Adeno viral infection- This is a combination of pathologies that are accompanied by damage to the respiratory system, vision, lymphoid tissue and intestines. Most often, such an ailment is detected in patients in winter, but it can also be in summer time. Adenoviruses are distinguished by their increased resistance to the negative effects of the external environment, that is, they tolerate temperature drops and organic solvents well. At the same time, they can be destroyed within half an hour when heated. The clinical picture of this pathology is represented by moderate or mild intoxication. Mild cases are treated locally, while running form disease, detoxification therapy is selected.
Causes of infection
The main source of infection is a sick person, and especially in the first month after the onset of pathology. The virus present in the mucus penetrates into environment while blowing your nose.
In addition, there is a possibility that infection will occur from passive carriers of the virus. Infection can affect the body healthy person by airborne droplets, that is, when he inhales the air with the virus present in it. With this etiology, a sick person can shed the virus during a cough, along with feces and urine.
Adenovirus infection almost never occurs in children infancy and this is due to the fact that they acquire immunity along with mother's milk. It contains specific antibodies against the virus, which help to avoid infection. After complementary foods are introduced, protective functions child's body noticeably weaken, and the child becomes more susceptible to the disease.
Up to 7 years old, a baby can get sick with such infections several times, but after this age, he usually develops strong immunity, which in the future reduces the risk of developing pathology.
Most often, adenovirus infection enters the body when inhaled through the respiratory system. Accessible places for the introduction of the virus into the human body are considered to be the intestines and mucous membranes of the eyes. Initially, the infection affects the epithelium, and then enters the nucleus, where the active division of pathogenic cells begins. Gradually, the virus invades the lymph nodes, and then the newly made cells enter the bloodstream and spread the infection throughout the human body.
Initially, adenovirus in adults affects the mucosa of the nasopharynx, tonsils and larynx. The consequence of this pathological condition is a strong swelling of the tonsils, which is combined with the release of serous sputum from the nose. According to the same scheme, edema of the conjunctival mucosa occurs, and characteristic symptoms this condition becomes increased tearing, gluing of eyelashes, burning and photophobia.
Viruses can also enter lung tissue causing progression of pneumonia and bronchitis. In addition, the presence of such an infection in the human body can adversely affect the functioning of organs such as the liver, kidneys and spleen.
Symptoms of pathology
With adenovirus infection, a variety of symptoms may appear in adults and this depends on the severity of the course of the disease.
After being introduced into the body, the virus can be present in a person for a day, but there are situations when the pathology does not manifest itself for several weeks.
- body temperature rises;
- nasal congestion appears;
- concerned about pain in the throat and perspiration;
- weakness of the whole organism is noted.
A few days after the onset of the development of such an infection, an increase in temperature up to 39 degrees can be observed. In addition, a person begins to be disturbed by pain in the joints and muscles, as well as migraines and lethargy. In addition, there may be a decrease or complete absence of appetite. At severe form infection develops intoxication of the whole organism, which is accompanied by the appearance pain in the abdomen and diarrhea, as well as bouts of nausea and vomiting.
The characteristic symptoms of this pathology are swelling and redness of the palatine tonsils, which increase in size and begin to protrude beyond the palatine arches. A white or brown coating accumulates on the tongue, in some cases stripes of bright red color may appear on it. There is an increase in the follicles and there is a whitish deposit on them, which is easily scraped off during the examination.
In the event that an adenoviral infection in adults becomes complicated, then bronchitis may develop with a strong dry cough. After a few days, sputum begins to separate, in which there may be pus.
With adenovirus infection, inflammation of the mucous membrane is observed, and the virus may not affect the first or fifth day. Usually, the mucosa of one eye becomes the site of localization of conjunctivitis, but after a few days in inflammatory process also affects the second organ of vision. With an adenovirus eye infection, the following symptoms may appear:
- proteins are stained red;
- there is pain and itching in the organs of vision;
- increased lacrimation;
- severe swelling of the eyelids;
- hyperemia appears;
- the conjunctiva swells strongly;
- increased sensitivity to bright light.
A typical symptom of the pathology is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract in combination with conjunctivitis, that is, the development of adenovirus infection of the pharyngoconjunctival. It is on them that a specialist can diagnose such a disease during examination. The specificity of the occurrence of a particular symptom is determined by the type of virus and the focus of the inflammatory process.
Possible Complications
Experts say that cases of complicated adenovirus infection are extremely rare. At the same time, a poorly treated disease or lack of effective therapy leads to the development
- otitis;
- sinusitis;
- sinusitis;
- bronchitis;
- purulent conjunctivitis.
In advanced cases, damage to the kidneys is possible, the development of problems with the central nervous system and malfunctions of the heart muscle.
If the virus enters the body late term, this may affect the development of the fetus. Adenovirus infection can cross the placenta, which can cause various abnormalities in the developing child. At the same time, the prognosis for such a pathology is quite favorable. Adenovirus infection during pregnancy is successfully treated.
Methods for diagnosing pathology
Adenovirus infection is characterized by the appearance of signs similar to other types of diseases. It is for this reason that to confirm the presence of an infection in the body of an adult, comprehensive examination resulting in a correct diagnosis.
In order to confirm the presence of an adenoviral infection in the body, laboratory diagnostics are prescribed, that is, a general and biochemical analyzes blood, and sputum is also examined.
In the event that the disease proceeds in a mild uncomplicated form, then the patient does not observe any special changes. In such a situation, only an increase in ESR and leukocytosis is possible. In the study of sputum, it is possible to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to certain antibacterial drugs. At the same time, the diagnosis of adenovirus infection includes an instrumental examination, that is, an examination of the organs is done by a specialist. chest. With such an examination, it is possible to identify small focal lesions when a pathology such as pneumonia is attached. If indicated, doctors can prescribe the following types of diagnostics:
- urine test;
- immunofluorescence;
- serological examination;
- virological method.
After evaluating all the results of the examination, it is possible to draw up a complete picture of the course of the pathology and select the most effective therapy.
Therapy Methods
- In case of eye damage, eye drops are selected, among which sodium sulfate solution or deoxyribonuclease solution are considered the most effective. When a film appears on the cornea, instead of drops, prednisolone ointment is prescribed, which must be applied behind the eyelid. Eye washing can be carried out using various solutions, for example, Furacilin.
- With a severe development of adenovirus infection, methods of therapy are selected aimed at detoxifying the body. The patient is prescribed special solutions that are injected into the body intravenously. In addition, treatment is carried out with antibacterial drugs a wide range actions that destroy various foci of infection and eliminate unpleasant symptoms.
- Antibacterial therapy for adenovirus infection should be supplemented with agents that restore the intestinal microflora.
- Hexoral is an effective drug that helps eliminate pain syndrome in the throat. In the treatment of adenovirus infection, such a drug should be used with extreme caution after prior consultation with a specialist.
- It is recommended to resort to the help of antipyretic drugs only when the body temperature rises more than 38.5 degrees. In addition, such medicines can be taken when a lower temperature makes a person uncomfortable. It is possible to normalize body temperature with the help of antipyretic drugs such as Ibuprofen and Paracetamol.
In the event that the development of an adenovirus infection in the body is accompanied by the appearance of a wet cough, then expectorants and mucolytics are prescribed. good effect in the treatment of such a pathology, the following medicines are given:
- Bromhexine;
- Mukaltin;
- Ambroxol.
To eliminate cough, medicines in the form of tablets and syrups with an expectorant effect can be prescribed, and inhalations can also be done. In the event that an adult is concerned about a dry cough, then treatment is carried out with the help of antitussive drugs.
In the event of various complications, etiotropic therapy is carried out, which involves the elimination of the main cause of the disease. Treatment is carried out using medicines, like Viferon, Cycloferon and Isoprinosine, whose action is aimed at destroying the virus. To increase the body's defenses and normalize work immune system various vitamins and minerals are prescribed.
Usually, the pathology can be successfully cured after 7-10 days with effective therapy. In the event that viral cells linger in the body, the recovery period can be delayed for several weeks.
Elimination of adenovirus infection can be carried out using means folk therapy. With a dry cough, it is recommended to be treated with breast collection, tea with raspberries, linden and chamomile, as well as drinking hot milk. During the entire illness, it is necessary to observe bed rest and special nutrition. Good result when such an infection is eliminated, physiotherapeutic procedures are given.
In most cases, the prognosis of the pathology is quite favorable, and only in some situations in adults are revealed pulmonary complications, a fatal outcome occurs extremely rarely. At the same time, you do not need to perceive an adenovirus infection as a common cold, but contact a specialist when the first symptoms appear. characteristic features. Timely diagnosis and effective therapy can prevent the development serious problems with health. Symptoms and treatment of adenovirus infection in adults are determined by the stage of pathology and general condition person.
Content
The causative agent of this infection is adenovirus. It causes inflammation of the nasopharynx in humans, general intoxication of the body, keratoconjunctivitis (damage to the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye), mesadenitis (enlarged lymph nodes of the mesentery), tonsillopharyngitis (inflammatory process in palatine tonsils and on the back wall of the larynx).
The severity of the disease
The incubation period of adenovirus infection in adults is about 3-7 days. Only after this, the first signs of the disease appear in the form of damage to the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, organs of vision, and intestines.
The severity of adenovirus infection in adults can be mild, moderate and severe. Symptoms of each type of disease:
Complications
In advanced cases and without proper treatment, adenovirus infection causes problems with the central nervous system and malfunction of the heart. More common complications of this disease:
- sinusitis;
- purulent conjunctivitis;
- otitis;
- pneumonia;
- sinusitis;
- bronchitis;
- kidney damage;
- spontaneous miscarriage in pregnant women;
- intrauterine abnormalities in the development of the child.
Treatment tactics
AT acute period bed rest is recommended for adults. The patient must be isolated in a separate room, since adenovirus is easily transmitted by airborne droplets. Hospitalization is required for high risk or pre-existing complications. Basic medicines:
|
Group of drugs used |
Purpose of appointment |
Names of medicines |
|
Antibacterial |
Fight against bacterial complications. |
|
|
Antiviral |
Suppression of the reproduction of the virus in the body. These drugs are the basis of etiotropic therapy (elimination of the cause of the disease). |
|
|
Immunomodulatory |
Strengthening immunity. |
|
|
Expectorants |
Removal of sputum from the bronchi. |
|
|
Antipyretic |
Decrease in temperature exceeding 38.5 degrees. |
|
|
Vasoconstrictor drops, nasal sprays |
Elimination of nasal congestion. |
|
Antibacterial therapy
Please note that an antibiotic for adenovirus infection is not the first-line drug of choice. They are used if bacterial complications are attached.
The following antibiotics are often used:
|
Name of the drug |
Action taken |
Contraindications to treatment |
||
|
Grammidin |
Antimicrobial |
2 tablets in a row for 20-30 minutes, up to 4 times a day. |
|
|
|
Suprax Solutab |
Antibacterial |
400 mg in 1-2 doses per day |
|
|
|
Cefotaxime |
Antibacterial |
1-2 g intramuscularly every 4-2 hours |
|
|
Antiviral drugs for adenovirus infection
The basis of etiotropic therapy for this type of infection is the use of antiviral drugs. Their action is aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease. The main drugs that kill adenovirus:
|
Name of the drug |
Action taken |
Method of application for adults |
Contraindications to treatment |
Side effects |
|
Antiviral |
Enter 1 suppository 1-2 times every day |
|
|
|
|
Isoprinosine |
Immunostimulating, antiviral. |
6-8 tablets per day, divided into 4 doses. |
|
|
|
Antiviral |
200 mg per day |
|
Adenovirus infection is not one disease, but a whole group of viral pathologies that affect the mucous membrane of the eyes, intestines, respiratory system. The disease manifests itself elevated temperature, conjunctivitis.
No one particular disease is implied when an adenovirus infection is diagnosed in adults. This group combines several viral diseases that affect the respiratory system, mucous membranes of the eyes, intestines, tissues lymphatic system. Representatives of adenoviruses, of which there are about 90 subtypes, initiate the development of the disease. They are quite resistant to low temperatures, but under the action of ultraviolet rays are rapidly dying.
Adenovirus most often affects children, but also occurs among adults. On the initial stage infection manifests itself as a common cold. Immunity after past illness is not developed, that is, a repeated defeat is possible. Despite the development modern medicine it is difficult to define exactly what an adenovirus infection is. It has been established that a pathogenic virus, when it enters the body, settles in epithelial cells, destroying them, then it spreads to new cells, causing inflammatory processes, the manifestations of which may be different.
In many ways, the symptoms of adenovirus are similar to those of the flu. The incubation period lasts an average of 5-8 days, but it can take 2 days or 2 weeks - it all depends on the state of human health. Symptoms immediately appear: chills, a weak recurring headache, appetite worsens. The temperature rises mostly insignificantly up to 37.5, but in rare cases it can increase up to 38-39 degrees. Symptoms such as sore throat, severe runny nose. Along with this, a cough appears, after a few days (about 5-7) the eyes begin to hurt and watery, there is an increase in lymph nodes.
Very often, adenovirus occurs with the spread of the infectious process to the eyes.
If there are no complications, then additional treatment not required, symptoms disappear as recovery progresses. A typical manifestation of an adenovirus infection is considered to be a combination of four signs: rhinitis, pharyngitis, and a feverish state.
What provokes
Adenovirus infection is transmitted by airborne droplets from a sick person, for example, when sneezing, running a nose, coughing or talking. A person can be an asymptomatic carrier of the virus. The causative agent is contained in his body, is released into the environment and can spread to other people.
In addition, the virus can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route, that is, infection will occur due to contaminated hands or poorly washed products. With the development of adenovirus infection in pregnant women, intrauterine infection of the fetus may occur.
Infection can occur throughout the year, but the risk of spreading the infection is highest in the autumn-winter period. This is due to a decrease in the protective forces in people as a result of hypothermia of the body, negative weather factors favorable for the reproduction of adenovirus.
Pregnancy and adenovirus
During childbearing, adenovirus infection can greatly harm the health of the mother and fetus. If it happened in the first three months of gestation, then a miscarriage is possible.
The virus is able to pass through the placenta, disrupting the natural development of the child. Pregnancy itself and subsequent births are difficult. Nevertheless, a positive outcome is quite real with proper treatment. Therapy is carried out by standard methods, the same drugs are prescribed as for non-pregnant women.
Features of therapy
There is no specific treatment designed specifically to eliminate adenovirus; therapy is aimed at relieving symptoms. If there are no complications, then drops and ointments are prescribed for treating the eyes, drops in the nose are oily, constricting blood vessels. You should take drugs to enhance immunity, vitamin C and products in which it is present: rosehip broth, cranberry juice and others. As with the common cold, a plentiful warm drink, chamomile decoction is recommended. 
With the development of complications, the infection must be treated in stationary conditions. The treatment course is complemented by the saturation of the body useful substances, drugs and electrolytes (solutions to reduce intoxication of the body are administered intravenously). When a bacterial infection is attached, an antibiotic is prescribed. Therapeutic measures should be carried out under the supervision of a physician, especially when it comes to an illness in a child. Incorrectly selected drugs can worsen the condition, rather than promote recovery.
Prescribed medications
As noted, in most cases it is aimed at relieving symptoms. At easy course disease, there is no need to take antibiotics.
The main objectives of the treatment:
- stabilization of body temperature;
- elimination of cough;
- conjunctivitis therapy;
- fight against the common cold;
- strengthening immunity;
- restoration of microflora.
With an increase in body temperature, antipyretic drugs (paracetamol, ibuprofen, etc.) are indicated. At wet cough prescribe mucolytic agents that facilitate the separation of mucus, in the form of tablets and inhalation procedures. In case of prolonged dry cough, antitussive drugs are indicated.
For the treatment of conjunctivitis, any special remedy with anti-inflammatory bactericidal action: furatsilina solution, chloramphenicol drops, oxolinic ointment. Nasal congestion is eliminated by washing the sinuses with saline, sea water, also apply vasodilators: Otrivin, Nazivin.
Immunity is strengthened by taking mineral and vitamin complexes. With the development of complications or their high probability, a course of antibiotic treatment is recommended. After antibiotic therapy a course of Bifiform is prescribed, which helps to restore the intestinal mucosa, or other probiotics.
Etiotropic therapy is also widespread, focused on eliminating the causes that caused the disease. As part of it, agents that destroy the virus are prescribed: Cycloferon, Viferon, Isoprinosine and others. 
Possible complications
In many cases, with the right timely treatment the course of adenovirus infection is not accompanied by complications and leaves no consequences. But it is also possible that the following pathological conditions: pneumonia, tonsillitis, inflammatory processes in the nasal sinuses, auricles, tissue death of the walls of the bronchi and alveoli. In especially difficult cases, damage to the liver, kidneys, spleen is likely. Chronic rhinitis- one more probable consequence transferred adenovirus.
Conclusion
Adenovirus infection is a group of anthroponotic viral diseases that are characterized by such a sign as damage to the mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract, lymphatic system, and intestines. The disease is more common in childhood, but there are cases of infection with the virus among adults, as a rule, with weakened immunity.
Adenovirus infection was first named in 1956. This definition arose because the pathogen was found in the adenoids. Now all diseases provoked by this virus are called adenovirus.
To prevent infection with the virus, measures should be taken during seasonal outbreaks of the epidemic to strengthen the immune forces of the body. For this, it is recommended to take immunomodulating agents. When visiting crowded places, going outside, the sinuses should be treated with oxolin ointment. Avoid contact with people who show signs of being infected with the virus.
In addition, to protect yourself from adenovirus infection will help frequent washing hands, since it is on them that a lot of harmful microorganisms that undermine the defenses are collected. Hypothermia should be avoided, dress appropriately for the weather and do not neglect special masks at the peak of epidemic outbreaks.
Adenovirus infection is an acute infectious diseases with ICD-10 B-57. Most often from her affects children from six months to five years.
During the disease, the nasopharynx, conjunctiva and lymphoid tissue are affected.
Disease proceeds with intoxication, febrile phenomena, strong cough and conjunctivitis. We will talk about the symptoms and methods of treating adenovirus infection in children in the article.
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concept
What is adenovirus infection in children?
Adenovirus infection in children develops when infected with adenoviruses and is characterized by variety of clinical manifestations including mucosal lesions:
- eye (conjunctiva);
- nasopharynx;
- intestines.
The process may also include The lymph nodes, liver and spleen, as pathogens have toxicity.
Children who are on breastfeeding are less susceptible to this disease due to the presence in the body of antibodies that come with mother's milk.
The disease is most common in children is seasonal. Its typical form is treated by a pediatrician. With a severe and complicated course of the disease, the child is hospitalized, where an oculist, gastroenterologist and neurologist can also be treated.
Causative Agents and Transmission Mechanism
The disease is caused by adenoviruses of the family Adenoviride genus Mastadenovirus DNA-containing medium sized viruses.
Laboratory methods were able to identify about 50 serotypes of the culprits of the disease in children.
Most active with the defeat of the child's body are the third and seventh serotypes.
Infectious agents are very resistant under normal conditions. They live for about two weeks. disastrous for all adenoviruses are:
- heating to a temperature of 56-60 degrees and above for half an hour;
- sunlight or ultraviolet rays;
- chlorine-containing preparations.
At freezing pathogens do not die, but lose their ability to reproduce. After defrosting, they retain all their properties.
Adenoviruses are capable of surviving and reproducing on household items, in medicinal solutions and water at room temperature.
Disease transmitted to healthy children from sick people in the following ways:
- airborne;
- water (when visiting the pool);
- fecal-oral in case of non-observance of hygiene rules.
After infection, adenovirus, due to its lymphotropism, is introduced into the mucous membrane of the eyes, nasopharynx, tonsils and intestines, causing inflammation at the site of injury.
Symptoms and signs
Clinical manifestations of adenovirus infection can be characterized two syndromes:
- respiratory;
- pharyngoconjunctival fever syndrome.
Incubation period illness lasts four to seven days. At the very beginning, the following symptoms appear:
- Tickle and strong pain in the throat. The child becomes difficult to swallow. The mucous membrane of the pharynx turns red and swells.
- Difficulty in nasal breathing due to swelling of the nasopharynx.
- The temperature rises to 37.5-38 degrees.
- Lachrymation, pain in the eyes, redness of the conjunctiva.
- General weakness, lack of appetite, capriciousness.
On the second and third days all pain symptoms worsen:
- The temperature rises to 39 degrees or more.
- There may be severe shortness of breath and copious discharge from a green nose.
- The child starts to cough. The cough in the early days is usually dry. Sputum begins to separate, starting from the third or fourth day.
- In children under one year old, adenovirus infection is accompanied by watery diarrhea without blood and mucus up to six times a day. This is due to the inflammatory process of the mesentery of the intestine.
- Pus may come out of the eyes. For this reason, it is impossible for a baby to open his eyes in the morning.
- The lymph nodes are enlarged. Despite the increase in size, they remain mobile and painless.
- In severe cases, an increase in the size of the spleen and liver is possible, which is accompanied by pain in the abdomen in the navel.
Heat may be accompanied by convulsions especially in children under two years of age.
In this case, you need to call an ambulance.
Before her arrival, wipe the baby cloth soaked in vodka or vinegar inguinal region, under the armpits, as well as the feet and palms.
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Forms of the disease
Adenovirus infection is divided into the following forms according to the nature clinical manifestations:
- ORZ accompanied by cough, swelling of the nasopharynx, weakness, aches, chills and prolonged fever.
- Pharyngoconjunctival fever. This form is characterized by an increase in temperature to 38-39 degrees for 5-7 days, as well as weakness, nausea, cough and membranous conjunctivitis (a white film appears on the surface of the eye, which can be removed with a cotton swab).
- adenovirus pneumonia. In this case, the disease is accompanied not only high temperature(39 degrees) and increased cough, but also cyanosis skin, shortness of breath.
- Conjunctivitis different kinds. This is a very severe form of adenovirus infection. It is characterized by an increase in temperature up to 40 degrees during the week and damage to the eyes. Conjunctivitis can be membranous or follicular (white follicles form on the eyelids, causing loosening of the mucosa). In rare cases, keratosis develops (the formation of a dense film on the eyeball).
By severity, adenovirus infection is divided into:
- light form characterized by sore throat, cough, redness of the eyes and a slight increase in lymph nodes;
- moderate, in which hyperplasia of the lymph nodes develops, lymphadenopathy and conjunctivitis in membranous or follicular form;
- heavy. In this case, the disease is complicated by a bacterial infection and the spread of the virus throughout the body (generalization). With this form, the blood circulation of the brain tissues is disturbed and its inflammation develops.
Diagnostics
When diagnosing a disease, it is very important to exclude diseases such as diphtheria, mononucleosis and others similar in their symptoms to manifestations of adenovirus infection.
Immunofluorescence is used to quickly determine the presence of adenovirus in the body.
For analysis, swabs are taken from the child's throat, mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. The doctor also gives directions to general blood and urine tests. After making a diagnosis, he prescribes treatment depending on the form of the disease and its severity.
Treatment Methods
How to treat adenovirus infection in children? With adenovirus infection in children, it is necessary very thoughtful approach to treatment, taking into account the age, form of the disease and its severity.
Medical
Official medicine uses the following medicines:
- Antiviral. For this purpose, broad-spectrum virucidal preparations are used. For example, Arbidol, Ribovirin, Contricap. For external use, Oxolinic ointment, Bonafton, Lokferon are suitable. The action of these drugs is based on blocking the synthesis of the DNA of the virus and its penetration into the cell of the body.
- Immunomodulators. For example, interferon in the form of drops that need to be instilled into the nose five times a day.
- Immunostimulators. These include Cycloferon and Anaferon, which can be used from the age of six months.
- Antibiotics appoint at accession of a bacterial infection. Antibiotics local application can be combined with antiviral drugs. To such antibacterial agents include, for example, Geksoral, Lizobakt, Imudon, Salutab.
Systemic antibiotics for children include second- and third-generation cephalosporins, as well as cefotaxime. They are prescribed intramuscularly or intravenously.
For facilitate sputum discharge when coughing, children are recommended Ambrobens, which has a delicate expectorant effect. This drug can also be used for inhalation.
This procedure not only moisturizes and soothes inflamed mucous membranes, but also contributes to optimal cleansing of the upper respiratory tract.
At conjunctivitis treatment your doctor may prescribe topical corticosteroids in combination with deoxyribonuclease ointment or eye drops to suppress the synthesis of adenovirus DNA.
With the aim of temperature drop using drugs based on paracetamol. For example, Panadol.
Folk remedies
Medication treatment traditional medicine considered to be preferable mild form adenovirus infection. With a moderate severity of the disease, it is desirable to combine these drugs with traditional methods.
For gargle use:
- solution sea salt in warm water (10 g per 200 ml);
- three drops of iodine and 10 g of baking soda dissolved in 100 ml of warm water;
- decoction of sage or chamomile.
At conjunctivitis treatment you can make green tea compresses for five minutes.
Into the nose every four hours it is advisable to instill a warm solution of sea salt in water (5 g per 100 ml).
As an expectorant funds use breast collection, as well as decoctions of coltsfoot and plantain, taken in equal proportions.
Very effective in treating disease inhalation based on the following herbs:
- eucalyptus;
- sage;
- calendula.
During the day, the child can be given alkalizing drink. It can be hot milk with baking soda, taken on the tip of a teaspoon, or warm alkaline mineral water.
Do not forget about the regular ventilation of the room in which the patient is located. Should also be maintained indoors high level humidity.
In the absence of a humidifier, you can put a damp towel on the central heating battery or put a pot of boiling water in the room.
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Duration and possible complications
How long does adenovirus infection last in children? This factor depends on the severity of the disease and the immunity of the patient. On average, adenovirus infection continues one to three weeks. After an illness, a child develops immunity.
Unfortunately, only for the type of virus that he had. This means that he can again become infected with an adenovirus infection, but with a different kind of virus.
After an adenovirus infection in a child chronic diseases may worsen. An untreated disease can also be complicated later:
In order to avoid such complications after the disease, it is necessary to carry out a number of preventive measures in order to increase the child's immunity.
Prevention
Before the onset of a seasonal outbreak of the disease, children can be lubricated with Oxolinic Ointment or PC-19, which can be used from three months.
To do this, clean the baby's nostrils cotton swab. Then apply a small amount of ointment on inside nostrils and squeeze them several times. Carry out the procedure once a day, in the morning, for two weeks.
Since the vaccine against adenovirus infection has not yet been invented, then the best prevention this disease will organization for the child healthy lifestyle life, which includes:
- daily walks in the fresh air;
- complete nutrition;
- motor activity.
Adenovirus infection affects children with low immunity.
This disease it is very important to cure to the end, and then, in cooperation with the pediatrician, develop a number of measures to increase the immunity of the baby, not forgetting the organization of a healthy lifestyle.
An infectious disease specialist will tell you about adenovirus infection in this video:
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- Which Doctors Should You See If You Have an Adenovirus Infection?
What is adenovirus infection
adenovirus infection- acute anthroponotic viral infection that affects the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, lymphoid tissue and occurs with moderate intoxication.Human adenoviruses were first isolated by W. Rowe (1953) from the tonsils and adenoids of children, and then from patients with acute respiratory viral infections and atypical pneumonia with conjunctivitis (Huebner R., Hilleman M., Trentin J. et al., 1954). In experiments on animals, the oncogenic activity of adenoviruses has been proven (Trentin J. et al., Huebner R. et al., 1962).
What causes adenovirus infection
pathogens- DNA-genomic viruses of the Mastadenovirus genus of the Adenoviridae family. Currently, about 100 virus serovars are known, more than 40 of them have been isolated from humans. Serovars of adenoviruses differ sharply in epidemiological characteristics. Serovars 1, 2 and 5 cause lesions of the respiratory tract and intestines in young children with prolonged persistence in the tonsils and adenoids, serovars 4, 7, 14 and 21 - SARS in adults. Serovar 3 causes the development of acute pharyngoconjunctival fever in older children and adults, several serovars cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Disease outbreaks are more commonly associated with types 3, 4, 7, 14 and 21.
According to the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes, adenoviruses are divided into 4 subgroups (I-IV). Adenoviruses are resistant to external environment, persist up to 2 weeks at room temperature, but die from exposure to ultraviolet rays and chlorine-containing drugs. They tolerate freezing well. In water at 4 ° C, they remain viable for 2 years.
Reservoir and source of infection- person, sick or carrier. The causative agent is excreted from the body with the secret of the upper respiratory tract until the 25th day of illness and more than 1.5 months - with feces.
Mechanism of transmission- aerosol (with droplets of saliva and mucus), the fecal-oral (alimentary) route of infection is also possible. AT individual cases the pathogen is transmitted through contaminated objects of the external environment.
natural susceptibility people high. The transferred disease leaves type-specific immunity, repeated diseases are possible.
Main epidemiological signs. Adenovirus infection is ubiquitous, accounting for 5-10% of all viral diseases. The incidence is recorded throughout the year with an increase in cold weather. Adenovirus diseases are observed both in the form of sporadic cases and in the form of epidemic outbreaks. Epidemic types of viruses (especially 14 and 21) cause large outbreaks of diseases among adults and children. Adenovirus hemorrhagic conjunctivitis often occurs when infected with a virus of types 3, 4 and 7. The development of cases of conjunctivitis is associated with a previous respiratory adenovirus infection or is the result of infection with the virus through water in swimming pools or open water. Children get sick more often early age and military personnel. The incidence is especially high in newly formed groups of children and adults (in the first 2-3 months); the disease proceeds as SARS. In some cases, nosocomial infection is possible during various medical procedures. The disease in newborns and young children proceeds according to the type of keratoconjunctivitis or damage to the lower respiratory tract. Rare adenoviral lesions include meningoencephalitis and hemorrhagic cystitis, more often detected in older children.
SARS, including influenza, constitute a complex of conjugate infections, so the process of spreading these infections is a single balanced system. Currently, about 170 types of pathogens are known to cause influenza-like diseases, and even during an epidemic, influenza accounts for no more than 25-27% of all acute respiratory viral infections.
Pathogenesis (what happens?) during adenovirus infection
In case of aerosol infection, the pathogen enters the human body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and spreads through the bronchi to their lower sections. The entrance gates of infection can be the mucous membranes of the eyes, as well as the intestines, where the virus enters when swallowing mucus from the upper respiratory tract. The virus is localized in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and small intestine where it reproduces. In the lesions, an inflammatory reaction develops, accompanied by an expansion of the capillaries of the mucous membrane, hyperplasia of the submucosal tissue with infiltration by mononuclear leukocytes and sometimes hemorrhages in it, which is clinically manifested by tonsillitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis (often membranous), and diarrhea. Sometimes keratoconjunctivitis develops with clouding of the cornea and visual impairment. By the lymphogenous route, the pathogen penetrates into the regional lymph nodes, where hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue and accumulation of the virus occur during incubation period diseases. AT clinical picture these mechanisms cause the development of peripheral lymphadenopathy and mesadenitis.
As a result of suppression of the activity of macrophages and an increase in tissue permeability, viremia subsequently develops with dissemination of the pathogen along various bodies and systems. During this period, the virus penetrates the vascular endothelial cells, damaging them. In this case, a syndrome of intoxication is often observed. Fixation of the virus by macrophages in the liver and spleen is accompanied by the development of changes in these organs with an increase in their size (hepatolienal syndrome). Viremia and reproduction of the pathogen in the cells of the epithelium and lymphoid tissue can be prolonged.
Symptoms of adenovirus infection
The duration of the incubation period varies from 1 day to 2 weeks, more often 5-8 days. The disease begins acutely with the development of mild or moderate symptoms of intoxication: chills or chilling, mild and intermittent headache, myalgia and arthralgia, lethargy, adynamia, loss of appetite. From the 2-3rd day of illness, body temperature begins to rise, more often it remains subfebrile for 5-7 days, only sometimes reaching 38-39 ° C. In rare cases, pain in the epigastric region and diarrhea are possible.
At the same time, symptoms of damage to the upper respiratory tract develop. Unlike the flu, moderate nasal congestion appears early with abundant serous, and later - serous-purulent discharge. Sore throat and cough are possible. After 2-3 days from the onset of the disease, patients begin to complain of pain in the eyes and profuse lacrimation.
When examining patients, facial hyperemia, scleral injection, and sometimes a papular rash on the skin can be noted. Often develops conjunctivitis with hyperemia of the conjunctiva and mucous, but not purulent discharge. In children of the first years of life and occasionally in adult patients, membranous formations may appear on the conjunctiva, swelling of the eyelids increases. Possible damage to the cornea with the formation of infiltrates; when combined with catarrhal, purulent or membranous conjunctivitis, the process is usually unilateral at first. Infiltrates on the cornea resolve slowly, within 1-2 months.
Conjunctivitis can be combined with manifestations of pharyngitis (pharyngoconjunctival fever).
The mucous membrane of the soft palate and rear wall the pharynx is slightly inflamed, may be granular and edematous. The follicles of the posterior pharyngeal wall are hypertrophied. The tonsils are enlarged, loosened, sometimes covered with easily removable loose whitish coatings of various shapes and sizes. Note the increase and pain on palpation of the submandibular, often cervical and even axillary lymph nodes.
If the inflammatory process of the respiratory tract takes on a descending character, the development of laryngitis and bronchitis is possible. Laryngitis in patients with adenovirus infection is rarely observed. It is manifested by a sharp "barking" cough, increased pain in the throat, hoarseness of voice. In cases of bronchitis, the cough becomes more persistent, hard breathing and scattered dry rales in different departments are heard in the lungs.
The period of catarrhal phenomena sometimes it can be complicated by the development of adenovirus pneumonia. It occurs after 3-5 days from the onset of the disease, in children under 2-3 years old it can begin suddenly. At the same time, the body temperature rises, the fever takes on an irregular character and lasts for a long time (2-3 weeks). The cough becomes stronger, general weakness progresses, shortness of breath occurs. Lips become cyanotic. When walking, shortness of breath increases, perspiration appears on the forehead, cyanosis of the lips intensifies. According to radiological signs, pneumonia can be small-focal or confluent.
In young children, in severe cases of viral pneumonia, a maculopapular rash, encephalitis, and foci of necrosis in the lungs, skin, and brain are possible.
Pathological changes from of cardio-vascular system develop only with rare severe forms diseases. Muffled heart sounds and a soft systolic murmur at its apex are characteristic.
Lesions of various parts of the respiratory tract can be combined with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. There are abdominal pain and bowel dysfunction (diarrhea is especially common in children younger age). The liver and spleen are enlarged.
Adenovirus infection often affects children and middle-aged people. The disease on average lasts from several days to 1 week, but with a long delay of the virus in the body, a recurrent course is possible, while the infection drags on for 2-3 weeks.
According to the predominance of certain symptoms and their combination, several forms of the disease are distinguished:
SARS;
nasopharyngitis;
rhinopharyngotonsillitis;
rhinopharyngobronchitis;
pharyngoconjunctivitis (pharyngoconjunctival fever);
conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis;
pneumonia, etc.
Complications of adenovirus infection
The most typical are otitis and purulent sinusitis, obstruction of the Eustachian tube in children due to prolonged hypertrophy of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx, laryngospasm (false croup), secondary bacterial pneumonia, and kidney damage. The prognosis of the disease is usually favorable.
Diagnosis of adenovirus infection
Depending on the clinical form adenovirus infection is carried out differential diagnosis with influenza, a group of acute respiratory viral infections, conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis of various etiologies (including diphtheria), pneumonia, tuberculosis.
Adenovirus infection is characterized by mild or moderate intoxication and polymorphism of clinical manifestations in the dynamics of the disease: symptoms of respiratory tract damage (pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis), eyes (conjunctivitis, iritis), regional or widespread lymphadenopathy, sometimes exanthema, gastrointestinal disorders, hepatolienal syndrome .
Laboratory diagnosis of adenovirus infection
The hemogram in adenovirus infections does not have significant changes, with the exception of a slight increase in ESR. Virological studies based on the isolation of the virus from nasopharyngeal swabs, which are separated from the eye during conjunctivitis (less often from feces), are complex and lengthy, in widespread practice they are not applied. Detection of serum antibodies is carried out using group-specific RSK and type-specific RTGA and RN. When staging these reactions with paired sera taken in the acute period of the disease and the period of convalescence, an increase in antibody titers by at least 4 times is considered diagnostically significant. ELISA with a group antigen is also used. For indicative express diagnostics, RIF and immunoelectron microscopy can be used. Treatment of adenovirus infection
In an uncomplicated course of the disease, they are usually limited to local measures: eye drops are prescribed (0.05% deoxyribonuclease solution or 20-30% sodium sulfacyl solution). With purulent or membranous conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis (excluding cases with corneal ulceration!) 1% hydrocortisone or prednisolone ointment is applied over the eyelid. recommended vitamins, antihistamines, symptomatic agents.
A severe adenovirus infection requires increased detoxification therapy with intravenous administration polyionic crystalloid and colloid solutions. Etiotropic drugs (broad-spectrum antibiotics) are prescribed for complications caused by secondary bacterial flora, as well as for elderly people suffering from chronic diseases of the respiratory system, and for patients with manifestations of immunosuppression.
Prevention of adenovirus infection
In a number of countries, prevention in adult organized groups is used live vaccine from adenoviruses. Immunoprophylaxis has not been developed in Ukraine. The widespread use of live vaccines limits the prevailing opinion about the ability of adenoviruses to cause malignant transformation of cells in humans. Recommended general sanitary and hygienic measures, chlorination of water in swimming pools. In the pre-epidemic period, it is recommended to limit communication; weakened toddlers who are at risk of infection are shown the introduction of specific immunoglobulin and leukocyte interferon.
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