Objective reality is given. Test "Cognition" Objective reality given in human consciousness is

§ 4.13 Determinism in physics and the objective reality of Democritis was so fascinated by the possibility of "through" causal explanation of the world, which declared all kinds of random events only by a subjective illusion generated by ignorance of genuine causes of what is happening.

The combination of methods and processes of acquiring knowledge is cognition. Cognition is the study of all processes and patterns of the objective world. The science examining the process of knowledge is gnoseology.

Knowledge - objective reality given in human consciousness

Cognition - the process of transformation and development of knowledge, its constant recess, expansion and improvement

cognition (intellect) - the need for knowledge about himself, about the world, about the meaning and appointment of their life - forms human intelligence, i.e. A combination of mental abilities, first of all, the ability to receive new information on the basis of the one that has a person already.

emotions - Subjective experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, suffering, anger, fear, shame, etc.)

feelings - emotional states that are more durable than emotions, and have a clearly pronounced nature (moral, aesthetic, intellectual, etc.)

worldview

personality orientation

Worldview- Human view system on the world around the world and his place in it:

1. 
   Structure of the worldview: knowledge, principles, ideas, beliefs, ideals, spiritual values
2. 
   Formation paths: spontaneous, conscious.
3. 
   Emotional coloring classification: optimistic and pessimistic;
4. 
   Main types: ordinary (everyday), religious, scientific.
5. 
   The role in human life. The worldview gives: Landmarks and goals, methods of knowledge and activities, the true values \u200b\u200bof life and culture.
6. 
   Features: always historically (differently in different historical stages are becoming

Types of worldview:

• 
  Ordinary (or life) - is the generation of the daily life of people, in the sphere of which their needs are satisfied
• 
  Religious - is associated with the recognition of a supernatural principle, supports the hope of achieving the hope of what they are deprived in everyday life. The basis is religious flows (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam)
• 
  Scientific - theoretical understanding of the results of the scientific activity of people, summarized the outcome of human knowledge.

• 
  Building - built on a common sense (is empirical. It is based on a common sense and an ordinary consciousness. It is the most important indicative basis of the daily behavior of people, their relationship between themselves and with nature. It comes down to the statement of facts and their description)
• 
  Practical - constructed on actions, mastering things, peace transformation
• 
  Artistic - built on the image (holistic mapping of peace and man in it. It is based on the image, and not on the concept)
• 
  Scientific is based on the concepts (an understanding of reality in its past, present and future, reliable generalization of the facts. Carries out the foresight of various phenomena. Reality is associated with the form of distracted concepts and categories, general principles and laws that often acquire extremely abstract forms)
• 
  Rational - reflection of reality in logical concepts, is built on rational thinking
• 
  Irrational - reflection of reality in emotions, passions, experiences, intuition, will, abnormal and paradoxical phenomena; Does not obey the laws of logic and science.
• 
  Personal (implicit) - depends on the ability of the subject and on the characteristics of its intellectual activity

• 
  Scientific - objective, systemically organized and reasonable knowledge
• 
  Unscientific - disparate, non-systematic knowledge that is not formalized and is not described by law
• 
  Double-handed - prototype, scientific knowledge background
• 
  Paranuchant - incompatible with existing scientific knowledge
• 
  Flashless - consciously using speculation and prejudices
• 
  Anti-scientific - utopian and consciously distorting idea of \u200b\u200breality

• 
  1. Activities - a way to attitudes towards the external world, consisting in transformation and subordination to its human goals (conscious, productive, transforming and social character)

  2. Differences in human activity and animal activity

• 
  social Institute (Research Institute, Universities, Academy of Sciences, etc.)
• 
  branch of spiritual production (R & D);
• 
  special knowledge system (holistic system of concepts, laws, theories).

• 
  according to the subject and method of knowledge: natural, social and humanitarian, about knowledge and thinking, technical and mathematical;
• 
  remote to practice: Fundamental and applied.

• 
  cultural and ideological
• 
  informative-explanatory
• 
  prognostic
• 
  social (social forecasting, management and development).

4. Communication characteristics of science: Rationality, criticality, individuality, sociability.

5. Models of development of scientific knowledge:

• 
  gradual development of science;
• 
  development through scientific revolutions and shift paradigms (a set of explicit and implicit (and often not realized) prerequisites that determine scientific research and recognized at this stage of development of science; T. Kun "The structure of scientific revolutions", 1962);
• 
  development through approximation to cognitive standards of natural science;
• 
  development through the integration of scientific knowledge.

6. Scientific knowledge - A special type of cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systemically organized and reasonable knowledge about nature, man and society

7. Features:

• 
  objectivity;
• 
  the development of the conceptual apparatus (categoricality);
• 
  rationality (consistency, evidence, systemity);
• 
  verifiability;
• 
  high level of generalization;
• 
  versatility (examines any phenomenon from regularities and causes);
• 
  the use of special ways and methods of cognitive activity.

• 
  Analysis - decomposition of the whole on the part;
• 
  Synthesis - reunification of the whole of parts;
• 
  Deduction - the removal of the general situation from the facts;
• 
  Deduction - the logical removal of the new position from the preceding;
• 
  The analogy is the similarity of non-liberate objects;
• 
  Modeling - Playing the characteristics of a single object on another object (model) specifically designed to study them;
• 
  Abstraction - mental distraction from a number of properties of objects and allocating any property or relationship;
• 
  Idealization is a mental creation of any abstract objects that are not fundamentally practiced in the experience and reality.

11. Classification of Social Sciences:

1. 
   Science, giving the most common knowledge about society: philosophy, sociology
2. 
   Sciences revealing a certain sphere of public life: Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Cultural Studies, Ethics, Aesthetics
3. 
   Sciences penetrating all spheres of public life: history, law

a) sensations - direct impact on the senses, properties of objects and processes.

b) perception - impact on the senses of the holistic image of the subject.

c) representation is a sensual image of objects and phenomena persisted in consciousness without their immediate impact.

2) rational knowledge: / from lat. Ratio is a reason / necessary stage of human cognitive activity.

a) Comparison - the allocation of common essential features. As a result of the comparison, the concept is formed.

b) The concept is a thought that reflects objects or phenomena in their common or essential features.

c) judgment is such a form of thought in which through the connection of concepts or is alleged, or is denied by anything. Logically related judgments are conclusion.

True and false: Truth - reliable proper knowledge. Filosophers-agnity denied the possibility of obtaining true knowledge (agnosticism - inaccessible knowledge). The criteria of truth: in the XVII - XVIII centuries: the dispute of scientists about the sources of knowledge and the mind, or feelings are defining in human cognitive activity. Opinions were divided:

1) Rationalists (mind): There are some innate ideas, the tasks of thinking, independent of sensual knowledge. The criterion of truth consider the mind and for the true knowledge of the theoretically substantiated knowledge.

2) Empirics (from Greek. Empirio - experience): a decisive role in knowledge - sensual experience.

The truth of knowledge is provided by experienced data: what is given to us in sensations, that is, in reality. The goal of science in the pure description of the facts of sensory knowledge. The criteria of truth can also be considered practices like material production, experience and scientific experiment. Practical needs brought to life many accepted scientific knowledge. Knowledge of objects and phenomena can be considered correct if you can do certain things with their help.

A special type of experiment is considered a mental experiment. In the process of such an experiment, the specified conditions are imaginary but necessarily relevant laws of science and rules of logic. When conducting a mental experiment, the scientist operates not with real objects of knowledge, but their mental images or theoretical models. On this basis, this type of experiment relates not to empirical, but to theoretical methods of scientific knowledge. It can be said that it is a binding link between the two levels of scientific knowledge - theoretical and empirical.

Based on testing hypotheses, there is a construction of scientific theories. Scientific theory is called a logically consistent description of the phenomena of the surrounding world, which is expressed by a special system of concepts. Any scientific theory, in addition to the descriptive function, also performs the function prognostic: it helps to determine the direction of further development of society occurring in it phenomena and processes.

The main principles of scientific knowledge are:

1. The principle of causality.

The content of this principle can be transmitted by the famous statement of the ancient Greek philosopher of democritus: "No thing arises unless, but everything arises on some reason due to necessity." The principle of causality means that the emergence of any material objects and systems has some reasons in the preceding states of matter: these bases are called reasons, and caused changes - consequences. Everything in the world is connected with each other with causal relations, and the task of science is to establish these links.

2 The principle of the truth of scientific knowledge The truth is called the compliance of the knowledge gained in the content of the object of knowledge. Truth is checked (proved) practice. If scientific theory is confirmed by practice, hence it can be recognized as true.

3. The principle of relativity of scientific knowledge according to this principle, any scientific knowledge is always relatively and limited by the cognitive capabilities of people at the moment. Therefore, the task of the scientist consists not only to know the truth, but also to establish the boundaries of the correspondence of the knowledge gained by him - the so-called adequacy interval, the main methods used in the process - empirical knowledge are the method of observation, the method of empirical description and Experiment method.

Observation is a targeted study of individual items and phenomena, during which knowledge is obtained about external properties and features of the object being studied. Observation relies on such forms of sensual knowledge, as a feeling, perception, performance. The result of observation is an empirical description, in the process of which the information received is recorded using the tools of the language or in other iconic forms. A special place among the above methods occupies the method of experiment. The experiment is called such a method of studying phenomena, which is carried out in strictly certain conditions, and the latter can, if necessary, recreate and monitored by the subject of knowledge (scientists).

The following types of experiment are distinguished: 1) Research (search) experiment, which is aimed at discovering new, unknown science of phenomena or properties of objects;

2) a check (control) experiment, in which there is an inspection of any testicular assumptions or hypotheses;

3) physical, chemical, biological, co-valid experiments, etc.

A special type of experiment is considered a mental experiment. In the process of such an experiment, the specified conditions are imaginary but necessarily relevant laws of science and rules of logic. When conducting a mental experiment, the scientist operates not with real objects of knowledge, but their mental images or theoretical models. On this basis, this type of experiment relates not to empirical, but to theoretical methods of scientific knowledge. It can be said that it is a binding link between the two levels of scientific knowledge - theoretical and empirical.

From other methods relating to theoretical level of scientific knowledge, it is possible to distinguish the method of hypothesis, as well as the formulation of scientific theory.

The essence of the method of hypothesis is the advancement and substantiation of some assumptions, with the help of which one can give an explanation of the empirical facts that do not fit into the framework of the previous explanations. The purpose of testing hypothesis is the formulation of laws, principles or theories explaining the phenomena of the surrounding world. Such hypothesis are called explanatory. Along with them, there are so-called existential hypotheses, which are assumptions about the existence of such phenomena, which are still unknown by science, but may soon be open (an example of such a hypothesis can be the assumption of the existence of not yet open elements of the periodic table D. I. Mendeleev) .

Based on testing hypotheses, there is a construction of scientific theories. Scientific theory is called a logically consistent description of the phenomena of the surrounding world, which is expressed by a special system of concepts. Any scientific theory, in addition to the descriptive function, also performs the function prognostic: it helps to determine the direction of further development of society occurring in it phenomena and processes.

1. An objective reality given in the consciousness of a person is:

2. The process of transformation and development of knowledge, its constant recess, expansion and improvement is called:

1) Knowledge, 2) knowledge, 3) truth, 4) imagination.
3. Elementary information about nature, people, the conditions of their life, communication allows you to get:

1. 
   mythological knowledge; 2) philosophical knowledge; 3) Everybody is practical knowledge.

4. Fantastic reflection of reality, knowledge and explanation of the nature and society of folk fantasy allows you to:

1) mythological knowledge; 2) philosophical knowledge; 3) Everybody is practical knowledge.
5. The subject of knowledge is:

6. The object of knowledge is:

1) a set of methods and means that contribute to knowledge; 2) a knowledgeative man; 3) what knowledge is sent to.
7. Select the correct answer:

A. Sensual knowledge is carried out in the forms of sensation, perception and presentation.

B. Concept, judgment, conclusion is the forms of rational knowledge.

8. Select the correct answer:

A. Feeling, perception and concept are forms of sensual knowledge.

B. Presentation, judgment, conclusion is the form of rational knowledge.

1) the answer is correct A; 2) the answer would be correct; 3) there is no correct answer; 4) both answers are correct.
9. The holistic image of the subject directly in live contemplation in the aggregate of all of its parties and connections is called:

10. Public sensual - a visual image of reality, persistent and reproducible in consciousness through memory:

1) feeling; 2) perception; 3) worldview; 4) performance.
11. The sensual image of individual sides, processes, the phenomena of the objective world is called:

1) feeling; 2) perception; 3) worldview; 4) performance.
12. Select the correct answer:

A. Feelings, perception and presentation exist as independent and independent forms of sensory knowledge.

B. Feelings, perceptions and ideas can be viewed as consecutive stages of sensual knowledge.

1) the answer is correct A; 2) the answer would be correct; 3) there is no correct answer; 4) both answers are correct.
13. The definition "The process of a generalized reflection of reality, which ensures the disclosure of its natural links," refers to the concept:

1) knowledge; 2) worldview; 3) thinking; 4) performance.
14. The concept is:

15. The judgment is:

1) The form of thought, establishing links between individual concepts, and with the help of these connections, something is approved or denied.

2) the form of thought reflecting the general laws of communication, the parties, signs of phenomena, which are fixed in their definitions;

3) The form of thought, which is a process and result of reasoning, during which a new judgment is derived from one or more judgments.

4) The holistic image of the subject directly in live contemplation in the aggregate of all of its parties and connections.
16. The conclusion is:

1) The form of thought, establishing links between individual concepts, and with the help of these connections, something is approved or denied.

2) the form of thought reflecting the general laws of communication, the parties, signs of phenomena, which are fixed in their definitions;

3) The form of thought, which is a process and result of reasoning, during which a new judgment is derived from one or more judgments.

4) The holistic image of the subject directly in live contemplation in the aggregate of all of its parties and connections.

17. Select the correct answer:

A. Sensual and rational are two stages of knowledge, they are not opposed to each other.

B. Sensual and rational knowledge is in constant interaction, form an inseparable unity of the cognitive process.

1) the answer is correct A; 2) the answer would be correct; 3) there is no correct answer; 4) both answers are correct.

18. What form of knowledge is greater?

1) sensual and rational knowledge is equally important;

2) sensual knowledge is more important;

3) rational knowledge is more important.
19. Select the correct answer:

A. Intuition is one of the forms of sensual knowledge;

B. Intuition is one of the forms of rational knowledge.

1) the answer is correct A; 2) the answer would be correct; 3) there is no correct answer; 4) both answers are correct.

The science

Science is:

1) a set of knowledge about the world around

2) Research System for New Knowledge

3) Specific organizations and institutions

4) all of the above

2. Are judgments true?

Under science, understand:

A. Knowledge system.

B. Production of knowledge. Replies options:

1. 
   1) is true only and 3) is true a and b
2. 
   2) true only b 4) both are incorrect

3. Sciences learning the laws of nature are called:

1) physical 3) mathematical

2) Humanitarian 4) naturally technical

4. The laws of the development of society are studying science:

1. 
   1) Philosophical 3) Humanitarian
2. 
   2) Economic 4) historical

5. Education suggests:

1) Receive knowledge of the environment, society, man

2) creating new knowledge

3) assimilation of ethical standards and values

4) studying someone else's experience

6. A person gets an education as a result:

1) adaptation 3) growing

1. 
   2) Socialization 4) aging

7. The education system is adjustable:

1. 
   1) State 3) Social Group
2. 
   2) society 4) individual people

8. Humanization of education is:

1) Failure to place low marks

2) free visits to schools in schools

3) more attention to individual identity features

4) reduction of learning load

8. List the types of education in modern Russia

Answers:

9. Dog, primary, main, secondary, secondary special, higher

C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "relative truth"? Attracting the knowledge of a social science rate, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the criteria (s) of the definition of truth, and one proposal that reveals the features of this type of truth.

OBJECTIVE REALITY - The philosophical category, being (in science corresponds to the concept of matter), the existence and properties of which do not depend on whether his subject perceives (think), or not. All that exists can exist only in objective reality. To describe the matter, there are three objective forms of its existence: D. vIBITION, (cm.). There are objective and subjective reality, which can be defined as a phenomenon of consciousness, sensation, perception by a person of something and all that is connected with this.

In terms of the main issue of philosophy under an objective reality, it is understood that existing independently of human consciousness and primary in relation to it. The need to introduce a category of objective reality as an absolute reality, which opposes consciousness and knowledge, was due to the declaration of the world on the domestic declaration of the world (the world "I" is a subjective reality, phenomena of thinking, consciousness) and external (the world "non-I" - sensual, bodily Things, physical phenomena in space and time). This division of the world has become the philosophical basis of classical environmental education, where objective reality is nature (matter), which the subject knows, based on the sensation and experiment, which can be described as it is, opposing it to the phenomena Thinking and Consciousness (cm.). Materialists usually represent an objective reality as a certain mechanism that works in accordance with its device, and which people can have only limited effect. The look of some religions on objective reality is not very different from the materialistic - the whole difference is reduced to the fact that this "mechanism" was created by God (see Deism ); In addition, God sometimes interferes with this "mechanism" (theism). The agnostics believe that "objective reality", that is, the truth is not available to the understanding of man.

The category of objective reality is also necessary for the preservation of realistic, antisubitivistic ideological orientation. According to some scientists, the term "objective reality", introduced in the Soviet philosophical tradition, is an example of a logical error (pleonism), since already the concept of "reality" denotes a givenness free of subjective influences.

At the same time, the development of science has discovered the gnoseological difficulties caused by the concept of "objective reality". In the process of knowledge, the subject inevitably involves objective reality into the system of his means of knowledge and cognitive actions, which makes the problem of establishing the boundary between the objective reality, as it matches the subject, and the most subject (its means of knowledge and his consciousness).

From the point of view of modern natural sciences "Objective reality" is fundamentally unrecognizable (in full, to the smallest details), since the quantum theory proves that the presence of an observer changes the observed (observer paradox). From here in philosophy there is a feasibility of consideration of an objective reality as being, which exists independently of this subject, from its sensations and thoughts, its cognitive activity, as well as the use of the operational characteristics of the objective reality due to its psychological and practice measurements. An objective reality in this sense manifests itself not only as the world of natural phenomena and processes, but also the patterns of the historical and social being, the institutional structure of society, as well as a set of certain cultural phenomena, ideas, thoughts or submissions of other subjects. Movement, space and time, life (See), etc. - All these properties or manifestations of properties and interactions of various types of matters of matter, which, in aggregate and form the world as a whole or the entire objective reality.