Weak immunity: reasons. Organs and cells of the immune system

What is immunity?

Immunity - This is the protection of our body

The immune system protects our body from any genetically alien invasion: microbes, viruses, protozoa, from decay products inside the body (with infectious-inflammatory processes) or cells of their own organism, changed as a result of mutations, diseases. If the immunity is a good and immune system in time notice the invasion of the outside or breakage inside and adequately responds to them, the person is healthy.

How does immunity protect us from infections?

Resistance to infections is due to a number of protective mechanisms.

Any pathogens or any individual structures that have come to the mucous membrane, nasopharynx, lungs or the internal organism "are filled" by phagocytes.

In immunology, alien agents are called antigens. When the immune system detects them, protective mechanisms immediately turn on, and the struggle begins against the "stranger".

Moreover, to destroy each specific antigen, the body produces specific cells, they are called antibodies. They are suitable for antigens as the key to the castle. Antibodies are associated with an antigen and eliminate it - the body struggles with the disease.

Congenital immunity

Phagocytes (from Greek. Phagein, "Eat" and "-Cyte", a cell), which are guarding all the alien, absorb this agent, digest and remove. This process is called phagocytosis.

So "starts" first line protection - Congenital immunity. He and his cells assume most of the "attacks" of the microbial world.

During failures in work immune system, There is a "repeatability" of infections, the reason for this is most often the "weakness" of the first line of protection associated with the phagocytosis process.

In the norm of the molecule of the cell wall of bacteria or the minimum fragments are formed in our gastrointestinal tract when digesting them by phagocytes, and they are kept in a natural "tone" congenital immunity, when the number of first defense cells - phagocytes, is quite enough, they are in full extent Ready to "rebuff" new bacteria or cope with the "previously" earlier.

If the "elimination" of the pathogen did not occur, there is a turn more subtle and a long time being customized second line of protection - acquired immunity. When antibodies and memory cells are formed in the process of illness in the body, which will help in the future to recognize the pathogen this disease And cope with him faster and more efficient.

Strengthening the immune system in chronic infections is based on increasing the functionality of congenital immunity, starting with phagocytosis and further, activating all the units of a natural immune response.

Immunity accumulated throughout the life after suffering diseases or vaccinations - called acquired.

But in protecting against infections, the leading role is played by immunity congenital, who leads the launch of the acquired and subsequent work.

How does the immune system work?

The system of immunity is beginning to be created in the womb. Some time after the birth of a child is under the protection of maternal immunity obtained from the mother through the placenta. When the kid was born, the most responsible stage of the formation of immunity occurs. The most important protection of the child after birth and the support of its immunity is a colostrum.

A drop of colostrum on the weight of gold!

Only appearing on the light, the child begins to receive the highest possible maternal protection by feeding with a colostrum. This stage is extremely important in terms of the formation of the child immunity. Mososy is necessary in order to create a base for the immunity of a newborn. Colostrum contains more antibodies and blood taurus than mature breast milk. It is a colostrum that gives newborn first protection from most viruses and bacteria, with whom he will face. The level of protective factors of the colostrum is so high that it is considered not only as a food product, but as a healing agent. This is the first "vaccination", the toning of the immune system of the baby.

Immune browse factors play an important role in preparing digestive system child to the food process. In 1989 A transfer factor was detected in the column. It is produced by the cells of the immune system in response to the appearance of a foreign agent in the body and transmits information about pollen to immune cells. As a result, immune cells are trained to recognize the enemy and destroy it.

Then the acquired immunity begins to form. This occurs in the process of each contact with any causative agent of the disease, whether a microbe, allergen, bacterium or others.

And for each virus and microbe, the answer will be your, the immune system will remember it and when repeated contact will meet it in fulfillment and will reflect.

The immune system is able to recognize many "strangers". Among them are viruses, bacteria, poisonous substances of vegetable or animal origin, the simplest, mushrooms, allergens. By their number, it relates and turning into cancer and therefore have become the "enemies" of the cells of their own organism. Its main goal is to protect against all these "strangers" and preserve the integrity of the inner environment of the body, ensuring its normal operation.

Recognition of "enemies" occurs at the gene level. Each cell carries its own inherent this person Genetic information. The immune system analyzes this genetic information, detecting penetration into the body of alien agents or changes in its cells. If the information coincides, then the agent is its own, if not coincided, alone.

Video from the archive "Centroupfilm" 1987

Despite the fact that the film was created almost 30 years ago, he did not lose his relevance.

He tells about the principles of the work of the immune system, which to this day remained the same.

Immunity is where? (immune system organs)

The immune system plays an extremely important role in human vital activity. It is a complex of organs and cells aimed at performing immunological function. On the protection of the body from genetically alien substances coming from outside or formed in the very organism.

The organs of the immune system include bone marrow, in which the lymphoid fabric is closely related to the hematopoietic cloth, timus (thymus), Almonds, spleen, lymphoid nodes in the walls of hollow digestive organs, respiratory systems and the urinary apparatus.

Bone marrow I. timus They are the central organs of the immune system, since lymphocytes are formed in them from bone marrow stem cells.

Timus is responsible for the production of T-lymphocytes and hormones thymbosin, Timalin and Timopoiett. A little biology: T-lymphocytes are regulators of inflammation, immune reactions, this is a central link protective system human body. Tymsimin - Hormon milk glandwhich is responsible for the maturation of these most T-lymphocytes. Timalin hormone of the fork gland, which is responsible for maintaining the work of the entire gland as a whole. Timopoiett is a hormone produced by Timus, who participates in the recognition of T-lymphocytes.

Timus (Milic Iron) - a small organ, weighing about 35-37 grams. The growth of the body continues until the start of puberty. Then the investment process comes and by 75 years of thymus is only 6 grams.

In disruption of the Timus function, the amount of T-lymphocytes in the blood is reduced, which causes the decline in immunity.

Numerous the lymph nodes Lying on the paths of lymphs from organs and tissues in the venous system. Alien substances In the form of particles of dead cells, together with the tissue fluid, the lymph currents are delayed and neutralized in lymph nodes.

With age as a result of adverse effects, immunity ceases to cope with the function of controlling and timely destruction of pathological cells. As a result, changes are accumulated in the body, which are expressed in the process of aging, forming various chronic diseases.

Especially strong immunity suffers from the impact of stress, poor ecological situation, irrational nutrition and use of toxic drugs.

Causes of reducing immunity

Factors reduce the efficiency of the immune system:

• Ecology, pollution ambient;
• Eranny food, starvation, compliance with strict diets;
• Shortage of vitamins and trace elements;
• Long stress;
• Excessive, exhausting exercise stress;
• Transferred injuries, burns, operations;
• Harmful habits - smoking, alcohol, caffeine;
• Uncontrolled drug use;
• Unregular mode of sleep and rest.

Signs of defective immunity

Signs of malfunctions in the immune system:

• Fast fatigue, weakness, lethargy, drierness. Bad night sleep, feeling fatigue in the morning;
• Frequent colds, more than 3-4 times a year;
• The presence of furunculese, herpes, purulent inflammation Sweat glands;
• Frequent stomatitis, etc. inflammatory diseases oral cavity;
• Frequent exacerbations of hymorite, bronchitis (flowing over 2 weeks), etc.
• Long-term elevated subfebrile (37-38 degrees) temperature;
• Disorder of the work gastro intestinal tract, colitis, dysbacteriosis, etc.;
• Persistent, poorly treatable infection of the urogenital tract (chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis, etc.).
• You have a disease doctor called "chronic" or "recurrent";
• You have allergic, autoimmune or oncological diseases.

What ruins our immunity?

But alas, the wrong lifestyle, bad habits, overeating, hypodynamine, already by 20-30, they bring a person to a catastrophic state of health. And thank God, if a person remembers his health and medicine early.

Almost every person sooner or later becomes a patient of any doctor and clinic. And, to great regret, most patients practically do not participate in their own treatment and recovery, and no matter how "on slaughter" go, taking any kind of pill. Interestingly, the word "patient" in Latin denotes "submissive tolerating, suffering." In contrast to generally accepted medicine philosophy healthy image Life provides that a person is an active participant in treatment and recovery, and not just "tolerant". IN chinese medicine It is customary to "treatment" before a person will feel unreasoning. The person is essentially the best of all know what is happening with his body, knows why it all started, so it is able to analyze and change the way of life to recover. No matter how perfect medicine is, it will not be able to save everyone from all diseases.

If you suspected the decline in immunity, take care that the influence of factors that can reduce the efficiency of your immunity was minimal. Do not develop immunodeficiency states!

How to strengthen immunity?

What is in your hands? Take care of health promotion. Immunity strengthened:

• Good food. The body should in sufficient quantities of obtaining certain vitamins (A, C and OTC) and nutrients;
• Healthy sleep;
• Traffic. All species exercise: with reasonable load - running, swimming, gymnastics, exercises on simulators, hiking, hardening procedures - the most beneficial effects affect the work of the immune system;
• Refusal of smoking and alcohol;
• Careful attitude towards her psyche and psyche of people. Permanent finding in a state of stress leads to extremely negative consequences. Try to avoid stressful situations or relate to them more calmly;
• Hygiene.

Observe hygiene

Compliance with the rules of hygiene has significantly reduced the likelihood of infection in your body.

In conventional paths to enter the body of infections of infections (with non-compliance with hygienic standards and rules), such bodies are like:

• mouth;
• nose;
• leather;
• stomach.

Currently, there are many worthy and very useful developments in the field of immunology. Such developments include immunomodulators, in particular, the transfer factors that are comprehensively at the entire human immune system. Being an immunomodulator developed by nature itself, the transfer factor does not have any restrictions on age. Transfer factor except what is said, does not give side effectsIt is shown to use even newborn babies and pregnant women.

Be healthy and take care of yourself!

Before you offer you a test to determine the level of immunity, briefly remind you what it is.

If our immune system does not cope with these attacks, we ill. For example, if a banal cold happens several times a year, it signals a breakdown of the immune system.

The immune system It consists of a variety of organs, systems, tissues and special cells.

Almonds."Forpost" of the immune system. In almonds, immune cells are delayed by "lazutchists", which can penetrate the body through the nasopharynx.

Thymus. It is located behind the sternum, "trains" immune cells, T-lymphocytes, recognize hostile microorganisms.

Spleen. This organ clears blood, removing damaged red blood cells from it and other alien elements, including bacteria. The spleen is also a reserve for immune cells.

Intestines. IN thin intestine There are lymphoid (Peyer) plaques, protecting the gastrointestinal tract from diseases of diseases.

Bone marrow. White produces blood Tales (leukocytes) and other blood cells.

The lymph nodes. Are on the paths of lymph flow paths. Immune cells Karaulyat here invasion into the body of bacteria.

The failure in the work of the immune system is called immunodeficiency.

There are congenital, genetically lack of immunity, when the protective agents in the body lacks from birth. Such people can survive only with constant special costly treatment.

Much more often meet secondary immunodeficiency - The result of violation of the normal resistance of the body.

Causes: , negative emotions, lack of sleep, injury, poor ecological situation, excess ultraviolet (too long in the sun), excess physical activity, overheating or supercooling, poor (insufficient) nutrition, smoking and alcohol abuse. Some drugs, such as antibiotics and antitumor drugs, also suppress immunity. Oncological patients, immunodeficiency can be as a consequence and the cause of malignant rebirth of tissues.

Experts came to the conclusion that allergy Also related to impairment of the immune system.

Test "Check your immunity"

How to understand, is your immunity or not? Exists immunogram - Integrated blood study, tear fluid, saliva and spinal fluid. Other diagnostic methods have been developed using body tissues. Study these nothesum and not all available, they are made in difficult cases. However, you can get an assessment of your immunity without leaving home. In Germany, a test was developed to assess the state of the immune system.

This test is intended for adults who are currently not passing. special treatment Type radiation therapy and do not have severe diseases Immune system.

1. If you agree with the statement, put 1 point if you do not agree - 0.
2. I support heavy colds more often than 3 times a year.
3. I support other viral infections more often than 2 times in a year.
4. I often suffer herpes (bubble deprived).
5. Over the past 12 months, I had a listep.
6. I often suffer from gastrointestinal infections.
7. Over the past 5 years I had fungal diseases Skin or mucous (mouth, intestines, genitals).
8. I have diabetes or other serious metabolic disorders.
9. I take medicines 3 times a day or more.
10. I have badly healing scratches.
11. I have chronic inflammation Gum or other organs.
12. Over the past year I had a hard injury or an operation with anesthesia.
13. Members of my family more often than other people suffer from infections, chronic diseases or oncological diseases.
14. My diet contains few fresh vegetables, fruits, vitamins and trace elements.
15. I regularly sit on low-calorie diets.
16. The weight of my body is below the norm.
17. I do not engage in sports.
18. I often train to very much fatigue.
19. I smoke.
20. We use alcohol daily in large quantities.
21. I often go to the solarium or a lot of sunbathing during the summer holiday.
22. I have to work at night and repented by the day.
23. I constantly have no time for me.
24. Almost every day I have to communicate with people unpleasant to me.
25. I often fear something.
26. People who are interesting to me, do not want to communicate with me.
27. I am very rarely experiencing a creative and mental lift.
28. I am not satisfied with the relationship with loved ones (husband, wife, parents, children, etc.).
29. I relax with difficulty.

If you are up to 40 years old, add 2 points to the amount, from 41 to 60 years - 4 points, over 60 years old - 6 points.

Assessment of test results

From 2 to 15 points.An unfavorable effect on your immune system is small, everything is fine. To maintain your good form, do not forget about balanced nutrition.

From 16 to 25 points. Your immune system is subject to negative impacts due to the lifestyle and the diseases transferred by you. Think about what should be changed in your behavior and habits, so as not to weaken the immune system even more. To maintain the body, it is worth using biologically active additives for food, normalizing immunity.

More 25 points. Your lifestyle and transferred diseases led to a significant weakening of the immune system. You are exposed to an increased risk of infectious diseases. You need to change a lot: refuse harmful habits, improve healthy food, learn to relax, etc. You need to add missing substances, vitamins and trace elements to your diet.

For maximum protection of the body from internal and external damaging effects, one can recommend Immunostimul - Original balanced complex of natural biologically active substancesWith a contemporary, anti-inflammatory and antiviral action. This is a domestic innovative product based on marine components (salmon milk, ganglia squid and marine algae) from the environmentally friendly Pacific region.

The organism increases the body's stability against infectious diseases, protects the body from the action of adverse internal environmental factors, increases stress resistance, reduces the level of anxiety, slows down the aging of the body.

Diseases of the immune system

Ah and b in g d e f h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w x y i all sections Hereditary diseases Urgent states Eye diseases Childhood diseases Men's diseases Venestic diseases Women's diseases Skin diseases Infectious diseases Nervous diseases Rheumatic diseases Urological diseases Endocrine diseases immune diseases allergic diseases oncological diseases of the disease of the veins and lymph nodes of the disease of the disease of the disease of the disease of the blood disease of the disease of the dairy gland disease ODS and injury disease disease disease organs of the disease organs of the digestive disease of the heart and vessels of the fat intestine disease of the ear, throat, nose of narcological problems mental disorders Cosmetic problems Aesthetic problems

Diseases of the immune systeminclude pathological conditions, developing against the background of changes in effector mechanisms of immunity. The diseases of the immune system are classified taking into account the activity of immune reactions: in the case of hyperreaction on external allergens, allergic diseases develop, with a perverted reaction to its own (endogenous) tissue antigens - autoimmune diseases. In the hyporeactivity of the immune system, immunodeficiency conditions arise, in which the body becomes vulnerable to various kinds of infections. The main organs of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, spleen, almonds, lymph nodes, as well as lymphoid tissue of mucous membranes.

Doctors of various specialties are engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the immune system: allergic pathology and immune failure are in the field of view of allergic immunologists, autoimmune diseases (depending on the leading syndrome) - in the competence of rheumatologists, endocrinologists, neurologists, gastroenterologists, cardiologists, etc. At the same time, in the emergence of allergic, immunodeficient and autoimmune pathology, close relationship is traced. For example, with a deficiency of secretory immunoglobulin A, chronic may develop infectious lesions Skin complicated in the future autoimmune diseases (dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE and Bronchial asthma.

The diseases of the immune system, in which the state of immunodeficiency develops, can be primary - congenital or hereditary and secondary - acquired. The first group includes Aghamglobulinemia, lymphocytic disgenesis, Louis-bar syndrome, Viscott-Oldrich syndrome, etc. Secondary immunodeficiency may develop against the background of infectious, lymphoproliferative, metabolic diseases, intoxication, irradiation, drug reception (immunossertants, corticosteroids). They may be damaged by cellular or / and humoral immunity, phagocytosis system. The most famous form of secondary immunodeficiency is AIDS (HIV infection).

Common manifestations accompanying various immunodeficiency, serve recurrent infections - pneumonia, infection urinary tract, meningitis, generalized candidiasis, herpes, furunculez, etc. Immunodeficient state Frequently combined with allergic diseases - eczema, swelling Queen. To date, it is proved that congenital defects or the acquired shortage of any immune factors play a leading role in the development of many oncological diseases. Patients with severe immune failure often die from opportunistic infections.

To identify or confirm the immunodeficiency, a special laboratory study of immune status is necessary: \u200b\u200bdetermining the number and morphology of lymphocytes, the content of immunoglobulin in serum, the study of the complement system, the determination of specific antibodies, etc. The biopsy of lymph nodes, the radiography of the chest ultrasound, spleen. Treatment of diseases of the immune system leaking with immunological failure, provides for replacement therapy (Introduction of immunoglobulins, serums, bone marrow transplantation), immunocorrection, immunomodulation.

A special category of diseases of the immune system is autoimmune violations. Under this group of diseases of the cell of the immune system, autoagression exhibit in relation to the tissues of its own body. The prevalence of autoimmune diseases is extremely high - they suffer from about 5-7% of the world's population. The diseases of the immune system with an autoamel mechanism are divided into organosophical - with the autoantibodies, the autoantilers are directed against a specific target organ (autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune hepatitis, etc.), inorganithic - in this case, autoantibodies can attack different organs and fabrics (sclerodermia, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis etc.) and mixed.

Triggers that are launching a cascade of immunopathological reactions can be bacterial and viral infections, radiation effects, medicinal and toxic substances, stress. A number of autoimmune diseases are due hereditary factors. For many diseases of the immune system of this group, pain in joints and muscles is characterized, skin rash, set or weight loss, fatigue, increased bleeding or leakage to thrombosis, fever, muscle weakness. Most autoimmune diseases have a steadily progressive course, and without appropriate treatment, they can lead to severe disabled.

The most valuable methods of diagnosing autoimmune diseases are laboratory studies aimed at identifying autoantibodies to various tissues, circulating immune complexes, acute proteins, components of the complement system, genetic markers. Since many antibodies are not specific to one or another pathology, but are detected by a number of diseases of the immune system. laboratory diagnostics always complemented instrumental methods (radiography, ultrasound, endoscopy, scintigraphy, biopsy, etc.). IN last years A noticeable progress has been achieved in the treatment of diseases of the immune system. The traditional approach involves conducting immunosuppressive therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroids, efferent therapy (hemodialysis, hemosorption). According to the testimony is performed surgery (splenectomy for hemolytic anemia, pericardectomy with autoimmune pericardius, thyroid atommune at autoimmune thyroid and so on.). Very encouraging perspectives opens the transplantation CD34 + autologous stem hematopoietic cells.

In the section "Immune diseases" of the reference book "Beauty and Medicine" a detailed list of immunodeficient and autoimmune pathologies is assembled. After reading them, the reader will receive comprehensive information about the reasons, the current, modern possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Human immunity is the state of immunity to various infectious and foreign ingredients for genetic code Human organisms and substances. The immune system is determined by the state of its immune system, which is represented by organs and cells.

Organs and cells of the immune system

Let's stop here, as it is a purely medical informationunnecessary simple man.

Red bone marrow, spleen and thymus (or fork iron) - central organs of the immune system .
Lymph nodes and lymphoid fabric in other organs (for example, in almonds, in appendix) is Peripheral organs of the immune system .

Remember: Almonds and Appendix are not unnecessary organs, but very important organs in the human body.

The main task of the organs of the human immune system is the production of various cells.

What are the cells of the immune system?

1) T-lymphocytes. They are divided into various cells - T-killers (kill microorganisms), T-helpers (help to recognize and kill microbes) and other species.

2) In lymphocytes. Their main task is the production of antibodies. These are substances that bind to proteins of microorganisms (antigens, that is, foreign genes), inactivate them and are derived from the human body, thereby "killing" an infection within a person.

3) Neutrophila. These cells devour the foreign cell, destroy it, while also destroying. As a result, the purulent discharge appears. A characteristic example of neutrophil works is an inflamed wound on the skin with purulent separated.

4) Macrofagi. These cells are also devouring microbes, but they themselves do not destroy, and destroy them in themselves, or transmit to the recognition of T-helpers.

There are several more cells that perform highly specialized functions. But they are interested in scientist professionals, and a simple person is enough for those species that are indicated above.

Types of immunity

1) And now, when we learned that the immune system is that it consists of central and peripheral organs, from various cells, now we will learn about the types of immunity:

• cell immunity
• gumoral immunity.

This gradation is very important for understanding any doctor. Since many medications Act either on one or another type of immunity.

Cellular is represented by cells: T-killers, T-helpers, macrophages, neutrophils, etc.

Humoral immunity is represented by antibodies and their source - in lymphocytes.

2) the second classification of species - according to the degree of specificity:

Nonspecific (or congenital) - for example, the work of neutrophils in any inflammation reaction to the formation of purulent discharge,

Specific (acquired) - for example, the production of antibodies to the human papilloma virus, or to the influenza virus.

3) the third classification - types of immunity associated with medical activities man:

Natural - emerged as a result of human disease, for example, immunity after windmill,

Artificial - emerging as a result of vaccinations, that is, the introduction of a weakened microorganism into the human body, in response to this in the body the immune system is produced.

An example of the work of immunity

Now let's consider practical exampleHow the immunity is produced on the human papilloma virus 3 type, which causes the appearance of youth warts.

A virus penetrates into the skin microtraum (scratch, loss), gradually penetrates further in the deep layers of the surface layer of the skin. There was no longer it in the human body, so the immune system of man does not know how to react to it. The virus is embedded in the genetic apparatus of skin cells, and they begin to grow incorrectly, taking ugly forms.

Thus, a wart on the skin is formed. But this process does not pass by the immune system. The first thing is included T-helpers. They begin to recognize the virus, remove information from it, but they themselves cannot destroy it, since its size is very small, and the T-killer can only kill the larger objects of the microbes like.

T-lymphocytes transmit information to lymphocytes and those begin to generate antibodies that penetrate the blood into the skin cells, bind to the particles of the virus and thus immobilize them, and then the entire complex (antigen antibody) is derived from the body.

In addition, T-lymphocytes transmit information about infected cells to macrophages. Those are activated and begin to gradually devour changed skin cells, destroying them. And in the place of destroyed, healthy skin cells are gradually growing.

The whole process can take from several weeks to months and even years. It all depends on the activity of both cell and humoral immunity, from the activity of all its links. After all, if, for example, at a time of time, at least one link is falling - in lymphocytes, then the entire chain and the virus will be crushed freely, introducing into all new cells, contributing to the appearance of all new warts on the skin.

In fact, the example submitted above is only a very weak and very affordable explanation of the work of the human immune system. There are hundreds of factors that may include one mechanism, then another, speed up or slow down the immune response.

For instance, immune reaction The organism to penetrate the influenza virus is much faster. And all because he is trying to embed into brain cells, which is more dangerous for the body than the action of Papillomavirus.

And another visual example of the work of immunity - we look at the video.

Good and weak immunity

The topic of immunity began to develop in the last 50 years when many cells and mechanisms of operation of the entire system were opened. But, by the way, not all its mechanisms are still open.

For example, science still does not know how those or other autoimmune processes in the body are launched. This is when the immune system of man is neither with anyone begins to perceive own cells How alien and begins to fight with them. This is how in the 37th year - the NKVD began to fight against its own citizens and killed hundreds of thousands of people.

In general, you must know that good immunity - This is the condition of complete immunity to various foreign agents. Externally, this is manifested by the absence of infectious diseases, human health. Internally, this manifests itself with the full performance of all cellular and humoral links.

Weak immunity - This is a state of susceptibility to infectious diseases. It is manifested by a weak reaction of a link, the loss of individual links, inoperability of certain cells. The reasons for its reduction can be quite a lot. Consequently, it is necessary to treat it, eliminating everything possible reasons. But let's talk about this in another material.

Only lazy is not known about the need for support of immunity today. In the spring, he really fades - a little vitamins, viruses - the sea. Meanwhile, March 1 in the world celebrate International Immunity Day.

How to strengthen it and should it be done at all? Are the immunity of vaccinations? Under what circumstances the protective forces of the body are significantly weakened? Do folk remedies help?

Children's allergist-immunist Ekaterina Kitoeeva answered these and many other questions in the Interview.

- Ekaterina Nikolaevna, what is immunity, how does it work and what is it?

- Human immunity is a way to protect the body from alien living organisms and substances, providing our survival as a view under conditions of constant aggressive impact of the external and internal environment. This is a scientific definition, and if it is popular, then this is the ability of the body to recognize alien and self-procurement from everything else: viruses and microbes, the simplest organisms and microscopic fungi, from defective, aging and tumor cells generated in the body. Such protection provides an immune system, which consists of central and peripheral organs - they never rest, like the heart. Every second immune system restrains the attacks of bacteria and viruses, which in one cubic centimeter of air more than a million! Immune supervisory organs are bone marrow, thymus, as well as his assistants: spleen, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue of mucous membranes and leather. Main Cage The immune system of the lymphocyte is formed, ripens and specializes in these organs. Each human cell has a label - "passport", which defines its owner's belonging. All that does not have such a passport must be destroyed by the immune system. In the event of the need to protect the body, for example, when infection, first of all, the "battle" are entering the factors of congenital (natural) immunity. These are mechanical barriers and physiological factors - intact leather, saliva, tear, sputum and others liquid mediumwhich contribute to the elimination of microbes. Natural immune defense is important proper work song hardware, the presence of the enzyme lysozyme and normal indicator pH urine, gastric juice and other organism media. The main cells with congenital immunity are macrophages. They provide so important process - Phagocytosis, providing for the absorption of everything else, its destruction and removal from the body. The ability of congenital immunity affects the ability of cells to develop a special protective antiviral protein - interferon.

The second level of immunity is specific immunity. This is a more complex and thin immune protection process. It is carried out in both T-lymphocytes, neutralizing alien particles at a distance by developing immunoglobulin molecules, which are called antibodies and can maintain a lifetime, making a person resistant to some infections, for example, to wind Spap, rubella.

- Does immunity dependent on age?

- Immunity, like any other system, undergoes age-related changes. Starting to form before the child appears to the light, the immune system reaches the peak of its development by the age of 16. In the process of becoming immunity is experiencing five critical periods. After the child's birth, the first 30 days are the first critical period. At this time, the body occurs with the massive impact of various kinds of irritants.

The second critical period is 3-6 months. During this period there is a sharp decrease in the level of maternal immunoglobulins. What leads to the risk of developing respiratory infections in the kid. During this period, the primary defects of the immune system are manifested.

The third critical period is the 2nd year of life. The system of local immunity is still immature, which is manifested by increased sensitivity to bacterial and viral infections.

- Children often sick in the garden, it is known. What to do with it?

- If the child went to the garden, he at first will hurt with respiratory infections more often "homely" child is a given. Any children's team is a source of viruses and bacteria. Each child is a carrier of his own microbes that he received in his family and to which he developed immunity. Adaptation period K. kindergarten May last more than 6-8 months - this is the norm. While the kid will not get acquainted with the semisal of the most common viruses, parents will have to be patient. According to statistics by 3 year, only 10% of children visiting DDU remain in the group "often ill-suffering." For several years, immunity of the child will develop immunity to practically all the most common viruses.

100% protection methods, of course, does not exist, but, in any case, some prevention measures will benefit the child.

Despite the fact that the benefits of hardening as a method for strengthening immunity, I do not recommend using this method in the classic version of preschoolers. There is a risk to harm the child more than help. Much more effective, in my experience, methods of gentling hardening: slightly warm shower in the warm season in the morning hours; Dressing a child in the weather so that he does not overheat on a walk and indoors; maintain the temperature in the room where the child lives not more than 22-23 degrees; Regularly to ventilate it.

Another method of prevention is a child's accounting to personal hygiene rules. Many viruses and bacteria are very resistant to external environment: Send on door handles, railings, toys. I recommend washing my hands often - more than 10 times a day, after visiting the garden, wash my face, rinse the nose with a salt solution, was cold.

If your child often sick before visiting the kindergarten, that is, it makes sense to make him vaccinating from influenza, hemophilic and pneumococcal infections. These vaccines will remove the child not only from severe infection, but also from complications during the long-term flow of ARVI.

- What about people's immunity strengthening people?

- "Babushkina" Methods for strengthening immunity - this is what relates to rituals, habits for the formation of a healthy lifestyle. I am regular balanced diet from possible inclusion In the diet of herbal teas (chamomile, chamber, St. John's wort), the bravery, cranberry, sea buckthorn. I am against applications in children of propolis and honey, black and red caviar - as a method of immunostimulation, by virtue of highly allergenic properties of these components of food. Restantly applied in children Echinacea extract due to its ability to stimulate an allergic immune response. I support folk ways Hardening with the use of ice cream, sinking ice cubes of frozen juice or horse ragger.

If the child is still ill, do not seek to cure him in 3 days, remember that cough, runny nose, fever - protective reactions organism. Viral infection The body develops according to certain laws and to defeat it in less than 7 days is impossible. Moreover, with an increase in temperature, more active production of interferon protein begins, which helps to cope with the infection.

Doctors are increasingly faced with the problem of uncontrolled independent appointment of antibiotics, which ultimately leads to the development of resistance (insensitivity) of many microbes to drugs, as well as to dysbiosis, violation of local immunity and imbalance of general immune protection.

Despite the peculiarities of the functioning of the immune system in childhood, she in sufficient measure ensures adequacy of reactions to external and internal stimuli, does not allow the development of infectious and other diseases to life, together with the nervous and endocrine systems Provides harmonious development of the body.

- What does the immunity of an adult depends on?

- The power and resistance of immunity directly depends on the lifestyle of a person. Therefore, it is not necessary to load immunity with additional and unnecessary tasks, such as supercooling, overwork, lack of sleep, defective nutrition, alcohol abuse, low physical activity. Essential resources of the immune system timely treatment Chronic diseases be it gastritis or, for example, bronchitis.

People with strongly pronounced allergic reactions, we call them atopic, immunity is not stronger than not allergic. Moreover, the patient with a chronic allergic process, immunity is more often reduced, antiviral protection suffers more. However, abroad has research confirming the fact of the lower incidence of oncology among atopics.

- After what diseases is a lifelong immunity produced?

- After row viral diseases, for example, smallpox, measles and yellow fever. These diseases relate to generalized infections. At the same time, most adult people have a lot of influenza and ORVI. In fact, fluent immunity is produced to the influenza. But he, unfortunately, type-specific, that is, depends on the type of influenza virus. And these types are known more than 2000.

If respiratory and viral infections happen more than 10 times a year or less, but with complications, then this reason will appeal to the doctor to see the immunologist for clarifying the cause and selection drugImproving protective functions organism.

It is very important to remember that patients with allergies, tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases (systemic red lupus, rheumatism, autimmune thyroiditis) Alone, without a consultation with the doctor, it is impossible to use immunotropic drugs! The unreasonable use of immunotropic therapy, especially in children's practice, is fraught with consequences. One of the most unpleasant is to stimulate the debut of an allergic disease. Appoint immunomodulators only doctor allergist immunologist!

- For what reasons, immunity weakens?

- reasons for weakening immunity modern man Many, and all these factors act negatively in the complex. After all, the immune system works in close connection with nervous and endocrine systems. It's no secret that immune defense a person weakens acute and chronic infections; non-controlled (untreated) chronic diseases; Unbalanced nutrition (deficiency of vitamins and protein leads to a violation of the synthesis of immunoglobulins); uncontrolled drug use, antibiotics; the presence of bad habits (alcohol abuse, smoking); Stresses, sleep disorder, insufficient physical activity, insolation deficiency.

- Do the immunity of vaccinations undermine?

- I can't clearly and unequivocally answer this question. The question is complex, discount, poorly studied.

- Does the immunity of a child depends on the immunity of the mother?

- Previously, it was believed that the immunity of the child by and large is not related to the immunity of the mother (if it certainly does not suffer from immunodeficiency). However, studies have been proven that in external secrets, washing the surfaces of the mucous membranes of digestive, respiratory, urinary tracts, the prevailing immunoglobulin is a secretory immunoglobulin A (SIGA). Most high concentration Siga is contained in colostrum. Secretor antibodies of the IGA class is the main factor in the local immunity of the digestive tract against a variety of enteropathogenic bacteria, viruses and toxins. The secret of the breast of women also contains antibodies to various antigens: enterobacterium, streptot and staphylococci, as well as to enterovirus, rotavirus, influenza virus and other microorganisms, that is, a child on breastfeeding It receives temporary protection from the mother (up to 3-6 months) in the form of immunoglobulins A, M, G. Milk and colostrum antibodies are connected to a mucin layer covering the child's intestinal epithelium, and thus protect it from alien antigens. The risk of food allergic reactions depends on the level of barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract to a large extent.

Antibodies are transferred to the child to all the infections that Mom sick in his life is transmitted, but this is due to pregnancy. And of course, the presence of these antibodies in the child does not give 100% guarantees of the lack of infection. However, these antibodies do not live long, they disappear during the first 6-12 months.

The last decades in our country and abroad are actively developing oncoimmunology. The interaction of tumor and immune cells is the subject of close attention of immunologists different countries. Persone the paths of early diagnosis of cancer by introducing methods based on molecular diagnostics. And also immune methods of cancer treatments - how to teach the immune system to recognize the oncological cell-cheater and timely destroy?

- Are there any way to solve the problem of antibiotic resistance?

- This problem stands in the whole world. In many countries, for example, in America and Australia, resistance to macrolide row reaches 60%, in our country some authors call a figure of 40%. One of the ways to solve it is the creation of not new antibiotics, but modern bacteriophages (viruses for pathogenic bacteria). In the West, research is conducted to study the possibility of creating new drugs based on bacteriophages. For example, Professor Microbiologist Vincent Fischti (Vincent Fiscultti) from Rockefeller University in New York conducts work on the use of bacteriophage enzymes, with the help of which the cell walls of pathogenic microorganisms are destroyed.

It should be noted that abroad all drugs acting on the immune system are strictly presptant. Unfortunately, "Fashion" for drugs that improve immunity exists only in our country. And in this sense, we are leaders in the production of immunomodulators and inductors of Interferon.