What did Kulibin invented? (8 photos). Kulibin - the most famous Russian inventor from where the Kulibin

Date: 19.05.2021

Today, April 21, the birthday of the Great Russian inventor, the mechanics of Ivan Petrovich Kulibin. We suggest remember what came up with and built our famous compatriot.

Ivan Petrovich, who was born in Sloboda, nearby Nizhny Novgorod in 1735, was an incredibly talented person. Mechanics, engineering, time fishery, shipbuilding - everything aroused in the skillful hands of Russian self-taught. He was successful and was close to the Empress, but none of his projects capable of facilitating the life of ordinary people and promoting progress, was neither funded properly, neither is implemented by the state. Whereas the entertainment mechanisms are funny cars, palace hours, self-propelled shirts - financed with a great joy.

At the end of the XVIII century, the most common way of lifting goods on ships against the current was the Burlats work - severe, but relatively inexpensive. Alternatives existed: for example, machine vessels leading to the movement of oxen. The device of the engine vessel was as follows: it had two anchors, whose ropes were attached on a special shaft. One of the anchors on the boat or along the shore was delivered forward to 800-1000 m and fixed. Owls running on the vessel rotated the shaft and screwed the anchor rope by pulling the vessel to the anchor against the flow. At the same time, the other boat brought forward the second anchor - so the continuity of movement was ensured.

Kulibin came to mind a thought, how to do without oxen. His idea was to use two wheels with blades. The flow, rotating the wheels, passed the energy on the shaft - the anchor rope was screwed, and the ship pulled herself to anchor using water energy. In the process of work, Kulibina was constantly distracted by orders for toys for royal offspring, but he managed to knock out funding for the manufacture and installing its system on a small ship. In 1782, it, loaded by almost 65 tons (!) Sand, showed itself reliable and significantly faster than the ship on a violence or burlack.

In 1804, in Nizhny Novgorod, Kulibin built a second ward, which was twice as fast as Burlats reproving. Nevertheless, the Department of Water Communications under Alexandra I rejected the idea and banned funding - the blasting was not obtained. Much later in Europe and the United States appeared cores - vessels that pulled themselves to anchor using the energity of the steam engine.

Screw elevator

The most common elevator system today is a cockpit on winches. The winch elevators were created long before the Patters of Otis of the middle of the XIX century - such structures were also operating in ancient Egypt, they were driven by heavy animals or slave power.

In the mid-1790s, the aging and delayed Catherine II instructed Kulibin to develop a convenient elevator for movement between the floors of the Winter Palace. She certainly wanted a lift-chair, and an interesting technical task was faced before Kulibin. To the similar elevator, open from above, was impossible to attach the winch, and if the "pick up" the chair by the winch from the bottom, she would have delivered the inconvenience of the passenger. Kulibin decided the question witty: the base of the chair was attached to the long axis-screw and moved along it like a nut. Catherine sat on his mobile throne, the servant twisted the handle, the rotation was transmitted to the axis, and she raised the chair on the gallery of the second floor. The Kulibin's screw elevator was completed in 1793, the second same in history, the Elisha Otis mechanism built in New York only in 1859. After the death of Catherine, the elevator was used courtly for entertainment, and then was laid with brick. To date, drawings and remnants of the lifting mechanism are preserved.

Most Design Theory and Practice

From the 1770s until the beginning of the 1800 Kulibin worked on the creation of a single-span stationary bridge over the Neva. It made a valid layout, which calculated the efforts and stresses in various parts of the bridge - despite the fact that the theories of bridge construction at that time did not exist! Experienced by Kulibin predicted and formulated a number of laws of the conversion, which received confirmation much later. At first, the inventor developed the bridge to his own funds, but the Count Potemkin was allocated to the final layout. Model Scale 1:10 reached a length of 30 m.

All the calculations of the bridge were presented by the Academy of Sciences and tested by the famous Mathematics Leonard Euler. It turned out that the calculations are correct, and the tests of the model showed that the bridge has a huge margin of safety; His height allowed sailing ships to pass without any special operations. Despite the approval of the Academy, the government did not allocate funds for the construction of the bridge. Kulibin was awarded a medal and received a prize, by 1804 the third model was finally rotted, and the first permanent bridge over the Neva (Blagoveshchensky) was built only in 1850.

In 1936, the experimental settlement of the Kulibinsky bridge was held with modern methods, and it turned out that Russian self-taught did not make a single mistake, although in his time most of the laws of the conversion were unknown. The method of manufacturing the model and testing it for the purpose of the power calculation of the construction of the bridge was subsequently widespread, various engineers had come to it at different times. Also, Kulibin was the first to use lattice farms in the construction of a bridge - 30 years old to the American architect of Itael Tauna.

In the 1810s, Kulibin was engaged in the development of iron bridges. Before us, a project of a three-bed bridge through the Neva with a suspended roadway (1814). Later, the inventor created a project of a more complex quad and a bridge.

Self-brand stroller and other stories

Often, Kulibin, in addition to the structures that were really invented by it, are attributed to many others that he really improved, but was not the first. For example, Kulibin is very often attributed to the invention of the pedal scope (breeding cycobil), while such a system created 40 years earlier than another Russian self-tape engineer, and Kulibin was the second. Consider some of the common misconceptions.

Kulibin was not a velomobile inventor - 40 years before him, the self-propellant stroller was built in St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg (known in particular, the development of the tsar-bell riming system, which was not used for the appointment) in St. Petersburg. The design of Shamshurenkov was a double, in later drawings the inventor planned to build self-propelled sleeves with a relaxer (prototype of a speedometer), but, alas, did not receive proper financing. Like a Kulibin's self-tone, Shamshurenkov's self-mask did not reach this day.

Prosthetic legs

At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, Kulibin presented several projects of "mechanical legs" - very perfect at the time of the prostheses of the lower extremities capable of simulating the knee-lost knee (!). "Tester" of the first variant of the prosthesis made in 1791, became Sergey Vasilyevich Neppetitsyn - at that time, the lieutenant who lost his leg at the sturgeon.

Subsequently, Neppeitsyn retired to Major General and received an iron foot nickname; He led a full-fledged life, and not everyone guess, why the general smoothes a little bit. The prosthesis of the Kulibin system, despite the favorable reviews of St. Petersburg Medikov, led by Professor Ivan Fedorovich Bush, was rejected by the military department, and serial production of mechanical prostheses imitating the shape of the legs later began in France.

Spotlight

The "wonderful lamp" was positively adopted by the Academy of Sciences, praised in the press, approved by Empress, but remained only entertainment and was not applied to lighting streets, as Kulibin was originally. The master himself subsequently made a number of spotlights on the individual orders of the shipholders, and also made a compact lamp for a carriage on the basis of the same system - it brought him a certain income. The masters failed the absence of copyright protection - Karetny "Kulibinsky lanterns" began to massively do other masters, which greatly deteriorated the invention.

What else did Kulibin?

Iganized the work of workshops at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, where he was engaged in the manufacture of microscopes, barometers, thermometers, pylon pipes, scales, telescopes and many other laboratory instruments.
Repaired Planetarium of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
I came up with the original system of descent of ships for water.
Created the first optical telegraph in Russia (1794), sent to the Kunst Camera as a wonder.
Developed the first iron bridge project in Russia (through the Volga).
Constructed an ordinary seeder that provides uniform seeding (not built).
Fireworks satisfied, created mechanical toys and accessories for entertainment nobility.
Repaired and independently gathered many hours of different layouts - wall, outdoor, tower.

Kulibin opening hours:

On August 11, 1818, the Nizhny Novgorod mechanic-inventor from Meshchan Ivan Petrovich Kulibin died. He was born in the family of a small merchant in the village of Sub-Nizhny Novgorod County and since childhood began to study a plumbing, turning and hourly. We decided to talk about the five of its most interesting and outstanding inventions.

Mostly, the inventor mechanic Ivan Kulibin was engaged in creating wonderful and unusual toys, ingenious machine guns and unique hourly mechanisms. In its inventions, Kulibin invests all his enthusiasm, soul and interest. He was engaged in mechanics throughout his life. For more than 30 years he has headed the mechanical workshop of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Led the production of machine tools, astronomical, physical and navigation instruments and tools.

Clock Kulibin

In 1767, Kulibin gathered amazing watches over which the master worked hard for several years. The clock representing the form of a bird's egg was decorated with anter-made patterns of intricate gold rim. This watch was so good that Ekaterina II herself adopted as a gift. In addition to the fact that the clock showed time, inside of them was the mechanism of hours combat, the device that reproduced the melodies, and the clock was equipped with a complex mechanism of a tiny automatic machine. The miniature theater allowed to observe the presentation playing in the Chilt.

The project of the union bridge through the Neva

One of the largest projects of the inventor of Kulibin was the project of a unionic bridge over the Neva River with wooden lattice farms. The arch of the bridge was 298 meters and was designed from wooden elements bonded by iron bolts and quadrangular robes. The project of the bridge was developed up to lighting. Kulibin created and experienced a large model of the bridge invented, but, to great regret, the construction of the bridge of Kulibin was not on the shoulder of the builders of his time.

Optical Telegraph

The list of the most outstanding inventions of the Kulibina can also include optical telegraph, that is, a spotlight lantern with a parabolic reflector from the smallest mirrors. Such a telegraph that made it possible to make an incredible light stream from the usual light, it can also be used in day and night at intermediate stations located at large distances.

Waterfront Kulibin

One of the most amazing and original inventions of Ivan Kulibin is a waterfrost. The invention was a vessel driven by the river flow at which it was going. The mechanism worked so that the course of the river made the water wheels installed on the vessel. The ship went very slowly, moreover, it was necessary to constantly monitor the operation of the mechanism. The Kulibin came up with three versions of the waterfront, of which two were built and successfully passed the tests. Unfortunately, the drains did not find practical applications, despite the entire genius of the design. The drains had a number of shortcomings, which did not allow the use of a brilliant invention on water.

Kulibin Ivan Petrovich (1735-1818), mechanic, inventor.

Born on April 21, 1735 in Nizhny Novgorod in a merchant family. Having learned from the Dycachka, literacy and the score, Kulibin independently studied the mechanics and opened the watchmaker.

In 1764-1769. He made a clock in the shape of an egg, in which the theater action was played every hour. The inventor was presented to them who came to Nizhny Novgorod Catherine II and was appointed head of mechanical workshops of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Having moved to the capital, Kulibin in 1769-1787. He served as a mechanic and led the workshops.
In the 70s XVIII century He designed a wooden monochon bridge over the Neva with a length of the span of 298 m (instead of 50-60 m). The model of a genuine value bridge experienced a special academic commission, but the bridge was not built.

From 1791, Kulibin worked on the metal bridge options, but the government rejected this project.

For unknown reasons, Kulibin did not work out with the princess E. R. Dashkova - President of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Russian.

Liberated in 1787 from the institution of workshops, Kulibin was completely surrendered to invention: designed a flashlight with a reflector, "lifting chair" (elevator), three-wheeled pedal wagon, optical telegraph, "Mechanical legs" (prostheses), tried to create an eternal engine.

In 1792 he was elected a member of a free economic society.

In 1801, Kulibin resigned and returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where until the end of his life was drafted by projects of vessels with a machine engine.

He also invented many other things: fixture for the boring of the inner surfaces of the cylinders, the car for the extraction of salt, seeders, the mill, the water wheel of a special design, etc.

But most of them were not in demand, and the last years Kulibin lived in great need.

Everyone knows that Kulibin is a great Russian inventor, mechanic, engineer. His surname has long become in Russian with the name of the nominal one. But, as the recent survey has shown, only five percent of respondents can call at least one of its invention. How so? We decided to spend a small libez: So, what did Ivan Petrovich Kulibin invented?

Waterselter

Most Design Theory and Practice

Despite the fact that no serious invention of Kulibin has been assessed truly, he was lucky much more than many other Russian self-testers, who were either even for the threshold of the Academy of Sciences, or sent the ravoisi with 100 rubles award and recommendation no longer Climb not in your business.

Self-brand stroller and other stories

So, in 1791, Kulibin built and introduced the Academy of Sciences a self-deviating crew, "self-balance stroller", essentially the predecessor of the cycobil. It was designed for one passenger, and in the movement the car led the servant standing on the stakes and alternately pressing the pedals. Self-challenging stroller served for some time an attraction for nobility, and then lost in history; Only its drawings have been preserved. Kulibin was not a velomobile inventor - 40 years before him, the self-propellant stroller was built in St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg (known in particular, the development of the tsar-bell riming system, which was not used for the appointment) in St. Petersburg. The design of Shamshurenkov was a double, in later drawings the inventor planned to build self-propelled sleeves with a relaxer (prototype of a speedometer), but, alas, did not receive proper financing. Like a Kulibin's self-tone, Shamshurenkov's self-mask did not reach this day.

Prosthetic legs

At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The Kulibin presented several projects of "mechanical legs" - very perfect at the time of the prostheses of the lower extremities that could simulate the knee-lost knee (!). "Tester" of the first variant of the prosthesis made in 1791, became Sergey Vasilyevich Neppetitsyn - at that time, the lieutenant who lost his leg at the sturgeon. Subsequently, Neppeitsyn retired to Major General and received an iron foot nickname; He led a full-fledged life, and not everyone guess, why the general smoothes a little bit. The prosthesis of the Kulibin system, despite the favorable reviews of St. Petersburg Medikov, led by Professor Ivan Fedorovich Bush, was rejected by the military department, and serial production of mechanical prostheses imitating the shape of the legs later began in France.

Spotlight

In 1779, Kulibin who was fond of optical devices presented his invention to the St. Petersburg public - a spotlight. Systems of reflecting mirrors existed before it (in particular, used on lighthouses), but the design of the Kulibin was significantly closer to the modern fermentor: one-only candle, reflected from the mirror reflectors placed in a concave hemisphere, gave a strong and directed flow of light. The "wonderful lamp" was positively adopted by the Academy of Sciences, praised in the press, approved by Empress, but remained only entertainment and was not applied to lighting streets, as Kulibin was originally. The master himself subsequently made a number of spotlights on the individual orders of the shipholders, and also made a compact lamp for a carriage on the basis of the same system - it brought him a certain income. The masters failed the absence of copyright protection - Karetny "Kulibinsky lanterns" began to massively do other masters, which greatly deteriorated the invention.

What else did Kulibin?

Iganized the work of workshops at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, where he was engaged in the manufacture of microscopes, barometers, thermometers, pylon pipes, scales, telescopes and many other laboratory instruments.

Repaired Planetarium of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

I came up with the original system of descent of ships for water.

Created the first optical telegraph in Russia (1794), sent to the Kunst Camera as a wonder.

Developed the first iron bridge project in Russia (through the Volga).

Constructed an ordinary seeder that provides uniform seeding (not built).

Fireworks satisfied, created mechanical toys and accessories for entertainment nobility.

Repaired and independently gathered many hours of different layouts - wall, outdoor, tower.

Menia's surnames

The surname of Kulibina has become a none in the meaning of "Master on All Hands". This is not a unique case: the words "Pulm", "Diesel", "Rlange", "Watman" and others also originated from their own names. Most often, the invention simply received a name by the name of the inventor, but the surname of Kulibin made the name of the nine folk creeper. We have collected some more similar stories.

The word "boycott" occurred from the name of the British Captain Charles Boykott (1832-1897), which was the manager of the Irish landland of Lord Erna's major landowner. In 1880, Irish workers refused to work on boycott due to dog lease conditions. The struggle of the boycott with strikers led to the fact that people began to ignore the manager that did not exist at all: he was not served in stores, they did not speak with him. This phenomenon was called "Boycot".

The word "silhouette" appeared thanks to the appointment of General Controller (Minister) of Finance of France Etienne de Silhouette (1709-1767). He became the minister after the seven-year war, plunged France into a crisis. The silhouette was forced to establish taxes almost all signs of wealth - from expensive curtains before servants, and the rich masked their states, buying cheap things. Obsite, masking wealth, began to be called silhouettes, and in the middle of the XIX century such a name was the simplest and cheap variety of painting - the contour.

The word "hooligan" appeared in London police reports in 1894, in the description of youth gangs who hosted in the Lambeth district. They were called HOOLIGAN BOYS by analogy with the already famous police by the London thief Patrick Hooligan. The word picked up the press and raised him into the rank of a whole phenomenon called Hooliganism (hooliganism).

Ivan Kulibin was born in Nizhny Novgorod 10 (21) April 1735 in the family of a small merchant flour. Since his father was an old supplement, the upbringing was distinguished by rigor. From the small years of the boy passed to work. Early having mastered the diploma, Ivan got up for the counter to help his father. Nevertheless, the most interesting for him was reading books and creating various toys. Father supported the hobbies of his son favorably and allowed him to do a plumbing and lathe.

In 1758, his father died, and Ivan opened a watch workshop in Nizhny Novgorod. Glory about the wonderful master was separated throughout the city, after he repaired the "intricate shell, showing the plots of the day" the governor himself. After that, the couline was not from customers from clients.

In 1767, he was represented by Empress Catherine II, who had a trip by Volzhsky cities. The master demonstrated his inventions to the queen, and also spoke about the clock that he wanted to make in her honor.

And in two years later he introduced the Empress telescope, a microscope, an electric machine and an amazing clock with a goose egg. Especially the sovereign struck the theater-machine, which was played by biblical scenes.

Master gifts produced in Catherine II indelible impression. She offered Kulibin to head the mechanical workshops of the Academy of Sciences, and he accepted the offer. It was the brightest stage in the life of the Nizhny Novgorod Master. The main creative direction of the "main mechanism of the Fatherland" remained hours. They were the most different sizes: from very little "hours in Pisnt" to gigantic.

In addition to hours, Ivan Petrovich was also interested in other directions of technology and mechanics.

In St. Petersburg, for obvious reasons, the problem of the construction of bridges was acutely stood, and Kulibin took care of bridge buildings. In the 70s, he designed the first one-time wooden bridge over the Neva, and at the end of 1776, the tests of his model were successfully held.

Without Ivan Kulibin, no design of carnivals, solemn events, festivities and balls was not held. It was he who organized all sorts of attractions, optical fun, "light crackers". Invented the lantern-spotlight, even with a weak light source gave strong lighting. The mirror system used by the master was able to highlight the darkest transitions of the Tsarsko Selo Palace.

It is Kulibin who belongs to the championship in the invention of mass mechanisms, without which it is impossible to present modern life. In 1791, a prototype of a modern bicycle and a passenger car appeared. Kulibin made the first foot prosthesis, which was intended for Nepeticin officer, the hero of the Ochakov battle. The first elevator, or, as he was called at the end of the XVIII century, the "lifting chair", also the merit of the master. These inventions can be listed for a long time. Among them is an optical telegraph, a "water-order", car extraction machines, mills, water wheels, geodesic and acoustic instruments, pickle pipes, solar and other watches, accurate scales, and even piano and much more.

Ekaterina II appreciated the merits of the master and rewarded it with a medal on Andreyevskaya tape with the inscription: "worthy. Academy of Sciences - Mechanics Ivan Kulibin. "

In 1801, Ivan Petrovich returned to Nizhny Novgorod and began work on improving self-propelled vessels. At this time, the master faced financial problems. Catastrophically lacked money - large projects were not cheap. To work on self-propelled vessels, Kulibin took a loan that extended at the expense of his pension.

Such is the glorious biography of the outstanding Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin. He left his life on July 30 (August 11) of 1818 in Nizhny Novgorod.