Bacterial allergy. Viral and bacterial allergies

Bacterial allergens, bacterial allergies, we often hear these words. But what do they mean: when bacteria allergens are helpers, and when they are enemies, is a bacterial allergy treated, why bacteria allergens are activated, and so on. Let's figure it out.

Bacterial allergy

This is a type of allergy in which the activation of allergens is not due to food, dust or something similar, but due to bacteria located in the area of ​​the nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys, and so on. It is revealed not sharply, but over time, because it is formed against the background of untreated more often colds, for example, sinusitis. The fire of the disease does not seem to manifest itself externally, but smolders quietly inside and develops over the years into allergies in the form of bronchial asthma, conjunctivitis and urticaria. All this serious illnesses requiring serious treatment. But do not be afraid, when contacting a competent specialist and following all his recommendations, such an allergy goes away forever. The following types of therapy are usually offered: phyto-, ap-, lipido-, ultrasound and capillary-.
Symptoms of a bacterial allergy are: breathing problems (including coughing, congestion, persistent runny nose,), frequent sneezing, tears, redness in the eyes, and the gastrointestinal tract may react with pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Unfortunately, anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema also occur.
The child's symptomatic situation is the same as with adults. Note that before three years, bacterial allergy is almost impossible to replace due to the long process of its development.

Bacterial allergens: types

Such allergens are classically divided into two groups.
Group 1. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with causative agents of infectious diseases. Tuberculin (INN, international non-proprietary name- recombinant tuberculosis bacteria allergens). From the name it is immediately clear that its activation is associated with tuberculosis diseases, and it is used to identify them. This allergen is recombinant. It includes lipids that increase the effectiveness of the drug and determine the time of its exposure. We are sure that everyone is familiar with the Mantoux test used to detect tuberculosis.
Group 2. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with conditionally pathogenic bacteria... Lepromin. To a large extent, lepromin consists of protein. Lepromine is not a new allergen, but it is still used for diagnosis, treatment, and determination of body reactions in leprosy (leprosy).

Bacterial allergens for diagnosis

As we mentioned above, the allergens of bacteria of both groups modern medicine detection of diseases (lepromin, tuberculin) is used. Skin tests are used. For example, to detect a tuberculous disease, a recombinant allergen is taken and Mantoux or Pirquet tests are performed. Preparations, the INN of which are recombinant tuberculous bacterial allergens (its trade name is tuberculin), can only be used by prepared medical specialists... They give very accurate answers to the question - is there tuberculosis. The reaction of the body is monitored after three days. The same situation is with lepromin. You cannot order the appropriate drug somewhere on the Internet and independently carry out the diagnosis at home. This is possible only in the clinic, since the activation of the body to lepromin does not indicate a disease, only a doctor can correctly decipher the result of the analysis.

0.1 ml of lepromin is injected under the skin. Two days later, they look at Fernandez's reaction - an early reaction to lepromin. It manifests itself as a papule. A few weeks later, they look at Mitsuda's reaction, a late reaction to lepromin. Outwardly, it is already a tubercle or knot.

Bacterial allergens are not obligate. Obligate allergens are those that most often cause an inadequate reaction of the body, among them: chocolate, oranges, honey, fish, strawberries, and so on. Most often this, parents should translate it into diet food excluding these products. With age, reactions to obligate allergens may subside.
In conclusion, we note that despite the fact that the use of bacterial allergens (both tuberculin and lepromin and others) for the diagnosis of diseases is more than 100 years old, this method is still effective. By how and at what time the activation for the antigen occurs, it is possible either to determine the disease, or to reveal the data necessary for treatment.
About bacterial allergies, leading, among other things, to asthma, we emphasize that it is sometimes treated even better than the usual food. With the right approach, the internal forces of the body are activated (after all, allergies are associated with low immunity), and the cause of the allergy is destroyed so effectively that you can forget about it forever.

Viral allergy is a disease that occurs during various infectious infections. The reaction can occur in people of any age. Its manifestation depends on the type of allergen and individual characteristics organism.

Infectious pathogens of allergies

A viral or bacterial allergy is the body's response to the development of an incompletely cured infectious disease.

Allergy occurs when a person is infected with these microorganisms.

Particles of infected cells can also cause the reaction. Most often development infectious allergy contribute to chronic diseases.

People with the following diseases are at greatest risk:

• dysentery;
• syphilis and gonorrhea;
• tuberculosis;
• plague and anthrax;
• mycosis;
• brucellosis.

An infectious allergy can develop in both an adult and a child.

Sometimes it appears as a result of taking samples for the presence of an infection in the body.

Symptoms in children and adults

The main signs of allergy caused by infections practically do not differ from the general symptoms of various allergic reactions:

• rash, redness and itching of the skin;
• sneezing, swelling and nasal congestion;
• cough, respiratory disorders;
• tearing, redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
• disruption of work digestive system, diarrhea, nausea.

Allergy to infection in children often occurs after respiratory illness.

The course of the disease is accompanied by:

• runny nose;
• high body temperature;
• difficulty breathing;
• cough;
• lack of appetite.

Pain in the arms, legs, and abdomen may also appear. Sometimes an allergic reaction during an acute respiratory viral infection leads to the development of asthma.

It is very important to identify allergies in time and start treatment, since an exacerbation of the disease can lead to complications.

In some cases, anaphylactic shock is possible.

The reaction that occurs when taking samples for the presence of an infection in the body can manifest itself immediately. At the injection site, itching is felt, redness and swelling of the skin are visible.

Diagnostics

In order to appoint correct treatment the type of allergen that causes the reaction should be determined. Initially, a complete history is taken, according to which a possible allergen is previously determined.

All transmitted infectious diseases are taken into account.

The identification of the exact pathogen is carried out according to the performed skin tests with possible allergen... If there is an increased sensitivity to a certain microorganism, then a characteristic redness appears at the site of its introduction.

An accurate diagnosis is made after a complete examination.

Treatment

An infectious allergy is dangerous disease, the development of which can lead to the death of the patient.

Therefore, when the first signs appear, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

The main principle of treatment is to identify and destroy the allergen, which can be bacteria, microscopic fungi or viruses. Each type of pathogen is treated with certain drugs.

Treatment of allergy caused by viruses

If, after the diagnosis, it is confirmed that the reaction in the body is causing viral infections, then the treatment is carried out with such drugs:

• "Remantadin" is a drug with a pronounced antiviral activity;
• "Zanamivir" - antiviral agent neutralizing viruses of group A and B.

Into therapy ...

Causes of viral allergies

Bacterial allergy due to increased sensitivity to bacterial allergens, usually develops when there are foci of chronic infection in the body, which can be localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, accessory cavities nose, in the bronchopulmonary apparatus, intestines, biliary system.

• Specific diagnostics of bacterial allergies
• About bacterial allergies
• Bacterial allergy symptoms
• Causes of bacterial allergies
• Bacterial allergy in children
• Bacterial allergy treatment
• Sign up for a consultation about bacterial allergy
• Questions from users on our site about bacterial allergies
• Ask your question about bacterial allergies
• Viral and bacterial allergies
• Causes of viral allergies
• Infection allergy symptoms
• Treatment of allergy caused by viruses
• Bacterial allergy treatment
• Treatment of Infectious Allergy Caused by Fungus
• Treatment of viral, fungal and bacterial allergies with antihistamines
• Prevention of viral and bacterial allergies
• Infectious allergy, causes, symptoms, treatment
• Infectious pathogens leading to allergies
• Diseases in which an infectious allergy may occur
• Symptoms in children and adults
• Diagnosis of an infectious allergy
• Treatment
• Prevention of infectious allergy
• Add comment Cancel reply
• LiveInternetLiveInternet
• -Labels
• -Categories
• -Search by diary
• -Subscribe by e-mail
• -Statistics
• Allergy to viruses and bacteria (there are a lot of beeches, read diagonally - and so everything is clear))))

Bacterial allergy is formed for a long time, over several years, therefore, it is extremely rare before the age of three.

Under the influence of bacterial allergens, infectious-allergic diseases are formed: infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis, infectious-allergic urticaria. In the specific diagnosis of bacterial allergy, standard bacterial allergens produced by the Kazan Research Institute of Microbiology are used: hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus, proteus mirabilis and vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus, colibacillus, pneumococcus group, neisseria.

The first step in diagnosing a bacterial allergy is an allergic anamnesis.

The characteristic anamnestic signs of bacterial allergy are the seasonality of the exacerbation (in the damp cold season), the connection between the exacerbation of the disease and hypothermia due to exacerbation of foci of chronic infection.

An exacerbation of an infectious-allergic disease is often accompanied by febrile or subfebrile temperature, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, and antibiotic therapy is effective in treatment. For infectious and allergic diseases, acute inflammatory processes in children with atopic diseases are often mistaken, especially for patients with atopic bronchial asthma. As a result, there is often anamnestic overdiagnosis of infectious allergic diseases... Table 2.15 shows that a bacterial positive history (BqA) correlates with a set of other tests in 67.16% of patients, of which 45.10% with provocative ones. In 1/3 of cases, with a positive history, all other tests turned out to be negative, that is, bacterial sensitization was not detected.

Thus, in more than half of the patients, the bacterial etiology of the disease suspected by history is not confirmed by a comprehensive allergic examination. With negative anamnesis data, 13.00% of children have a bacterial allergy, mainly subclinical. It follows from this that the history of bacterial allergy is not always reliable.

Skin testing with bacterial allergens is also not specific enough. Table 2.15 shows that only in 38.33% of cases positive result intradermal tests (ECT) correlates with the complex of other tests and in 9.45% - with provocative, and in 61.67% all other tests were negative, i.e.

e. bacterial sensitization was not detected. It…

Bacterial allergy treatment

Allergic reactions and diseases are in the first place among pathologies, the prevalence of which is increasing every year.

Those who have once encountered allergies are aware that the most common allergens are pollen, food, pet hair, and chemicals.

But not many people know that there is another type of allergic reaction - an infectious allergy, with this pathology the immune system reacts with a specific reaction to a number of microorganisms that cause certain diseases.

Infectious pathogens leading to allergies

The term infectious allergy refers to the increased sensitivity of the human body to pathogenic pathogens. infectious diseases and invasive processes.

Pathology can also develop as a reaction to the waste products of pathogens.

An allergy in an infectious disease occurs if the body is simultaneously influenced by three factors provoking pathology, these are:

• Long course of the disease;
• Localization of infection within cells;
• The presence of a focus of chronic inflammation.

Determined that infectious species allergies can be caused by:

Infectious allergy often develops not only under the influence of these pathogens.

Fragments of infected cells, decaying remnants of infectious agents and products formed in the course of their vital activity can also become the culprit of the disease.

Hypersensitivity of the body can appear with almost any infection. But the occurrence of an infectious allergy is most likely if the disease has a chronic course.

The likelihood of a pathology increases many times if a person has caries, tonsillitis, sinusitis, pyelonephritis, that is, chronic foci of inflammation.

Diseases in which an infectious allergy may occur

More often allergies infectious type established in patients with:

In rare cases, an infectious allergy can develop after a test used to detect a focus of infection.

In tuberculosis, an impetus to the disease can be given by the Mantoux test, with brucellosis, the Burne test, the Zuverkalov test for dysentery, a test with the gonovaccine to detect gonorrhea, and a number of others.

In children, bacterial and viral allergy often provoked by influenza, streptococcus, staphylococcus, E. coli.

The likelihood of pathology in children is increased with a prolonged course of respiratory disease, with an increased sensitivity of the body to the products formed as a result of the vital activity of microorganisms.

Symptoms in children and adults

The clinical picture of an infectious allergy is practically no different from the symptoms of other allergic diseases.

With its development, it is noted:

• Redness of certain areas of the skin, the formation of rashes;
• Itching of the body;
• Runny nose, manifested by nasal congestion, sneezing, profuse discharge;
• Tearing eyes, redness of the sclera and conjunctiva;
• Violations in ...

  Specific diagnostics of bacterial allergies

  Allergy is a pathological reaction of the human immune system to certain substances. It can occur due to contact of the body with pollen, wool, aggressive chemical compounds, some types medical supplies etc. There is also an infectious allergy. In this case, pathogens of various diseases act as allergens.

  Views

  Depending on the allergen, it can be of different types:

  • viral allergy;
  • bacterial allergy;
  • fungal allergy.

  All of them are caused by the presence of an infection in the body.

  Causes of viral allergies

  Such an immune reaction can appear in both children and adults.

  It can be caused by serious medical conditions. Such as:

  tuberculosis;

  • brucellosis;

    anthrax;

    mycoses of the skin and other organs;

    tularemia;

    dysentery;

  Viral and bacterial allergies in children and adults occur under the following conditions:

  intracellular location of the infection;

  long course of the listed diseases;

  the presence of a focus of chronic infection in the body.

  Such an allergy can occur not only by itself, but also as a result of a test if there is an infection in the body.

  With tuberculosis, this is the Mantoux test, with chronic dysentery- Zuverkalov's test, with brucellosis - Burne's test, with gonorrhea - a test with gonovaccine, with anthrax- test with anthraxin, with tularemia - test with tularemin.

  Children may also develop allergies due to the presence of a less serious infection in the body.

  It often manifests itself after a long course of colds.

  
  

  In this case, ARI turns into an infectious allergy in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.
  So, we can conclude that viral and bacterial allergies in children can be caused by such an infection:

  • Pneumococcus;

    staphylococcus;

    streptococcus;

    Escherichia coli.

  Infectious allergy in children develops for the following reasons:

  severe diseases listed above;

  long course of acute respiratory diseases;

  hypersensitivity of the body to the waste products of microorganisms that cause any disease (incl.

  flu, etc.);

  Also, an allergy to the waste products of viruses, bacteria and fungi can occur in adults and children due to prolonged chronic inflammatory process... It could be chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis and even caries.

  Infection allergy symptoms

  This kind immune response in adults and children, it is accompanied by the following signs:

  redness or rash on the skin;

  allergic rhinitis;

  redness and tearing of the eyes;

  organ dysfunction gastrointestinal tract(stomach pain, diarrhea);

  difficulty breathing;

  swollen lymph nodes;

  in especially severe cases - anaphylactic shock.

  If an allergy arose after Mantoux or other tests for the presence of an infection in the body, then local symptoms are also added to the signs listed above:

  pain and swelling at the injection site;

  severe itching;

  swelling and redness at the site of the infection test.

  Allergy after a long course of acute respiratory diseases in children is accompanied by the following symptoms:

  • high temperature;

  • wheezing in the lungs;

    wheezing.

  Such symptoms can also be present in adults if they have severely started bronchitis or other diseases. respiratory tract.
  If children or adults have symptoms of an acute infectious allergy, you should not try to treat yourself, as there is a high likelihood of developing ...

About bacterial allergies

Bacterial allergy is a specific type of allergy, in which an allergic reaction develops to bacteria that are in the body, usually in the form of chronic foci of infection. Such chronic foci are most often localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, sinuses nose, in the bronchopulmonary tree, as well as in the intestines and kidneys. At the same time, bacterial allergy is formed for a long time, sometimes it takes years, so it most often occurs in adults or older children.

Video - diagnosis and treatment of allergies, 12:17 min

A bacterial allergy is that under the influence of bacterial agents and antigens that have entered the human body, infectious and allergic diseases are formed, for example, such as:

• Allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis;
• Infectious-allergic urticaria.

The above diseases are difficult to tolerate by patients, require a long and quality treatment... However, the sooner the patient discovers symptoms of allergy and seek a qualified medical help, the faster it will work specific treatment prescribed by doctors, and such a patient can forget about bacterial allergies forever.

Bacterial allergy symptoms

Bacterial allergy symptoms depend on from the type of bacteria that contribute to the development of an allergic reaction, as well as from the state of the human immune system. So, allocate following symptoms bacterial allergies:

Bacterial allergies can cause
bronchial asthma

1. Respiratory symptoms:
   • Cough and shortness of breath due to sensation of a lump in the throat;
   • Paroxysmal sneezing;
   • Itching in the nose and throat;
   • Clear, mucous nasal discharge;
   • Smell disorder;
2. Symptoms of damage to the organ of vision:
   • Redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
   • Lachrymation;
3. In some cases, join skin symptoms as:
   • Rashes and redness on the skin, which are also accompanied by itching;
4. Symptoms indicating a malfunction of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract:
   • Stomach pain;
   • Vomit;
   • Diarrhea.

In the most severe cases, symptoms develop anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema, the relief of which is possible only with the help of qualified medical professionals providing emergency medical care.

Causes of bacterial allergies

The causes of bacterial allergies are reduced to the fact that the body has chronic foci of infection associated with untreated colds bacterial diseases(for example, pneumonia, sinusitis, etc.). And under certain conditions, for example, hypothermia and decreased immunity, these foci are activated, which triggers the course of a bacterial allergic reaction. Therefore, in order to fundamentally prevent the development of bacterial allergies, it is always necessary to completely eliminate the disease and not run it into a chronic form.

Bacterial allergy in children

Bacterial allergies in children are usually diagnosed not earlier than 3 years of age, because it develops against the background of chronic foci of infection in the body. Symptoms in children are the same as in adults, but sometimes they are brighter and more pronounced, which is associated with the immaturity of the child's immune system. Bacterial allergies in children need qualified and specialized treatment, which is aimed not only at relieving allergy symptoms, but also at eliminating and rehabilitating chronic foci of infection.

Treating bacterial allergies in children the doctors of our clinic "Lor-Asthma" are engaged, offering only safe, reliable and maximum effective techniques... Remember, the sooner you consult with your doctor, the sooner he determines the type of allergy and determines the specific type of allergen, the sooner you can start treating your baby, and the sooner he will get rid of severe and unpleasant symptoms bacterial allergies.

Treat your child using only high-quality and effective treatment methods! Namely such methods of treating bacterial allergies are suggested by doctors clinic "Lor-Asthma!

Bacterial allergy treatment

Treatment of bacterial allergies in our clinic"Lor-Asthma" is always carried out on the highest level! We treat both adults and children, relieving them of bacterial allergies, while always selecting treatment regimens individually.

Bacterial allergy treatment should begin with high-quality diagnostics. This is where our doctors begin. The first stage is the collection of an allergic anamnesis, which the attending physician finds out from the patient himself, or from the child's parents. Then, after just a few diagnostic procedures and based on the patient's history data, the doctor determines the type of allergy, and also determines the degree of its development.

After determining the type of allergen and determining the state of the patient's immunity, allergy treatment begins. As a treatment for bacterial allergies our specialists offer only proven, effective and high-quality methods, for example, such as:

1. Apitherapy;
2. Capillary therapy.

Purpose of Bacterial Allergy Treatment- this is not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also to strengthen the immune system as a whole, as well as to eliminate chronic foci of bacterial infection, which in the future helps to prevent the development of relapses of allergies!

Treatment cost

Sign up for a consultation about bacterial allergy

Questions from users on our site about bacterial allergies

My daughter is 13 years old. Diagnosis - vasomotor rhinitis. Constant exacerbations of which lead to acute rhinosinusitis, that is, stuffy nose. slime is white at first, then connects

bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus is sown in her), after a few days, according to the results of ultrasound, fluid in the sinuses. And all this without raising t, without pain. Laura is treated with antibiotics and the same thing every month. Such a pathological reaction of the nasal mucosa occurs in the cold, wind, as a result, the child cannot go outside in the cold season. Surgical intervention in the opinion of ENTs is not shown to her, because the nose, in principle, breathes, but badly even during the period of exacerbations.

Alexander Puryasev,
I understand your situation. It is not easy. But I am ready to explain everything to you and, most importantly, I can help! But you must come to my appointment, because I don’t have enough fingers to describe all this in a letter. Please contact. I will help!

Thank you for your answer, but these are general phrases, specifically: how to keep track of all this if a child goes to the garden, for example, like this

in this case? Hardening, nutrition and hypothermia are actions under the control of the mother, but continuous contact with viruses and bacteria in in public places and in kindergarten, for example, are no longer amenable to control and children prone to excessive growth of adenoid tissue still get sick as often and just as severely until they either "outgrow" this problem by adolescence, or until they are removed surgically... But about allergization - this is important point, for me I am still trying to figure it out, since there is some kind of allergophon and, perhaps, it provokes excessive growth and reaction of lymphoid tissue. But how can this be accurately determined? And here's how to specifically ensure that your child is not allergic? Please tell me what you mean by this concept?

Alexander Puryasev,
doctor medical sciences, chief physician clinics: … If you need specific answers, bring the doctor of a SPECIFIC patient to whom tests will be prescribed, possibly X-ray, other types of examination according to the following indicators: 1. Complaints - symptoms, signs of illness; 2. Anamnesis - the history of his development chronic illness; 3. The presence of concomitant diseases; 4. Allergy anamnesis - food, animals, dust, mold, etc., which, in your opinion, could cause an allergy; 5. Objective examination of the patient to identify the local picture of the disease; and at the end, 5. Preliminary diagnosis - conclusion. As a result, an individual examination plan is selected not from the ceiling, but according to a SPECIFIC patient, and then there will be no reason for " common phrases”, But there will be specific conclusions, final diagnosis, prognosis, recommendations, and a SPECIFIC treatment plan! Good luck, health!

vibrocil, aqualor, polydex in the nose (dripped, washed, dripped), zirtek at night, and an antibiotic - Zinnat. We have a bad reaction to him, everyone side effects(rash, redness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting). Bifidumbacterin was taken. I have a question - what can replace Zinnat? KLA passed, increased eosinophils (8%), and a little monocytes, all other indicators are normal. Soe 4. Now I have big doubts - did we even need to take antibiotics?

Alexander Puryasev,
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Chief Physician of the Clinic: Zinnat is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin group. In addition to this group, children can also use macrolides and penicillins. Everything. Choose from any group. This is how all doctors work. Unfortunately, it is not correct to prescribe an antibiotic (a / b) at random, "with a finger to the sky." I have a different tactic. First, the child is tested, and immediately, while we are waiting for the tests, we begin to treat locally without a / b. We remove edema, inflammation, eliminate infection (this is possible only in our clinic, such a well-structured treatment regimen often allows a patient to be cured even without a / b). By the time the tests come, the child is healthy, and if he has not completed the treatment to the end, then we already know WHAT a / b he needs based on the test results. Here, professional approach!

Good day! Staphylococcus was found in my children (2 years and 9 months). Please tell me if the staff can provoke frequent snot?

And in general is it treated? They underwent a course of treatment with turundas with Staf bacteriophage, but after repeated analysis they still revealed. And what complications can staphylococcus cause?

Alexander Puryasev,
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Chief Physician of the Clinic: Staphylococcus aureus easily causes adenoids, sinusitis, and bronchitis. But there is no need to despair. , - he is perfectly treated. In our clinic, we carry out treatment even without antibiotics - we sanitize. We hand over analyzes before treatment and confirm with analyzes after treatment.

My daughter has occasional nasal congestion. We consulted an ENT doctor. Diagnosed with grade 2 adenoids, catarrhal sinusitis on the left (X-rays were taken). We were assigned

vibrocil, aqualor, polydex in the nose (dripped, washed, dripped), zirtek at night, and an antibiotic - Zinnat. We have a bad reaction to it, all the side effects (rash, redness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting). Bifidumbacterin was taken. I have a question - what can replace Zinnat? There is no possibility of consulting a doctor, for an appointment only in a week.

Alexander Puryasev,
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Chief Physician of the Clinic: In order to resolve the issues of prescribing an antibiotic, it is correct: prescribe blood tests, perform swabs from the throat and nose, determine the flora, and for this reason - prescribe an antibiotic, and not "poke a finger in the sky"

5274 0

V last years In clinical allergology, the problem of bacterial allergy is practically superseded by the notion of the leading role of atopy in the genesis of most allergic diseases.

At the same time, the connection between infection and allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma, is quite obvious.

The role of IgE-dependent processes in the pathogenesis of infectious allergy has been proven.

In this regard, there is currently interest in the possibility of SIT for infectious and allergic diseases, in particular for bronchial asthma. A promising problem is the development effective vaccines for SIT. It should be noted that in allergology considerable experience has been accumulated in allergen-specific immunotherapy of patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma.

Despite this, in the defining current document SIT, bacterial vaccination is called ineffective (WHO Position Paper. Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases (Allergy. 1998, v53. N 44 (Suppl). specific treatment for microbial allergens is very effective, as evidenced by the works of both domestic and foreign authors.

Probably, the ineffectiveness of individual works on SIT with bacterial allergens can be explained by the incorrect selection of patients for treatment, the lack of appropriate skills for carrying out SIT by the doctor. In this regard, we devote a special section to the experience of conducting SIT for infectious allergies.

History of bacterial allergy problem

The problem of allergic reactions in infectious diseases finds its origins in the works of the German doctor R. Koch (R. Koch, 1843 - 1910), devoted to the study of tuberculosis. It is known that tuberculosis is one of the most severe infectious diseases, which, thanks to the observations of R. Koch and the works of other researchers, played the role of the so-called classical model of bacterial allergy.

In 1906 S. Pirguet reported important value scarification test in tuberculin diagnosis and introduced into medical practice the term "allergy" (from the Greek. "allos" - different, "ergos" - I act), denoting an altered reactivity of the body. Antibodies, which, as was thought earlier, are produced in the body under the influence of tuberculin, C. Pirguet called "ergines".

In Russia, the allergenic properties of bacteria were studied in the very first works on anaphylaxis and allergies.
Research by P.F. Zdrodovsky on infectious para-allergy made a significant contribution to the theory of allergy in general and bacterial allergy in particular. The phenomenon of generalized allergic reaction to Vibrio cholerae endotoxin discovered by him, as noted by A.D. Ado, is the first description of this type of reaction. Many terms, criteria and patterns of manifestation of allergic reactions were first established and firmly entered into allergology precisely on the basis of the study of bacterial allergy. Following studies on the allergenic activity of the causative agent of tuberculosis, works began to appear very quickly, indicating the allergenic effect of other microorganisms.

Particular attention was paid to the allergenic properties of gram-positive cocci, in particular, hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus. R. Lancefield's works on antigenic and allergenic characteristics hemolytic streptococci, which indicate that experimental studies have revealed the allergizing effect of their type-specific protein, the so-called M-substance of hemolytic streptococcus.

Extremely important stage development of research in the field of bacterial allergy opened the work of O. Swineford and his collaborators. At the end of the 40s, these researchers discovered allergenic properties in 14 species of various microorganisms, namely: hemolytic and green streptococcus, staphylococcus, catarrhal micrococcus, intestinal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, etc.

For the first time, the attention of researchers was drawn to the allergenic properties of those microbes, the commonwealth of which constituted the so-called normal microflora mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tract.

The results of evaluating the hypersensitivity of patients with infectious-allergic BA to allergens of autogenous strains isolated from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of these patients are presented in table. eight.

Table 7. Microflora of pharynx, nose, bronchi in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma

Table 8. Skin and bronchial reactions to bacterial allergens in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma (according to V.N. Fedoseeva, 1980)

Among the allergens of these cultures (Neisseria, Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Sardines), Neisseria and Staphylococcus were the leading ones. Significant allergenic activity was noted in Klebsiella, however, the frequency of detection of this microbe in crops from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of patients does not exceed 10-15%. But in those cases when the microbe was present in the crops, the patient's hypersensitivity to the allergens of this microorganism was pronounced.

Currently, in allergological practice, it is widely used for specific diagnostics and therapy allergens (and vaccine forms) of infectious agents: tuberculin, malein, brucellin, lepromin, etc., as well as pathogenic and opportunistic representatives of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract of patients with respiratory-allergic diseases: allergens and vaccines from streptococci , staphylococci, pneumococci, etc.

Considering the history of the problem of bacterial allergy, it is possible, on the one hand, to emphasize the fact that it was during the study of infectious diseases that both the concept of "allergy" and such terms as "type of allergic reaction", "reaction of delayed and immediate type" , "Skin-allergic diagnostic tests", "tuberculin diagnostics" and others, which have become firmly established in allergology and are currently used.

On the other hand, it should be noted that allergenic activity is inherent not only in pathogens of infectious diseases, but also in representatives of the so-called opportunistic microflora of the respiratory tract of patients with respiratory allergic diseases. In addition, it is quite obvious that bacterial allergy has features due to both the properties of the microorganism and the reactivity of the patient's body with an infectious-allergic disease.

Khutueva S.Kh., Fedoseeva V.N.

An allergen is an antigen that causes people who are sensitive to them. Allergy is a reaction of the immune system of the human body, manifested under the influence of an allergen.

Any substance can be allergens. The main symptoms of allergy are redness and pain in the eyes, swelling, sneezing and runny nose, cough, rash on skin(eczema, contact dermatitis), shortness of breath, asthma attacks, ear pain, hearing loss, headaches. The disease can be inherited.

As a rule, a chronic allergic reaction manifests itself in a specific place (organ). At atopic dermatitis the skin suffers, with bronchial asthma - the mucous membrane of the bronchi, with food allergies- intestinal mucosa.

Classification of allergens depending on the entry into the human body

There are three main groups of allergens:

• exogenous;
• endogenous;
• autoantigens.

Exogenous allergens enter the human body from environment(inhalation, swallowing or injection).

Endogenous allergens, in turn, are formed by the cells of the body during natural metabolism or during viral or bacterial infections... Endoallergens can form during severe burns (the human body begins to perceive damaged skin as foreign tissue).

Autoantigens are normal proteins (protein complexes) that the immune system responds to (found in people with autoimmune diseases).

According to the method of entering the human body, the following types of allergens are distinguished:

• air (dust, pollen);
• food;
• contact (chemicals);
• injection ( medications);
• infectious (bacteria, viruses).

Classification of allergens according to origin

By their origin, allergens are:

• household (dust, chalk, oil refined products);
• epidermal allergens (wool, feathers, dandruff, fluff, excrement, saliva of pets);
• insect (cockroaches, insects, spiders);
• pollen (pollen of plants and trees);
• food (allergies are possible to any food product, often seafood, egg white, strawberries, citrus fruits, chocolate, nuts, legumes, honey);
• medicinal (an allergy is possible to any medicine, including antiallergic drugs; basic drugs to which an allergic reaction is possible: penicillin, sulfonamide, salicylate, local anesthetics);
• fungal (mold and yeast);
• helminths (worms act as pathogens);
• thermal (wind, frost, etc.);
• moral and biological (experience, fear, nervous breakdown, etc.).

An allergic reaction is possible to cleaning and cosmetical tools: washing powder, rinse aid, dishwashing detergent, etc. Allergies can also develop from some types of microbes. The source of their appearance may be an incompletely cured infection, fungus on the nails, sinusitis, and tooth decay.

The main and most common allergens

The main allergens are:

1. Pollen from plants and trees is more likely than others to cause seasonal allergies. You can reduce contact with the allergen by staying in a room with closed windows in windy weather, or by using an air conditioner.
2. Animals - in this case, it is recommended not to use carpets, and to clean the premises more often.
3. Dust mites live in house dust. It is recommended to use hypoallergenic pillows and mattresses, wash bed linen more often and only in hot water, do not use carpets and curtains.
4. Insect bites provoke swelling and redness at the site of the bite, nausea, weakness, and fever.
5. Mold - a reaction that occurs when inhaled or when touched. Mold can be found in the bathroom, in the grass. Ventilation of wet rooms can be considered a preventive measure.
6. Food - Allergy symptoms: respiratory failure, skin rashes, including the mouth area, vomiting.
7. Latex.
8. Medicines.
9. Fragrance substances.

Thus, the most common allergens are house dust, animal hair, foodstuffs, pollen of plants and trees, bacterial allergens, viruses, microscopic fungi.

What are true and bacterial allergies?

A true allergy is an increased reaction of the body to a common substance. Moreover, the reaction appears regardless of the amount of allergen that has entered the body. Scientists identify the following true allergens: eggs, milk, peanuts, hazelnuts, soy, seafood (crayfish), fish, wheat.

A true allergy differs from a food allergy in that at the first, a person cannot, under any circumstances, consume a certain product (with a food allergy, the reaction develops with a large dose of the eaten product). In true allergies, the reaction occurs with the minimum dose of the product.

Bacterial allergy manifests itself when the human body is hypersensitive to bacterial allergens. This is due to chronic infection. Bacterial allergy takes a long time to develop.

Allergens of bacteria contribute to the development of diseases such as rhinitis, infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, infectious-allergic urticaria.

Critical situations and allergy treatment

Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction. The consequences of such reactions can be skin rashes, bronchospasm, edema, hypotension, coma, or death. - the most dangerous form manifestations of an allergic reaction. A person suddenly has severe itching, shortness of breath, and pressure decreases. Signs of anaphylactic shock are a weak pulse, profuse sweating, pallor.

The main goal in allergy treatment is to eliminate patient contact with allergens.

There is no drug treatment for allergies. Therefore, people who are suffering allergic reactions, you should reconsider your lifestyle, habits, if possible, change the environment, for example, change the climatic conditions.