What are the advantages of nasal breathing before breathing. Respiratory System Authorities: Respiratory Ways, Voices

In order to compile proper representation On otolaryngology, as one of the links of multifaceted medical science, must first get acquainted with some physiological and pathological data that determine the importance of the upper respiratory tract in the general economy of the body.
Nose and throat occupy in human life A special place and, as we will see, are deservedly called the "Guardianship".

Feeling smean It protects us from inhalation containing any harmful air impurities, as well as to a certain extent, warns against adoption of poor-quality foods.
Along with this, the top airways Play a big role in the process of gas metabolism. In a normal nose, the air required for breathing undergo a number of very significant changes. In contact with the richly vascularized mucous membrane of the nose, the cold atmospheric air is largely heated. In addition, passing through winding nasal strokes, it is exempt from all impurities, whether particles of organic or inorganic dust, or various types of live microorganisms. This phenomenon is explained not only to the purely mechanical action of the wet mucous membrane of the nose, but also the undoubtedly proven bactericidal property of the nasal mucus.

Finally, in the nasal cavity, dry atmospheric air is saturated with the necessary amount of moisture, the source of which is the release of the nasal mucosa and the lacrimal glands.
Thus, we see that the nose is indeed the protection authority for the respiratory tract.

From here it is clear that all The change in the normal patency of the nose will be the narrowing of its lumen or, on the contrary, the excessive expansion of it, inevitably entails the disorder of the protective function, which affects the number of local and general shortcomings.

However, this about The humble role of the respiratory tract is not exhausted by the function of the nose, such as health care. In order to make an appropriate idea of \u200b\u200bthe meaning of it in the life of a healthy and sick organism, it is necessary to get acquainted with some features of breathing physiology.

For proper implementation gas exchange First of all, it is necessary that inhaled air, when entering the upper respiratory tract, met known resistance, because only such conditions achieves a sufficiently tense work of the respiratory muscles. The act of inhalation is carried out mainly due to the reduction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which, causing the expansion of the chest, reduces the negative pressure existing in it. The latter, in turn, is the driving force that causes a passive expansion of the pulmonary fabric.
Exhalation implemented Under normal conditions, due to the fact that, by virtue of the elasticity inherent in it, they drop out, as soon as the pressure in the chest returns to the initial position.

Necessary Remember that in the process of respiration, not all filling light air is updated. The known part of it, the so-called residual air, in no case cannot be exhaled from the lungs. The elimination of this part of the air is made possible only because at the moment of breath in the chest, a negative pressure is created. At this time, the residual air and applies to both lungs before there it will time go through the narrow lumen of the nose. Fresh atmospheric air with which it is mixed.
For breathing But through the mouth, this process is carried out in a lack of degree due to the fact that air during inhalation does not meet the necessary resistance (Verkhovsky).

The degree of resistance that has an air stream various respiratory tract departments is determined by the following digital data:
Resistance: respiratory tract in general, 100%, upper respiratory tract - 54%, nose - 47.3%, pharynx-4.76%, voice slot-1.2%, trachea-0.74%, broncho-lobular system 46%.

Thus, the nasal cavity has the greatest resistance.

From here understandablyWhat is the exceptional value for the gas exchange process, it has breathing through the nose, for due to the difficulty that has the upper cut of the respiratory tract in light air, they create particularly favorable conditions for the formation of negative pressure in the chest. The value of this factor is confirmed not only by numerous clinical observations, but also by the corresponding experimental surveys, which establishes that the nasal turning off from the respiratory act, i.e., breathing through the mouth, primarily leads to an increase in the amount of residual air.
Thus, we see that only breathing through the nose should be considered a normal physiological type of respiration.

Therefore, breathing through mouthwhich is to replace the nose with all cases of nose obstruction should be assigned to the field of pathology.
And indeed, rota type of breathing Calls a number of deviations from the norm of both local and general. In addition to the above-mentioned direct damage to the body from the loss of the protective function of the nose, there are various kinds of phenomena, due to the insufficiency of respiratory excursions of the lungs. First of all, it is known, breathing through the mouth is harmful in the state of pulmonary tops, in which the phenomena of atelectasis are often observed.

Selective effect of insufficient breathing on a certain area easy (In this case, the tops) is explained by the fact that the upper height of the chest takes part in the respiratory act only with deep breathing. With the late or weakened breathing, only the bottom department of the chest is mainly functioning. The consequence of this is the accumulation of pulmonary tops, which, with a long existence of such a state, leads to atelectasis. It is possible that the well-known role in this process also plays the chronic inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, developing in people breathing, due to an irritant dust contained in the air. There is no doubt that this kind of changes in pulmonary tops are found quite often in persons with poor nasal breathing and, maybe they are interpreted as thorough foci of tuberculosis origin.

Ayurveda is one of many traditional medical systems, paying special attention to breathing through the nose, as a method of harmonious development of the body. Babies from birth breathe exactly in this way, but, becoming older, children begin to breathe mouth more often.

Nasal breathing is the key to the development of the nervous system of the child and the achievement of the necessary level of spiritual development. Breathing opens the doors to the central nervous system and the brain, giving the opportunity to feel the thin energy of the body.

Our lungs consist of five pieces. Most people inhale only two top shares, leaving some of the lungs at rest. When I began to study the effect of breathing on physical activity, one of the questions exciting me, sounded like this: "If we have five pieces of the lungs, why do we use only two?"

Children breathe an extraordinary way.

When my children were babies, I noticed that they breathe only through the nose. Their mouth was intended for food and sucking all that they saw, and their noses are only for breathing. If the baby's nose is blocked completely, it will begin to choke. In this case, the body will send alarm signals. The child will start shouting, grabbing air mouth. This cry has a certain meaning, since with its alarm, a large amount of air falls into the lungs. In addition, the cry promotes the abundant absorption of the mucus, which should rinse cavity and restore normal nose breathing. As soon as the cavities can be cleaned and you can begin to breathe a nose again, the alarm button is turned off, and the child stops screaming.

Breathing at the moment of screaming or breathing through the mouth moves the air into the upper lungs of the lungs, where most of the stressful receptors and their connection with the sympathetic nervous system are located. Imagine for a second, which will happen if you face the forest to face with a bear. The first of your reaction will be from fear to capture the air of the mouth. This breath will fill the upper lobes, which will help to activate the stress receptors and include "combat alarm". At best, you will pretty quickly feel the tide of energy and scam, saving your life.

However, it is not at all necessary to meet the bear and grab the air of the mouth or shout to activate the stressful receptors of the upper part of the lungs. Shallow breaths will include the same system, even if there is no danger. Our 26,000 respiratory movements per day have a strong impact on the body. If all of them or at least most are made by mouth, the stressful receptors of the sympathetic nervous system are activated primarily. The constant condition of stress in the body will contribute to excess and unnecessary allocation of harmful hormones to combat it.

On the other hand, a deeper nasal breathing due to the structure of the nasal passages and cavities contributes to the air of the lower lungs. Our nose is not a simple tube or open cave. It consists of nasal shells acting as turbines. They allow air to rotate and move in the form of fine spiral flows. As a result, the stronger and direct flow of air effectively penetrates deep into the lower lobes.

If the child shouts and breathes his mouth, it can always be calmed, sampling. This process is well illustrated by German Wordstillen. , that is, calm down. When kids are swing, they have to breathe through the nose. The sinks allow air to get deeper into the lungs, soothing the child and activating the parasympathetic nervous system.

The use of lower lobes is considered to be more useful, as from 60 to 80% of the blood supply to the lungs needs to deliver oxygen and gas exchange. The receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system are located at the bottom of the lungs. Nasal breathing due to its connection with it activates the reaction diametrically opposite to the one that causes breathing through the mouth.

The difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system:

Parasympathetic:

Relaxing the body's reaction,

Communication with the lower lobes,

Strengthens immunity / digestion,

Rejuvenates

Reduces heart rate

Reduces blood sugar levels

Nasal breathing.

Sympathetic:

Activates the protective reactions of the body,

Communication with the upper lobes,

Immunity / digestion suppression,

Depletes the body

Increases heart rate,

Increases blood sugar levels,

Oil breathing.

How much Whywaters of events and life affect breathing?

With each exhalation of the edge, the lungs are naturally compressed with muscle tension, called elastic appeal, so that all the air leaves them. This process is very dependent on stress. In the same way as we grab the air, seeing the bear, under the pressure of stress, the body begins to make a shallow breath, passing the air only into the upper part of the lungs, that is, where the stressful receptors are located. In the meantime, the lower stakes are compressed even stronger, leaving the elastic flaws of the ribs and becoming more compressed and rigid.

This creates a vicious circle. A greater stress leads to a more shallow breathing, which, in turn, provokes even stronger voltage, and the lower part of the lungs becomes more rigid and inaccessible to air. The mechanism of elastic fall leads to further rigidity in the cells of the lower edges and the lower part of the lungs. Soon the rib cage becomes literally the word with a cell, compressing the heart and lungs, forcing us to breathe only the top of the lungs. Such a way of breathing continues to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing a reaction to stress.

Each inhalation of the upper part of the breast stimulates the extraction of hormones to combat adrenal stress, which can be saved if necessary to save your child, give it more energy during a race or competition or help concentrate on solving a test or difficult task. However, standing out regularly, these hormones bring with them a negative effect of provoking diseases. Moreover, the biochemical reaction to constant stress affects your child's mood and its cheerfulness. When a child begins to breathe in a more natural way, passing the air is deep into the lungs, it activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which leads to relaxation of the body, allowing the child to cope with stress. Voltage does not affect it, slides like water along the duck feathers. When a child is ready to cope with stress in this way, the voltage does not have a strong influence on neither nervous or immane system.

R the EBRA was created in the form of twelve steam levers, consistently moving in order to ensure the massage of the heart and lungs with each breathing motion. This massage supports the circulation of lymph. In addition, with each of the 26,000 respiratory movements, which makes your child in the day, massaging muscles along the spine, shoulders and breast-related heart and lung organs. When the lower ribbean cell is ignored and becomes tough, breathing with a complete breast it becomes harder, and a deep breath will not work until it becomes an elastic and accessible to nasal breathing.

Secret 10: The tenth secret of health is to practice nasal breathing. Breathing through the nose not only provides health and physical endurance, but is the key to the complete use of the nervous system and the ability to comprehend the fine and spiritual energy of the body.

In 1992, we studied the effect of nasal breathing during exercise. Ten students of senior classes were performed test on the exercise bike, breathe a nose. Then the same students did this exercise, inspiring through the mouth, and we were able to compare the results. We measured heart rate, respiratory rate, voltage level, brain fluctuations, blood pressure and impact on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

Performing an exercise is more actively, students breathing their nose, coped with the voltage much easier than those who breathed his mouth. The breathable nose was performed with a large resistance level (200 watt) by making only 14 respiratory movements per minute. If you know that we usually breathe 16-18 times per minute, this result looks very significant. Imagine that you do a heavy exercise, but at the same time produce less on 4 respiratory movements than usual. During the measurement of the indicators of those who breathed through the mouth, the same group of children performed the same exercises, heavily breathing and choking. Surprisingly, but at the same time they did 48 respiratory movements per minute! In this, there is a huge difference: breathing in the mouth, the children inhaled 48 times a minute, and making it nose - only 14.In other words, they were ready to transform their subjective reaction and increase the energy of the exercise by 60%.

When the participants were asked to compare their feelings during the exercise, using the nasal first, and then the oral respiration, the result was even more impressive. In order to answer this question, they were asked to use the Borg scale. They needed to indicate the level of tested voltage, distributing it on a scale from one to ten, where ten is the highest and strong level of voltage. I breathe my mouth, at the highest resistance level, all the subjects noted the tenth division. However, the level of tested voltage changed noticeably when students began to breathe nose when performing the same exercise with the same resistance level. In this case, the voltage level was on four, and not ten, as in the previous test.

Imagine that you are performing the same amount of work or experience the same amount of stress in life, but instead of feeling the limit voltage, reaching the tenth marks, you do not work with everything, straightening only to four. It is very similar to what students felt breathing through the nose during the exercise.

Brain oscillations during breathing.

In order to continue the study of the impact of nasal breathing on the body, we measured the work of the brain fluctuations during exercises made with open mouth, and then when the nose was used for breathing.There are four frequencies or position of brain fluctuations showing different types of mental activity. They are the waves of beta, alpha, theta and delta.The wakeful brain actively involved in mental activity generates beta waves prevailing in the body in a state of stress. Alpha brain waves are generated in a state of relaxation, relaxation, meditation and whether during such a coordinating mind and body of classes like yoga. Brain waves of theta are associated with the subconscious. They are generated during sleep or in deep meditative condition and are a source of creative and spiritual communication. Finally, Delta waves are the most slow and calm, and you can watch them during deep sleep or hypnosis. Delta waves are associated with unconscious thoughts, intuition, empathy.

When we do exercise, our body allocates adrenaline and other stress hormones, allowing it to actively take up the task. At such a moment, brainwaves (first of all beta) often become fast inzozzed. That is what we saw when performing an exercise with an open mouth. However, the brain fluctuations of those who breathed through the nose were calm and harmonious. This means that the brain as a whole worked in a coordinated manner. Instead of, as expected, to increase the speed of oscillations with an increase in beta-activity, the brain slowed its actions and the alpha wave release could be observed. We studied a lot of work describing brain fluctuations during exercise, Nona found a single one that would show the production of alpha waves during physical exercise, as it turned out.

We catch brain waves.

With the help of recent studies in the field of measurement of wave activity during the whole childhood, it was possible to draw an interesting picture of Togo, then drives the child the first years of his life. The work performed by Lyboou in 1999, showed that the first 5 years of their child predominate delta and theta waves. Remember that delta waves are generated during sleep, hypnosis and unconscious actions. Since they are associated with obtaining information and immersion in themselves, they are referring to the time of the child's life when he only came to this world and learns to understand him.

Between 2 and 6 years prevail a little faster theta waves. These water can often appear in a state of sleep and awakening. About 6 years old, brain waves are gaining even more speed and express the alpha state of awareness represented by peace, which we observed during the study of nasal respiration when performing physical exercises. Beta waves are generated during the thought process, focused and concentrated on the problem. They increase the level of activity and voltage and are not fully manifested to 10-12 years.

During its development, children make not only a physical journey, but impliable. We have an amazing opportunity to develop and adapt the activity of brainwaves and associates with them in our children. Our study has shown that there is the possibility of generating alpha-wavebreaking time of stressful situations. When the actions of the mind and body are coordinated with the help of nasal respiration and the subsequent generation of alpha waves, we pass through the situation with more ease, and the feeling of struggle and work is replaced by the feeling of joy and enjoyment.

If you leave the children alone, they will be able to play without tired for many hours and will never be called what are busy, work or exercise.

The power of the game.

The game for a child is the best way to develop intelligence, creative thinking and joy. Most of all, children need to play. This is the time when he can enjoy a free game without special rules. In a fun resting, a child will learn, develop, grow and grow faster than during other occupations. The game contributes to the development of the necessary experience perception in children and the allocation of stabilizing the mood of endorphins, balancing their biochemical processes. When I'm talking about the game, I mean running around the district and different games, especially those that deliver pleasure. Computer games and TV create artificial attachment to their stimulating action. Exploding buildings and jumping through the abyss on the screen, children fall into dependence on games that are difficult to repeat in the yard of their home. However, stationary games in closed rooms cannot provide biochemical activation of endorphins of the entire body and improving circulation, which contributes to health promotion and ingress into muscles, organs and other tinses more oxygen. Only active games contribute to the removal of toxins from deep tissues of the body, socialization and integration of the body and mind, helping to realize the entire potential of the child. The vessel and streams of the lymphatic system are mainly reduced inside our active arbitrary skeletal muscles. When these muscles come into motion while walking, actions or exercise, they compress lymphatic vessels, promoting fluid on the system, effectively removing toxins and slags and thereby ensure that the immune system is accessed to each cell cell.

Benefits of nasal breathing for your health.

The advantages of nasal breathing in front of the mouth are visible not only when we are busy, but in moments of rest. The nasal passages and mucous membranes will warm and moisturize the air, which will go into the lungs through bronchi. If the air is heated correctly and moistened, bronchi will retain the necessary balance of mucus and the immune system will remain unaffected. When the air comes only through the mouth, it will not be warmed or moistened. This air dries the mucous membranes and will cause the respiratory tract and bronchi irritation. Moreover, the air, passing through the nose, is filtered, so if it contained pollutants or chemical stimuli, unfiltered air, passing through the mouth, can aggravate the situation.

Nasal breathing and mind

Modern medicine and 5,000-year-old Ayurveda and yoga describe a loop cycle as follows. In the course of the day and night, the predominant respiratory flow is naturally replaced between nostrils, changing approximately every one and a half or three hours. According to Ayurveda and Yoga, two main nadas or thin channel of the nervous system flow through the nostrils and connect the nose with the brain. Nadi, flowing through the right nostril, is connected to the left hemisphere of the brain, and Nadi flowing through the left - with the right. Recent medical and physiological studies have put forward an idea that there is an obvious cycle of physical movement of air through the nostrils and a cycle of alternative dominance between the hemispheres of the brain.

Researchers from the State University of Montana also announced a difference in the cognitive effects of air flow through a certain nostril, and scientific work carried out at the University of Toronto contains a description of the impact on the emotions of inhales made through different nostrils.So, the nasal breathing provides us with something that there can not give breathing through the mouth, namely the relationship with cerebral hemispheres of the frontal stakes responsible for the cognitive, thinking of our brain.

This is especially important in the light of a new study of mental health and hemispheres of frontal shares. It shows that during such conditions, as depression or anxiety, one cerebral brain hemisphere is more active than another. In many cases, the right hemisphere of a frontal share indicates more concern, while the left is more actively during depression. Only children participated in this experience. Such a study was conducted by the Central Brain Institute in Germany in 2002. It not only proved the difference between restless children from calm, but also pointed to the difference of the perception of girls and boys, as well as children of different ages. Another work performed at the same institute helped to detect asymmetry samples in children with ADHD. This area of \u200b\u200bstudy is still very young, but the healing force of nasal respiration can have a significant help with this disease.

Ancient breathing science.

Breathing over the past centuries all over the world has been associated with the power of life. In China, this energy is called Chi, in Japan, and in India - Prana. Interestingly, in Greek, breathing is calledpneuma. . The same word Greeks denoted the soul or spirit. In martial arts, the shooting of Zen, Tai Chi, Qigong and Yoga, knowledge and ability to control the control over pranay is considered the key to intellectual and physical success. Western medicine has not yet measured Prana, but this does not mean that it does not exist. It was not yet an invented such a subtle tool that would allow it to do.

Prana, the power of the body's life, comes to our body and cells through water, food and air. That is why a large amount of water, fresh well-cooked food, exercise and respiratory techniques are the main components of perfect health. Prana is transferred to air and enters the nasal pass when you breathe. In Ayurveda, it is said that while the air moves through the nose, Prana moves through an olfactory nerve directly in the bark of the brain, which is responsible for emotions, or into a limbic system. It is said that the technique of nasal breathing moves prana and fine energy into the brain and the central nervous system.

Prana is a vital force that exists in every lively creation, that is, in plants, animals, in our food and in our ourselves. Even the water that we drink can be deprived of Prana or filled with it. During his breath, the air and prana fall into the body and go out of it, not falling into the cavity. This means that the smaller amount is reaching the brain and nervous system..

Kavi Raj "Ayurveda for children"

Questions at the beginning of the paragraph.

Question 1. Why without biological oxidation of organic substances, the vital activity of the cells is impossible?

In all cells without exception, the metabolic processes are coming. Cellular structures are formed, cellular structures are formed from the nutrients entering the nourishing substances that are characteristic of the nutrients. In parallel with the formation of new substances, the processes of biological oxidation of organic substances are proteins, fats, carbohydrates. In this case, the energy is released, necessary for the vital activity of the cell. Disintegration products are removed from its limits.

The oxidation of biological (cellular or tissue breathing) is the redox reactions flowing into the cells of the body, as a result of which complex organic substances are oxidized with the participation of specific enzymes with oxygen delivered by blood. The finite products of biological oxidation are water and carbon dioxide. The energy released in the process of biological oxidation is partially released in the form of heat, its main part is on the formation of molecules of complex phosphorodorganic compounds, which are sources of energy required for the life of the body.

In this case, the oxidation process consists of an extent from the oxidized substance (substrate) of electrons and the number of protons equal to it. Substrates of biological oxidation are products of conversion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.

Question 2. How is the respiratory function between respiratory and circulatory systems distributes?

There are alveoli in the lungs, through the walls of which gas exchange occurs, the blood is enriched with oxygen and enters the arteries to the tissues and organs. In turn, it is saturated with carbon dioxide and in the veins arrives back to the light, where again will be saturated with oxygen.

Question 3. What are the functions of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and main bronchi?

The nasal cavity performs important functions: warming, humidification and purification of air, as well as protecting the body from harmful effects through air.

Lanes involved in respiratory, protective, voice and speech functions. The participation of the larynx in the respiratory function is expressed not only in carrying out inhaled air from the upper respiratory tract and exhaled from the lower respiratory tract, but also in the regulation of the act of breathing.

Fuchery and bronchi carry air from the upper respiratory food cavity.

The sounds formed in the larynx are enhanced by the resonators - the incomplete sinuses - cavities that are in front bones filled with air. Under the influence of an air jet of the wall of these cavities, a little vibrate, as a result of which the sound is enhanced and acquires additional shades. They determine the voice of votes.

Sounds published by voice ligaments are not yet talking. The self-partition sounds of the speech are formed in the mouth and nasal cavities depending on the position of the language, lips, jaws and the distribution of sound streams. The work of the listed bodies during the pronouncement of self-partition sounds is called articulation.

Question 5. What is hymorite, front, tonsillitis?

Schimorite - inflammation of nasal apparel sinuses, tonsillitis - inflammation of the sky almonds, frontier - inflammation of the frontal sinus.

Questions at the end of the paragraph.

Question 1. What is pulmonary breath and tissue breathing?

Lonanty breathing provides gas exchange between air and blood. Tissue breathing carries gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. There is a cellular breathing that provides the use of oxygen by cells to the oxidation of organic substances with the release of energy used for their livelihoods.

Question 2. What are the advantages of nasal breathing before breathing through the mouth?

When breathing with a nose, air, passing through the nasal cavity, heats up, cleared from dust and partially disinfecting, which does not occur when the mouth does not occur.

Question 3. How are the protective barriers that block the entrance infection in the lungs?

The air path in the lungs begins with the nasal cavity. The flicker epithelium, which is enjoyed the inner surface of the nasal cavity, highlights a mucus that moisturizes the incoming air and delays dust. The mucus contains substances, adversely affecting microorganisms. On the upper wall of the nasal cavity, many phagocytes and lymphocytes, as well as antibodies. The cilia of the fiscal epithelium is expelled mucus from the nasal cavity.

Almonds, located at the entrance to the larynx, also contain many lymphocytes and phagocytes that destroy microorganisms.

Question 4. Where are the receptors that perceive smells?

The olfactory cells that perceive odors are in the back of the nasal cavity at the top.

Question 5. What does it relate to the top and that to the lower respiratory tract of man?

To the upper respiratory tracts include nasal and mouth cavities, nasopharynx, throat. To the lower respiratory tract - larynx, trachea, bronchi.

Question 6. How do hymoritis and frontite manifest? What words do the names of these diseases occur?

The manifestations of these diseases are similar: the nasal breathing is disturbed, there is plenty of mucus (pus) from the nasal cavity, the temperature may increase, the performance is reduced. The name of the sickness of the sinus is coming from the Latin "Sinus Gaimori" (Gaimores of the sinus), and the frontier - from the Latin "Sinus Frontalis" (frontal sinus).

Question 7. What signs allow to suspect the growth of adenoids in a child?

In children, a bite and a dental row is formed, the lower jaw increases, acts forward, the palate acquires a "Gothic" form. In this case, the nasal partition is deformed, as a result of which nasal breathing is difficult.

Question 8. What are the symptoms of diphtheria? How is it dangerous for the body?

The main symptoms of diphtheria include:

gradual increase in temperature, lethargy, decreased appetite;

on the almonds there is a terrid timber;

the neck swells due to the inflammation of the lymphatic glands;

wet cough at the beginning of the disease, gradually turning into rough, and then silent;

breathing noisy, difficult to breathe;

increasing respiratory failure, pallor of skin, cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle;

sharp anxiety, cold sweat;

loss of consciousness, the sharp pallor of the skin is preceded by a fatal outcome.

Diffex toxin, which is a product of the life of the diphtheria stick, is striking the conductive heart system and the heart muscle. At the same time, severe and dangerous heart disease occurs - myocarditis.

Question 9. What is introduced into the body in the treatment of antidifterine serum, and what - when vaccinating against this disease?

The antidifterine serum includes specific antibodies derived from horses. At vaccination, a small amount of antigen is introduced.

Answers to school textbooks

Lonanty breathing provides gas exchange between air and blood. Tissue breathing produces gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. There is cellular breathing, which provides the use of oxygen by cells to the oxidation of organic substances with the release of energy used for their livelihoods.

2. What are the advantages of nasal breathing before breathing through the mouth?

When breathing with a nose, air, passing through the nasal cavity, heated, cleared from dust and partly disinfects, which does not occur when the mouth does not occur.

3. How are protective barriers that block infection in the lungs?

The air path in the lungs begins with the nasal cavity. The flicker epithelium, which is enjoyed the inner surface of the nasal cavity, highlights a mucus that moisturizes the incoming air and delays dust. The mucus contains substances that negatively act on microorganisms. On the upper wall of the nasal cavity, many phagocytes and lymphocytes are also antibodies. The cilia of the fiscal epithelium is expelled mucus from the nasal cavity.

Almonds at the entrance to the larynx also contain a huge amount of lymphocytes and phagocytes that destroy microorganisms.

4. Where are the receptors that perceive smells?

The olfactory cells that perceive odors are in the back of the nasal cavity at the top.

5. What belongs to the top and what is the lower respiratory tract of a person?

To the upper respiratory tracts include nasal and mouth cavities, nasopharynx, throat. To the lower respiratory tract - larynx, trachea, bronchi.

6. How do hymoritis and frontist manifest? What words do the names of these diseases occur?

The manifestations of these diseases are identical: the nasal breathing is disturbed, there is plenty of mucus (pm) from the nasal cavity, the temperature can increase, the performance is reduced. The name of the disease The sinus is derived from the Latin "Sinus Gaimori" (Gaimoresov Obsha), and the frontier - from the Latin "Sinus Frontalis" (frontal sinus).

7. What signs allow you to suspect the growth of adenoids in a child?

In children, a bite and a dental row is incorrect, the lower jaw increases, acts forward, the Nobo acquires a "Gothic" form. With all this, the nasal partition is deformed, as a result of which nasal breathing is difficult.

8. What are the symptoms of diphtheria? What is it unsafe for the body?

The main symptoms of diphtheria include:

Gradual increase in temperature, lethargy, lowering appetite;

On the almonds, a grayish-white flare arises;

The neck swells due to the inflammation of the lymphatic glands;

Wet cough first the disease, gradually turning into rough, barking, and then in silent;

Breathing noisy, difficult to breathe;

Increasing respiratory failure, pale skin, cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle;

Sharp anxiety, cool sweat;

The loss of consciousness, a sharp pale skin of the skin is preceded by the deadly finals.

Diffex toxin, which is a product of the life of the diphtheria stick, is striking the conductive heart system and the heart muscle. With all this, severe and dangerous heart disease appears - myocarditis.

9. What is injected into the body in the treatment of antidifterine serum, and what - when vaccinating against this disease?

The antidifterine serum includes specific antibodies derived from horses. At vaccination, a small amount of antigen is introduced.

When breathing through the nose, the air passes with a large resistance than with breathing through the mouth, therefore, with a nasal breathing, the operation of the respiratory muscles increases and breathing becomes more in-depth. The atmospheric air, passing through the nose, heated, moisturizes, cleared. Warming occurs due to heat given by blood flowing through a well-developed system of blood vessels of the nasal mucosa. The nasal strokes have a challenged structure, which increases the area of \u200b\u200bthe mucous membrane, which contacts the atmospheric air.

In the nose there is a purification of inhaled air, and the particles of dust are captured in the nose cavity of more than 5-6 μm in diameter, and smaller penetrate into the underlying departments. In the cavity of the nose, 0.5-1 liters of mucus per day, which moves in the rear two-thirds of the nasal cavity at a speed of 8-10 mm / min, and in the front third - 1-2 mm / min. Every 10 minutes there is a new mucus layer, which contains bactericidal substances (lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin a).

The mouth cavity is the greatest value for breathing has the lower animals in lower animals (amphibians, fish). In person, breathing through the mouth appears with a tense conversation, fast walking, running, with a different intensive physical activity, when the air need is large; For diseases of the nose and nasopharynx.

Breathing through the mouth in children of the first half of the year of life is almost impossible, as a large tongue penshes the half-knittern of the Zada.

Gas exchange in the lungs.

The gas mixture in alveoli participating in gas exchange is usually called alveolar air or alveolar mixture of gases. The content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli depends, above all, on the level of alveolar ventilation and the intensity of gas exchange.

The remaining part of the alveolar gas mixture falls on the share of nitrogen and a very small number of inert gases.

In atmospheric air contains:

20.9 about. % oxygen,

0.03 about % carbon dioxide,

79.1 about. % nitrogen.

In exhaled air contains:

16 about. % oxygen,

4.5 about. % carbon dioxide,

79.5 about % nitrogen.

The composition of alveolar air during normal breathing remains constant, since only 1/7 of the alveolar air is updated with each breath. In addition, gas exchange in the lungs proceeds continuously, inhaling and when exhaling, which contributes to alignment of the composition of the alveolar mixture.

Partial pressure of gases in Alveoloch are: 100 mm Hg. For 2 and 40 mm Hg. For CO 2. Partial oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide in alveoli depend on the relationship of alveolar ventilation to the perfusion of the lungs (capillary blood flow). A healthy person at rest is a ratio equals 0.9-1.0. In pathological conditions, this equilibrium can undergo significant shifts. With an increase in this ratio, the partial oxygen pressure in the alveoli increases, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is falling and vice versa.

Normentilation - partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli is maintained in the range of 40 mm Hg.

Hyperventilation is reinforced ventilation, exceeding the metabolic needs of the body. Partial carbon dioxide pressure is less than 40 mm Hg.

Hypoventilation reduced ventilation compared to the metabolic needs of the body. Partsal pressure from 2 more than 40 mm Hg.

Increased ventilation - any increase in alveolar ventilation compared with the level of rest, regardless of the partial pressure of gases in alveoli (for example: with muscle work).

Eipne - Normal ventilation at rest, accompanied by a subjective feeling of comfort.

Hyperpnee - an increase in respiratory depth, regardless of whether the respiratory frequency is increased or reduced.

Tahipne is an increase in respiratory frequency.

Bradypnee - reducing respiratory rate.

Apnea - Stop breathing due to the lack of stimulation of the respiratory center (for example: in hitch).

DPOSE - an unpleasant subjective feeling of respiratory failure or difficulty breathing (shortness of breath).

OrthopNoe is a pronounced shortness of breath, associated with blood stagnation in pulmonary capillaries as a result of heart failure. In a horizontal position, this state is aggravated and therefore lies with such patients hard.

Asphyxia is a stop or inhibition of respiration, mainly related to the palsy of the respiratory center. The gas exchange at the same time is sharply violated: hypoxia and hypercapnia is observed.

Diffusion of gases in the lungs.

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (100 mm Hg) is significantly higher than the oxygen voltage in the venous blood coming into the lungal capillaries (40 mm Hg). The gradient of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is directed in the opposite direction (46 mm Hg at the beginning of the pulmonary capillaries and 40 mm Hg. In Alveola). These pressure gradients are the driving force of the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, i.e. Gas exchange in the lungs.

According to the law, the diffuse flow is directly proportional to the concentration gradient. The diffusion coefficient for from 2 to 20-25 times more than oxygen. Other things being equal, carbon dioxide diffuses through a certain layer of the medium 20-25 times faster than oxygen. That is why the exchange of CO 2 in the lungs occurs quite fully, despite the small gradient of the partial pressure of this gas.

When each erythrocyte passes through pulmonary capillaries, during which diffusion (contact time) is relatively small (about 0.3 s). However, this time is quite enough to ensure that the stresses of respiratory gases in the blood and their partial pressure in the alveolles are almost equal.

The diffusion capacity of the lungs, as well as alveolar ventilation, should be considered in relation to perfusion (blood supply) of the lungs.