Composition of human respiratory system. Respiratory system of man

The human respiratory system is actively involved in the execution of any kind of motor activity, whether an aerobic or anaerobic load. Any self-respecting personal trainer must own knowledge about the structure respiratory system, Her destination and how role it performs in the process of sports. Knowledge of physiology and anatomy are the indicator of the relationship of the coach to its craft. The more he knows, the higher his qualifications, as a specialist.

The respiratory system is a combination of organs whose goal is to ensure the human body with oxygen. The process of providing oxygen is called - gas exchange. Inhaled oxygen by man, it turns into carbon dioxide on the exhalation. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, namely in Alveola. Their ventilation is implemented by alternating inhalation cycles (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration). The process of inhalation is interrelated with motor activity The diaphragms and external intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is inhaled, and the ribs rise. The exhalation process occurs for the most part passively, involving only the internal intercostal muscles. On the outlet of the diaphragm rises, the ribs are lowered.

Breathing is usually separated by the extension method chest Two types: Breast and abdominal. The first is more often observed in women (the expansion of the sternum occurs due to the rising of the ribs). The second is more often observed in men (the expansion of the sternum occurs due to the deformation of the diaphragm).

The structure of the respiratory system

The respiratory tracts are divided into the upper and lower. Such a separation is a purely symbolic and boundary between the upper and lower ways of breathing takes place at the intersection of the respiratory and digestive systems At the top of the larynx. To the upper respiratory tracts include the cavity of the nose, the nasopharynk and the rotogulip with the oral cavity, but only partially, since the latter in the process of respiration is not involved. Lower breathing paths include larynx (although sometimes it is also attached to the upper paths), trachea, bronchi and lungs. Airways inside the lungs represent a kind of tree and branch about 23 times before oxygen falls into the alveoli, in which gas exchange occurs. Schematic representation of a human respiratory system you can see in the figure below.

The structure of the human respiratory system: 1- Frontal sickness; 2- Wedge-shaped sinus; 3-nasal cavity; 4- Honor of the nose; 5- finished cavity; 6- pitch; 7 - Nasta; 8- voice fold; 9-thyroid cartilage; 10 amphous cartilage; 11- trachea; 12- the top of the lung; 13- top share (equity bronchi: 13.1- right upper; 13.2- right medium; 13.3- Right lower); 14- horizontal gap; 15- oblique gap; sixteen- Middle Share; 17th share; 18-diaphragm; 19- upper share; 20- tongue bronchi; 21- Kille trachea; 22- intermediate bronchi; 23- left and right main bronchi (equity bronchi: 23.1, upper left; 23.2- left lower); 24- oblique gap; 25- heart clipping; 26- Long Lung Tag; 27 - bottom share.

The respiratory tract act as a binder between the environment and the main organ of the respiratory system is light. They are located inside the chest and are surrounded by ribs and intercostal muscles. Directly in the lungs and the process of gas exchange between oxygen entered the pulmonary alveoli (see figure below) and blood, which circulates inside the pulmonary capillaries. The latter carry out the delivery of oxygen into the body and eliminating gaseous exchange products from it. The ratio of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs is maintained at a relatively constant level. Termination of oxygen flow into the body leads to loss of consciousness ( clinical death), then to irreversible violations of the brain and ultimately to death (biological death).

Alveola's structure: 1- capillary channel; 2-connecting fabric; 3- alveolar bags; 4- Alveolar stroke; 5-slim iron; 6-mucous liner; 7- pulmonary artery; 8- pulmonary vein; 9-hole bronchioles; 10- Alveola.

The process of respiration, as I said above, is carried out by deformation of the chest with the help of respiratory muscles. Breathing itself is one of the few processes flowing in the body, which is controlled by both consciously and unconsciously. That is why a person during sleep, being in an unconscious state continues to breathe.

Functions of the respiratory system

The main two functions that the human respiratory system performs is directly breathing itself and gas exchange. Among other things, it participates in such no less important functions as maintaining the thermal balance of the body, the formation of voice gravestone, the perception of smells, as well as an increase in the humidity of the inhaled air. Pulmonary fabric takes part in the production of hormones, water-salt and lipid metabolism. In the extensive system of lung vessels, the blood deposition occurs (storage). The respiratory system also protects the body from the mechanical factors of the external environment. However, from all this manifold of functions, it will be precisely gas exchange, since it does not proceed either the exchange of substances nor the formation of energy or as a result, life itself.

In the process of breathing oxygen through the alveoli, blood penetrates, and carbon dioxide through them is excreted from the body. This process Ensures the penetration of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the capillary membrane of Alveol. In a state of rest, the pressure of oxygen in alveoli is approximately 60 mm Hg. Art. higher compared to pressure in the circulatory capillaries of the lungs. Due to this, oxygen penetrates into the blood, which flows through the pulmonary capillaries. In the same way, carbon dioxide penetrates in the opposite direction. The gas exchange process proceeds so quickly that it can be called actually instantaneous. Schematically, this process is shown in the figure below.

Scheme of the process of gas exchange in Alveoloch: 1- capillary network; 2- Alveolar bags; 3-hole bronchioles. I- intake of oxygen; I6 carbon dioxide.

With gas exchange figured out, now let's talk about the basic concepts regarding respiratory. Air volume, inhaled and exhaled by man in one minute, called minute volume of breathing. It provides the necessary level of gas concentration in alveoli. The concentration indicator is determined respiratory volume - This is the amount of air that man inhales and exhales in the process of breathing. As well as frequency of respiratory movements, in other words - the frequency of breathing. Reserve volume inha - This is the maximum amount of air that a person can breathe after an ordinary breath. Hence, reserve exhalation - This is the maximum amount of air that a person can exhale additionally, after ordinary exhalation. The maximum air volume that man can exhale after the maximum inhale is called life capacity lungs. However, even after the maximum exhalation in the lungs there is a certain amount of air called residual lung volume. The sum of the life capacity of the lungs and the residual volume of the lungs gives us common lung tankwhich in an adult is equal to 3-4 liters of air to 1 lung.

The moment of breath brings oxygen to the alveoli. In addition to Alveol, the air also fills all other areas of respiratory tract - purph cavity, nasopharynk, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Since in the process of gas exchange, these respiratory departments do not participate, they got a name anatomically dead space. Air volume that fills this space healthy manAs a rule, it is about 150 ml. With age, this indicator tends to increase. Since at the moment of deep breath, the respiratory tracts have an expanding property, it should be borne in mind that an increase in respiratory volume is accompanied simultaneously and an increase in anatomical dead space. Such a relative increase in respiratory volume usually exceeds this indicator For dead anatomical space. As a result, with an increase in the respiratory volume, the share of anatomical dead space decreases. Thus, we can conclude that the increase in the respiratory volume (with deep breathing) provides significantly better ventilation of the lungs, relatively with rapid breathing.

Respiratory regulation

For fulfillment of the body with oxygen, the nervous system adjusts the speed of pulmonary ventilation through the change in the frequency and depth of breathing. Due to this, the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood does not change even under the influence of such active physical exertion, as work on a cardiotryman or training with burdens. Respiratory regulation is controlled by the respiratory center, which is shown in the figure below.

The structure of the breathing center of the brain stem: 1- Varoliviyev Bridge; 2- pneumotactics center; 3- apneal center; 4- Precomplex of Betzinger; 5- dorsal group of respiratory neurons; 6- Ventral group of respiratory neurons; 7- continued brain. I- of the brain trunk center; II - part of the air of the bridge; III- part of the respiratory center oblong brain.

The respiratory center consists of several disparate groups of neurons, which are located on both sides of the bottom of the brain. In total, three main neurons groups are distinguished: a dorsal group, a ventral group and a pneumatic center. Consider them in more detail.

• The dorsal respiratory group plays a crucial role in the implementation of the respiratory process. It is also the main generator of impulses that ask permanent rhythm breathing.
• The ventral respiratory group performs several important functions at once. First of all, the respiratory impulses from these neurons take part in the regulation of the process of respiration, controlling the level of pulmonary ventilation. Among other things, the excitation of the elected neurons of the ventral group can stimulate inhale or exhale, depending on the moment of excitation. The importance of these neurons is especially great, as they are able to control the abdominal muscles who participate in the exhalation cycle with deep breathing.
• The pneumotactic center takes part in the frequency management and amplitude of respiratory movements. The main impact of this center consists in the regulation of the duration of the filling cycle of the lungs, as a factor that limits the respiratory volume. The added effect of such a regulation is the direct impact on the respiratory frequency. With a decrease in the duration of the inhalation cycle, the exhalation cycle is also reduced that in the end leads to an increase in the respiratory frequency. The same is true in the opposite case. With an increase in the duration of the inhalation cycle, the exhalation cycle also increases, while the respiratory frequency is reduced.

Conclusion

The human respiratory system is primarily a set of organs necessary to ensure the body with vital oxygen. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of this system gives you the opportunity to understand the basic basics of building a training process of both aerobic and anaerobic orientation. The information provided here is of particular importance in determining the goals of the training process and can serve as a basis for assessing the state of agent of athlete when planning training programs.

Breathing is the process of exchanging such gases as oxygen and carbon, occurring between the internal human environment and the outside world. Human respiration is a difficult adjustable act collaboration nerves and muscles. Their coordinated work ensures the implementation of the inhalation - the flow of oxygen into the body, and the exhalation - the removal of carbon dioxide into the environment.

The breathing apparatus has complicated structure And includes: human respiratory system, muscles that are responsible for acts of inhalation and exhalation, nerves governing the entire process of exchanging air, as well as blood vessels.

The vessels are of particular importance for breathing. Blood on the veins enters light fabricwhere gas exchange occurs: oxygen comes, and carbon dioxide comes out. Return with oxygen-saturated blood is carried out by arteries that transport it to the authorities. Without the process of oxygenation of tissues, breathing would not make any sense.

Evaluation of the function of respiratory organs is made by pulmonious doctors. An important indicators are:

1. The width of the lumen of the bronchi.
2. Respiratory volume.
3. Reserve volumes of inhalation and exhalation.

The change in at least one of these indicators leads to a deterioration of well-being and is an important signal to additional diagnosis and treatment.

In addition, there are secondary functions that breathing. It:

1. The local regulation of the respiratory process, which ensures the device for ventilation vessels.
2. Synthesis of various biologically active substancescarrying out the narrowing and extension of vessels as needed.
3. Filtration, which is responsible for resorption and disintegration of foreign particles, and even blood clots in small vessels.
4. Depositing of cells of lymphatic and hematopoietic systems.

Stages of the process of breathing

Due to nature, which invented such a unique structure and functions of the respiratory organs, it is possible to carry out such a process as an air exchange. Physiologically he has several stages, which, in turn, are regulated by the Central nervous systemAnd only thanks to this work as a clock.

So, scientists as a result of perennial studies allocated the following stages, in the aggregate organizing breathing. It:

1. External breathing - delivery of air from the external environment to Alveola. All organs of the human respiratory system are actively involved in this.
2. Delivery of oxygen to organs and tissues by diffusion, as a result of this physical process, tissue oxygenation occurs.
3. Breathing of cells and fabrics. In other words, the oxidation of organic substances in cells with the release of energy and carbon dioxide. It is easy to understand that oxidation is impossible without oxygen.

Respiratory value for man

Knowing the structure and functions of the human respiratory system, it is difficult to overestimate the value of such a process as breathing.

In addition, thanks to it, it is exchanged gases between the inner and foreign medium of the human body. The respiratory system participates:

1. In thermoregulation, that is, cools the body when increased temperature air.
2. In the isolation function of random alien substances, such as dust, microorganisms and mineral salts, or ions.
3. In creating sounds of speech, which is unusually important for the social sphere of man.
4. In the smell.

Breathing is one of the most basic properties of any living organism. Its great importance is difficult to overestimate. How important is normal breathing, a person is thinking only when it is unexpectedly difficult, for example, with a cold appeared. If no food and water is still able to live for a while, then without breathing - countless seconds. In one day, an adult man makes more than 20,000 inhales and as many exhalations.

The structure of the human respiratory system is what it will discern in this article.

As a man breathes

This system is one of the most important in the human body. This is a whole set of processes occurring in a certain relationship and aimed at ensuring that the organism has received oxygen from ambient and allocated carbon dioxide. What is the breath and how are the respiratory authorities?

The respiratory organs of a person are conditionally divided into air and light paths and lungs.

The main role of the first is unobstructed air delivery to light. The respiratory pathways of the person begin with the nose, but the process itself can occur through the mouth, if the nose is laid. but nasal breathing preferable because passing through nasal cavityThe air is cleaned, and if it falls through the mouth - no.

Three main process allocate in breathing:

• external breathing;
• transfer of gases with blood flow;
• internal (cell) breathing;

When inhaling through the nose or mouth, the air first falls into the throat. Together with the larynx and the apparent sinuses of the nose, these anatomical cavities belong to the upper respiratory tract.

The lower respiratory tract is a trachea, connected to her bronchi, as well as light.

All together they form a single functional system.

It is clearly easier to present its structure using a circuit or table.

In the process of respiration, the destruction of sugars molecules occurs and carbon dioxide is distinguished.

Breathing process in the body

Gas exchange occurs due to their different concentrations in alveoli and capillaries. This is the process of diffusion. In the lungs of Alveol, oxygen comes into the vessels, and back - carbon dioxide. Both alveoli and capillaries consist of one-layer epithelium, which allows gases to penetrate them easily.

Gas transport to the organs occurs as follows: first oxygen in the air paths falls into the lungs. When the air falls into the blood vessels, it forms unstable connections with hemoglobin in red blood cells, and with it moves to various organs. Oxygen is easily disconnected and then enters the cells. It is also connected to hemoglobin carbon dioxide and is transported in the opposite direction.

When oxygen comes to cells, it penetrates first into the intercellular space, and then directly into the cell.

The main goal of breathing is the formation of energy in cells.

Parietal pleura, pericardium and perico are attached to the tendons of the diaphragm, and this means that when breathing there is a temporary displacement of the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity.

When inhaling the volume of lungs increases with exhalation, respectively, decreases. In a state of rest, a person uses only 5 percent of the total volume of lungs.

Functions of the respiratory system

Its main purpose is the supply of an organism with oxygen and the elimination of decay products. But the functions of the respiratory system can be different.

In the process of breathing, oxygen is constantly absorbed by cells and at the same time they give carbon dioxide. However, it should be noted that the respiratory system authorities are also parties to other important functions of the body, in particular, are directly involved in the formation of speech sounds, as well as sense of smell. In addition, respiratory organs are actively involved in the process of thermoregulation. The temperature of the air that inhales a person directly affects the temperature of his body. Exhaled gases reduce body temperature.

Selective processes also partially involve the respiratory system. There is also the allocation of a certain amount of aqueous steam.

The structure of respiratory organs, respiratory authorities also provide protective forces of the body, because when air passes through the upper respiratory tract, its partial cleansing occurs.

On average, a person consumes about 300 ml of oxygen in one minute and emits 200 g of carbon dioxide. However, if increasing exercise stressThe oxygen consumption increases at times. In one hour a person is able to allocate in external environment From 5 to 8 liters of carbon dioxide. Also in the process of respiration, dust, ammonia and urea are removed from the body.

Respiratory organs take a direct policy in the formation of human speech sounds.

Respiratory Organs: Description

All respiratory organs are interconnected.

Nose

This authority is not only an active participant in the respiratory process. It is also an alphabia. It is from it that begins the breathing process.

The nasal cavity is divided into departments. The classification of them is as follows:

• lower department;
• middle;
• upper;
• common.

The nose is divided into bone and cartilage departments. Nasal septum Shares the right and left half.

From the inside the cavity covers the flicker epithelium. Its main purpose is cleaning and warming the incoming air. The viscous mucus, located here, has bactericidal properties. Its amount increases dramatically when different pathologies appear.

In the nasal cavity is a large number of Small venous vessels. When damaged, bleeding from the nose occurs.

Larynx

Lanes - an extremely important component of the respiratory system located between the throat and the trachea. It is a cartilage education. Groat cartilage are:

1. Paired (sinpelovoid, horned, wedge-shaped, grain-shaped).
2. Unpaired (thyroid, ripped and essay).

In men, the place of connecting plates of the thyroid cartilage is strongly performing. They form the so-called "adamo apple".

The joints of the organ provide its mobility. Lane has many different ligaments. There is also a whole group of muscles straining voice ligaments. In the larynx, the vocal ligaments themselves, which take the most direct participation in the formation of speech sounds.

The larynx is formed in such a way that the process of swallowing does not interfere with breathing. It is located at the level of the fourth to the seventh cervical vertebrae.

Trachea

The actual continuation of the larynx - trachea. By location, respectively, the organs in the trachea are separated by the cervical and chest parts. Freak to the trachea joins the esophagus. Very near it passes a vascular-nervous beam. It includes carotid artery, wandering nerve and bright vein.

The trachea branches the two sides. This separation point is called bifurcation. The rear wall of the trachea is flattened. Immediately located muscle. Its special location allows trachee to be movable when coughing. The trachea is as well as other respiratory organs covered with a special mucous membrane - fiscal epithelium.

Bronchi

The branching of the trachea leads to the next pair body - bronchoms. The main bronets in the field of the gate are divided into equity. The right main armor is wider and shorter than the left.

At the end of Bronchiol are Alveola. These are small moves, at the end of which special bags are located. It is they who exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with small blood vessels. Alveolas are embroidered from the inside with a special substance. They maintain their surface tension, not allowing alveolum alveams. Total amount Alveol in lungs - approximately 700 million.

Lungs

Of course, all the organs of the respiratory system are important, but the lungs are most significant. They directly exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Located organs B. breast cavity. Their surface is fascinated by a special shell, called pleural.

The right light is less than the left long for a couple of centimeters. Light muscles themselves do not contain.

In lungs distinguish two departments:

1. Top.
2. Base.

And also three surfaces: a diaphragmal, refinery and mediated. They are addressed to a diaphragm, robram, mediastinum. The surfaces of the light are separated by the edges. The riban and mediocked area shares the front edge. The lower edge separates from the diaphragm region. Each lung is divided into shares.

At the right light of them three:

Top;

Average;

At the left - only two: the upper and lower. There are interdole surfaces between shares. Both lungs have oblique gap. It shares the shares in the organ. At the right light, there is additionally a horizontal gap separating the upper and middle lobes.

The base of the light is expanded, and top part is a narrowed. On the inner surface of each part there are small recesses, called the gate. Through them are educated, creating the root of the lung. Here are lymphatic and blood vessels, bronchi. In the right light of this bronch easy ViennaTwo light arteries. In the left - bronchi, light artery, two light veins.

In front of the left lung there is a small recess - heart clipping. It is limited to the bottom, called the tongue.

Protects the chest from external damage. The thoracic cavity is sealed, it is separated from the abdominal cavity.

Diseases associated with lightly affect general state Human organism.

Pleura

Lights are covered with a special film - Pleverra. It consists of two parts: outdoor and inner petal.

The pleural cavity always contains a small amount of serous fluid that ensures the wetting of the petals of the pleura.

The human respiratory system is designed in such a way that directly in pleural cavity There is a negative air pressure. It is precisely thanks to this fact, as well as the surface tension of the serous fluid, light are constantly in a polished state, as well as they take the breathing motion of the chest.

Respiratory muscles

The respiratory muscles are divided into inspiratory (breathing) and expiratory (operating when exhaling).

The main inspiratory muscles are:

1. Diaphragm.
2. Outdoor interrogrose.
3. Interchorsky internal muscles.

There are also inspiratory auxiliary muscles (staircase, trapezoid, primary and small, etc.)

Interrochemical, straight, resistant, transverse, outdoor and inner abdominal muscles are expiratory muscles.

Diaphragm

The diaphragm also carries out a significant role in the process of respiration. This is a unique plate that separates two cavities: breast and abdominal. It is believed to respiratory muscles. In the diaphragm itself, a tendon center and three more muscular areas are distinguished.

When the reduction occurs, the diaphragm is removed from the walls of the chest. At this time, the amount of the chest cavity increases. The simultaneous reduction in this muscle and the muscles of the abdominal press leads to the fact that the pressure inside the chest cavity becomes less than the external atmospheric pressure. At this point, the air flow into the lungs. Then, as a result of relaxing muscles, exhale

Mucous membrane

Respiratory organs are covered with a protective mucous membrane - fiscal epithelium. On a surface fiscal epithelium There is a huge amount of cilia, constantly carrying out the same movement. Special cells located between them together with the glazers produce a mucus that wets the cilia. Like adhesive tape, tiny particles of dust and dirt stick to it, penetrated when inhaling. They are transported to the throat and are removed. In the same way, malicious viruses and bacteria are eliminated.

This is a natural and rather effective self-cleaning mechanism. Such a structure of the shell and the ability to cleanse applies to all respiratory organs.

Factors affecting the condition of respiratory authorities

Under normal conditions, the respiratory system works clearly and smoothly. Unfortunately, it can be easily damaged. Many factors are able to influence its condition:

1. Cold.
2. Excessively dry air formed in the room as a result of heating appliances.
3. Allergy.
4. Smoking.

All this has extremely negative influence on the condition of the respiratory organs. In this case, the movement of the ciliation of the epithelium can slow down, and even stop at all.

Harmful microorganisms and dust cease to be removed, as a result, the risk of infection occurs.

At first, this is manifested in the form of a cold, and here, first of all, the upper respiratory tract suffer. There is a violation of ventilation in the nasal cavity, there is a feeling of nasal congestion, a common uncomfortable state.

In the absence of correct and timely treatment in inflammatory process will be involved putinous sickles nasal cavity. In this case, the sinusitis occurs. Then other signs of respiratory organs appear.

Cough arises due to excessive irritation of coughing receptors in the field of nasopharynx. The infection easily moves from the upper ways to the lower and the bronchi is already suffering. Doctors speak in this case that the infection "fell" below. This is fraught serious diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, pleurisy. IN medical institutions Strictly followed the condition of equipment intended for anesthetically respiratory procedures. This is done to avoid infection of patients. There are SanPiN (Sanpin 2.1.3.2630-10), which must be observed in hospitals.

As with any other body system, the respiratory has to take care: in time to treat if the problem appeared, as well as avoid negative environmental impact, as well as bad habits.

The respiratory system performs the function of gas exchange, delivery to the organism of oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from it. The nasal cavity, the nasopharynk, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs are airways.

In the upper respiratory tract The air is warming up, cleaned from different particles and moistened. In alveoli lungs there is gas exchange.

Nose cavity Wasten with a mucous membrane, in which two, differing in structure and functions, part: respiratory and olfactory.

The respiratory part is covered with a ciliary epithelium that emitting the mucus. The mucus moisturizes the inhaled air, envelops solid particles. The mucous membrane warms the air, as it is abundantly supplied with blood vessels. Three nasal shells increase general surface Nasal cavities. Under the sinks there are lower, medium and upper nasal moves.

The air from the nasal moves goes through the boaans into the nasal, and then into the mouth of the pharynx and in the larynx.

Larynx Performs two functions - respiratory and voting formation. The complexity of its structure is associated with the formation of voice. Lane is located at the level of IV-VI cervical vertebrae and is connected by ligaments with an approach. Formed larynx cartilage. Outside (men are especially noticeable), "Kadyk", "Adamovo Apple" - thyroid cartilage. At the base of the larynx, there is an animal cartilage, which is connected by the joints with the thyroid and two diapalic cartilage. Crypalovoid cartilage is moving a cartilage voice process. The entrance to the larynx is covered with an elastic cartilaginous nastestrian attached to the thyroid finishing and sub-band bonds.

Between the Crapalovoid I. internal surface Thyroid cartilage are vocal bundles consisting of connective tissue elastic fibers. The sound occurs as a result of fluctuations in voice ligaments. Gortan takes part only in the formation of sound. Lips, tongue, soft sky, sandy sinuses take part in the self-separated speech. Lanes change with age. Its growth and function are associated with the development of the sex glands. The dimensions of the larynx in boys during puberty increase. The voice changes (mutters).

From the larynx, the air enters the trachea.

Trachea - tube, 10-11 cm long, consisting of 16-20 cartilaginous, not closed rear rings. Rings are connected by bundles. The rear wall of the trachea is formed by a dense fibrous connective tissue. Food lump coming around the esophagus adjacent to back wall Trachea, do not have resistance from her side.

The trachea is divided into two elastic main bronchi. Right bronchus in short and wider left. The main bronets are branched on smaller bronchi - bronchioles. Bronchi and bronchioles are seduced with eyelet epithelium. In bronchioles, there are secretory cells that produce enzymes that split surfactant - a secret that helps to maintain the surface tension of the alveolo, which prevents them in exhalation. It also has a bactericidal action.

Lightweight, paired organs located in the chest cavity. The right lung consists of three pieces, left of two. The lobes of lung to a certain extent are the anatomically isolated areas with the ventilating bronchus and their own vessels and nerves.

The functional unit of the lung is the acinus - the branching system by one end bronchioles. This bronchiola is divided into 14-16 respiratory bronchiols that form up to 1500 alveolar strokes carrying up to 20,000 Alveol. Pulmonary slices consists of 16-18 acinuses. Segments are composed of bakes, from segments - a share, from a lung share.

Outside the lung is covered with an inner sheet of pleura. Its outer leaflet (onset pleura) wretches the chest cavity and forms a bag in which the lung is located. A pleural cavity is located between the outer and inner sheets, filled with a small amount of fluid facilitating the movement of the lungs when breathing. The pressure in the pleural cavity is less atmospheric and is about 751 mm Hg. Art.

When inhaling the breast cavity expands, the diaphragm is lowered, lungs are stretched. When exhaling, the amount of the chest cavity decreases, the diaphragm relaxes and rises. Outdoor intercostal muscles, diaphragm muscles, internal intercostal muscles participate in the respiratory movements. With enhanced breathing, all the muscles of the chest are involved, raising ribs and sternum, abdominal muscles.

Respiratory volume - the amount of air, inhaled and exhaled by man in calm state. It is 500 cm 3.

Additional volume is the amount of air that a person can breathe after a calm breath. This is another 1500 cm 3.

Reserve volume - the amount of air that a person can exhale after a calm exhalation. It is equal to 1500 cm 3. All three values \u200b\u200bconstitute the life capacity of the lungs.

The residual air is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the deepest exhalation. It is 1000 cm 3.

The respiratory movements are controlled by the respiratory center of the oblong brain. The center has inhale and exhalation departments. From the center of the inhalation, the impulses go to the respiratory muscles. There is a breath. From the respiratory muscles, the impulses go to the respiratory center for wandering nervas And the center of the breath is hampered. It takes out. The activity of the respiratory center affect the level arterial pressure, Temperature, pain and other stimuli. Humoral regulation It occurs when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is changed. Its increase excites the breathing center and causes the increase and deepening breathing. The ability to arbitrarily delay respiration for a while is explained by the controlling influence on the respiratory process of the cerebral cortex.

Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues occurs by diffusion of gases from one environment to another. The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is higher than in alveolar, and it diffuses in the alveoli. From the alveolo for the same reasons, oxygen penetrates in venous blood, saturating it, and from the blood in the tissue.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues is higher than in the blood, and in the alveolar air is higher than in atmospheric (). Therefore, it diffuses from the tissues into blood, then into the alveoli and into the atmosphere.

In order to live people every second required oxygen. It is contained in the air and enters the body through the human respiratory system - nose or mouth, trachea and lungs.

From light oxygen when inhaling enters blood, and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide, which forms in the process of breathing, turns back into the lungs and is removed when exhaled.

How does the human respiratory system

When we breathe, the air enters the lungs through the trachea, which immediately in front of the light is divided into two tubes - bronchi. In the lungs themselves, bronchi are divided into even smaller tubes, called bronchioles. At the tips bronchioles are located air bubbles filled with air, they are also called moile. It is through thin walls these bubbles oxygen from the lungs enters the current blood vessels blood.

In total, about 300 million light bubbles are located in the lung adult and if all of them is revealed, then the total area of \u200b\u200btheir surface would be half the area of \u200b\u200bthe tennis court.

As a man breathes

A man breathes due to the movement of the Röbebe and the flat muscles, which is located under them, called the diaphragm. When inhaling the brain gives the command to the interrochemical muscles and the muscles of the diaphragm on the voltage. At the same time, the ribs are lifted, the diaphragm is located flat (lowered), the size of the chest increases and the lungs appear more places To increase the volume and drawing of oxygen-containing air.

In the exhalation, the interrochemical muscles relax, the ribs fall, and the diaphragm rises and displaces the air from the lungs containing carbon dioxide.

Respiratory system and human voice

One of the elements of the human respiratory system is trachea - in its upper part goes into the ladins (you can say on the contrary, that the larynx in its lower part goes into the trachea). Inside the larynx there are two folds, which are called voice ligaments.

Usually, voice ligaments are open, but if they are squeezed, then the air passing through the ladies will cause them to fluctuate them, and it is as a result of fluctuations in voice ligaments a human voice sounds. A person can change the voice by changing the pressure of exhaled air into voice ligaments or changing their shape.