increase the risk of infection.

Video

The information presented on the site is for informational purposes only. The materials of the site do not call for self-treatment. Only qualified doctor can diagnose and recommend treatment based on individual features specific patient.

Diphtheria vaccination - types of vaccines, order of administration, reactions and side effects

Diphtheria vaccination

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

Immunization of children

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Vaccination Schedule

3. Six months (6 months).

4. 1.5 years (18 months).

Where is the vaccine injected?

Where is the immunization carried out?

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

1. Agricultural, irrigation and drainage, construction and other works on excavation and movement of soil, harvesting, fishing, geological, surveying, forwarding, deratization and pest control in areas that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

2. Works on logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, recreation and recreation areas for the population in areas that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

4. Works on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

5. Works on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.

6. Work related to the care of animals and the maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

7. Work on catching and keeping neglected animals.

8. Works on maintenance of sewer structures, equipment and networks.

9. Work with patients with infectious diseases.

10. Work with live cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases.

11. Work with human blood and biological fluids.

12. Works in all types and types of educational institutions.

After vaccination against diphtheria

Reaction to the vaccine

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

These conditions are easily amenable to therapy, and do not cause permanent impairment of human health.

Complications

Contraindications

Failure to vaccinate against diphtheria

Cities (villages, villages)

From (applicant's full name)

I, ____________ full name, passport details ______________ refuse to do (specify which specific vaccinations) to my child (name) / myself, date of birth _________, registered at the clinic no. Legal basis - "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens" dated July 22, 1993 No., articles 32, 33 and 34 and "On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases" dated September 17, 1998 No. 57 - FZ, articles 5 and 11.

Write who knows the information about various vaccinations (measles, tetanus and others) and whether they should be done at all. in the vaccination room. workers insist on them, because they get bonuses and plans from this!

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ADP vaccine - vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

The DTP vaccination is one of the main ones in the national vaccination calendar. But what if the child has serious complications from this vaccine? What to enter if the baby already had whooping cough and received lifelong immunity. Is it worth exposing his body to additional danger?

Below we will talk about an alternative option for DPT vaccination specifically for these groups of children. ADS - what is this vaccine? What contraindications and indications does it have, does it cause complications and adverse reactions? When and where to do this vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What is ADS vaccination

Deciphering the ADS vaccination - diphtheria-tetanus adsorbed. This vaccine provides protection against two diseases - diphtheria and whooping cough. It is indicated for the following groups of patients:

• children with whooping cough;
• children from three years old;
• adult vaccination;
• persons who have serious negative effects after the introduction of DTP.

If the child had a pronounced reaction to the DTP vaccine, then most likely it arose for whooping cough antigens.

The composition of the ADS vaccine includes the following components:

Accordingly, this vaccine protects against tetanus and diphtheria.

The manufacturer of ADS vaccination is the Russian company Microgen. The vaccine has no identical analogues. But it can be considered as such ADS-M, a more weakened vaccine with the same composition.

Instructions for vaccination

The ADS vaccination schedule in accordance with the national calendar, depending on the situation, is carried out in different ways. If DTP is a replacement for DTP, then it is administered twice with an interval of 45 days. In this case, revaccination is carried out once a year. The next introduction of ADS is carried out at 6-7, and then at 14 years.

For children who have had whooping cough, the DTP vaccine is administered at any age instead of DTP.

Adults can be given either ADS or ADS-M. To maintain permanent immunity, the vaccine is given every 10 years.

If the child was given a single injection of DPT, which provoked serious side effects (encephalopathy, convulsions), then the next ATP is administered once with an interval of 30 days. Revaccination is carried out after 9-12 months.

Only revaccination of DTP is possible after one to one and a half years, if the previous 3 vaccinations were made using DTP.

Vaccination with ADS in adults is done if injections were previously missed. In other cases, ADS-M is introduced. Medical workers, teachers, sellers and other persons in contact with food, kindergarten teachers are subject to mandatory vaccination.

Pregnant women should not be vaccinated with ADS. If a woman wants to be vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria, then this is allowed 45-60 days before pregnancy is planned.

Where is the vaccine given? The instructions for the ADS vaccine say that it is administered intramuscularly. The buttock and upper outer thigh area are recommended. Large muscles are more suitable for injection. For adults and children over 7 years of age, the introduction of ADS into the subscapular region subcutaneously is allowed.

Mixing the drug and administering at the same time is possible only with polio vaccine.

Contraindications

The diphtheria and tetanus vaccine has the following contraindications.

1. Individual intolerance. It also includes the occurrence of allergies during previous injections of the drug.
2. The vaccine is contraindicated in patients with cancer who are undergoing immune suppression and radiation therapy. As well as those suffering from epilepsy or seizures.
3. A contraindication for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is an acute illness, such as a cold, or an exacerbation of a chronic illness.
4. If a person suffers from tuberculosis, hepatitis or meningitis, then vaccination with ADS can be carried out only a year after the cure.
5. With the vaccine, you need to wait 2 months if you did another vaccine. This may increase the risk of side effects.

How to prepare for vaccination

The risk of severe complications from whooping cough after DTP is significantly higher than from DTP vaccination, which does not have this component. Therefore, the decision on which vaccine to put for vaccination of children who have not recovered should be made only by a doctor. Severe consequences of ADS vaccination occur in less than 0.3% of cases. While almost half of the patients die from tetanus.

To minimize the risk of possible complications, the child should be examined by a pediatrician before vaccination and on the day of administration. The temperature is being measured. It is advisable to donate blood and urine for a general analysis in advance. If there are problems on the part of neurology, you should definitely see a narrow specialist. Together with him, weigh the pros and cons, if necessary, get a withdrawal from vaccination.

But still, the decision on whether to vaccinate ADS or not is made by the parents. But one should not cancel the vaccination, just because it is fashionable. The reason "I'm afraid" doesn't work either. The consequences of diphtheria and tetanus are much worse. There must be real contraindications for the medical tap, justified clinically and laboratory.

Reaction to ADS vaccination

The absence of the pertussis component greatly improves the tolerability of ADS vaccination, since it has the highest reactogenicity (the body's reaction to foreign agents).

Statistics show that side effects after this vaccination are much less common than after DTP. But they still exist.

The most common, as with most vaccinations, are local reactions. The child may be disturbed by redness, swelling, induration, pain at the injection site. They go away on their own within 2-3 days. As a rule, no assistance is required. But if the seal greatly worries the child, then it is recommended to make warm lotions so that it resolves faster. Pain at the injection site can be relieved with half the dose of an antipyretic drug. In this case, it will act as a pain reliever. Physical activity and light massage will also help the infiltrate to disappear sooner.

Another possible reaction to ADS vaccination is fever. This is the second most common complication. It usually occurs on the day of the injection. It can take up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 ° C, it is not worth lowering it. And if it is higher - you can give a single dose of antipyretic, drink plenty of water. The temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.

Most often, such reactions occur in infants. The ADS vaccine at 6 years of age is well tolerated. There are practically no side effects at this age.

In rare cases, severe complications after ADS vaccination were observed, such as convulsions, encephalopathy, neurological disorders in the form of prolonged continuous crying, collapse and loss of consciousness. If you suspect these conditions, you should urgently call an ambulance.

An allergic reaction cannot be ruled out. It can occur both in the form of a rash, and anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema. These side effects occur in the first minutes after the injection, so it is not recommended to leave the clinic for about 20-30 minutes.

What to vaccinate if serious complications arise after vaccination with ADS? In this case, ADS-M is recommended.

What to do after ADS vaccination

Can I bathe after a diphtheria and tetanus shot? Even considering that adverse reactions are rare, it is not recommended to wet the vaccine during the day. Visiting baths and saunas, taking hot baths is undesirable, as they can reduce immunity.

How to behave after the introduction of ADS? A gentle regimen is recommended. It is advisable not to swim, not to walk and not to overeat. Babies are shown frequent breastfeeding. Hypothermia and drafts are also dangerous, they can reduce immunity, and if a cold occurs, the risk of adverse reactions increases several times.

Let's summarize. ADS is a vaccine that creates immunity in the human body against tetanus and diphtheria. It contains only toxoids of pathogens. But it is they who cause the clinic and the terrible consequences of these diseases. The introduction of this vaccine is justified if the child had whooping cough or had a strong reaction to previous injections of DTP. It is also administered for revaccination to children after three years, since whooping cough is already excluded in them. Adults are less likely to get the vaccine. Preference is given to ADS-M.

The adsorbed tetanus and diphtheria vaccine is better tolerated than analogues with a pertussis component. Complications are typical reactions for most vaccinations: local redness, soreness, fever. Vaccination does not pose a great danger and is recommended to all persons with indications.

Is it possible for a 7-year-old child to go to the pool on the third day after ADS vaccination? Slight swelling and redness at the injection site.

My child is 7 years old. after getting used to ADS, a temperature appeared every 5-6 hours, I reduce it with an antipyretic. I still have to do something. How can I carry on?

Ainura, you need to immediately go to the doctor urgently, so that he will tell you what to do and direct you where you need to go.

Daughters 7.5. Before school, collecting all the documents, the nurse in the kindergarten pointed out that her daughter did not have this particular ADS vaccination ... They came, they did it.

Daughters 7.5. Before school, collecting all the documents, the nurse in the kindergarten pointed out that her daughter did not have this particular ADS vaccination ... They came, they did it. Day - everything is in order, no change, by the evening complaints of pain in the leg. Difficult to lift, step on, difficult to bend. The next day - they left her at home, although she is an athlete - in the camp. All day lying down (difficult to walk, difficult to stand, difficult to bend at the knee). We started doing compresses on the recommendation of a nurse. Kdochka felt better - she asked to go for a walk - slowly, swing and without the usual sports movement. After 10 minutes, my daughter asked to go home, as she was cold. Although it was warm outside, as a mother, I realized that it was not so simple. At home, we measured the temp-ru, it was normal. While putting my daughter to bed, I, my mother, noticed that my daughter was too hot ... The thermometer showed 38.2. Paracetamol was immediately given and my sun was already asleep. Sorry for the long story, the question is - is this a normal reaction to the vaccine or should I see a doctor?

On the second day after the adsm vaccine, the temperature is 37.5-38.5, snot, sneezes. Is this normal and when will it all go away? Waiting for an answer.

Lily, the article says about this: “The temperature occurs, as a rule, on the day of the injection. It can take up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 ° C, it is not worth lowering it. And if it is higher - you can give a single dose of antipyretic, drink plenty of water. The temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.

I did the last time at 31, I almost died after it, 2 weeks of fever, swollen shoulder blade. Never hurt so much. I will not do more.

Good afternoon! I am a health worker and I was required to get vaccinated with ADS. The reaction began in 5-7 minutes, a strong heartbeat, dizziness, it was difficult to breathe, then convulsions began. The result was taken away in an ambulance, here's a harmless vaccination for you!

"Menactra" - a vaccine for the prevention of meningococcal infections

Diphtheria vaccination: features, contraindications, side effects

Being a protection against a dangerous infection, the diphtheria vaccine is given to children as early as infancy. The toxin of the microorganism Corynebacterium diphtheriae provokes the disease. The course of the disease is quite severe: dense films form on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, throat and intestines, under which ulcers and tissue necrosis are found.

If serum is not administered on time, mortality is 70 cases out of 100. Therefore, diphtheria vaccination is given to children from the age of three months in the form of a complex vaccine - DTP, which is also protection against tetanus and whooping cough. In an isolated form, diphtheria vaccination is rarely used today.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Most often, children are vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus at the same time - it is a combination of toxoids and is called ADS. There is also a vaccine with a pertussis component (DTP vaccination), but not all children tolerate it. Why is an injection given for two diseases at once? There are quite good reasons for this:

• both components (anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus) require the same active substance - aluminum hydroxide;
• schedules for the introduction of vaccinations, schemes, timing of vaccination against these diseases (if taken separately) are the same, which allows you to put these vaccines at the same time;
• the current level of industrial development allows you to put these two components in one drug, which means that the number of injections for babies is halved.

In any case, it is convenient for doctors, parents, and children themselves that one vaccination provides protection against two of the most dangerous infections at once. Accordingly, the reaction of a small organism to vaccination, its side effects can be experienced only 1 time instead of 2.

Features of vaccination

Doctors should inform parents in advance when the diphtheria vaccination is given and how to prepare for the upcoming vaccination. It is carried out in accordance with the generally accepted vaccination calendar:

The full susceptibility of the body to diphtheria is formed after the introduction of three doses of the vaccine (they are given at intervals of 30–40 days). But to maintain the immune system, children are given two more auxiliary vaccinations against diphtheria, which allow them to maintain immunity to infection for 10 years. So revaccination after that will be necessary only at 16-17 years.

The second question that always worries parents before this procedure is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. This requires a muscle, so it is recommended to inject under the shoulder blade or in the thigh, where the thickness of the skin is not great, which means that the vaccine will reach its final goal faster.

Despite the usefulness and maximum effectiveness of this vaccination, and also due to the availability of information on how the diphtheria vaccine is given, many parents hesitate to give consent to such a procedure. Why is the number of refusals from it every year not decreasing, but growing?

Pros and cons

Before vaccination, parents are interested in whether the diphtheria vaccination is mandatory and whether it can be waived. On the one hand, you can write a refusal, and then the injection will not be given to the child. But at the same time, doctors should explain in detail to parents what this can lead to. You need to keep in mind what advantages the diphtheria vaccine has:

• the risk of infection is minimal;
• even if the child falls ill with diphtheria, but is vaccinated against it, the course of the disease will be rapid, the form will be mild, recovery will not be long in coming;
• when your child grows up, he may not be hired due to the lack of information about this vaccination in his medical record.

Moreover, the list of works for which diphtheria vaccination is required is quite impressive:

• agricultural;
• construction;
• hydroreclamation;
• procurement;
• geological;
• commercial;
• survey;
• forwarding;
• animal care;
• maintenance of sewer facilities;
• the medicine;
• education.

So if you want to see your baby in the future as a doctor or teacher, it is better to immediately agree to vaccination, otherwise many doors will simply close in front of him. Why, then, is the diphtheria vaccine so frightening for parents that they refuse the saving and so useful injection? Perhaps they are afraid of the list of complications that may arise after it. However, they develop only if some contraindications have not been observed, the presence of which is detected in children before they are given the vaccine.

Contraindications

One of the most important advantages of diphtheria vaccination is the minimum of contraindications. Vaccination is not carried out at all if the child has an individual intolerance to the components of the administered drug. In other cases, vaccination can only be postponed:

• in the acute course of any disease;
• if there is a high temperature;
• if you are taking strong drugs;
• the presence of eczema;
• if the child has diathesis.

If individual intolerance or these factors were not detected in time, only in this case can any side effects be expected after vaccination against diphtheria. In all other cases, the reaction to this vaccination does not go beyond the norm.

Reaction to vaccination

Parents should know what kind of reaction their child should have to a diphtheria vaccine so as not to worry in vain. Despite the fact that the symptoms of this post-vaccination reaction can be unpleasant, they pass quickly and without a trace, without affecting the health of the child. These most often include:

• local reaction: redness of the skin;
• lethargy;
• general malaise;
• drowsiness;
• if the diphtheria vaccine hurts, there is no need to be afraid of it: inflammation forms at the injection site, which can be accompanied by pain, so such a reaction is natural for a whole week after vaccination;
• a slight swelling at the injection site can also last for a week, until the drug is completely absorbed into the blood;
• the formation of a bump is a consequence of the fact that the vaccine preparation did not get into the muscle, but into the fiber under the skin: there is nothing wrong with this, but this neoplasm will resolve for a long time - for a month;
• if within two days after vaccination the child has a fever, it can be brought down with antipyretics; usually it does not last too long and is not extremely high.

In order for the reactions after the injection to be completely normal, you need to know a few basic points for caring for the puncture site. For example, many are interested in how long it is necessary not to wash after vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, although there are no contraindications to water procedures after this vaccination. You just don’t need to bathe your child in a too hot bath with foam, and even more so with salt, so as not to irritate the skin at the injection site. It is also better not to use a washcloth during the week. Otherwise, there are no restrictions, so parents should not be afraid to give consent to vaccination against diphtheria. Moreover, complications after it are extremely rare.

Complications

All the consequences of vaccination against diphtheria can hardly be called complications, since, firstly, they are very rare, and secondly, they do not cause significant harm to the health of the child. These include:

All these diseases are treated in a short time. As side effects after vaccination against diphtheria, they are extremely rare. Moreover, the motives of those parents who refuse this vaccination are not clear. Neither anaphylactic shock nor deaths were observed after injection of ADS. At the same time, the effectiveness and benefits of vaccination have been repeatedly confirmed in practice. So, before making such a responsible decision, parents should definitely talk to a pediatrician, find out all the advantages and disadvantages of an anti-diphtheria injection and draw the right conclusions. After all, the health and future life of the baby will depend on them.

There are a number of conclusions about the dangers of washing cosmetics. Unfortunately, not all new mothers listen to them. 97% of shampoos use the hazardous substance Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) or its equivalents. Many articles have been written about the impact of this chemistry on the health of both children and adults. At the request of our readers, we tested the most popular brands.

The results were disappointing - the most advertised companies showed the presence of those very dangerous components in the composition. In order not to violate the legal rights of manufacturers, we cannot name specific brands. Mulsan Cosmetic, the only company that passed all the tests, successfully received 10 points out of 10 (read). Each product is made from natural ingredients, completely safe and hypoallergenic.

If you doubt the naturalness of your cosmetics, check the expiration date, it should not exceed 10 months. Approach carefully to the choice of cosmetics, it is important for you and your child.

Any copying is prohibited without the permission of the administration.

Diphtheria tetanus vaccination at 7 years old consequences

When and how is the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine given?

A newborn in his first year of life receives a large number of vaccinations against various diseases. The tetanus and diphtheria vaccination is included in the mandatory list of vaccines administered to a child of this age.

Diphtheria is an infectious disease that is very difficult and transmitted by airborne droplets. This disease is characterized by severe tonsillitis with enlarged tonsils. With the further development of the disease, difficulty breathing and, as a result, suffocation may appear. In addition, in the absence of proper treatment and vaccination, complications are not uncommon, expressed in damage to other body systems, such as the liver, heart and kidneys, as a result of severe intoxication.

Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by tetanus bacillus, which is very widespread in the environment. It enters the body through an open wound, but is active only in the absence of oxygen, that is, the wound must be closed. Once in the blood, the stick has a destructive effect on the nervous system, as a result of which the infected feel stiffness and pain in the muscles and tissues, after which convulsions and suffocation appear.

Any of the above infections is extremely dangerous, as it can lead to disability or death for a child.

Tetanus and diphtheria vaccination

The only panacea for the above problems is vaccination. Its essence lies in the fact that the child is introduced into the body by intramuscular injection a weakened form of the toxin, as a result of which the production of immunobodies to this toxin begins.

There are several types of vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus:

1. DTP is a complex type of vaccine, which includes weakened toxins of diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. DTP vaccines include Infanrix, Tetracoccus and Tritanrix (which also contains toxins that cause hepatitis B in the complex). This type of inoculation material contains cells of killed carriers of bacteria.
2. ADS is a tetanus and diphtheria vaccine that excludes the pertussis component. It is done in the case when the whooping cough vaccine is contraindicated for medical reasons (for example, the presence of chronic diseases) or the child has already had whooping cough, as a result of which DTP vaccination is not possible.
3. ADSM is a type of DTP, but ADSM contains substances that promote immunity only against diphtheria and tetanus. This vaccine is intended for children with individual intolerance to DTP and ATP, older than 4 years, as well as adults for whom revaccination is mandatory every 10 years.
4. AC-M - this is the name of a monovaccine containing toxins, with the help of which immunity is produced only to diphtheria. Most often it is given to children after 6 years of age as a booster vaccination.
5. AS is another type of monovaccine, only in this case it is a tetanus shot.

It should be noted that the above monovaccines are used only in extreme cases, when, for medical reasons, it is not possible to deliver DTP, which is still the most effective vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus.

In general, it is the whooping cough vaccine, that is, the pertussis component, that gives side effects of varying intensity.

Vaccination algorithm

In total, children are vaccinated against diphtheria 5 times. The medical worker warns parents in advance about the upcoming vaccination so that the latter can evaluate all the advantages and disadvantages of a particular type of vaccine.

The child receives a vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus at 3 months, 4.5 and 6 months, respectively, according to the vaccination calendar, except in cases where vaccination is delayed or impossible at all for medical reasons. This is followed by revaccination at 1.5 years, at 7 years, after which AD and AS are vaccinated at intervals of 10 years.

Vaccination is carried out strictly in a medical institution. The injection is administered intramuscularly. Where are they vaccinated? As a rule, this question worries many parents. The injection is usually done in the thigh area or under the shoulder blade.

After vaccination, public places should be avoided in order to avoid infecting the child with other viruses and bacteria due to immunity temporarily weakened by the injected toxins.

Contraindications for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

There are a number of objective reasons when vaccinations in general, vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria in particular, are undesirable and even contraindicated, as they can lead to very sad consequences and cause complications:

• recently transferred acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections and other acute diseases, after which it is recommended to wait about 4 weeks before vaccination;
• period of pregnancy;
• a tendency to allergic reactions, in which you should also wait about 4 weeks after the exacerbation;
• severe conditions of the immune system, such as HIV;
• a pathological condition of the nervous system, in which vaccination is allowed only after consulting a neurologist and during the period of the absence of disease progression;
• individual intolerance to the components of the vaccine.

Side effects of vaccination

In general, mild side effects are possible as a variant of the immune response to the administered drug. And this can be considered a positive sign. So, the process of formation of immunity is on the right track. However, with modern vaccines, the risk of complications is minimized, so do not worry if there are no side effects.

A mild form of the consequences of vaccination is usually expressed as follows:

• a slight redness and swelling appears at the injection site, but it should be no more than 8 cm in diameter;
• temporary neurological changes - effects of increased slowness or agitation;
• headaches;
• nausea and sometimes vomiting; young children may spit up frequently;
• fever body.

The above symptoms should be carefully monitored, they must be reported to the doctor, who will make a corresponding note in the patient's card.

More serious side effects of DTP vaccination are also possible, such as, for example, damage to the nervous system and brain, expressed in clouding of consciousness and even convulsions. The presence of such reactions is a complete contraindication to further vaccination.

In the end, the decision to conduct or refuse vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is still taken by the parents of the child, and the responsibility for the results of this decision lies largely on their shoulders. However, one should remember not only about possible complications, but also about much more terrible consequences. possible infection small body severe infections.

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccination

Tetanus and diphtheria vaccinations are mandatory in almost all countries. The first time it is done to infants, then at school, but adults should not forget about the danger of these diseases.

Diphthyria and tetanus vaccine

Are these vaccinations needed today?

Tetanus and diphtheria are among the most serious diseases. Today, even with timely treatment, the mortality rate from diphtheria in children under 12 reaches 10%. For tetanus, these numbers are even higher - about 50% in developed fear. The only worse indicators are rabies, for which there is still no cure. There is no natural protection against these diseases, even people who have had them are not immune from re-infection.

Today, after decades of mandatory mass vaccinations, these diseases have become rare enough that many do not take them seriously. But if we turn to the statistics of the beginning of the century, we can understand how serious they are: about 10% of all children under the age of 10 had diphtheria. Half of them died. That is, 5% of all children born died from diphtheria. Tetanus was less common, but it was a definite verdict.

Despite the growing number of people who refuse to be vaccinated, society still retains the so-called herd immunity, when a large number of people immune to this disease do not allow epidemics to develop.

But due to a false sense of security, many people refuse vaccinations, believing that their chances of getting infected are extremely low. The probability is really not great, but not zero either.

For example, in Europe in the 60s, after several decades of mass vaccinations, a similar situation developed. The sharp decline in the number of cases of diphtheria has given rise to a negligent attitude towards vaccinations among the population. The result is an outbreak of diphtheria. Since then, the vaccine has remained mandatory despite the low number of cases.

What is a vaccine?

Vaccination against these diseases is most often done in a complex way - with one vaccine, which contains two or more components: from diphtheria, tetanus, and serum from whooping cough, polio and other diseases can also be added to them.

Children under 5 years of age are vaccinated with DTP against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. For older children and adults, the antipertussis component is not included. But it is this vaccine that most often causes complaints from parents and complaints about a large number of complications. We will return to complications later, but we should deal with portability.

Doctor vaccinates a boy

Neither tetanus nor diphtheria bacilli are contained in vaccines. By themselves, these bacteria are practically not dangerous to the body. The threat is the toxin that they produce in the process of life. It is this toxin, but purified and safe, that is contained in the vaccine. After its introduction into the body, the immune system reacts like any foreign component: recognize, remember, develop antibodies. After a course of vaccination, a strong immunity to these toxins is formed in the body, and even if the bacteria enter the body, the disease will either not start at all, or will proceed in a mild form and without dangerous consequences.

But antipertussis serum contains live, albeit immobilized and weakened bacteria. It is because of this that most often DTP and vaccines similar to it give adverse reactions.

What can you do to keep your child safe? Not vaccinating at all is not an option. All of these diseases are extremely severe and potentially fatal. Option two:

• Correctly prepare the child for vaccination and minimize the theoretically possible risks of the consequences. By the way, they are not so high - about 30% of children give a reaction to the vaccine.
• For a fee, purchase imported vaccines-analogues that do not contain live pertussis cultures.

Which option to choose is up to you. Both have the right to life.

In some cases, children under 5 years of age are given a lightweight Td vaccine, but then they may be left without protection against whooping cough.

Is the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine dangerous?

DTP is the most popular tetanus and diphtheria vaccine in Russia. It is distributed free of charge, so most often children and adults are vaccinated with this particular drug or related to it (for example, ADS). This vaccine is domestically produced, which in itself confuses many. An even greater effect is created by a large number of negative reviews from parents. They note numerous adverse reactions, taking them for true complications.

In reality, things are a little different. Temperature, redness, tightness at the injection site, anxiety - this is a normal, natural reaction of the body. And it testifies that the immune system has recognized the introduced substances and fights with them.

Example: if there is no local reaction after the administration of the tularemia vaccine, the vaccination is repeated. In this case, redness and inflammation are an indicator of the formation of immunity.

In the case of these sera, the absence of a reaction does not need to be repeated. Approximately 70% of children have no adverse reactions or they are so minor that they do not attract the attention of parents.

Another factor that increases the number of negative reviews about the vaccine: they are scheduled from 3 to 6 months. It is at this time that the validity of maternal antibodies to various microorganisms ends, and the child's sensitivity to pathogenic viruses and bacteria increases. And the probability of meeting them in the clinic is much higher than during a regular walk. At the same time, teeth begin to erupt, causing anxiety, fever and a host of other manifestations.

Thus, often adverse reactions, unpleasant symptoms and diseases after the introduction of the vaccine are not a consequence, but a coincidence.

How to reduce the chance of side effects?

In order for the vaccine to give fewer unpleasant symptoms, doctors recommend planning your actions correctly before and after:

• The day before vaccination, reduce the amount of food: reduce the amount and concentration of the milk mixture, reduce the time of feeding. You should also eat less on the day of vaccination and the day after it.
• If possible, increase the amount of fluid consumed.
• According to WHO methods, contraindications to vaccination are quite few. A mild cold, diathesis, runny nose are not among them. But if the child showed anxiety on the eve of vaccination, it is better to postpone it for a few days.
• The day before vaccination and the day before, you can give antihistamine at the standard dosage.
• If possible, you should go to the clinic with someone else. A long wait in hot stuffy corridors may not have the best effect on the child's condition. Therefore, while one person is waiting in line, the second person with the child is walking on the street nearby.
• After vaccination, you can prophylactically give an antipyretic. The standard recommendation - do not bring down the temperature below 38.5 degrees - does not apply to this case. For the formation of immunity, an increase in temperature does not matter, so if it reaches 37.5 degrees, you can use an antipyretic.

Absolute contraindications include only allergic reactions to the components of the drug, as well as primary and secondary immunodeficiency.

If the next scheduled vaccine was difficult to tolerate, it is better to replace the next one with sera without live pertussis cultures.

Normal side effects after vaccination

Considering that the standard DPT vaccine causes side effects in 30 cases out of 100, you should know what they can look like and how to distinguish a normal reaction from a complication:

• Temperature increase. It can increase only on the first day after the vaccine. Otherwise, it is more likely to be caused by an infection unrelated to the vaccine. This temperature lasts no more than 2-3 days and rarely reaches 38.5 degrees.
• local reaction. Pain, redness and swelling no more than 8 centimeters, compaction no more than 4-5 centimeters in the place where the vaccine was introduced. The formation of a bump is possible.
• Anxiety, agitation, crying or drowsiness, lethargy, apathy.
• Indigestion: diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea.

What are the possible complications?

Once again, it must be repeated: the vaccine against these two diseases itself is easily tolerated. Problems often appear due to the whooping cough component. Therefore, adults have nothing to worry about: after 5 years, it is excluded from the vaccine. But even with the use of standard DTP, the likelihood of complications is not too high:

• The temperature is above 39 degrees - 1%.
• Prolonged continuous crying for more than 3 hours - 0.5%.
• Afibrile seizures (not associated with fever) - 0.05%.
• Persistent neuralgic disorders - 0.00001%.
• Impaired renal function - 2 cases described in the literature.
• Anaphylactic shock - the probability is about 0.000001%.

Possible complication after vaccination - prolonged crying

Thus, the likelihood of encountering the listed complications is quite low. It should be noted that with the appearance of diseases against which the vaccine is directed, the chances of encountering these and many other complications are many times higher.

Of course, the absence of immunity does not guarantee infection. But is it worth the risk - everyone must decide for himself.

When should you not get vaccinated?

All contraindications can be divided into 2 large groups: relative and absolute. In the first case, the vaccination is postponed, in the second - they replace it with another one or refuse altogether.

Relative contraindications: fever, any acute illness, weight below 2.5 kg in newborns, a recent course of immunosuppressive therapy.

Absolute contraindications: immunodeficiency of any type, severe allergic reactions to vaccine components.

Since the pertussis component of the vaccine causes severe reactions, the standard DTP can be replaced with a lightweight DTP. Or parents can choose her drug similar action but without live cultures of pertussis.

When is the vaccine given?

A person should be vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus several times throughout his life. The standard recommended scheme is as follows:

• Vaccination of children of the first year of life: three vaccinations with a difference of 45 days. Most often they start doing from 3 months.
• The first revaccination at the age of 1.5 years.
• The second - at the age of 6-7 years.
• The third is flight.

Thereafter, the vaccination should be repeated every 10 years for adults. After all, both tetanus and diphtheria are universal diseases that can be contracted at any age. In childhood, they are most detrimental, but adults can die after infection.

To maintain the activity of the immune system, vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria must be repeated at 25, 35, 45, 55 years, respectively.

If a person was not vaccinated in childhood, or more than 10 years have passed since the last vaccination, then a full course is necessary. Adults are given several injections: at the time of treatment, after 1.5 months and after a year, respectively. The next is done after a standard interval of 10 years.

How is the vaccination done?

The vaccine against these diseases is injected only into large, well-developed muscles in an area where there is no extensive fat layer. In order to form the correct reaction of the body and the consequences were, the vaccine must be absorbed into the blood gradually, within 5-7 days.

Therefore, in children it is injected only into the thigh muscle, which is well developed even at the age of several months. Adults often choose the area under the shoulder blade. In some cases, an injection is made into the muscle of the shoulder. Gluteal region not suitable: a developed fatty layer increases the likelihood of the vaccine getting into the subcutaneous space, which can cause unpleasant consequences: the appearance of bumps, pain, swelling at the injection site.

We hope that we were able to answer your main questions, and now you better understand what these vaccinations are and why they are needed.

Diphtheria and Tetanus Vaccination: Consequences of Consent and Refusal to Vaccinate

Any vaccination against a disease is much weaker and less dangerous to health than ailments for a person who does not have immunity to them. Provided that the vaccinated do not belong to a group of persons whose body painfully perceives any forms of life introduced from outside.

What is terrible diphtheria for an unvaccinated person

Today you rarely hear that someone in a city or village has diphtheria. This is largely facilitated by the order of the Ministry of Health on mandatory anti-diphtheria vaccination of the population. But it was not always so. Even at the beginning of the last century, the diagnosis of "diphtheria" was a terrible sentence for many sick people. If the true croup - another name for toxic diphtheria, did not lead to the death of the patient due to suffocation arising against the background of the disease, then it significantly weakened the heart muscle, caused complications in the form of paresis and paralysis of the muscles, pneumonia.

Of course, in times of a wide range of antibiotics on the shelves of pharmacies, it is easier to deal with diphtheria. However, a vaccine received on time will resist the disease much more effectively and with less consequences for human health.

How does tetanus occur in a person without immunity

The side effects of getting into the body of a stick that causes tetanus are no less “pleasant”. At first, tetanus leads to the fact that a person begins to have difficulty eating, because. trismus of masticatory muscles occurs. In severe cases, they do not even allow you to open your mouth. From convulsions covering the patient's body, it takes the form of an arc - the person "lies", in contact with the surface of the bed only with the back of the head and heels. In the process of tension of the muscular frame, some patients experience compression fractures of the spine and ruptures of muscle tissue.

If the treatment is ineffective, the patient's torment on the fifth day is interrupted by death due to paralysis of the heart muscle and respiratory organs. Considering that there are quite a lot of sticks that cause tetanus in the soil, and a small wound is enough for infection, for example, from a penetrating prick of a thistle growing from a cow or horse “cake”, then the possibility of acquiring anti-tetanus immunity is a very humane way to protect yourself and close from possible torment. In addition, it is not known where fate will throw you in the future and whether there will be a first-aid post with the presence of anti-tetanus serum in those places.

What are the side effects of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines?

In most cases, those vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria complain that the vaccine caused side effects:

• Some increase in body temperature
• Swelling of the skin around the injection site and even slight soreness
• Unusual reactions from an uneven system - excitability, or passivity, inhibited reaction
• Gastrointestinal disorders (loss of appetite, stool disorders, vomiting)

Rarely, the shot causes a severe migraine and severe swelling of the skin around the injection site.

In 0.9% of 100 thousand vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria, minor convulsions are noted. And only in 0.1% of people out of 100 thousand, a vaccine that protects against tetanus and diphtheria can cause loss of consciousness. Compared to the 10% death rate out of 100 cases of tetanus, the vaccine and its effects seem barely more than the inconvenience of the common cold.

Given that vaccines are quite strong, side effects are considered by doctors to be a normal concomitant factor. To avoid excessive side effects, vaccination should be carried out in the most favorable conditions for the person, taking into account the state of his health on the day on which the vaccine is scheduled.

If routine tetanus and diphtheria vaccination is contraindicated

Indeed, severe discomfort and serious complications from a tetanus or diphtheria vaccine can cause:

• Allergy sufferers whose body overreacts to vaccine components (having identified the cause of the allergy, prescribe the most neutral vaccination that protects against tetanus and diphtheria)
• People with health weakened by the fight against an acute viral, infectious or other disease (vaccination that protects against tetanus and diphtheria is prescribed no earlier than 3 weeks after the day of full recovery)
• Carriers of HIV infection
• Persons suffering from diathesis or certain nervous diseases (vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is possible after a period of exacerbation)
• pregnant women

If you have the health problems listed above, the risks side effects which the vaccination can lead to, are reduced using not a typical DPT vaccination, but monoanalogues: AS or AD-M. In some cases, ADS vaccination will help out. It is difficult to understand the intricacies of vaccination on your own, but an experienced immunologist will always tell you what vaccination can be done if vaccination is allowed in principle.

• DTP is a comprehensive vaccination that helps to obtain strong immunity to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.
• AS - vaccination for the formation of immunity to tetanus
• AD - vaccination to obtain immunity to diphtheria
• ADS - will only protect against diphtheria and tetanus - the vaccine is given to people who have contraindications to whooping cough vaccination.

- an effective way to prevent the development of an infectious disease or to alleviate its course. Diphtheria is an infectious disease.

It has been proven repeatedly: timely vaccination will save not only from dangerous complications, but also from death. Immunization is indicated for both children and adults.

Therapist: Azaliya Solntseva ✓ Article checked by Dr.

Diphtheria vaccination, methods of vaccination and types of drugs

Timely vaccination provides protection against the disease provoked by the pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or rather, the toxins secreted by this microorganism. The disease is characterized by the formation of dense films on the mucous membrane of the throat, nose, larynx, trachea and the appearance of signs of general intoxication.

Since permanent immunity cannot be obtained after a cure for diphtheria, every person, regardless of age, should be vaccinated. The introduction of the vaccine preparation contributes to the formation of antitoxic immunity, which helps to avoid the development of dangerous forms of pathology, resulting in disability or death of the patient.

For immunization of the population, a vaccine is produced, which is a weakened diphtheria toxin. Its introduction provokes the synthesis of antitoxins. Their presence causes immunity to the effects of corynebacteria (diphtheria bacilli).

Modern medicine uses 2 types of vaccine preparations:

1. With preservative (thiomersal, merthiolate). It is a substance containing mercury. This compound also has antiseptic and antifungal properties. Its concentration in the vaccine is so low that it cannot have any harmful effect on the body as a whole. Vaccines with merthiolate are available in ampoules designed for several doses. The list of drugs with thiomersal is presented by DTP, ADS-M, ADS, Bubo-Kok, Bubo-M, D.T.Vaks vaccines.
2. Without merthiolate. Such formulations are safer and dispensed into syringes for single use. Among vaccines without a preservative, it is worth highlighting Pentaxim, Infanrix, Infanrix Hexa, Tetraxim.

Vaccination whooping cough tetanus diphtheria - the name of the vaccine and characteristics

Immunization is mainly carried out with the help of DTP vaccination, the full name of the vaccine is adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

It contains:

• non-living whooping cough microbes;
• diphtheria toxoid;
• tetanus toxoid.

The vaccine is cellular and acellular. The first option is preparations with whole cells of the killed pathogen (DPT), the second type of vaccine contains particles of non-living pathogenic microorganisms (Pentaxim, Infanrix).

The first vaccines cause more adverse reactions such as fever, headache, redness and swelling at the injection site.

The DTP vaccine is produced by Microgen (Russia).

Immunization can also be carried out using foreign vaccines:

1. Pentaxima. From the name of the vaccine, it can be seen that the number of components is five. It protects not only from the pathologies listed above, but also from two diseases - polio and hemophilic infection. The French drug is well tolerated by children and is administered to babies from 2 months of age.
2. Infanrix. Belgian vaccine with the presence of 3 main components, as in the Russian DPT. Indications: primary immunization and revaccination. Vaccination is allowed from 2 months.
3. Infanrix Hex. Helps protect against both the main three pathologies and hepatitis B, hemophilic infection and poliomyelitis.
4. Tetracoccus. The French-made drug is intended for the prevention of 3 major diseases and poliomyelitis. Introduced from 2 months to 6 years of age. Thanks to the passage of a course consisting of 4 vaccinations, almost 100% protection against the listed ailments is achieved.

Immunization schedule - at what age, at what age is diphtheria vaccination recommended

It is difficult to underestimate the importance of the DPT vaccine, because before its invention, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus were the most common causes of death in children. Therefore, it is worth listening to the instructions of doctors and not to refuse vaccination. And for this you should know at what age vaccinations are given.

Vaccination calendar:

• from 3, 4.5, 6 months of age;
• 1.5 years;
• 6-7 years;
• 14 years old.

For adults, immunization is carried out taking into account whether a diphtheria vaccination has been previously given. If a person has been injected with the drug, the vaccine is used every 10 years, starting at the age of 24, to maintain immunity.

18 months - first booster

Since after a course of vaccination, a year later, it is possible to stop the production of antibodies, it is planned to re-administer the drug to babies who are 1.5 years old.

Parents who are unaware of the possible risk refuse to carry out revaccination, especially after the appearance of negative reactions to the administered substance. It is possible to make sure that the baby is completely protected only with the help of an immunological study.

Re-vaccination at 7 years

The second revaccination (diphtheria-tetanus vaccination) should be carried out at the age of 7, using preparations containing only tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.

Revaccination at 14

How important is the diphtheria vaccine at 14? Adolescents with the onset of 14 years of age are vaccinated with the ADS-M vaccine, in which active toxoids are present in a small amount. This is explained by the fact that there is no need to create immunity. It just needs to be supported.

Where is the injection done and how to prepare for the procedure

If a child is scheduled for vaccination, parents should know where the injection is given, why the drug should be injected in a certain place, and how to prepare.

The DTP vaccination is done by a qualified health worker in compliance with all the rules. For children, intramuscular injection in the thigh area is provided.

An injection in this place guarantees the most effective result, while the reaction will be mild. This is possible due to the presence of a minimum layer of subcutaneous tissue in the selected areas, which contributes to the normal absorption of the drug.

Adults are given injections in:

• subscapular region;
• anterior thigh area.

Doctors constantly remind about the importance of preparing for the procedure, since complications after vaccination are not excluded.

To minimize the risk, it is necessary to adhere to a number of conditions:

• vaccination is given to a healthy child;
• the best time for vaccination is an hour after a meal;
• it is recommended to go to the toilet before the procedure;
• you should stock up on antipyretics;
• on the day when the injection is given, it is necessary to refrain from walking and swimming.

Possible complications after DTP vaccination

Any vaccine, including DTP, is sometimes capable of provoking complications resulting from a reaction to the components of the drug.

As statistics show, in America since 1978 there has not been a single case of severe consequences of the introduction of a vaccine against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. Among the likely complications that occur extremely rarely, physicians distinguish neurological manifestations that are presumably caused by reactions to pertussis antigen.

This means the occurrence of:

• seizures without an increase in temperature indicators (for 100 thousand vaccinated there can be from 0.3 to 90 cases);
• encephalopathy (less than 1 case per 300 thousand vaccinated).

At the moment, convulsive phenomena that are not accompanied by an increase in temperature are not considered a complication.

The risk of severe consequences is greatly increased if absolute contraindications are ignored.


In addition to the above violations, the occurrence of:

• infectious-toxic shock;
• serious allergic reaction.

Usually the appearance of such complications is observed almost immediately after vaccination.

Consequences of using DTP and a possible reaction - leg hurts, temperature

Do not panic when your leg hurts after an injection. According to doctors, special treatment in this case is not required. The symptom disappears on its own within 7 days. If the pain bothers you too much, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen, Nimesulide) is allowed.

In addition to painful sensations, there may be the following consequences and reactions when vaccinated with diphtheria tetanus in the form of:

• swelling of the injection site, provoked by local inflammation;
• seals (is the result of the composition entering the subcutaneous tissue and resolves for about a month);
• temperature (it is allowed to take antipyretics).

You should be careful: an increase in temperature after 2 days after the procedure indicates the beginning of the development of a completely different pathology, and vaccination has nothing to do with its appearance.

Sometimes parents after vaccination in a child are faced with:

• febrile convulsions;
• a piercing cry from a child;
• stool disorder;
• itching;
• increased sweating;
• coughing fits;
• headache;
• dermatitis;
• runny nose;
• sleep disorders;
• loss of appetite.

These side effects should not be cause for concern. They are fairly easy to treat.

Contraindications to DTP - absolute and relative

Before you agree to vaccination, you should make sure that there are no contraindications. This is especially true for small children. Parents should learn when vaccination is allowed and when it is forbidden.

Contraindications are:

• absolute;
• relative.

The first includes the presence of:

• history of afebrile seizures;
• progressive diseases of the central nervous system;
• pronounced reactions to the previous DPT vaccination: temperature above 40C in the first 2 days after vaccination, swelling or redness at the injection site more than 8 cm.

When the listed conditions are present, DTP will not be administered at all. If one of the absolute contraindications is ignored, the patient faces a serious complication.

In the presence of relative contraindications, vaccination is postponed for a certain period.

Vaccination is given later for those who suffer from:

• acute diseases;
• exacerbated chronic diseases.

Vaccination of pregnant women - vaccination schedule when carrying a child

If a woman becomes pregnant, live vaccines should not be used, otherwise the child may suffer from an infection. The preparations used for immunization against diphtheria contain only toxoid.

The World Health Organization allows the use of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines during pregnancy. If the last vaccination was delivered 10 years ago or more, a woman in position may well be immunized.

In the event that the course has not been fully completed before, a schedule is drawn up that provides for 3-fold administration of vaccine preparations. This will help ensure that the baby has antibodies during the first months of life.

However, the possible risks of using vaccines during pregnancy should be considered. It is advisable to refrain from immunization until 12 weeks. At the onset of 13 weeks, the vaccine preparation for the baby does not pose a threat.

Pregnant women should be vaccinated without fail if an epidemic is developing in the region where they live.

Ideally, prophylaxis should be given before pregnancy occurs to minimize the risk of harm to the developing fetus.

Diphtheria - historical background, vaccination achievements

Hippocrates was the first to mention such a dangerous disease as diphtheria in his works. He wrote that the disease provokes paresis and paralysis of the muscles of the face, soft palate and hands, not to mention the formation of a grayish-white film with a putrid odor covering the throat, tonsils, nasopharyngeal mucosa and causing suffocation.

During the 17th century, the disease claimed many lives in Europe, and in the 18th century the disease penetrated the American continent.

Diphtheria, as a separate disease, was first isolated in 1826 by the French scientist Pierre Bretonneau and was called "diphtheria". Later, a student of Bretonneau applied to the disease the term used in modern medicine - "diphtheria".

The pathogen was discovered by the German bacteriologist and pathologist Edwin Klebs in 1883. And in 1890, it was possible to detect anatoxin in human blood - a substance that neutralizes the action of diphtheria toxin.

1902 - scientist S. Dzerzhikovsky (Russia) developed the first vaccine against diphtheria, which he tested on his body. After 20 years, the composition began to be used in Europe for the prevention of a formidable disease. Mass production of a single-component drug began in the 50s. DTP is created in 1974.

Mass immunization contributed to a significant decrease in the number of patients, both in Russia and around the world.

Vaccinations used against diphtheria have repeatedly proven their effectiveness, while complications are rare. The key to success is compliance with the vaccine administration technique and proper preparation for the procedure.

Features of vaccination

Pros and cons

• agricultural;
• construction;
• hydroreclamation;
• procurement;
• geological;
• commercial;
• survey;
• forwarding;
• animal care;
• the medicine;
• education.

Contraindications

• the presence of eczema;
• if the child has diathesis.

Reaction to vaccination

• lethargy;
• general malaise;
• drowsiness;

Complications

Diphtheria vaccination: features, contraindications, side effects

If serum is not administered on time, mortality is 70 cases out of 100. Therefore, diphtheria vaccination is given to children from the age of three months in the form of a complex vaccine - DTP, which is also protection against tetanus and whooping cough. In an isolated form, diphtheria vaccination is rarely used today.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

• both components (anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus) require the same active substance - aluminum hydroxide;
• schedules for the introduction of vaccinations, schemes, timing of vaccination against these diseases (if taken separately) are the same, which allows you to put these vaccines at the same time;
• the current level of industrial development allows you to put these two components in one drug, which means that the number of injections for babies is halved.

In any case, it is convenient for doctors, parents, and children themselves that one vaccination provides protection against two of the most dangerous infections at once. Accordingly, the reaction of a small organism to vaccination, its side effects can be experienced only 1 time instead of 2.

Features of vaccination

Doctors should inform parents in advance when the diphtheria vaccination is given and how to prepare for the upcoming vaccination. It is carried out in accordance with the generally accepted vaccination calendar:

The second question that always worries parents before this procedure is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. This requires a muscle, so it is recommended to inject under the shoulder blade or in the thigh, where the thickness of the skin is not great, which means that the vaccine will reach its final goal faster.

Pros and cons

• the risk of infection is minimal;
• even if the child falls ill with diphtheria, but is vaccinated against it, the course of the disease will be rapid, the form will be mild, recovery will not be long in coming;
• when your child grows up, he may not be hired due to the lack of information about this vaccination in his medical record.

Moreover, the list of works for which diphtheria vaccination is required is quite impressive:

• agricultural;
• construction;
• hydroreclamation;
• procurement;
• geological;
• commercial;
• survey;
• forwarding;
• animal care;
• maintenance of sewer facilities;
• the medicine;
• education.

Contraindications

• in the acute course of any disease;
• if there is a high temperature;
• if you are taking strong drugs;
• the presence of eczema;
• if the child has diathesis.

If individual intolerance or these factors were not detected in time, only in this case can any side effects be expected after vaccination against diphtheria. In all other cases, the reaction to this vaccination does not go beyond the norm.

Reaction to vaccination

• local reaction: redness of the skin;
• lethargy;
• general malaise;
• drowsiness;
• if the diphtheria vaccine hurts, there is no need to be afraid of it: inflammation forms at the injection site, which can be accompanied by pain, so such a reaction is natural for a whole week after vaccination;
• a slight swelling at the injection site can also last for a week, until the drug is completely absorbed into the blood;
• the formation of a bump is a consequence of the fact that the vaccine preparation did not get into the muscle, but into the fiber under the skin: there is nothing wrong with this, but this neoplasm will resolve for a long time - for a month;
• if within two days after vaccination the child has a fever, it can be brought down with antipyretics; usually it does not last too long and is not extremely high.

Complications

All the consequences of vaccination against diphtheria can hardly be called complications, since, firstly, they are very rare, and secondly, they do not cause significant harm to the health of the child. These include:

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If you doubt the naturalness of your cosmetics, check the expiration date, it should not exceed 10 months. Approach carefully to the choice of cosmetics, it is important for you and your child.

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Diphtheria vaccination - types of vaccines, order of administration, reactions and side effects

Diphtheria vaccination

Tetanus and diphtheria vaccination

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

Immunization of children

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Vaccination Schedule

3. Six months (6 months).

4. 1.5 years (18 months).

Where is the vaccine injected?

Where is the immunization carried out?

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

2. Works on logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, recreation and recreation areas for the population in areas that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

4. Works on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

5. Works on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.

6. Work related to the care of animals and the maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

7. Work on catching and keeping neglected animals.

8. Works on maintenance of sewer facilities, equipment and networks.

9. Work with patients with infectious diseases.

10. Work with live cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases.

11. Works with human blood and biological fluids.

12. Works in all types and types of educational institutions.

After vaccination against diphtheria

Reaction to the vaccine

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

These conditions are easily amenable to therapy, and do not cause permanent impairment of human health.

Complications

Contraindications

Failure to vaccinate against diphtheria

Cities (villages, villages)

From (applicant's full name)

Write who knows the information about various vaccinations (measles, tetanus and others) and whether they should be done at all. in the vaccination room. workers insist on them, because they get bonuses and plans from this!

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