What is epidermal staphylococcus aureus and methods of dealing with it. Staphylococcus epidermidis (staphylococcus epidermidis) - symptoms, causes, treatment

Date: 19.10.2019

Staphylococcus aureus is considered a fairly common bacterium that provokes the development of various diseases. There are many varieties of these bacteria. Among them, Staphylococcus epidermidis can be distinguished. This microorganism poses a great danger to human health and life.

What is staphylococcus?

Staphylococcal bacteria are a type of bacteria that infect the epidermis, mucous membranes and cause inflammation with suppuration.

As you can see in the photo, these microorganisms are similar in shape to a sphere and are motionless. They are able to live in the air and also develop in conditions without oxygen.

The most common types of staphylococcal that cause the development of serious pathologies are:

Staphylococcus aureus.
Epidermal staphylococcus.
Saprophytic.
Hemolytic.

Each of the species is localized in certain tissues and cells of the human body.

The most dangerous to human health are considered aureus, epidermal and hemolytic staphylococcus aureus. Usually staphylococcus epidermis is found in a smear.

Brief information about Staphylococcus epidermidis?

Staphylococcus aureus epidermis is found in the body of every person. When functioning correctly internal organs and systems, it does not have a negative impact. However, under the influence unfavorable factors various pathologies develop.

Distinctive features of Staphylococcus epidermidis:

This disease usually develops over a very long period. Quite often, manifestations of the disease are observed when the human body is already under strong impact pathogenic bacteria.
The symptoms of Staphylococcus epidermidis are often similar to those of various other diseases. For this reason this ailment difficult to diagnose.
The bacteria staphylococcus epidermidis can adapt very quickly to external changes. For this reason, Staphylococcus epidermidis is considered a persistent disease and several antibacterial medications are used for therapy.

This microorganism is part of the microflora skin... As a result of a decrease in immunity, these bacteria negatively affect the body and provoke the formation of various pathological processes.

The infection can be localized on the skin, face, mouth, nose. In addition, the bacteria can infect the eyes.

The main causes of the disease

Epidermal staphylococcus aureus is diagnosed both in adulthood among men and women, and in children.

The main causes of the occurrence of epidermal staphylococcus:

Stressful situations, a difficult lifestyle, lack of sleep, unbalanced diet, the presence of chronic diseases.
Hypothermia.
Diabetes mellitus and pathologies of the functioning of the hormonal system.
Bad habits: smoking, overuse alcohol or caffeine.
Inflammatory processes in the auricle.
Untreated conjunctivitis or blepharitis.
Excessive intronasal use of vasoconstrictors.

According to statistical data, staphylococcus epidermidis is more often diagnosed in newborns, in childhood and among the elderly.

How does the infection spread?

Staphylococcus aureus is a fairly common infection and it can enter the human body in various ways. Most often, infection occurs through damage to the skin. In addition, the microorganism can be transmitted through food.

The main routes of infection:

By contact method through household items. Most often, infection occurs after using various things of an infected person (combs, towels, clothes). In addition, you can get infected in public places ah, through a handshake, a kiss.
Airborne by. Infection occurs after talking or coughing with an infected person.
Air-dust way. A person becomes infected after inhaling dust containing bacteria.
You can get infected and through products... For example, you cannot eat meat, as well as raw fish. In addition, it is necessary to eat only washed vegetables and fruits, as well as foods that have passed the full heat treatment... It is important to observe hygiene rules.

In addition, infection can occur through medical equipment.

Signs and symptoms of ailment

Epidermal staphylococcus long time can proceed without manifestations.

However, at later stages of development in a person, the following signs may be observed:

inflammation with purulent discharge... In the areas of infection, carbuncles or boils can form and the temperature of the skin can greatly increase;
runny nose, as a result of inflammation of the nasal mucosa;
sore throat. In addition, there is a reddening of the walls of the throat and an increase in their size. Staphylococcus aureus epidermis can enter the throat during breathing, after eating infected foods;
lung disease. Once in the lungs, the infection contributes to the formation of inflammatory processes in the bronchi and other respiratory organs... The person is tormented coughing... If the bacterium has entered the bronchi, then in the sputum separated by coughing, purulent impurities are contained in large quantities;
frequent colds or exacerbations of chronic pathologies;
acute food poisoning. In this case, the patient has nausea with vomiting, weakness, and indigestion. Most often, signs of intoxication occur within half an hour after infection.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is difficult to diagnose because its manifestations are similar to many diseases.

Diagnosis of the disease

To make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor prescribes the donation of blood, urine, feces for clinical research, as well as bacterial culture from the following materials:

scrapings from the skin;
phlegm;
smears from mucous membranes;
pus and discharge from the wound.

Before submitting biological material for research, it is forbidden to smoke, drink alcohol, eat fried or fatty foods. No need to wash and also use external antibacterial agents on the skin, since the latter can affect the results of the study.

The rate of staphylococcus in a smear culture is up to 10 3. In the case when this indicator exceeded the doctor prescribes treatment to fight the infection.

How to treat staphylococcus epidermis?

Usually, the treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis is based on antibiotic therapy with medication wide range actions. These funds effectively fight bacteria.

For the treatment of furunculosis used:

Antibiotics, such as Abaktal.
External means for extracting pus: Vishnevstky ointment.
Wound healing drugs: Argosulfan or Sulfargin.

The complete cleansing of the hole is evidenced by the release of a small amount of blood from the wound. This feature will mean that the pus has been completely removed. In place of the boil, a scar remains, small in size with a noticeable depression.

Another method for treating furunculosis is surgery. The latter is used extremely rarely: in situations where the boil is located in hard-to-reach places.

For the treatment of tonsillitis, in acute or chronic form, the doctor prescribes a complex intake of antibiotics and anti-influenza medicines. The doctor selects the treatment regimen individually.

After a complete cure, careful prevention is necessary, which includes:

normalization of the immune system;
adherence to the rules of personal hygiene.

Traditional medicine in the fight against bacteria

Traditional methods of treating the disease weaken unpleasant manifestations diseases and perfectly complement drug treatment... Therapy only folk methods, without the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, wound healing ointments is ineffective.

For therapy, use medicinal plants characterized by anti-staphylococcal effects:

oak, birch;
licorice;
yarrow;
elecampane;
calendula;
a series;
badan;
wild rosemary, etc.

Healing decoctions or infusions are prepared from plants. For cooking, you can choose one of the plants, or you can take a collection from several crops. The duration of treatment primarily depends on the severity of the disease. On average, therapy will take a month.

Decoction for relieving inflammation and healing wounds

For cooking, you need dried comfrey and burdock leaves. They are boiled in 200 ml of water for 15 minutes and left to infuse. In the cooled broth, a gauze bandage is impregnated and applied to the wound. This procedure is carried out twice a day. Duration of therapy - until complete recovery.

In addition, plantain is used to heal skin wounds.

Broth to cure suppuration

Boil dried golden thorns in water until golden brown. Let the broth cool and strain through cheesecloth. Drink for 10 days medicinal broth instead of liquid.

In addition, the resulting broth can be used to treat wounds.

Healing compresses

For cooking, you need 9% Apple vinegar... Pour 2 tbsp. tablespoons of vinegar in 200 ml hot water... Stir the mixture thoroughly. Apply gauze soaked in the product to the wound.

Wound healing baths

Add 100 g of vinegar to a hot bath and steam well in such a bath. For efficiency this procedure it is recommended to do it twice a day.

Possible consequences and complications of the disease

Very often people ignore the problem, not giving special attention to the manifestations of the disease.

As a result, the following complications may arise:

Meningitis. This pathology proceeds with purulent inflammation meninges and negatively affects the functioning of the body as a whole. The main manifestations of meningitis resulting from infection with staphylococcus: headache, cramps of a regular nature, incessant nausea with vomiting. Even with the right treatment, meningitis can be fatal.
Endocarditis. With this disease, the heart valves are damaged, and the work of the entire of cardio-vascular system... Pathology proceeds with strong painful sensations in the heart zone, weakness and general malaise, a noticeable decline in working capacity.
Sepsis. Once in the blood, bacteria multiply and clog it. Toxic substances produced by microorganisms poison the body and can lead to blood poisoning.
Toxic shock... It is considered the most common complication. The disease proceeds with elevated temperature and a decrease in pressure. In this case, there is a risk of cardiac arrest.

Ignoring and not treating staphylococcus epidermidis can cause the development of serious complications or end lethal outcome for the patient.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a representative of bacteria that have a negative effect on the human body. To avoid dangerous consequences it is necessary to remember the rules of hygiene and periodically carry out preventive procedures.

Staphylococcus epidermidis (epidermal staphylococcus) is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism that lives mainly on the human skin and is part of its microflora. It has a relatively low pathogenic potential, but under certain conditions it causes various pathological processes. Children, the elderly, and those with immune dysfunction are at greatest risk of infection. For people with strong immunity, the bacterium is absolutely not dangerous.

Epidermal Staphylococcus aureus produces a number of strong toxins and enzymes, under the influence of which the normal vital activity of the macroorganism is disrupted. In addition to the skin, subcutaneous fat and connective tissue fibers are affected. The pathogenic effect of these microbes is due to their basic properties. It consists in the development of inflammation, destruction of cells, the appearance of foci of necrosis, and dysfunction of internal organs.

In addition to the skin, staphylococcus aureus colonizes the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, oral cavity and auditory analyzer... The microbe is present in all people in an amount not exceeding acceptable level... The rapid multiplication of Staphylococcus epidermidis and the activation of its pathogenic properties leads to the development of inflammation of vital organs and tissues.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the causative agent of various diseases, the course and outcome of which is determined by the localization and extent of the lesion, concomitant pathology and protective properties organism, timeliness and effectiveness of the therapy. These bacteria are resistant to most antiseptics, disinfectants and antibiotics.

Etiology

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a member of the Staphylococcus genus of the Micrococcaceae family.

The virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis is due to its ability to film. Multilayered biofilms slow down the metabolism in the cell and protect it from the effects of antimicrobial agents.

Epidemiological significance

Staphylococcus epidermidis is widespread. It lives in the external environment: in the air, soil, on household items and medical instruments, as well as in various loci of the human body.

The source of infection caused by epidermal staphylococcus is a sick person or a carrier of bacteria. It is the asymptomatic carriers that pose the greatest danger in the epidemiological relation. The entrance gate of infection is damaged skin and mucous membrane.

Ways of spread of infection:

Airborne - during coughing, sneezing, talking;
Airborne dust - through the air and dust that has come into contact with the carrier of the infection;
Contact-household - through household items, dirty hands, kisses and hugs;
Artifical - through medical equipment, contaminated instruments and hospital equipment;
Alimentary - through seeded or thermally unprocessed food.

Factors contributing to the development of infection:

Dysfunction of the immune system,
Long-term antibiotic therapy, hormone therapy or chemotherapy,
Endocrinopathy,
Viral diseases
Chronic pathologies in the stage of decompensation,
Ionizing radiation,
Radiation therapy.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the causative agent of nosocomial infection. Persons in surgical wards are most at risk of infection. Poorly processed instruments, infected implants and catheters, the hands of medical personnel are the causes of serious diseases, life threatening the patient. The microbe is easily airborne and can infect open wounds. Sometimes it gets to the patient during the operation. During vein puncture or bladder catheterization, Staphylococcus epidermidis penetrates the internal organs and leads to the development of endocarditis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, vulvovaginitis, urethritis. In an ascending way, the infection spreads to neighboring organs, which is manifested by the development of endometritis in women, prostatitis in men. Patients are prescribed antibiotics, the prosthesis is removed, and the infected catheter is replaced.

Pathogenesis

Staphylococci are tropic to various bodies and tissues of the human body. This property is due to the ability of bacteria to fix on epithelial cells, multiply, penetrate into the cell and show their pathogenic properties, causing purulent lesions. Stress and hypothermia accelerate the growth of bacteria. Under the influence of endogenous and exogenous negative factors their disease-causing properties are enhanced.

The risk group for are:

Pregnant women,
Patients after surgery and invasive procedures,
Resuscitation patients,
People with dysbiosis
Aged people,
Newborn babies,
Patients with autoimmune pathology,
Patients with chronic diseases in the stage of decompensation.

Staphylococcus epidermidis causes various diseases: dermatological, bronchopulmonary, osteoarticular, endovascular, as well as wound and nosocomial infections, purulent focal processes. Most often, under the influence of bacteria, inflammation develops:

Skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, proceeding in the form of furunculosis, lymphadenitis, pyoderma, eczema, abscess formation of soft tissues,
Respiratory organs - bronchi, lungs, pleura,
ENT organs - middle ear, throat, paranasal sinuses, tonsils,
Various departments of the visual analyzer,
Biliary tract and gallbladder,
Genitourinary organs - kidney, urethra, prostate,
Musculoskeletal system - bones, muscles and joints,
Digestive organs - different departments intestines.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of diseases caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis is diverse. It depends on the localization of the focus of infection, the characteristics of a particular strain, the state of the immune system of the macroorganism and consists of the following characteristic features: general symptoms, local focal skin lesions, dysfunction of internal organs.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis is based on data microbiological research clinical material.

The presence of epidermal staphylococcus in a smear and other biomaterial is allowed. In itself, its presence does not indicate any pathology. Bacteriologists count the number of typical colonies on the LAB. If it does not exceed 10 3 degrees CFU, then this microbe is not the causative agent of pathology. 10 4 degrees - a sign of the minimum content of microbial cells in this sample. Such patients are shown to be monitored by a specialist and repeated research. If the amount of staphylococcus is 10 5 degrees or more, medical attention is required. This indicator confirms the etiological role of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

In the hemogram of patients, signs of inflammation are noted - leukocytosis, neutrophilia, an increase in ESR, in the urine - protein, leukocytes, bacteria. A modern and auxiliary diagnostic method is PCR, with the help of which you can easily and quickly identify the genetic material of the pathogen.

Treatment activities

Diseases caused by epidermal staphylococcus, in most cases, do not require hospitalization. Treatment is prescribed by a specialist based on the results of laboratory tests. Patients take drugs at home. With the development of severe complications, the placement of patients in a hospital is indicated. Patients with sepsis, meningitis, or endocarditis need constant medical supervision.

Staphylococcus epidermidis infection is treated when the body is unable to cope on its own. People with low resistance and weak immunity drug therapy is indicated. Course reception of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs allows you to cope with the disease. Immunomodulators and vitamins mineral complexes help to strengthen the immune system and quickly recover from illness.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is resistant to most effective antibiotics... Patients are prescribed drugs according to the results of an antibioticogram. The drugs of choice are: Vancomycin, Rifampicin, Moxifloxacin, as well as macrolides and sulfonamides. When taking antibiotics, you must remember that they uncontrolled reception can lead to the development of dysbiosis.
Bacterial preparations stimulate the immune system and provide specific action on the body. In severe cases, anti-staphylococcal gamma globulin or hyperimmune anti-staphylococcal plasma are used.
Symptomatic therapy consists in the use of medications, procedures and agents that improve the well-being of patients. Management tactics are determined by the localization of the lesion, the course of the disease, the virulence of the strain. In case of damage to the ENT organs, local antiseptics, vasoconstrictor drops and sprays are prescribed, the introduction of turunda treated with phage into the nasal cavity, rinsing the mouth with antibacterial agents.
When there are pathologies such as pneumonia or bronchitis, bronchodilators, mucolytics, expectorants, antihistamines are prescribed.
Antimicrobial agents, if necessary, are injected directly into bladder through the catheter.
To restore the intestinal microflora, pro- and prebiotics are used.
To reduce the phenomena of intoxication, antipyretic drugs, saline solutions, enterosorbents are shown.
Local treatment skin diseases caused by staphylococcus: treatment of wounds with antiseptic solutions, the use of antibacterial ointments.
Boils, carbuncles and abscesses are treated surgically... The abscesses and abscesses are opened, purulent masses and dead tissues are removed, drainages are installed into the formed cavities for self-cleaning. For such patients, antibiotics are administered locally and systemically. If the source of infection is a non-sterile catheter or implant, it is replaced with a new one.

If diseases caused by epidermal staphylococcus are not treated, serious complications will arise - meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, infectious toxic shock. The consequence of a dangerous staphylococcal infection is death.

Prophylaxis

Measures to prevent the development of staphylococcal diseases:

Timely identification, isolation and treatment of patients with acute infection,
Remediation of foci of chronic infection - caries, tonsillitis, sinusitis, lymphadenitis,
Sanitary and hygienic measures - regular cleaning of the premises, keeping the home and the surrounding area clean,
Immune system activation - cold and hot shower, sports, walking, full sleep and rest,
Eating fresh fruits and vegetables, creating balanced diet, the inclusion of fortified and high-calorie dishes in it,
Maintaining healthy way life - giving up bad habits,
Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene - washing hands after returning from the street and before eating,
Treatment of skin lesions with antiseptics - hydrogen peroxide, brilliant greens, iodine,
Compliance with the sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic regime in the hospital, shortening the length of stay of the patient in a medical and prophylactic institution,
The use of antibiotics only as directed by a doctor,
Limited use of public places during the peak of respiratory illness,
Immunization of persons at risk with toxoid or immunoglobulin.

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis require timely detection and quality treatment... Otherwise, they progress and the infection spreads by hematogenous pathway throughout the body. Such severe complications, like meningitis, sepsis, infectious-toxic shock, often end in the death of patients.

The human skin is inhabited by many different bacteria that make up local immunity. One of the representatives of such microorganisms is epidermal staphylococcus. By various reasons this bacterium can multiply, causing some dermatological diseases, lesions of internal organs digestive tract and mucous membranes.

Causes and symptoms of epidermal staphylococcus

Most often, the described pathology occurs against the background inpatient treatment in the hospital. Infection occurs due to surgical operations and other manipulations associated with the use of catheters, valves and prostheses. After staphylococcus enters the bloodstream, the bacterium spreads throughout the body, invading the mucous surfaces of the viscera.

Also, damage can occur against the background of a decrease in immunity or an intensification of chronic human diseases.

There are known cases of bacterial infection through foodstuffs... In such situations, there is inflammation in the colon and intoxication.

The main symptoms are:

carbuncles and boils on the skin;
nausea, vomiting;
acne;
stool disorders;
a moderate increase in temperature to subfebrile values (37-37.2 degrees);
tiredness, weakness.

As a rule, the infection has no pronounced clinical manifestations, the inflammatory process proceeds sluggishly or in the subacute phase. Signs of intoxication and damage to individual internal organs are rarely noted.

Staphylococcus epidermidis in urine and smear

It is important to note that the microorganism in question is normally found on absolutely all mucous surfaces. Therefore, its detection in the analysis of urine and vaginal discharge is not a reason to start treatment if the concentration does not exceed the permissible values (up to 10 to the 5th degree of units).

Staphylococcus epidermidis is also present in the nose and eyes (inner mucous membrane). It is considered abnormal if the number of microorganisms is greater than the indicated indicators, as well as when furunculous neoplasms appear in the nasopharynx or on the eyelids.

If the pathogenic multiplication of staphylococci is not treated, the following diseases may occur:

genitourinary infections;
cervical erosion;
conjunctivitis;
sinusitis;
laryngitis;
angina;
inflammation of the adenoids and tonsils;
cystitis;
kidney damage.

How to treat Staphylococcus epidermidis?

Like any others bacterial infections, this pathology is subject to long-term complex therapy... Also, no unified approach to the treatment of epidermal staphylococcus, since the microorganism is quite resistant to most of the known antibiotic drugs.

To date, the essence of therapy is the following:

Also during treatment, it is important to restore normal intestinal microflora by special preparations with lacto- and bifidobacteria. It will be useful to take vitamin and mineral complexes and adhere to the rules of a healthy diet.

There are a huge number of pathogenic microorganisms that can harm human health.

The largest group of such creatures is bacteria. They surround us always and everywhere: at home and at work, in the apartment and on the street, even on the skin and inside the human body, bacteria are present from birth and this is the norm.

They differ in their shape: they are spherical, spiral, rod-shaped, etc. The round bacteria are called cocci.

However, in a microscope, they also differ in structure. Some look like separate spherical structures, others form chains (streptococcus) and microstructures, similar to a bunch of grapes. In the latter case, bacteria have a special name - staphylococci.

Staphylococci- bacteria, have a spherical appearance and are located in the form of clusters, similar to a bunch of grapes, and sometimes singly and in pairs.

Their sizes are small - from 0.5 to 1.3 microns. They lack flagella, and, therefore, they are motionless. Representatives of staphylococci are widespread in the air, soil, and water.

It is worth noting this important fact that normally these bacteria are present in the human body, namely throughout the entire digestive tract, including the stomach. Also constantly present on the skin, mucous membranes of organs respiratory system as well as in the urinary and genital tracts.

Many representatives of this genus are conditionally - pathogenic bacteria... This means that they are constantly present in our body and do not harm it, but due to some changes (hypovitaminosis, immunodeficiency states and others) are harmful to health.

In addition, there are species that are not normally present in the body, and having penetrated into it, they will certainly cause the development of the disease.

All staphylococci are resistant to influences external environment... They tolerate influence better than other bacteria. high temperatures, ultraviolet and chemicals.

For example, representatives of this genus die only an hour after heating to 60 C, withstand direct exposure to sunlight for 10 - 12 hours. The temperature norm or optimum for the reproduction and development of staphylococci ranges from 30 to 37 C.

One of the most common representatives of the genus Staphylococcus is Staphylococcus epidermidis. About him and will be discussed further.

Staphylococcus epidermidis: characteristics and distribution

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a member of the natural skin microflora. Staphylococcus epidermidis is constantly present on the surface of the skin and is not capable of harming health, this is the norm.

Diseases develop in old, emaciated and sick people, whose body is weakened (for example, in the presence of chronic diseases or with concomitant oncology).

The risk group also includes pregnant women, people suffering from dysbiosis, as well as patients who have recently undergone surgery who are in the department intensive care and resuscitation.

The prerequisites for the spread of infection are non-observance of hygiene standards and cleanliness, as well as insufficient sterilization of surgical instruments and violation of the rules of asepsis and antiseptics in operating rooms.

The microbe spreads through the air, dust and household items that have come into contact with the source of infection.

Pathogenesis, course of pathology and manifestations of the disease caused by Staphylococcus Epidermidis

The microbe enters the body through the damaged epidermis and mucous membranes, often during operations, wounds, when installing vascular and urinary catheters. Further, the pathogen spreads throughout the body in a hematogenous way (through the bloodstream). As a result, sepsis and other inflammatory processes may occur.

The disease is characterized by a sluggish course and a slight manifestation in the initial stage.

deterioration of the general condition;
fatigue, weakness, pale skin;
an increase in body temperature from 37 C to 38 C;
the development of irritation, rashes and acne on the skin;
possible nausea, vomiting; Stool disorders.

The disease has no pronounced clinical signs, the inflammation proceeds slowly, in the subacute phase. Sometimes there is a course of the disease in which there are no symptoms (asymptomatic course).

It is worth noting that surgeons who deal with internal prosthetics often face such a problem. If endoprostheses and artificial heart valves become infected, then most likely it is Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Infected implants in vascular and cardiac surgery can cause the development of false aneurysms, which poses a threat to human life.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of suppuration in the presence of urinary catheter... In this case, it is imperative to replace the catheter. After eliminating the cause, the body's immune system often copes with the disease itself and a separate course of antibiotics is not required, this is the norm. The patient is treated with antiseptic solutions.

Also, quite often, inflammation of the urethra develops when it is infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Most often, women face this problem. Pathology is difficult. Symptoms of urethral inflammation are pronounced, body temperature rises to 38 C, purulent rashes appear on the skin. In such a situation, treatment is necessary, including antibiotic therapy.

But the symptoms are not the main thing in the diagnosis. For precise definition pathogen, it is necessary to conduct laboratory research... Otherwise misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment can lead to complications.

The presence of epidermal staphylococcus in the analyzes

I repeat that Staphylococcus epidermidis is conditionally pathogenic and its presence in the human body is the norm. So its presence in the test readings is not yet a reason for panic.

The rate of concentration of epidermal staphylococcus in laboratory analyzes urine and vaginal discharge is 105 units.

The pathological content of microorganisms is an indicator exceeding the indicated figure or the development of pustular lesions of the skin and nasal mucosa with normal rate(unless there is another reason).

Possible complications in the absence of pathology treatment:

joining others genitourinary infections and the progression of inflammation;
cervical erosion;
inflammation of the bladder;
conjunctivitis;
sinus inflammation;
laryngitis;
inflammatory processes in the kidneys.

Treatment

How is the disease treated?

When treating this ailment, it is necessary to carry out complex therapy, as with other bacterial diseases... However, the treatment of all staphylococci, including epidermal staphylococcus, is not an easy task, because these organisms are resistant to any influences.

In diagnosing a disease, it is necessary not only to determine the pathogen, but also to find out to which drugs it is sensitive. It is necessary to treat the cause of the disease, not the symptoms. This is the key to effective treatment.

Basic principles complex treatment epidermal staphylococcus:

it is necessary to stop contact of the patient with the source of infection;
it is necessary to process the rooms in which a person is present, also to process the patient's clothes and household items;
adhere to the rules of asepsis and antiseptics in surgery;
antibiotic therapy after a sensitivity test, a combination of Rifampicin with Gentamicin or Vancomycin is effective;
skin treatment with antiseptic preparations that do not contain antibiotic agents;
activation of the immune system (taking immunostimulants).

An important stage of therapy is the restoration of the intestinal microflora to a normal state after antibacterial treatment. To do this, you need to take certain medications - probiotics containing lacto- and bifidobacteria.

You should also take vitamin and mineral complexes and adhere to a diet to restore general condition.

Prophylaxis

It is always easier to prevent the development of a disease than to cure it later. The task of prevention is to prevent the development of pathology.

Measures necessary to exclude the development of the disease:

adhere to the rules of personal hygiene;
do not contact infected people;
follow the rules of asepsis and antiseptics in the surgical department;
support the body's immune activity;
treat the affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes with antiseptics.

The infection is dangerous because these bacteria produce toxins and enzymes that disrupt the normal healthy life of cells. Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of: pneumonia, toxic shock, central nervous system... Microbes quickly adapt and multiply on the mucous membranes (in the external auditory canal, throat, nose) or on smooth areas of the skin, causing its purulent lesions. Hence the name - epidermal staphylococcus.

This type of staphylococcus is not as dangerous a causative agent of diseases as Staphylococcus aureus, since it is part of the microflora healthy person... It is dangerous only for people with weakened immunity. The risk group includes pregnant women, patients postoperative period, resuscitation patients, people suffering from dysbiosis.

It is worth saying about Staphylococcus aureus:

it infects the body, getting inside through wounds, cuts on the skin;
through medical equipment: various catheters, drains.

Defeat Staphylococcus aureus can result in sepsis, blood poisoning or endocarditis - inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

Consider the possible prerequisites for the spread of epidermal staphylococcus. As mentioned earlier, staphylococcus epidermidis is localized on the skin, hence its name - dermis - dermis, translated from Latin - skin. The disease spreads through the air and dust that has come into contact with the carrier of the infection, therefore, maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in rooms where sick or weakened people are located is of paramount concern.

How is Staphylococcus epidermidis manifested?

Of particular note is the insidiousness of the microbe in surgical departments that require special cleanliness and sterility. Poor processing of instruments used for internal prosthetics can cause infection. Infected implants can cause false aneurysms, which is a serious complication and pose a threat to the patient's life. During implantation, infection is possible, but in most cases it is asymptomatic.

Staphylococcal intoxication is very severe in patients with neutropenia, which can sometimes lead to death.

Women affected by staphylococcus epidermidis suffer from inflammation of the superficial tissues. In the future, there is an increase in temperature up to forty degrees, rashes appear on the skin in the form of acne.

When the condition worsens, hospitalization is required, often a lesion is diagnosed urethra... After the diagnosis is made, the necessary course of treatment is prescribed, consisting not only of antibiotics, but also of vitamins, enzymes and similar drugs necessary for the rehabilitation of the body.

Treatment, prevention

The first requirement for the prevention of infection with epidermal staphylococcus is the observance of the rules of personal hygiene. Treatment of staphylococcus and its consequences is not an easy task, because the microbe is quite resistant to the effects of antibiotics, for example, penicillin, so prevention of the disease is the main safety criterion.

A person who has suffered a disease of epidermal staphylococcus, due to a weakened immune system, for some time is susceptible to disease, this is the main insidiousness of this disease.

Antibiotic therapy is not a necessary and sufficient condition for cure, it is observed in patients with food poisoning when it is necessary to fight not so much with the microbe itself as with toxins. Due to the expansion of the possibilities and base for carrying out bacterial, as well as the accumulated experience, epidermal staphylococcus is quite easy to diagnose, its sensitivity to medicines... After conducting research, the doctor prescribes the appropriate treatment.

Do not neglect the advice of traditional medicine, because such an abundance and variety of available medicines was not always, nevertheless, Staphylococcus epidermidis was treated. ethnoscience used resins and clay, mummy, leech, herbs. The experience of herbal medicine in the treatment of such diseases is enormous.

The beneficial substances contained in plants and herbs are successfully used in medicines... There are frequent cases of weakening of the body after drug therapy, in which the treatment of one organ weakens the other, here it is relevant and necessary alternative treatment becomes herbal medicine.

For successful rehabilitation of health after suffering from epidermal staphylococcus and its consequences, the folk medicine cabinet offers herbs with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Many of these plants grow in our gardens, in the beds: currants, licorice root, strawberries, barberry, elderberry flowers, meadowsweet, linden, sunflower. In our forests grow useful herbs- oregano, string, yarrow.

It is worth adding eucalyptus, plantain leaf, fireweed to your arsenal of a national pharmacy, all these plants help to activate the body's defenses, and restore immunity as soon as possible. Doctors advise using ginseng, lemongrass, milk thistle as immunomodulators.

Diet

For the speedy cure of epidermal staphylococcus, you need to pay attention to your diet. Include foods containing a large number of vitamins, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, restorative substances. This is garlic, onion, capsicum, berries of blueberries, apricots, raspberries.

Spices also have a detrimental effect on; add cinnamon, coriander, ginger to food. You should carefully monitor the products that appear on your table. Your diet should not contain emulsifiers, dyes, preservatives.

Treatment of infections associated with hospital pathogens

Coagulase-negative staphylococcus aureus occurs if the implanted catheter is seeded during implantation, because coagulase-negative staphylococcus aureus is one of the components of normal skin flora, but getting inside the microbe turns out to be the main causative agent of infection. To cure it, it may be enough to remove the device.

With prostheses of joints, vascular grafts, arteriovenous shunts, prosthetic valves infected with microbes, in most cases this is what they do, that is, they must be removed. But there are exceptions when surgical intervention poses a threat to the patient's life. Here it is necessary to apply antibiotic therapy, in other cases, the removal of the implanted medical equipment is justified.

In the case of infection of the peritoneal dialysis catheter, antibiotic therapy is often successful.

However, if bacteria persist during antibiotic therapy, this is an indication for catheter removal. The same can be said for catheters placed in the central veins. If the background of bacteremia persists after removal of the equipment, it is necessary to look for a focus of infection.

No general recommendations for the treatment of infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Basically, the same treatment is used as for infections caused by other causes and pathogens. The timing of therapy varies, from four to six weeks.

After removal of the infected catheter, transient bacteremia in a patient with normal immunity resolves without complementary treatment... To increase the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy, the drug is often injected into the site of infection.

This is done for infections of the central nervous system by injecting gentamicin and vancomycin into the ventricles of the brain. With peritonitis resulting from peritoneal dialysis, the drug is injected into the abdominal cavity.

Treatment of coagulase-negative staphylococcus is complicated by the fact that it has a reduced virulence factor, which helps it to settle on foreign bodies and persist on them for a long time, most of the antibiotics taken internally are powerless against it.

Hospital strains are resistant to semi-synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins and other groups of antibiotics. At severe infections use vancomycin. For successful therapy, it is necessary to know the sensitivity of the isolated strain to nafcillin, oxacillin or benzylpenicillin, and only then use one of these drugs, or any first generation cephalosporin. Combinations of synergistic antibiotics also give a good result. Ribaflamin penetrates well into tissues, reaching maximum concentration.

Coagulase-negative infections are sensitive to it, but it is used in combination with other drugs, since with monotherapy the pathogen becomes resistant to it. If the infected device cannot be removed for medical reasons, a combination of drugs from rifampicin, in a dose of 300 mg orally twice a day, a β-lactam antibiotic, and an aminoglycoside (usually gentamicin), is prescribed.

The chances of success increase with this. When bacteria are resistant to β-lactam antibiotics or are allergic to them, vancomycin is introduced into the scheme instead of β-lactam antibiotics.

This is what Staphylococcus epidermidis looks like:

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