What invented Kulibin I. Ph: The most famous creations of a talented master

Kulibin Ivan Petrovich (1735-1818), mechanic, inventor.

Born on April 21, 1735 in Nizhny Novgorod in a merchant family. Having learned from the Dycachka, literacy and the score, Kulibin independently studied the mechanics and opened the watchmaker.

In 1764-1769. He made a clock in the shape of an egg, in which the theater action was played every hour. The inventor was presented to them who came to Nizhny Novgorod Catherine II and was appointed head of mechanical workshops of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Having moved to the capital, Kulibin in 1769-1787. He served as a mechanic and led the workshops.
In the 70s XVIII century He designed a wooden monochon bridge over the Neva with a length of the span of 298 m (instead of 50-60 m). The model of a genuine value bridge experienced a special academic commission, but the bridge was not built.

From 1791, Kulibin worked on the metal bridge options, but the government rejected this project.

For unknown reasons, Kulibin did not work out with the princess E. R. Dashkova - President of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Russian.

Liberated in 1787 from the institution of workshops, Kulibin was completely surrendered to invention: designed a flashlight with a reflector, "lifting chair" (elevator), three-wheeled pedal wagon, optical telegraph, "Mechanical legs" (prostheses), tried to create an eternal engine.

In 1792 he was elected a member of a free economic society.

In 1801, Kulibin resigned and returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where until the end of his life was drafted by projects of vessels with a machine engine.

He also invented many other things: fixture for the boring of the inner surfaces of the cylinders, the car for the extraction of salt, seeders, the mill, the water wheel of a special design, etc.

But most of them were not in demand, and the last years Kulibin lived in great need.

On August 11, the brilliant Russian inventor, the talented master self-taught, Ivan Kulibin, passed away. Its invention was most appreciated only after the death of Ivan. He left this world in a complete poverty, I spent everything for fruitless attempts to invent the eternal engine, and in order to organize the most modest funeral, his friends had to sell the clocks hanging on the wall in the House of the Master - did not have enough money ...

As a child, a small Vanya, born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a modest merchant, was interested in the inner essence of things. "And how is it arranged?", In search of an answer, he disassembles and again collects everything that falls into his hands. Son's curiosity entails pleasant consequences for his father: Neighbors cannot appeal a talented child, who in a matter of minutes revenge not only hours, but also factory machines such as lathes. Naturally, dad encourages children's passion, regularly providing a teen with books in physics, chemistry and other scientific publications, which only he can get at the time.

The glory of Ivana does not hold for a long time within Nizhny Novgorod, it is distributed throughout Russia. But the present fame comes to him at the moment when he goes to Petersburg in 1764 and presents Catherine II clock-egg. In addition to the actual mechanism enclosed in an unusual shell, the watch was distinguished by the secret: the door and miniature little men were spared in them, skillfully sharpened from gold and silver, began to dance to the music.

The admiring Empress immediately appoints Kulibina to the head of the main mechanical workshop of St. Petersburg, - the previous chapter, specially discharged from abroad, did not know and half of what Ivan did. The practical sovereign kills two hares in one fell swoop: in addition to attracting a talented master, also saves, - Kulibin's salary was on 2000 p. less. And after her death, the master falls into opala: the Son of the Empress seeks to remove everything from the eye, all that resemble Ekaterina.

However, the Russian genius is absolutely indifferent not only for money, but also to glory, only for the prestige of the state: he crossed his inventions to people. Already later, after his death, the ear foreigners will assign many of them by arranging the masters for the drawings of a real hunt.

Clock with a secret

Land described Watch "With the Secret"- The most "loud" invention of Ivan, stored now in the Hermitage. At the Master achieved, did not stop and created the planetary clock, which reflects the phases of the moon and the sun, as well as months.

Optical Telegraph

Optical Telegraph (1704), - We all heard about the chapp telegraph (1794), transmitting telegrams using the combinations of semaphores, but the Kulibin method was perfect. He brought into one table code - a system of conditional positions of semaphores, which significantly increased the speed of signal transmission. Probably, the Frenchman did not fully figure out in the drawings of the brilliant masters ...

Elevator for Empress

Elevator for Empress(1769), - a prototype of modern, well-known designs.

Lantern searchlight

Lantern searchlight With a parabolic mirror reflector (1779), which allowed the increase in the light of one candle to increase 500 times.

Waterport

Waterport- a river vessel that could move against the flow.

Arch bridge

Arch bridge (1772), who finally decided the problem of shipping. It is the method of a rope polygon Kulibin that is used in the current lungs, openwork and extremely durable modern bridges.


"Mechanical leg", which Ivan created for a lost limb at the Ochakovian assault of an officer, served as the basis of the current prostheses.

Self-spray crew

Three-wheeled crew savage (1791), - its design with a box of speeds, brake and flywheel is surprisingly similar to the basis of the chassis of Carla Benz car, invented a hundred years later.


Historians say that the ideas of the Kulibin are based on the basis of construction "Bird nest"- The famous Beijing Stadium. His name became nominative, - now capable of inventors who make various improvements in the already created mechanisms or come up with something of their own, are called lovely Kulibins. That's just that patriotism in them no more ...

In the XVIII century, Russian scientists from different areas were difficult to realize their potential a hundred percent. And the point here is not in scientists themselves, but in the policy that Russia held. The rulers were most interested in: how to stream on the throne, improve the life of the noble class and expand the borders of the state. Therefore, to support the domestic science was the "tenth case". From the XVIII century, the only name is well known - M. V. Lomonosov. But unfortunately, the Russian story completely forgot other "geniuses of that time." Among the forgotten names is the name of the outstanding mechanics - I. P. Kulibin.

"A gift for the empress."

In the Nizhny Novgorod province at the Assumption Congress there was a house. A thirty-year-old man with a beard lived in him and looked, as they would say at the time, "man from the peasant bottoms." It was the "watch master" - Ivan Petrovich Kulibin, and knew him the whole city. He became famous for the fact that he was able to repair the watches of the governor, and after that, a lot of orders had a lot from all the ends of the lower.

In 1764, Kulibin found out that Empress Catherine II is going to visit the Volga cities. Ivan Petrovich very much wanted to work to work for the benefit of the people. He, having enlisted the financial support of the merchant Kostromin, decided to create a watch as a gift to the Empress, who loved various wonderings very much.

These were the most real "miracle - clock": they are with a duck egg and enclosed in a gold frame. The main feature was that during the day they performed three different melodies - it was a unique invention of the Nizhny Novgorod Wizard. Kulibin wrote: "The above-described art continued since October 1764 to 1769 ...". Thus, Ivan Petrovich took 4 years and 5 months to create this "gift."

But the clock of Empress he demonstrated much earlier. On May 20, 1767, Ekaterina II arrived in Nizhny Novgorod. At the end of the day she was presented to her local craftsman - Kulibin, and he demonstrated the clock, which was very liked by the government. She told Ivan Petrovich: "Soon, I will call you to St. Petersburg."

"Mechanic at the Academy of Sciences."

In 1769, Kulibin arrived in St. Petersburg and the microscope, an electric car, a telescope and the very "miracle - clock" put on the legs of the Empress. Catherine took the inventor to the service as a mechanic at the Academy of Sciences.

"Nizhny Novgorod Genius" appeared at the Academy at the moment when she had already become a scientific center of the country and found world fame. No one will doubt that the foundation was laid by the Great Russian Scientist - M.V. Lomonosov. But Mikhail Vasilyevich died, and the work of the Scientific Center began to lead the enemy of Lomonosov - Tauberg. In St. Petersburg there was a lot of rumors about him: "He is an intrigue," said some. Others erected: "This is a random person in a scientist of the world." In fact, despite the fact that an externally academy glowed, internally she was experiencing a real "Czechhard".

Kulibin was very difficult to gain a fit inside the structure, which, formally, managed the Germans. Therefore, in the eyes of the ruling circles of the Academy "Nizhny Novgorod nugget", it was not able to get up with them for one step. They said: "This Kulibin is a simple provincial and generally from the lower circles." But Kulibin still continued to create and amaze Russian society.

"Amazing inventions of Nizhny Novgorod".

At that time, Russia was an extremely backward country in transport. The Academy of Sciences was little interested in technical problems. Thus, the experience of bridge buildings was not studied and was almost unknown. And Petersburg, needed a normal bridge through the Neva. Even in his arrival, Kulibin drew attention to the absence of a stationary bridge through the Neva. Instead, he had a plash bridge, which delivered many problems: the passage of ships was difficult and, as Kulibin himself noted: "There are many people on him with great fear."

According to Ivan Petrovich: it is necessary to block the Neva with one span of an arched bridge, which will rely on the ends on the banks of the river. Such bridges were not new to humanity, but no one even decided to think up to 300 meters. In Switzerland, the bridge built by the Mechanic Roughman's Santingen through Limmat is the largest wooden bridge in the world was 119 meters. Kulibin also conceived the span almost three times more.

In 1776, Kulibin built a model on the scale of one tenth of the natural value. Money for construction gave Prince G.A. Potemkin: 3524 rubles. 96 kopecks.

The Commission appreciated this project very highly. The newspapers wrote: "Amazing this model now makes the spectacle of the entire city in a great set of curious, alternately inspecting. The skillful of her inventor, marked with his wit, not less than was unacceptable that all his defaults were addressed to benefits. "

It seemed that after such words, "good" should have been given to the implementation of the project, but the ruling circles were different views. Catherine Great awarded "Genius" with a medal with St. Andrew ribbon, but the project of Kulibin, and remained a project.

Next of the invention of Nizhny Novgorod mentioned G.R. Derzhavin in his Basna "Lanterns": "It happened to be lanterns in the barn: Kulibinsky and simple ...". The inventor itself narrates:

"The lantern, supplied by me on the post, can illuminate the horizon with continuous light in ways for sea beacons. In addition, it will be useful for artists and workshops for doing drawings and reading books, to illuminate paths during caters, courtyards, entrances and streets. "

It was the prototype of a modern spotlight.

But the Russian reality has played a decisive role again: the lanterns acquired people from the privileged class as a home decor.

Inventions I.P. Kulibina:

1) A screw passenger elevator in the Winter Palace for Catherine Great.

2) Electrical machine with which you could get huge sparks.

3) invented a "scope". This is not a bicycle, but rather the crew, but for individual use, where the power of man is the driving force.

4) Optical Telegraph - such a telegraph could be used in day and night at intermediate stations located at large distances.

5) Kulibin Prosthetic - made a prosthesis for the brother of one of the favorites in 1794. But the history of the prosthetic case is attributed to the English Surigue Sisnu, who made it in 1848.

"Mechanic - genius."

A lot of ingenious things invented and offered Kulibin, but one after another proposed projects were divided into state policy and bureaucratic apparatus. The nobility wanted entertainment, and Kulibin worked for the benefit of the Russian people. He wanted to satisfy the most pressing needs of residents, everyday practical needs. But the satisfaction of human needs, as well as the development of domestic science, was for the state "tenth business."

With the light hand, Alexander I Kulibin was resigned. Ivan Petrovich returned to his native bottom. As another our countryman - N.I. Lobachevsky, Kulibin at the end of life broke and died in deep poverty.

To date, the name Ivan Petrovich Kulibin in Nizhny Novgorod is called the street, the park and the monument was set. Nizhny Novgorod remembers and honors the memory of a great inventor, but for the rest of the Russian reality, it remains a "forgotten mechanic - genius."

Egor Tymoshenko

Ivan Kulibin was born in Nizhny Novgorod 10 (21) April 1735 in the family of a small merchant flour. Since his father was an old supplement, the upbringing was distinguished by rigor. From the small years of the boy passed to work. Early having mastered the diploma, Ivan got up for the counter to help his father. Nevertheless, the most interesting for him was reading books and creating various toys. Father supported the hobbies of his son favorably and allowed him to do a plumbing and lathe.

In 1758, his father died, and Ivan opened a watch workshop in Nizhny Novgorod. Glory about the wonderful master was separated throughout the city, after he repaired the "intricate shell, showing the plots of the day" the governor himself. After that, the couline was not from customers from clients.

In 1767, he was represented by Empress Catherine II, who had a trip by Volzhsky cities. The master demonstrated his inventions to the queen, and also spoke about the clock that he wanted to make in her honor.

And in two years later he introduced the Empress telescope, a microscope, an electric machine and an amazing clock with a goose egg. Especially the sovereign struck the theater-machine, which was played by biblical scenes.

Master gifts produced in Catherine II indelible impression. She offered Kulibin to head the mechanical workshops of the Academy of Sciences, and he accepted the offer. It was the brightest stage in the life of the Nizhny Novgorod Master. The main creative direction of the "main mechanism of the Fatherland" remained hours. They were the most different sizes: from very little "hours in Pisnt" to gigantic.

In addition to hours, Ivan Petrovich was also interested in other directions of technology and mechanics.

In St. Petersburg, for obvious reasons, the problem of the construction of bridges was acutely stood, and Kulibin took care of bridge buildings. In the 70s, he designed the first one-time wooden bridge over the Neva, and at the end of 1776, the tests of his model were successfully held.

Without Ivan Kulibin, no design of carnivals, solemn events, festivities and balls was not held. It was he who organized all sorts of attractions, optical fun, "light crackers". Invented the lantern-spotlight, even with a weak light source gave strong lighting. The mirror system used by the master was able to highlight the darkest transitions of the Tsarsko Selo Palace.

It is Kulibin who belongs to the championship in the invention of mass mechanisms, without which it is impossible to present modern life. In 1791, a prototype of a modern bicycle and a passenger car appeared. Kulibin made the first foot prosthesis, which was intended for Nepeticin officer, the hero of the Ochakov battle. The first elevator, or, as he was called at the end of the XVIII century, the "lifting chair", also the merit of the master. These inventions can be listed for a long time. Among them is an optical telegraph, a "water-order", car extraction machines, mills, water wheels, geodesic and acoustic instruments, pickle pipes, solar and other watches, accurate scales, and even piano and much more.

Ekaterina II appreciated the merits of the master and rewarded it with a medal on Andreyevskaya tape with the inscription: "worthy. Academy of Sciences - Mechanics Ivan Kulibin. "

In 1801, Ivan Petrovich returned to Nizhny Novgorod and began work on improving self-propelled vessels. At this time, the master faced financial problems. Catastrophically lacked money - large projects were not cheap. To work on self-propelled vessels, Kulibin took a loan that extended at the expense of his pension.

Such is the glorious biography of the outstanding Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin. He left his life on July 30 (August 11) of 1818 in Nizhny Novgorod.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia:

Wonderful self-taught mechanic Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was born on April 10 (April 21 in a new style) of 1735 in the family of a small merchant in the village of Print the Nizhny Novgorod county.

In the youthful years, Kulibin was fond of studying watch mechanisms. In 1764-1767 With the financial support of the merchant M.A. Kostromin, he created a clock in the shape of an egg, which presented a complex mechanical device, and in 1769 he presented them with Empress Catherine II, who appointed Kulibina by the head of the mechanical workshops of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

The duties of Kulibin was "to have a major watching above mechanical and optical workshops, so that all work with success and decently produced, and to make an uniscust reading to academic artists throughout what he himself is skillful." Astronomical optical pipes, electrostatic devices, navigation devices, in the design of which academic sciences participated in the workshops. Working at the Academy of Sciences, Kulibin constructed "planetary" pocket hours in which the new system compensation device applied; In addition to hours, minutes and seconds, they showed months, days of the week, seasons, the Phase of the Moon. Created also projects of tower hours, miniature "hours in Pisnt" and others.

Kulibin has developed new solubling techniques for the manufacture of microscopes, telescopes and other optical devices. In the 1770s. He designed a wooden monochrome bridge over the Neva with a length of a span of 298 meters (instead of previously used 50-60-meter spans), offering the use of original farms with a cross-grille. In 1776, the model built by Kulibin of this bridge in 1/10 of the natural value was tested by a Special Academic Commission; The project was approved, but not implemented.

In 1779, Kulibin constructed a lantern (spotlight), which gave powerful light with a weak source. This invention was used for industrial purposes - to illuminate workshops, ships, lighthouses, etc. In 1791, Kulibin made a pedal wagon-scope, which applied the flywheel, brake, the velocity box, rolling bearings, and also developed the design of the mechanical legs (Prostheses).

In 1792, Kulibin was adopted in the members of the Volga Economic Society. In 1793, he built an elevator that raised the cabin using screw mechanisms, and in 1794 created an optical telegraph for transmitting conventional signals at a distance. In 1801, Kulibin was dismissed from the Academy of Sciences and returned to Nizhny Novgorod. In 1804, he built a "drainage", the work on which began in 1782 ("The vessel went against the water, the help of the same water, without any outsider"). By the same time, the works of Kulibin on the use of a steam engine for the movement of ships are believed. It also developed a fixture for boring and processing of internal surfaces of cylinders, car extraction machines, seeders, various mills, water wheel of the original design, etc.

History:

Nizhny Novgorod "Posadsky" Ivan Petrovich Kulibin after several years of hard work, many sleepless nights, built amazing watches in 1767. "The view and magnitude between goose and duck eggs", they were enclosed in an intricate gold rim.

The clock was so wonderful that the Empress Catherine II was taken as a gift. They not only showed time, but also beat off the watches, half and a quarter of an hour. In addition, a tiny theater-machine was enclosed. At the end of each hour, the slad doors were revealed, opening the Chiller, in which the performance was automatically played. The "Coffin of the Lord" stood warriors with spears. The entrance door was littered with a stone. After half a minute after the test was opened, Angel appeared, the stone was moved away, the doors opened, and the warriors hit by fear were falling. After half a minute, "Mironine Sosters" appeared, the bells called, the verse was performed three times with verse "Christ". Everything stood, and the door sash closed the pane so that in the hour everything was repeated again. At noon, the clock was played by the anthem, composed of I. P. Kulibin in honor of the Empress. After that, over the second half of the day, the clock was performed by a new verse: "Survised Jesus from the coffin." With the help of special arrows, it was possible to cause an action of the theater machine at any time.

In a precisely agreed movement of the mass of the smallest details, in the action of pointers of time, figurines, musical devices were captured by emitted nights of a wonderful Russian mechanic, who worked for years, to create one of the most amazing automata known in history.

Creating the most complex mechanism of the first of its creations, I. P. Kulibin began working in the area that the best techniques and scientists were engaged in the Great Lomonosov, who had a lot of attention to the work on creating the most extreme hours. Work I. P. Kulibina above the clock was of great importance. As K. Marx pointed out, the watches together with the mill were "two material foundations where preparatory work for the machine industry was built inside the manufactory ... The watch is the first automaton created for practical purposes; They developed the whole theory about the production of uniform movements. In their nature, they themselves are built on a combination of half-life craft with a direct theory "(K. Marx and F. Engels, Op., T. XXIII, p. 131).

I. P. Kulibin, starting his creativity with the invention of unprecedented hours, went on one of the large roads of the technical thought of that time and took a place in a number of pioneers who have developed the exact mechanics in practice.

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin is an outstanding inventor and self-taught mechanic - born on April 21, 1735 in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a small merchant. "Dyakachka's teaching" is his only education. The father hoped to make a merchant to the flour from his son, but the torture young man sought to work in mechanics, where his exceptional abilities were very early and diverse. Farming of the inventor has revealed everywhere. In the head of his father's house was a rotten pond. Young Kulibin came up with a hydraulic device, in which the water from the neighboring mountain was going to the pool, from there she was in the pond, and the excess water from the pond was outwarded, turning the pond into flowing, in which the fish could be found.

Especially much attention I. P. Kulibin paid work on the clock. They brought him fame. The Nizhny Novgorod Watchmaker, the inventor and the designer became known far beyond the limits of his city. In 1767, he was represented by Catherine II in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1769 he was called to St. Petersburg, represented by Empress and received an appointment to work as masters of the Academy of Sciences. In addition to the clock, he brought an electric car, microscope and a telescope from Nizhny Novgorod to Petersburg. All these creations of the "Nizhny Novgorod Promanin" were commissioned in Kunstkamera for storage.

With the move to Petersburg, the best years in the life of I. P. Kulibin came in the life. Behind, many years of life remained, rich in severe inconspicuous labor. Ahead opened the road to a new, more interesting case. There was activities in continuous communication with academicians and other outstanding people. However, the long-term stationery volokitis on the design of the "Nizhny Novgorod Posad" was ended in position only on January 2, 1770, when I. P. Kulibin signed the "Condition" - an agreement on his responsibilities at the academic service.

He had to: "Have the main look at the instrumental, cleaner, turning and over the Palateau, where optical tools, thermometers and barometers are made. He was also obliged to: "Clean and repair astronomical and others at the Academy of clocks, telescopes, visual pipes and other, especially physical instruments from the commission [i.e. from the governing body of the Academy], sent to it. " "Condition" also contained a special point on indispensable learning I. P. Kulibin workers of academic workshops: "To make an uniscust reading to academic artists in all that he is skillful." Preparations were also prepared by I. P. Kulibin for the training of boys for a hundred rubles for each of the students who "themselves without the help and testimony of the master will be able to do any large tool, for example, a telescope or a large astronomical tube from 15 to 20 feet, mediocre kindness. " For the management of the workshops and work in them, they put 350 rubles a year, providing I. P. Kulibin the right to engage in the second half of the day by his personal inventions.

So Ivan Petrovich Kulibin became the "St. Petersburg Academy of Mechanic".

I. P. Kulibin became the immediate successor of Lomonosov's remarkable works, which made a lot of academic workshops for the development of academic workshops and paying special attention to them until his death in 1765

I.P. Kulibin worked at the Academy of Thirty years. His works are always highly appreciated by scientists. A few months after the start of the academic works, I. P. Kulibina Academician Rumovsky examined the "Gregorian telescope" performed by the new mechanic. According to the report of the Rumovsky on August 13, 1770, in the protocols of the Academic Conference, they recorded: "... In the reasoning of many great difficulties, the artist Kulibin, to encourage such telescopes, to encourage the artist to encourage such instruments to continue, because it is not possible to doubt That he will soon bring it to the perfection, which they are given in England. "

Writing about the works of Kulibina, represented by the Rumovsky, read: "Ivan Kulibin, Posaly Nizhny Novgorod, in the reasoning of different cars made, in 1769. December 23 days was adopted to the Academy under the contract and the watch academy was submitted over the mechanical laboratory, since that time he It is at this post and not only the correction of Oyoy, but also by instruction, the artist taught, deserves special praise from the Academy. "

I. P. Kulibin personally performed and managed the execution of a very large number of tools for scientific observations and experiments. Many devices passed through his hands: "Hydrodynamic tools", "Tools serving to do mechanical experiences", Tools optical and acoustic, ready-made, astrolabia, telescopes, pickle pipes, microscopes, "Electric banks", solar and other watches, Waterpasy, Exact scales and many others, "instrumental turning, plumbing, barometer chambers, who worked under the leadership of I. P. Kulibin, provided scientists and all of Russia with a variety of devices. "Made by Kulibin" - this brand can be put on a significant number of scientific instruments that were in circulation in Russia.

Compiled by him numerous instructions taught how to handle the most complicated devices, how to achieve the most accurate readings from them.

"A description of how to contain an electrical machine in decent power", written by I. P. Kulibin, is only one example of how he taught the formulation of scientific experiences. "Description" was drawn up for academics producing experimental work on the study of electrical phenomena. Compiled "Description" simply, clearly and strictly scientifically. I. P. Kulibin pointed out all the basic rules for handling the device, troubleshooting methods, techniques that ensure the most effective effect of the device.

In addition to the instructions, I. P. Kulibin also accounted for scientific descriptions of devices, such as: "Description of the astronomical perspective of 6 inches, which increases thirty times, and, therefore, the jupiter satellites will clearly show."

During the fulfillment of a variety of works, I. P. Kulibin constantly took care of the upbringing of his students and assistants, among which his Nizhny Novgorod Assistant Solznevsky, Optikov Belyaev, Safety of Egorov, the nearest Kesarean associate.

I. P. Kulibin created the production of physical and other scientific instruments at the Academy by this time, the modest Nizhny Novgorod mechanic became one of the first places in the development of Russian instrument making equipment.

But construction equipment, transport, communications, agriculture and other industries keep wonderful evidence of his work. Wonderful projects of I. P. Kulibin in the field of bridge buildings were widely fame, which were fortunate all that was known to global practice his days.

I. P. Kulibin drew attention to the inconvenience caused by the absence of permanent bridges in its time through p. Neva. After several preliminary sentences, he developed in 1776 a draft arched single-prupt bridge over Neva. Arch length - 298 meters. The arch was designed from 12908 wooden elements fastened with 49'650 iron bolts and 5'500 iron four-graded robes.

In 1813, I. P. Kulibin completed the preparation of the Iron Bridge project through the Neva. Referring to the name of Emperor Alexander I, he wrote about the beauty and greatness of St. Petersburg and pointed out: "The bridge river is lacking only on the Neva, without whom in the spring and autumn great inconvenience and difficulties, and often the most death".

To build a bridge out of three lattice arches, resting on four bulls, it was required to make a million iron pounds. Special detachable parts were assumed to pass vessels. It was provided in the project everything, right up to the lighting of the bridge and protect it during the ice drift.

The construction of the bridge of the Kulibin, the project of which strikes with its courage even modern engineers to us, was not on the shoulder for his time.

The famous Russian builder of Bridges D. I. Zhuravsky, according to prof. A. Ershova ("On the meaning of mechanical art in Russia", "Industry Bulletin", 1859, No. 3), so appreciates the model of the Kulinsky bridge: "On it the printing of genius; It is built on the system recognized by the newest Nauchio Self-rational; The bridge supports the arch, the bend warns the diagonal system, which, according to the unknown of what is being done in Russia, is called American. "

The wooden bridge of Kulibin to the present remains unsurpassed in the wooden bridge construction area.

Understanding the exceptional significance of a fast connection for such a country as Russia, with its extensive space, I. P. Kulibin began in 1794. Development of the Semaphore Telegraph project. He perfectly solved the task and developed, in addition, the original code for the gear. But after forty years after the invention, I. P. Kulibina in Russia were arranged the first lines of the optical telegraph. By that time, the project I. P. Kulibin was forgotten, and the government who had established a less perfect telegraph Chateau paid a hundred twenty thousand rubles for the "Secret brought from France".

The fate of another one of the great dings of a wonderful innovator, who has developed a way of movement of vessels upstream due to the flow of the river itself. "Waterfrost" - the Kulibin vessel was called, successfully tested in 1782 in 1804, as a result of the test of another "reservoir" Kulibin, his vessel was officially recognized as "promising the great benefits to the state." But then the official recognition did not go, everything ended in that the vessel created by I. P. Kulibin was sold from trading on the layer. But the projects and the very vessels were developed and original, and it is advantageous that it proved first of all the inventor itself in the written written by the works: "The description of the benefits of which can be from the car vessels on the Volga river invented by Kulibin," Description, which is the benefit of the execution and Society can be from machine ships on r. The Volga on approximate calculation and specifically in the reasoning towering against the previous years in the hiring of slave people. "

Consultants, sober calculations, produced by I. P. Kulibin, characterize it as an outstanding economist, on the other hand, they show in him who gave all their strength and thoughts to benefit their homeland.

Wonderful patriot that worked with all the passion for his people, he fulfilled so many wonderful cases that even a simple list of them requires a lot of time and place. In this list, one of the first places should occupy, in addition to those mentioned, such inventions: spotlights, "scout", i.e., a mechanically moving wagon, prostheses for the disabled, seeder, floating mill, lifting chair (elevator), etc.

In 1779, the Saint Petersburg Vedomosti wrote about the Kulibinsky spotlight, creating a special mirror system, despite the weak light source (candle), a very strong light effect. It has been reported that Kulibin: "Invented the art of making some particularly curved, composite made of many parts of a mirror, which, when only a candle will be delivered in front of him, produces an amazing effect, multiplying the light in five hundred times, an anti-ordinary candlelight, and more, depending on The measure of the number of mirrored particles in it is accommodated. "

The singer of Russian glory G. R. Derzhavin, called I. P. Kulibin "Archimensional of our days," wrote about a wonderful lantern:

In the list of wonderful cases I. P. Kulibin should take their place and such inventions such as, for example, smokeless fireworks (optical), various entertainment machines, instruments for opening palace windows and other inventions, made to meet the requirements of the empress, yard and noble Persons. Catherine II, Potemkin, Dashkov Princess, Naryshkin and many Velmes were his customers.

By performing orders for inventions and such a variety, I. P. Kulibin and here acted as a researcher. He had to arrange fireworks for the empress and dignitaries many times. The result was a whole treatise of Kulibin "On Fireworks". In detailed and accurately he wrote his work, containing sections: "On white fire", "about green fire", "On the break of rockets", "about flowers", "about the sunshine", "about the stars" and other. I. P. Kulibin showed inexhaustible fiction. An original formulation of many funny lights was given, based on the study of the effects of different substances on the color of the fire. There were a lot of new technical techniques, the incentive types of rockets and a combination of racing lights were put into practice. The wonderful innovator remained faithful, even by presenting the inventions to entertain the yard and nobility.

The inventions of this kind, made by I. P. Kulibin, received the greatest publicity in Tsarist Russia and, more so significant that they diminished the main works of I. P. Kulibin, who determined the true face of the Great Nomator. The lights of Palace Fireworks, as it were, pushed in the shadow of a huge work of I. P. Kulibin, who had benefited his homeland.

Not all of the written I. P. Kulibin was preserved, but also reached us very diverse and rich. Some drawings remained after I. I. Kulibin about two thousand. Outline, machine descriptions, notes, texts, thorough calculations, carefully made drawings, sketches, hurried on paper folders, records made by pencil black or color, drawings on diary scraps, on the corner of money account, on a playing card - thousands of other records and Graphic materials Ivan Petrovich Kulibina show how his creative thought was always boiling. It was a genuine genius of labor, indomitous, passionate, creative.

The best people of that time appreciated the talent of I. P. Kulibin.

The famous scientist Leonard Euler considered him ingenious. The story was preserved about the meeting of Suvorov and Kulibin on a big holiday from Potemkin:

So the immortal suvorov honored in the face of Ivan Petrovich Kulibin the great creative power of the Russian people.

However, the personal life of the wonderful innovator was filled with many chagrins. He was deprived of the joy to see proper use of his works and was forced to spend a considerable part of his talent for the work of the court porthole and the decorator. Especially bitter days came for I. Ts. Kulibin, when he retired in 1801 and settled in his native Nizhny Novgorod. In essence, he had to live in exile, experiencing a need, increasingly stronger, up to death on July 12, 1818

For the funeral of the Great Worker, his wife had to sell the wall clock and take the money.

O I.P. Kulibin:

1. Svignin P., Life of the Russian mechanic Kulibin and its invention, St. Petersburg., 1819;
2. Melnikov P. I., Ivan Petrovich Kulibin, "Nizhny Novgorod provincial statements", 1845, No. 11-26;
3. Kulibin S., necrology of the glorious Russian mechanic of Kulibin, inventions and some jokes collected by the Stat adviser to Kulibin, "Musicovyan", 1854, vol. Vi, No. 22;
4. Korolenko V. G., Materials for the biography of Ivan Petrovich Kulibin, "Actions by the Nizhny Novgorod provincial scientist Archival Commission", Nizhny Novgorod, 1895, vol. II. fifteen;
5. Kochin N.I., Kulibin, ed. "Young Guard", 1940 (the best of the Soviet works about Kulibin. The bibliography and the list of works of Kulibin are given).

Source: "People of Russian Science: Essays on outstanding figures of natural science and technology" / Ed. S.I. Vavilov. - M., L.: Gos. Publishing house tech-theoretical lit-ry. - 1948.

Technics:

Nadezhda Maximova

"Eternal Engine" Ivan Kulibina

Describing Ivan Petrovich Kulibin, the Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius (km) reservedly reports: "Russian self-taught mechanic (1735-1818). Invented many different mechanisms. Improved grinding of glasses for optical devices. Developed a project and built a model of a unionic bridge over r. Neva with a span of 298 m. Created a "mirror lamp" (Projector prototype), semaphore telegraph and a lot of others. "

When reading this paragraph, an unprepared person has a feeling that Kulibin was pretty a pretty decent inventor (Won, the lantern, and the semaphore, and even "many dr"). But on the other hand, just a mechanic (such as a locksmith) and also self-taught.

With a highly acceded euro, the Renaissance era will not be set.

Therefore, violating the traditions of writing abstracts and scientific articles dedicated to any personalities will begin not with biographical data, but from the riddles.

So, it is known that Ivan Kulibin, who was born on the Volga and since childhood he had a heavy work of Burlakov, invented self-propelled barge. Which (ATTENTION!) He herself was against the flow of the river, using itself as the driving force (you will not believe!) The course of the river.

Yes, yes, this is not a mistake and not typo. Kulibin really created a barge that using only the strength of the flow was ... against the flow.

It seems incredible. Impossible. Contrary to the basic laws of physics.

Judge for yourself: Even if it is necessary to ensure that heavy barge has a zero friction coefficient of water (which is impossible!), The vessel at best would remain in place. It would not be drifting by the flow of the river.

And here Barge went to his move UP.

This is just a perpetual engine of some kind!

Paris Academy of Sciences would refuse to consider such a project, as it is impossible, because it is impossible to never!

But the Kulibin did not provide a project, but a real barge. Which, with a large cluster of the people, was indeed lowered on the water and in fact, everyone in sight was against the current, without using any external forces.

Miracle? No, reality.

And now, when you know this, try ourselves (as we inhabitants of the XXI century, armed with knowledge and technical progress) to figure out how self-tailed mechanic (!) XVIII century achieved such an amazing effect using the most simple and accessible to each materials.

While you think, to exacerbate mental processes, I will give a few fundamental principles of invention. Designed, naturally, in the XXI century.

So,
The technical solution is considered ideal if the desired effect is achieved by the "gift", without the use of any means.

The technical device is considered ideal when there are no devices, but the action it should do is performed.

The method to which the technical solution is carried out is ideal when there is no energy and time consumption, but the required action is performed, and regulated. That is, as much as necessary and only when necessary.

Well, in conclusion: the substance used in the technical solution is considered ideal when there is no substance itself, but its function is fully fulfilled.

It does not seem to you that the rustic isogeneous men-ladle, or rather, the self-taught mechanic Ivan Kulibin knew how to find exactly the ideal solutions? Impossible from the point of view of the Paris Academy of Sciences?

In the book of Alexander Duma, "Count Monte Cristo" will be brightly painted as the title hero intercepted and distorted the information transmitted by Semaphore Telegraph from the Spanish Military Theater to Paris. The result was the collapse of the exchange and the grandiose ruin of one of the most powerful bankers - enemies of the graph.

Nothing amazing. Who owns information, he owns the world.

I just want to emphasize that I invented this very semaphore telegraph - Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.

Now about the searchlight.

I will not forget that the grace of her imperial Majesty Ekaterina II Son of the Nizhny Novgorod merchant-Starovra Ivan Kulibin was called up to the capital and there, for 32 years (from 1769 to 1801) he was headed by the mechanical workshops of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Petersburg - the city is nautical. So, the feeding of light signals is extremely important in it. Here and lighthouses, orienting vessels and those who protect them from getting straded, and the transfer of information from the ship to the ship ...

To the era of the Culbage of the Court for the transmission of signals used multicolored pennants, raised on masts, and manual semaphore (dashing sailor with flags). It is clear that it was possible to see this beauty only during the day. Floors burned in the lighthouses at night.

But on a wooden ship, an open fire is too dangerous, so only a candle or wick, floating in a thick oil, can be used in the sea for lighting. It is clear that the power of light from such sources is small and to transmit signals to some kind of decent distance is not suitable. So night the court plunged into darkness and informational silence.

After studying the problem, the self-tailed mechanic of Kulibin in 1779 constructed his famous lantern with a reflector, which gave a powerful light with a weak source. The importance of such a spotlight in the port city is difficult to overestimate.

Viktor Karpenko in his book "Mechanic Kulibin" (N. Novgorod, publishing house "Bikar", 2007) so describes an event:

"Somehow a fiery ball appeared on the dark autumn night on Vasilyevsky island. He covered not only the street, but also the English embankment. Crowds of the people rushed into the light, creating prayers.

Soon it turned out that it shines the lantern, posted by the famous mechanic Kulibin from the window of his apartment, which was placed on the fourth floor of the Academy. "

The lanterns were enjoyed in great demand, but Kulibin was a bad entrepreneur and orders went to other craftsmen who did not have any state.

Car

Leonardo da Vinci is considered the first in the history of the inventor of the self-chassis. True, Florentine has been intended for military purposes and, as they say now, appeared to the prototype of a modern tank.

The device, from all sides, protected by "armor" from the tree (modern bullets and shells in the Middle Ages did not know), moved due to the muscular strength of several people who were sitting inside and rotated the levers. (Type "Curve Starter").

Alas, having studied Leonardo's drawings. Modern specialists estimated the invention as follows:

David Fletcher, British tank historian:

Yes, at first it seems that nothing will come of it. There, inside there should be people rolling handles so that the wheels are covered and Mahina God has moved from the spot what gravity. I would say it is physically impossible.

In order to move it, you need a battlefield smooth, like a table. Stone - and it will stop. Nora CROT - and stop again. The enemy will die from laughter earlier than this thing will come to him.

But it is only at first sight. From the second - soldiers (!) The British army noticed that there is a fundamental error in the drawing.

The gears on the wheels are wrong, "said one of those who were planted inside the Leonard tank and forced to turn the handles. - With such a device, the front wheel turns back, and the rear - forward. So it needs to be fixed - rearrange the gears. Then both wheels will simultaneously move in one direction.

As you can see, the invention of Leonardo contained fundamental design flaws. Moreover, even after their elimination, the mechanism could be used only in the laboratory conditions on an ideally smooth surface, which in real life is not found.

Now take a look at the inventions of Ivan Kulibin.

In the Polytechnic Museum of Moscow, several reduced copies of the self-live carriage are stored. Such (not copies, but real products) were manufactured in the mechanical workshops of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which were led by Kulibin, and were quite widely used for aristocrats.

The museum staff emphasize that the Kulibina segal wagon had all parts of a modern car: the speeds of the speeds, the brake, the drive mechanism, the steering wheel, rolling bearings ... The only similarity with the Leonard invention - was given a design in motion, too, due to human muscles. The driver twisted his pedals, his efforts spun a heavy flywheel ... and after a short period of time, cycling, distinguished by enviable loading capacity, could develop a decent speed. From the driver required only hard to keep the steering wheel and maintain the flywheel in constant rotation.

Bridges

Yes Vinci, having arranged under the patronage of the Milan Duke Louis Sforza, Leonardo positioned himself as a military engineer.

"I can create light durable bridges," he said, - which will be easily transported during the prosecution. Or, soaring the Lord, escape from the enemy. Also, I came up with the method of siege of locks, in which the first thing is dried by ditch with water. "

And the duke took him to the service. However, as a sensible person, (encyclopedias report that with him "Milan became one of the strongest states of Italy, the center of science and art") instructed the new servant not to build bridges of the new design, but something much more modest. He entrusted Leonardo (able to dry? - Drain!) Conduct drainage for the bathroom Duchess.

Encyclopedia Km reports:

"In the 1770s. Kulibin designed a wooden single-line bridge over the Neva with a flutter length of 298 m (instead of 50-60 m, as they built at that time). In 1766, he built a model of this bridge in 1/10 of the natural value. She was tested by the Special Academic Commission. The project was highly appreciated by Mathematics L. Eilor, according to the model Kulibin, who checked the correctness of their theoretical formulas. "

It is very curious about the mention that the famous Euler did not pay calculations for Russian self-taught, and according to his model he checked his calculations. The clever thing was a man, understood that "practice is the criterion of truth."

Question: Why, in fact, the Kulibin needed to invent the bridge of such an unusual form? Thank God, bridge designs from ancient times there are many ...

The fact is that St. Petersburg is a large port. And until today, he accepts the trunks and displacement vessels. In order for these huge ships to enter the city, the main bridges of St. Petersburg are made by divorce.

And the one-day bridge, which offered Kulibin, as it would be steamed over the Neva, touching the ground only at two points - on the right and on the left banks.

It would not be required to breed!

Bridges Kulibin, if their project was adopted, would allow the ocean courts to enter the port not only at night, and at any time of the day! And no costs for maintenance and repair of recording mechanisms.

The perfect solution (see above).

Clock

It is well known that the Metropolitan Career Ivan Kulibin began with the fact that during the visit of Empress Catherine II to Nizhny Novgorod, she was presented to the wizard made by the master. They were with the size of a goose egg and accommodate (in addition to the other hours), no little as the theater, a music box and a mechanism that all controlled by this. In total, the "egg figure", which is now a pearl in the Hermitage collection, contains 427 details.

This is how these amazing clocks are described in the book of Viktor Karpenko:

"They beat off every hour, half and even a quarter of an hour. Upon completion of an hour in the egg, the furnished doors were revealed, opening a gilded pane. Anti-door was the image of the coffin of the Lord, in which the gated door was led.

On the sides of the coffin stood two warrior with spears. After half a minute after the doors of the pacologist were revealed, an angel was. The door leading to the coffin has revealed, and standing warriors fell on her knees. Myrova's wife appeared and heard the church verse "Christ Risel!", Who performed three times.

In the afternoon, hourly was performed by another verse: "Survised Jesus from the coffin." At noon, the clock was playing the anthem, composed by the Kulibin himself. The figures of the angels, warriors and the Mironosians were cast from gold and silver. "

The clock created by Kulibin is stored in the storage room of the Hermitage and to see them, you need to attach special efforts (to negotiate, make a pass, etc.). The famous "Watch-Peacock", made in Europe and exhibited in one of the halls of the Hermitage.

This is a truly grand construction, which even in a spacious Hermitage occupies a significant part of the premises allocated to him.

Of course, everything produced in Europe, Peacock clock is a fashionable entertaining toy and, at the same time, the work of art. In the "wonderful garden", performed in a natural value, peacock, cock, owl in a cage and proteins were located on the gilded branches of oak. When planting special mechanisms, bird figures come into motion. Owl turns his head, Peacock dismisses the tail and turns to the public with its most beautiful part (that is, the rear), rooster quacket.

Plus, all frills are also a dial (in a mushroom hat), looking at which you can without any frills, purely affect how much time.

The clock was acquired by Prince Potemkin at the English Duchess Kingston, which in 1777 on its own ship with a cargo of artistic values \u200b\u200bexported from England sailed to St. Petersburg.

At the other hours there was only one disadvantage: the Duchess took them out of London in a disassembled form and, they lay in the pantry for more than ten years, losing their parts and details. For example, from 55 faceted crystals lying on the basis of hours, by 1791 only one survived.

The bright prince Potemkin-Taurishetic, who spent a lot of money to the wonder, called for Kulibin and asked to "revive poor birds."

The clock is valid until now.

The clock of various constructions of Kulibin created in a set: pocket, daily, perrsta, clock with hobs ...

But I just want to tell you about one. In 1853, a note appeared in the magazine "Moskvatik", signed by some P.N. Obninsky. He reported that he had a watches created by Kulibin in his house, and asked to send a commission to examine.

What was the interesting device so interesting?

First, the clock was astronomical. That is, showed the course of planets, the eclipses of the moon and the sun. In addition, the clock pointed the date (day, month), and the special arrow noted the leap years.

Secondly, a minute clock was arranged for a minute arrow, a blast of the size that does not have any message with the overall clock mechanism and not having a plant show, nevertheless, time is very true.

In fact, here we are again faced with the "Eternal Engine" invented by Kulibin.

In fact, neither springs, no weight, nor a visible source of energy ... And the arrow moves and shows the time very true. Miracle!

The secret is that Kulibin knew physics, perhaps, better than the French Academy of Sciences.

Indeed, according to the law of conservation of energy "Eternal Engine" is impossible. Because in a closed system, the energy does not arise from nothing, and does not disappear to nowhere. But who makes it stay in a closed system?

Hence the randering. On small (in the grivennik) for hours located on the minute arrow of astronomical clock, there was a system of counterweight. The minute arrow moves under the influence of the hourly mechanism. In this case, its position in the gravity field changes. Accordingly, the position of the center of gravity in the "small" clock changes, and due to this they go. Gravitational engine!

Approximately the task of the barges, which was moving against the current due to the flow force.

In a closed system, such a movement would be impossible. But why closure?!

The secret is so simple that even funny:

Anchor is taken and on the boat is closed forward, where he joins reliably. Anchor chain (rope) Another end is wrapped around the rowing shaft on the ship. Two rowing wheels are attached to the rowing shaft (everything like on a wheel steamboat).

The flow presses on the blades of the wheels, they come into rotation, and the rope is wound on the rowing shaft. The ship begins to move against the flow.

We experienced a ship for several days in a row. The cargo was 8,500 pounds of sand.

It is interesting to note that the "watercraft vessel" of Kulibin was the prototype of the toeing system introduced in the 60s of the XIX century in Russia. The tour was called a steam ship. It had an iron housing and moved forward, choosing a chain laid on the bottom of the river.

Kulibin lived 83 years old, and continued to work until the very end.

"More than forty years of time I was engaged in finding a self-moving machine, I practically practiced the experiments to be secretly, because many scientists honor this invention for the impossible, even laugh and swearing on those who exercise exercise," Ivan Petrovich Argenevsky in 1817 wrote year.

Or maybe done? A little bit bad. Attention, money, strength, time ...

No, inventing the "Eternal Engine", the impossibility of which also argued by Leonardo da Vinci, Ivan Petrovich Kulibin did not refuted the laws of physics. Just he knew them a little better ...

Literature:

Stanislav Rapnitsky

Kulibin and Dark Time

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin, as is known, was a popular craftsman. And Masterille Master. Then the clock indicating the phases of the moon, then the wagon of the scope, then the locomotive, or even just a lantern. Dark people, and academicians, too, were afraid of his inventions and disliked the craftsmen. But Kulibin was not stopped. He really wanted to work mechanisms for people, and people worked to buy these mechanisms! Golden was a man! Head!

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was also an academician. But not long. Neither extensive knowledge, nor just bribes were able to solve the issue of his deductions from the Academy. Whether the people were evil, or Kulibin was not too ingenious, but he could not get a job in his life! So drove it from everywhere. But they could simply sell abroad for collapse of foreign equipment and economic life! What were the people who thought about - I won't do the mind!

When Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was still an academician, he did not miss a single academic meeting. Sneak will come, it will sit in the chair, the legs put on the table and crumbles with the rams, and the sweet tea drinks. And fade so loudly: PFFFFF! This is understandable to other academicians prevented. And often academics suited him "Dark": the jacket will cover and Dubasyat - who is a ruler who is a small one, and who and astrolabia. Soon, everything was accustomed to this that sometimes meetings were collected specifically for the sake of this ceremony. The fond of the people these academicians! Easy to taste.

This tradition, by the way, then adopted leading companies. And today you can see how fun and carefree at meetings are all thrown on your colleague. And all of all from whom? - From Kulibin, of course!

Kulibin did not like students and graduate students. And if in the corridor will meet this, it grabs the ear and turns, turns! And he speaks: caught, scoundrel! Once so and the professor has tears one ear. Wrong. Or wanted to think that I was wrong. The clever man was! And inventive!

By the way, when Kulibin was dismissed from the Academy for a systematic disorder of discipline, the students and graduate students had arisen on his protection. Well, lacked at the Academy of a hard hand!

When Kulibin invented the wagon on the steam rod, then all first were delighted. Engraved Ivan Petrovich immediately began to roll influential persons in St. Petersburg and even crushed to the imperial family. Well still the wagon exploded before that! And then the Kulibin would be accused of treason and shot as a dissident! By the way, Ivan Petrovich himself did not suffer during the explosion: Catapult worked. The rest were separated by insignificant injuries: Kutuzov remained without her eye, and Dostoevsky became an idiot. Although relatively Dostoevsky, they say, he has become infected with idiocy in a cheap cafe from the German Gastarbaiter. But I think, after all, this version belongs to the Kulibin itself.

Kulibin invented the lantern and put it on the street for illumination of the night Petersburg. But either the lantern did not like the inhabitants, whether the time was so dark, and the lantern was broken all the time. Kulibin has already tortured him to repair! Even duty at the lantern at night! But only he turns away - Bach! - The lantern is smashed, and Ivan Petrovich himself is already robbed! The consumption has made Kulibin on this vent. And nothing! Still still in Russia was to resist progress! They love our compatriots to mention innovations! But it is understandable: changes with change, and people need to somehow live!

Once Ivan Petrovich invented such a special wallet in which money never end. And went to the store. And there is noise, the crush in the cashier. So I pulled out the invention from my pocket! And the offender went to Siberia and privatized her all! Demidov called. So it is: one invent, the other uses. This principle, by the way, then mastered the owner of Microsoft well.

If it seems to someone that the life of Kulibin was full of different fiasco, then I will object. Ivan Petrovich was born in an extensive and rich country, received a wonderful education and idea of \u200b\u200bmanner. Now the current talent is really not easy: there is nothing of the listed in his life. There are, of course, exceptions. But rarely. Basically in the sphere of show business. On the other hand, what nafig of the invention now! Everything has already invented, just use if there is money. And there is no money!

Somehow Ivan Ivan Petrovich lecture on the electric field and steam rod. And one graduate student is so requested: Mr. Kulibin, what kind of electron charge? Ivan Petrovich then nervously nervous and unscrewed both ears at once! Hear that became bad and science threw. But I took up the music and so much did so much that so far the conservatory cannot cope with it! Surname Postgraduate - Beethoven. He came to Russia in the cultural exchange from Vienna. See, Again - Show Business! Well, there is no inventor of the future, and the pop musician has. So throw the Academy! What is in them sense? - Maya alone! Another thing is true popularity: money, fame ... Well, unless your ears are rejected!

Kulibin loved to listen to the work of different mechanisms. He will rise in a steam boiler and listens, listens. Even eyes rolls! And sometimes put several different aggregates in a row - and conducts. So there was a fashionable direction in music - house and techno. Big audience Ivan Petrovich collected! All young people are students and graduate students. Necessarily. Walks - excluded.

Ivan Petrovich loved the integral expressions. Especially "Figli". Give him another topic for research, he answers: "And Figie!" - OP! Two days ready a whole dissertation. Well, however, in dissertations, too, different words slip. So it is unpleasant to read it. Judge yourself: "Figles here to write: a steam engine runs on a pair. Figure you ship the genius of all garbage! You take a barrel, water poured, damn, the fire is deceived - here's a steam engine! Figles here to explore!" And then in the same way.

As a big music lover, Kulibin made such a mini theater once: inside the music plays, and outside the mechanical figures dance. Well, he was lazy to ride the theaters! In the Academy, he even created a dramahk, where students and graduate students played in the plays. For this, Ivan Petrovich was published again and changed his mind to dismiss from the Academy. As long as he is a rock opera "on the bottom" in this circle did not put. Gorky, understandable, classic, but no one could afford the frivolous handling of the classics! Well, and ringed the Kulibin strict reprimand! "A FIGHL!" Said the inventor and went to build a hyperboloid. The big fire happened then in St. Petersburg! And you do not need to talent your hands!

Kulibin somehow read fiction and built a robot on the steam rod. This robot and coffee boiled in the morning, and the bushes pulled out, and the arithmetic tasks decided. Only here the firewood consumed - well, just an inconceivable amount. The whole forest could consume in one day! Even the firewood himself cut or the neighbors burned at night. Not a robot, and some kind of buzz! This story ended as it turns out: the robot of the neighbors is liaison so they picked up that he is barely up to the house. And after the case it was suitable only except the nuts to prick. And then, one robot head could be expected. And Ivan Petrovich himself did not touch the neighbors. Written anonymous at the place of work - and all short! Then the Kulibin from the Academy was finally fired. And then everything was just threatened!

By the way, the first coffee maker invented all the same Kulibin. Ivan Petrovich his own person. Only at first it was not a coffee maker, but a concrete mixer. For road works. So, this experimental concrete mixer works, cracks, bangs. Noise, in general, unimaginable! Well, the merchants, understandable, were ravened from the shops - and let's throw a car together with the inventor that it fell on the arm! One of the merchants so broke out that in the whole caustic of coffee in the most press. And the seconds did not pass - and the coffee is stall and cooked. And most importantly, powder is so small, so high-quality! Immediately on the car orders fell out, merchants were smart, not as an example of academicians! One bad: Ivan Petrovich his head after this case was very suffering. The merchants were still not only intelligent, but also a mustache!

When Ivan Petrovich had migraine, he turned to leading specialists. Experts took the genius analyzes, conducted research and - nothing! The cause of the disease is in the disease itself. They prescribed patches and harmless pills, but sent home. Kulibin at home herself plastered, pills at once all used and waiting for improvements. From the month it was waiting. Then I realized that they laughed at him, and invented a dental bormashin in retaliation. Since then, the public does not love the doctors and does not trust medicine. Especially in the area of \u200b\u200bdentistry.

Kulibin became famous for many inventions. All do not list. For example, somehow he did such an accident that could easily fit in his pocket, but folded into a huge suitcase. Major with a carriage. Ivan Petrovich went to the bazaar. Well, it is clear, bought there everything. And in the new Avoska adds. And it was placed in it, and still left. Kulibin then began to buy products, and at the end even the seller was shoved in the crash. And the place in the crash left again! So it was all whined until the evening on the market until the money was over. And the place everything remains! Something nobody understood anything, but modern science calls such phenomena with a black hole. This invention is capable of creative genius! Although the avoska was not black, but on the contrary, green.

Kulibin began to study his wonder-loss and discovered that the products are placed in it, but back it is returned. He really shake her, and outwardly turned: they do not return, even though you are crazy! Then he went to the Academy and caught a dozen with two graduate students and even a couple of professors. Then Ivan Petrovich repeated his experience more than once. And there was nothing to dismiss genius from the Academy! The troubled time began! - The minds of the inquisitive fell less, Russia became strongly lagging. And from the missing, he, by the way, eventually looked out something! Lenin! Yes, yes, he himself! Hence the new story and began.