What tests to take if the kidneys hurt. Urine analysis and its accurate interpretation for kidney disease

The body has an important organ that purifies the blood and removes harmful substances. These organs are the kidneys. Problems with this organ entail damage to the entire body. Therefore, you need to know how to check the kidneys, choose a specialist to contact and a list of necessary tests.

The main indicators of impaired renal function

If a person notices any of the following symptoms, you should immediately contact a medical specialist:

• blood pressure is constantly increasing;
• in the process of urination, the patient catches an unpleasant odor, blood often appears in the urine itself;
• frequent urge to empty the bladder. The highest frequency is observed at night;
• the amount of urine changes markedly up or down;
• when emptying the bladder, pain is felt;
• sharp or pulling pain sensations are regularly observed in the lower back;
• with kidney problems, they notice a swollen condition of the face and legs;
• decreased appetite and accompanied by unquenchable thirst;
• shortness of breath is recorded.

If, upon detection of these indicators, immediately undergo a medical examination, the patient will be able to prevent the development of many diseases, and their early finding will contribute to an easy cure.

But there is another reason to take care of the consultation with doctors in advance - taking medications that affect the functioning of the kidneys.

Risk group - who needs to monitor kidney function

If a person often drinks alcoholic beverages, smokes or is forced to take many pharmacological agents, he needs to closely monitor the health of his filter organ.

The appearance of pathologies in the kidneys is often triggered by improper diet, excess weight, or diabetes mellitus.

Kidney check at home

Home conditions will not accurately diagnose kidney problems, but there are certain ways to check for kidney problems. Initially, you need to remember whether the person had acute pain - a sign of renal colic or aching pain (prolonged illness).

The first method involves collecting morning urine in a transparent or white container. Then it must be carefully examined - there should be nothing foreign in the urine and it will be yellow. If the color changes, you should immediately go to see your doctor. Red or brown urine is the highest hazard level.

The second method is based on counting the volume of urine excreted each day. The change is very simple - you should empty the bladder in one container throughout the day. At the end, you need to determine the quantity.

Normal urine volume is two liters. With a noticeable deviation from this figure, polyuria is observed upward, and oliguria is observed to a lesser extent.

If a person has anuria, his kidneys do not produce urine at all. Any change in volume must presume an early visit to the doctor.

Facial edema is an additional symptom of impaired renal function. A swollen face and enlarged eyelids are defined as edema. This symptom quickly manifests itself in any disease, accompanied by pale skin. Sometimes appears in other areas of the body.

Analyzes for verification

What tests do I need to get to check my kidneys? Correct diagnosis requires a medical examination of the kidneys. The very first tests are urine and blood tests.

Urine check

In fact, all people are required to have a urine test every six months. Working laboratories count erythrocytes and leukocytes and find out a lot of related characteristics. The urine is also checked for harmful impurities.

For the diagnosis of kidney disease, there is not only a general urine test:

• method according to Nechiporenko - used to determine the processes of inflammation;
• Bens-Jones protein analysis - detects malignant tumors or other formations.

General blood analysis

For a blood test for kidney disease, you will need blood from a finger and a vein.

Finger blood reflects the concentration of creatinine and the appearance of uric acid, while venous blood will determine the presence and level of inflammation.

What are the requirements for this analysis? The day before delivery, you must completely abandon the use of alcoholic beverages and pharmacological agents.

You also need to reduce physical activity and you should not eat right before donating blood.

What other tests can there be?

What tests need to be passed if the results obtained are not enough? In this case, the specialist directs for additional research:

• Ultrasound - An ultrasound scan shows structural changes in the kidneys, if any. Absolutely safe even for children.
• X-ray - reveals a variety of kidney formations. Sometimes urography is required, which is initially accompanied by the introduction of contrast.
• Scintigraphy - in comparison with ultrasound, reveals more parameters. In particular, it determines the size and functional impairment of internal organs.

Frequent kidney diseases and their signs

The kidneys have an extensive list of various pathologies. A small part of pathologies are constantly encountered.

Urolithiasis disease

Renal colic is considered the most important symptom of the disease. They appear due to the fact that the stone leaves the kidneys into the ureter, thereby traumatizing its walls and disrupting the normal flow of urine. The pain covers the entire pelvic area, and in some cases reaches the inner thighs.

With renal colic, the pain never goes away. In urine, blood particles are noticeable, in rare cases - sand.

Inflammatory processes

Cystitis and pyelonephritis are frequent kidney pathologies, which are accompanied by inflammatory processes in the kidneys or ureter.

With such diseases, fever, decreased appetite and noticeable lethargy are recorded. The lumbar region constantly feels heavier. Acute or aching pain syndromes occur.

There is a constant urge to urinate, accompanied by pain. Examination of the kidneys in this case is required immediately, this will help maintain the health of the organs and the kidney tissue itself.

All existing methods are used to check the kidneys, this gives an accurate result. Therefore, each person must know what tests to take to check the kidney.

The kidneys are a pair of vital human organs, the main task of which is urination in order to maintain the stability of the internal environment of the body. As a result of the external influence of some factors, they are covered by inflammatory processes that have arisen for various reasons, or stones are formed in them. There are many other possible risks to which this paired organ can be exposed, and therefore it is necessary to know how to check the kidneys in such cases.

What symptoms should lead a person to have their kidneys examined?

Symptoms of kidney disease can include severe pain in the lower back. It happens that a person can confuse spinal pain with symptoms of kidney malaise. The difference is that in the first case, during physical activity, pain is usually observed constantly, and in the second, pain is felt mainly at night, and, moreover, it makes itself felt unexpectedly. It often happens that pain in the lower back, which patients often assign to the kidneys, usually have a completely different origin. Approximately 80% of these difficulties are indirectly related to the appearance of kidney stones. In this case, the patient does not feel that his kidneys are hurting, and he learns about the ailment after a long time due to painful sensations during urination. Sudden onset of renal pain is sometimes observed. In such cases, an examination and examination of the kidneys is necessary.

The most obvious sign of kidney stones is pain when urinating. Depending on the relevant specialization of the doctor who examines the kidneys, the nephrologist or urologist will conduct treatment when determining the place of formation of stones (if they are found in the rest of the urinary system).

In the diagnosis of kidney pathology, other symptoms and signs also play an important role, such as a sharp decrease in the amount of urine excreted per day, the appearance of blood or cloudiness in the urine (accompanied by pain in the abdomen or side), a burning sensation when urinating, as well as weakness, fatigue, nausea and fever, weight loss due to lack of appetite. In any case, you should not ignore these disturbing signals and hesitate to contact a specialist.

What if you feel pain?

Doctors often cite examples of cases when patients did not take the first alarm bells of their body seriously or tried to find the cause of the anxiety themselves. As a result, valuable time was wasted, leading to complications and other undesirable results.

Self-diagnosis is not a reliable method for determining possible causes of pain.

If you have pain or other suspicions of kidney disease, you should immediately contact a medical institution, where you can almost accurately undergo a kidney examination, which will be better than on your own at home. Only an experienced specialist knows what to do and how to eliminate the cause of the disease. When carrying out a kidney check, doctors prescribe appropriate tests - a urine test, which also allows them to detect possible ailments of these organs. Direct diagnosis is carried out using ultrasound or computer diagnostics (in the case of recognizing any signs of cancer) or through the use of other methods.

In addition to identifying the cause of kidney disease, through diagnosis, it is necessary to determine their functional state. Kidney research methods (diagnostic methods) make it possible to analyze the work of each structural and functional unit.

Diagnostic methods

1. Instrumental diagnostics. It is used for patients with benign enlargement of the parameters of the prostate gland with impaired outflow of urine from the bladder, to determine the degree of narrowing and subsequent expansion of the urethra, to measure the pressure, capacity and functioning of the bladder.
2. Functional diagnostics. Provides the opportunity to determine the presence of urea or residual nitrogen in the blood, to compare the obtained analyzes and standards, to carry out an accommodation test using a water and concentration test.
3. X-ray examination. It occupies the most significant role in urology, can influence the adoption of final decisions and requires preliminary preparation of the patient (it is necessary to empty the bladder and inject the patient with a special preparation containing iodine).
4. Radionuclide examination. Determines disorders of the organs at the initial stages of their development, which is difficult to identify with the help of other methods, is carried out on an empty stomach.
5. Radioisotope survey. The most simplified and not time-consuming method in which it is possible to diagnose each organ separately.

http://youtu.be/xMGpp25UDCI

Do not self-medicate under any circumstances and be healthy!

How the kidneys are checked

Signs of adverse changes in kidney function are manifested by the appearance of "bags" under the eyes, swelling of the body or pain in the lumbar region. But the presence of symptoms does not mean that the problem concerns the pathology of the excretory system. A nephrologist or urologist will help establish a diagnosis by telling you what tests need to be taken to check the kidneys.

Assessment of kidney function at home

The deterioration in kidney function affects the entire body. This is due to a decrease in the quality of blood filtration. Slags, toxins have a toxic effect on other organs.

One can suspect a pathological condition of the kidneys at home by a number of characteristic signs:

1. Change in blood pressure. In people with hypertension, in 25% of cases, an increase in blood pressure (more than 140/90 mm Hg) is a consequence of impaired renal function, but it is necessary to differentiate the disease from arterial hypertension. An increase in pressure is observed with prolapse or twisting of the kidney (nephroptosis).
2. Changes in urination. There may be an increase in urge at night - nocturia. Its causes are heart or liver failure, a decrease in the ability of the kidneys to form concentrated or diluted urine. The latter dysfunction is largely dependent on the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the nephron susceptibility to it.
3. Change in urine output (urine volume over a certain time interval). Normally, the daily volume of urine is 75% of the fluid intake. Increase in urine more than 2250 ml / day. means the development of polyuria, and less than 500 ml / day. - anuria.
4. Increased body temperature. An acute inflammatory process is characterized by an episodic increase in body temperature up to 39C, and a chronic one is accompanied by temperature fluctuations within the subfebrile level (37.1-38C).
5. The emergence of sharp stabbing or aching pains in the sacrum, radiating to the lower abdomen. Often, women mistake renal colic for the development of inflammation of the reproductive organs. Pulling pains are a sign of a sluggish inflammatory process.
6. Discoloration and odor of urine. The presence of kidney stones is evidenced by a pink tint of urine due to blood impurities.
7. Pain during urination is accompanied by urolithiasis. Kidney pathologies manifest themselves by the occurrence of edema and fluctuations in body weight, a feeling of constant thirst, shortness of breath.

Disease signs can appear one at a time or in combination. Their occurrence is an indication for examination of the kidneys. It is especially important to timely carry out diagnostic measures for people most prone to the occurrence of diseases of the urinary system: patients with diabetes mellitus who systematically take medications; overweight people who use drugs or alcohol.

How to check your kidneys?

There are several ways to check the functionality and structural changes of the kidneys: to pass tests for laboratory research, to use instrumental diagnostic methods. Before issuing a referral, the doctor collects anamnesis, examines the patient.

What tests do I need to get to check my kidneys?

The material for research in the laboratory is urine and blood.

Important! The orange color of morning urine when checking the kidneys at home is a variant of the norm. The reason for the changes is an increased concentration of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone of the hypothalamus). Kidney pathology is indicated by an altered urine color in the presence of other symptoms.

Urine tests

On the eve of the delivery of urine analysis for laboratory research, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

1. Avoid eating salty, spicy foods, as well as fruits and vegetables that can change the color of urine to dark yellow or pink: carrots, beets, persimmons, sea buckthorn, pumpkin, citrus fruits and other foods with a bright color pigment.
2. Stop taking medications that can change the color and composition of urine (Rifampicin, Warfarin, Uropin, vitamins A, C, B). Before taking the analysis, you should warn the doctor about taking any medications and clarify the need for cancellation.
3. Avoid taking dietary supplements, diuretics.
4. Refuse to visit the bathhouse, sauna, gym.
5. Exclude coffee, alcohol, juices based on bright fruits and berries.
6. Carry out hygiene procedures immediately before urine collection.
7. For collection, purchase a special sterile container at the pharmacy; for newborns, use special urine bags that are easily fixed with an adhesive surface to the skin for a required period of time.
8. For women during menstruation, it is better to postpone the test to another day.
9. After cystoscopy, if possible, postpone the examination for 5-7 days.

Depending on what indicators the doctor needs to assess kidney function, different tests may be prescribed.

Morning urine collected on an empty stomach is subject to assessment. To avoid distorting the results, a small part of the liquid must be released, and then urinate into a special container.

Important! The shelf life of the test material is 1.5-2 hours at a temperature of 5 to 18C.

The main indicators obtained in the general analysis of urine:

Deviations from the norm in the general analysis of urine are a signal that a failure has occurred in the body:

1. With a characteristic smell of ammonia, cystitis may develop, the smell of putrefaction indicates necrosis of the tissues of the urinary system; the smell of acetone speaks of ketonuria.
2. Foaminess is normally absent, and its appearance or staining indicates the development of jaundice or the presence of protein in the urine.
3. Clarity: urine will be cloudy in the presence of pus, bacteria, salts formed as a result of pyelonephritis, urolithiasis.
4. Increased urine density is observed in diabetes mellitus, infections in the urinary system and toxicosis in pregnant women; reduced density may indicate the development of renal failure.
5. High protein levels indicate inflammation, allergies, leukemia, kidney damage, and heart failure.
6. Excessive sugar levels are the result of impaired kidney and adrenal function.
7. The presence of blood in the urine may indicate the presence of calculi in the kidney, glomerulonephritis, kidney infarction, cancer.
8. Elevated white blood cells are the result of the development of inflammation or the presence of kidney stones; often bacteria are found with them in the urine.
9. The detection of cylindrical formations consisting of erythrocytes, proteins, nephron cells indicates nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure.

The doctor may order additional tests to diagnose and check kidney function.

Daily urine analysis

It differs from the general one - the need to collect all the urine excreted within 24 hours in a sterile 2-3-liter container. It is necessary to store the collected material in the refrigerator, avoiding freezing of the liquid. For laboratory diagnosis of the kidneys, not the entire volume is surrendered, but 100 ml of urine. Beforehand, it must be shaken, record data on the total volume of liquid.

When carrying out the Rehberg test, daily diuresis allows you to reliably determine the level of creatinine, a substance formed during protein breakdown.

The norm of creatinine in urine for women is 7.1-13.2 mmol / l (10-25 mg / kg); for men: 13.2-17.6 mmol / L (18-32 mg / kg). Indicators of the norm in different laboratories may differ.

Important! Creatinine will be increased with excessive consumption of meat products and decreased in vegetarians.

With renal failure, the creatinine level reaches 200 mmol / L. Also, daily diuresis allows you to assess the level of cortisol, metanephrine, oxalates, glucose, uric acid in the test material.

Analysis according to Nechiporenko

Microscopic examination of urine sediment makes it possible to count the number of cylinders, leukocytes, erythrocytes in 1 ml of material. Deviations from the norm can reveal pyelonephritis, cystitis, glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome, inflammation of the prostate in men.

Analysis according to Zimnitsky

Features of collecting material for analysis: 6-12 containers are prepared; each of them fills up in 2-4 hours. Further, the ratio of the volume of secreted fluid in the daytime and nighttime and its density are assessed to determine the concentrating ability of the kidneys.

Blood tests

Blood is drawn from a finger or vein on an empty stomach. According to a general blood test, it is determined whether an inflammatory process develops in the body, and according to a biochemical one, whether there are deviations in the parameters of creatinine, uric acid.

If you suspect kidney dysfunction, they additionally resort to instrumental research methods.

Instrumental diagnostics

The most informative methods for finding out the condition of the kidneys are:

1. Ultrasound diagnostics (UZD). During the examination, the structure of the tissues, the size of the organs and their location are assessed. The results allow us to diagnose: inflammation of the kidneys and bladder, the presence of cysts, tumors, sand or stones, vascular disorders. The procedure is safe for children, pregnant women. On the eve, it is necessary to give up food for at least 8 hours and take activated charcoal.
2. Computed tomography (CT) is a high-precision examination method that involves scanning organs using X-rays. It is prescribed when it is difficult to detect pathology by ultrasound. CT is not performed: children under 14 years old, pregnant women, people with diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging is an alternative to CT, which allows to identify pathology based on measuring the electromagnetic response of the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in tissues. The procedure is safe for pregnant women 2, 3 trimesters, children, but not suitable for people with any metal objects in the body: a pacemaker, middle ear implants, plates and other elements.
4. Radiography can be performed with contrast (urography), the introduction of radioactive isotopes into the body (scintigraphy), or without additional manipulations to obtain an overview image.

Urography and scintigraphy help to assess the condition of the vessels and the blood supply system of the kidneys, the extent of damage to the kidney tissue.

Ultrasound is considered the safest. The rest of the types are prescribed by a doctor, taking into account the condition, health, age, body weight, pregnancy and allergic reactions.

Timely diagnosis will help to avoid the development of pathology to an irreversible stage, when treatment prolongs life, but does not improve the functioning of organs. It is advisable to take a general urine test once a year, and for people with diabetes or high blood pressure - an analysis for microalbuminuria (the presence of protein in the urine). At the initial stage of the development of kidney dysfunction, homeopathic remedies and nutritional adjustments can correct the situation, otherwise diseases that can be quickly treated will require long-term therapy.

Signs of adverse changes in kidney function are manifested by the appearance of "bags" under the eyes, swelling of the body or pain in the lumbar region. But the presence of symptoms does not mean that the problem concerns the pathology of the excretory system. A nephrologist or urologist will help establish a diagnosis by telling you what tests need to be taken to check the kidneys.

The deterioration in kidney function affects the entire body. This is due to a decrease in the quality of blood filtration. Slags, toxins have a toxic effect on other organs.

One can suspect a pathological condition of the kidneys at home by a number of characteristic signs:

1. Change in blood pressure. In people with hypertension, in 25% of cases, an increase in blood pressure (more than 140/90 mm Hg) is a consequence of impaired renal function, but it is necessary to differentiate the disease from arterial hypertension. An increase in pressure is observed with prolapse or twisting of the kidney (nephroptosis).
2. Changes in urination. There may be an increase in urge at night - nocturia. Its causes are heart or liver failure, a decrease in the ability of the kidneys to form concentrated or diluted urine. The latter dysfunction is largely dependent on the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the nephron susceptibility to it.
3. Change in urine output (urine volume over a certain time interval). Normally, the daily volume of urine is 75% of the fluid intake. Increase in urine more than 2250 ml / day. means the development of polyuria, and less than 500 ml / day. - anuria.
4. Increased body temperature. An acute inflammatory process is characterized by an episodic increase in body temperature up to 39C, and a chronic one is accompanied by temperature fluctuations within the subfebrile level (37.1-38C).
5. The emergence of sharp stabbing or aching pains in the sacrum, radiating to the lower abdomen. Often, women mistake renal colic for the development of inflammation of the reproductive organs. Pulling pains are a sign of a sluggish inflammatory process.
6. Discoloration and odor of urine. The presence of kidney stones is evidenced by a pink tint of urine due to blood impurities.
7. Pain during urination is accompanied by urolithiasis. Kidney pathologies manifest themselves by the occurrence of edema and fluctuations in body weight, a feeling of constant thirst, shortness of breath.

Disease signs can appear one at a time or in combination. Their occurrence is an indication for examination of the kidneys. It is especially important to timely carry out diagnostic measures for people most prone to the occurrence of diseases of the urinary system: patients with diabetes mellitus who systematically take medications; overweight people who use drugs or alcohol.

How to check your kidneys?

There are several ways to check the functionality and structural changes of the kidneys: to pass tests for laboratory research, to use instrumental diagnostic methods. Before issuing a referral, the doctor collects anamnesis, examines the patient.

What tests do I need to get to check my kidneys?

The material for research in the laboratory is urine and blood.

Important! The orange color of morning urine when checking the kidneys at home is a variant of the norm. The reason for the changes is an increased concentration of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone of the hypothalamus). Kidney pathology is indicated by an altered urine color in the presence of other symptoms.

Urine tests

On the eve of the delivery of urine analysis for laboratory research, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

1. Avoid eating salty, spicy foods, as well as fruits and vegetables that can change the color of urine to dark yellow or pink: carrots, beets, persimmons, sea buckthorn, pumpkin, citrus fruits and other foods with a bright color pigment.
2. Stop taking medications that can change the color and composition of urine (Rifampicin, Warfarin, Uropin, vitamins A, C, B). Before taking the analysis, you should warn the doctor about taking any medications and clarify the need for cancellation.
3. Avoid taking dietary supplements, diuretics.
4. Refuse to visit the bathhouse, sauna, gym.
5. Exclude coffee, alcohol, juices based on bright fruits and berries.
6. Carry out hygiene procedures immediately before urine collection.
7. For collection, purchase a special sterile container at the pharmacy; for newborns, use special urine bags that are easily fixed with an adhesive surface to the skin for a required period of time.
8. For women during menstruation, it is better to postpone the test to another day.
9. After cystoscopy, if possible, postpone the examination for 5-7 days.

Depending on what indicators the doctor needs to assess kidney function, different tests may be prescribed.

Morning urine collected on an empty stomach is subject to assessment. To avoid distorting the results, a small part of the liquid must be released, and then urinate into a special container.

Important! The shelf life of the test material is 1.5-2 hours at a temperature of 5 to 18C.

The main indicators obtained in the general analysis of urine:

Deviations from the norm in the general analysis of urine are a signal that a failure has occurred in the body:

1. With a characteristic smell of ammonia, cystitis may develop, the smell of putrefaction indicates necrosis of the tissues of the urinary system; the smell of acetone speaks of ketonuria.
2. Foaminess is normally absent, and its appearance or staining indicates the development of jaundice or the presence of protein in the urine.
3. Clarity: urine will be cloudy in the presence of pus, bacteria, salts formed as a result of pyelonephritis, urolithiasis.
4. Increased urine density is observed in diabetes mellitus, infections in the urinary system and toxicosis in pregnant women; reduced density may indicate the development of renal failure.
5. High protein levels indicate inflammation, allergies, leukemia, kidney damage, and heart failure.
6. Excessive sugar levels are the result of impaired kidney and adrenal function.
7. The presence of blood in the urine may indicate the presence of calculi in the kidney, glomerulonephritis, kidney infarction, cancer.
8. Elevated white blood cells are the result of the development of inflammation or the presence of kidney stones; often bacteria are found with them in the urine.
9. The detection of cylindrical formations consisting of erythrocytes, proteins, nephron cells indicates nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure.

The doctor may order additional tests to diagnose and check kidney function.

Daily urine analysis

It differs from the general one - the need to collect all the urine excreted within 24 hours in a sterile 2-3-liter container. It is necessary to store the collected material in the refrigerator, avoiding freezing of the liquid. For laboratory diagnosis of the kidneys, not the entire volume is surrendered, but 100 ml of urine. Beforehand, it must be shaken, record data on the total volume of liquid.

When carrying out the Rehberg test, daily diuresis allows you to reliably determine the level of creatinine, a substance formed during protein breakdown.

The norm of creatinine in urine for women is 7.1-13.2 mmol / l (10-25 mg / kg); for men: 13.2-17.6 mmol / L (18-32 mg / kg). Indicators of the norm in different laboratories may differ.

Important! Creatinine will be increased with excessive consumption of meat products and decreased in vegetarians.

With renal failure, the creatinine level reaches 200 mmol / L. Also, daily diuresis allows you to assess the level of cortisol, metanephrine, oxalates, glucose, uric acid in the test material.

Analysis according to Nechiporenko

Microscopic examination of urine sediment makes it possible to count the number of cylinders, leukocytes, erythrocytes in 1 ml of material. Deviations from the norm can reveal pyelonephritis, cystitis, glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome, inflammation of the prostate in men.

Analysis according to Zimnitsky

Features of collecting material for analysis: 6-12 containers are prepared; each of them fills up in 2-4 hours. Further, the ratio of the volume of secreted fluid in the daytime and nighttime and its density are assessed to determine the concentrating ability of the kidneys.

Blood tests

Blood is drawn from a finger or vein on an empty stomach. According to a general blood test, it is determined whether an inflammatory process develops in the body, and according to a biochemical one, whether there are deviations in the parameters of creatinine, uric acid.

If you suspect kidney dysfunction, they additionally resort to instrumental research methods.

Instrumental diagnostics

The most informative methods for finding out the condition of the kidneys are:

1. Ultrasound diagnostics (UZD). During the examination, the structure of the tissues, the size of the organs and their location are assessed. The results allow us to diagnose: inflammation of the kidneys and bladder, the presence of cysts, tumors, sand or stones, vascular disorders. The procedure is safe for children, pregnant women. On the eve, it is necessary to give up food for at least 8 hours and take activated charcoal.
2. Computed tomography (CT) is a high-precision examination method that involves scanning organs using X-rays. It is prescribed when it is difficult to detect pathology by ultrasound. CT is not performed: children under 14 years old, pregnant women, people with diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging is an alternative to CT, which allows to identify pathology based on measuring the electromagnetic response of the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in tissues. The procedure is safe for pregnant women 2, 3 trimesters, children, but not suitable for people with any metal objects in the body: a pacemaker, middle ear implants, plates and other elements.
4. Radiography can be performed with contrast (urography), the introduction of radioactive isotopes into the body (scintigraphy), or without additional manipulations to obtain an overview image.

Urography and scintigraphy help to assess the condition of the vessels and the blood supply system of the kidneys, the extent of damage to the kidney tissue.

Ultrasound is considered the safest. The rest of the types are prescribed by a doctor, taking into account the condition, health, age, body weight, pregnancy and allergic reactions.

Timely diagnosis will help to avoid the development of pathology to an irreversible stage, when treatment prolongs life, but does not improve the functioning of organs. It is advisable to take a general urine test once a year, and for people with diabetes or high blood pressure - an analysis for microalbuminuria (the presence of protein in the urine). At the initial stage of the development of kidney dysfunction, homeopathic remedies and nutritional adjustments can correct the situation, otherwise diseases that can be quickly treated will require long-term therapy.

Kidney disease is familiar to many people. Inflammation, kidney stones, malignant tumors are just a small list of renal pathologies. Much less often, a small organ located next to the kidney, the adrenal gland, suffers from various ailments. The result can be a lack or excess of hormones. Modern medicine has many laboratory tests with which it is possible to detect abnormalities in the functioning of the kidneys and adrenal glands. The test results will help to find out the nature of the disease and select effective treatment methods.

Kidneys: a reflection of the state of the body

The kidney is an organ that takes an active part in the work of the body. She controls many important processes:

How to check your kidney: blood tests

There are several types of laboratory tests that can be used to conclude that the kidneys are working. A blood test is the primary measure in diagnosing the state of the body. If kidney disease is suspected, general and biochemical blood tests are done.

General blood analysis

A blood test according to the standard technique requires sampling from a finger or vein. For the reliability of the results, blood is donated on an empty stomach. The state of the kidneys is primarily indicated by the number of erythrocytes. A normal kidney with the help of erythropoietin maintains this number at a certain level. There are standards for children, adult men and women. Red blood cell deficiency is called anemia. As a rule, the cause is serious kidney ailments: hydronephrosis, chronic pyelonephritis, malignant tumors.

The kidneys affect the formation of red blood cells erythrocytes

Hydronephrosis - video

The number of leukocytes will tell the doctor a lot about the condition of the kidneys. White blood cells, leukocytes, function in the body to protect against infections. If the kidney suffers from the influence of pathogenic microbes, then the number of leukocytes in the blood increases. The more pronounced the inflammatory process in the kidneys, the higher the content of white cells in the blood. This situation is observed with two characteristic ailments: acute pyelonephritis and exacerbation of the chronic process.

Leukocytes - immune blood cells

Pyelonephritis - video

An indicator called ESR plays a similar role in the diagnosis of kidney condition. The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation to the bottom of the test tube does not normally exceed 10 millimeters per hour. With inflammation, this indicator increases significantly. ESR reacts with an increase not only in infectious pyelonephritis, but also in immune inflammation of the glomerulonephritis glomeruli.

Standards for indicators of a general blood test - table

Blood biochemistry

The biochemical composition of blood is one of the main indicators of kidney performance. Blood, as for general analysis, is taken from a vein on an empty stomach. First of all, the level of those chemicals from which the kidney must cleanse the blood is assessed. These include two metabolic products - urea and creatinine. They are toxic, so their excess can cause significant harm to the body. This situation is called renal failure. It happens for two reasons. In the first case, a large number of nephrons die at once. In the second, this process is extended in time and is chronic. The reason is hydronephrosis, chronic pyelonephritis, diabetic nephropathy. With renal failure, the level of potassium also increases, which the specialist will definitely pay attention to.

Renal failure - the result of a serious illness

The norms of some biochemical blood parameters - table

Urine tests

The composition of urine is a direct reflection of the activity of the kidneys. Most kidney ailments lead to a variety of changes. There are several methods for laboratory testing of urine. Virtually all indicators play a role here. A urinalysis according to the standard method is mandatory. In addition, cumulative tests are used for a more accurate diagnosis of renal diseases.

General urine analysis

In the general analysis of urine, each indicator plays a role. An average portion of morning urine is used to collect material. Normal urine contains water and a small amount of coloring pigment. In an almost negligible amount, urine contains protein - no more than 0.033 g / l. This indicator is exceeded for various reasons. The first and most common cause is inflammation: acute and chronic pyelonephritis. In second place is the immune inflammation of the glomeruli glomerulonephritis. In favor of the immune nature of the disease is evidenced by the urine protein content of 1 g / l or more. The appearance of leukocytes in the urine indicates an inflammatory process in the kidneys. Usually their number does not exceed one or two cells in the field of view. With severe inflammation, their number reaches 50-60, and sometimes more.

Pyelonephritis - an infectious inflammation of the renal pelvis

Erythrocytes in urine are usually not normally contained. The reason for their appearance can be different. A large number of red cells is a natural sign of glomerulonephritis... In addition, this situation is often observed with urolithiasis. The calculus with sharp edges damages the wall of the renal pelvis and ureter. With the complete overlap of the ureter in the pelvis, the sharply increased pressure damages the small venous vessels, bleeding occurs. Another reason for the appearance of red blood cells in the urine is a malignant tumor. The neoplasm has many small blood vessels. With a significant size of the tumor, they are damaged, erythrocytes appear in the urine.

Red blood cells in urine - a typical symptom of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis - video

Cylinders in urine are another sign of kidney disease. These structures repeat the shape of the nephron tubules, and are formed when the composition of urine is changed. There are several types of cylinders: leukocyte, erythrocytic, granular, waxy. Cylinders are absent in the urine during normal kidney function. Their appearance is evidenced in inflammatory kidney diseases: acute and chronic pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis.

Salt is another component of urine that a doctor is guided by when checking the condition of the kidneys. There are no salts in normal urine. There are four types of salt. They are formed from uric (urates), oxalic (oxalates), phosphoric (phosphates), cystic (cystinates) acids. A pathological condition in which a large amount of salt is found in the urine is called dysmetabolic nephropathy. The very presence of salts does not affect the functioning of the kidneys. However, under certain conditions, salt crystals can precipitate and combine into large calculi. In this case, nephropathy passes into the stage of urolithiasis. Knowing the chemical composition of salts helps to develop tactics for dealing with kidney stones. Under a microscope, crystals of different types of salts have a definite shape, according to which one can surely speak about their chemical composition.

Oxalates - salts of oxalic acid

Bacteria is another indicator that is investigated in a general urine test. Normal urine is sterile and free of any germs. Microorganisms appear in urine during infectious inflammation - acute and chronic pyelonephritis. According to the method of general analysis of urine, a laboratory assistant can only determine the presence of bacteria. Microbes are detected by examining urine sediment samples under a microscope. In this case, it is impossible to speak about the specific belonging of bacteria to a particular species. For this purpose, other research is needed.

Normal values ​​of indicators of the general analysis of urine - table

Cumulative samples

Cumulative tests are mandatory when a kidney disease is suspected. ... With their help, it is possible to clarify the results obtained in the study of urine according to the general method. Cumulative tests take into account several indicators: the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cylinders and protein. There are several types of cumulative samples:

• for the Nechiporenko sample, the middle part of the morning urine portion is used. The number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and casts is measured in one milliliter of urine;
• for the Amburge sample, it is necessary to collect urine within three hours;
• for urine analysis according to the Addis-Kakovsky method, a daily amount is used.

Someone apart from the accumulative samples is urine analysis according to Zimnitsky. For this purpose, the material is collected in eight containers during the day. Each one measures one indicator - relative density. Eight values ​​can indirectly determine the performance of the kidneys. Low indicators indicate its violation - renal failure.

Norms of indicators of accumulative urine samples - table

Sample name	Content rate erythrocytes	Content rate leukocytes	Content rate cylinders
Test of Nechiporenko	No more than 1000 in 1 ml	No more than 2000 in 1 ml	No more than 20 in 1 ml
Amburge test	No more than 1000 per minute	No more than 2000 per minute	No more than 20 per minute
Addis-Kakovsky test	No more than 1 million per day	No more than 2 million per day	No more than 50,000 per day

Culture of urine for flora and antibiotic sensitivity

A urine test in a bacteriological laboratory is another way to check your kidneys. For accurate results, urine is collected with a urethral catheter directly from the bladder. A special nutrient medium is used to grow microbes. The material is kept in a special device thermostat for several days at body temperature. Microbial colonies are examined under a microscope and using laboratory tests. As a result, the specialist finds out the specific species to which the causative agent of the disease belongs. In addition, you can determine the sensitivity of the microbe to different types of antibiotics. The result will allow the doctor to prescribe the most effective drug for treatment.

Culture of urine is carried out in a bacteriological laboratory

Biochemical analysis of urine

Using laboratory tests in urine, you can determine the content of certain chemicals:

• hormones: adrenaline, norepinephrine and their precursors;
• minerals sodium, potassium and calcium;
• an amylase enzyme;
• vitamins.

These tests are used to diagnose rare hereditary diseases in which the metabolism in the renal tubules is impaired. Typical examples: phosphate-diabetes, de Tony-Debre-Fanconi disease.

Standard indicators of some chemicals in urine - table

Protein	0 to 0.33 g / l
Urea	From 330 to 580 mmol / day
Glucose	0.03 to 0.05 g / l
Uric acid	23.3 to 29.6 mmol / day
Ketones	0 to 0.5 mmol / L
Bilirubin	0 to 5 μmol / L
Calcium	2.5 to 7.5 mmol / day
Diastasis	Not more than 100 units / l
Potassium	30 to 100 mmol / day
Magnesium	2.5 to 8.5 mmol / day

Cancer tests

Modern medicine has laboratory tests that are used to diagnose malignant kidney tumors. For this purpose, blood is taken from a vein on an empty stomach. There are several substances that can be elevated in kidney cancer. By their chemical structure, they are proteins:

These substances are produced by malignant kidney tumors. However, one should not rely only on tumor markers in the diagnosis of neoplasms. Their level can be increased in the presence of tumors in the body of other localizations (testicles, stomach, liver, small and large intestines). In addition, tumor markers may exceed the norm due to non-neoplastic diseases.

The norms for the content of some tumor markers in the blood - table

Analyzes and diseases of the adrenal glands

The adrenal gland is a small organ adjacent to the kidney. However, it is impossible to overestimate its effect on the functioning of the body. This small endocrine gland, with the help of hormones, regulates several processes in the body at once:

The normal content of some adrenal hormones in the blood - table

To diagnose diseases of the adrenal glands, the determination of hormones or their precursors in the blood and urine is used. Excess, as well as deficiency, is a pathology and will inevitably affect the well-coordinated work of internal organs. There are a number of diseases of the adrenal glands, accompanied by changes in hormonal levels.

Diseases of the adrenal glands - table

Type of disease	Hormonal changes	Additional symptoms
Pheochromocytoma	Increased production of adrenaline and norepinephrine	Sudden rises in blood pressure to high numbers (more than 200 mm Hg)
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Connes syndrome)	Increased aldosterone content	muscle weakness; fast heartbeat; thirst; high blood pressure; a large amount of excreted urine.
Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome	Increased content of glucocorticoid hormones	obesity; moon face; pronounced hairiness; high blood pressure; high blood sugar.
Addison's disease (chronic adrenal insufficiency)	Decreased content of glucocorticoid hormones	bronze skin tone; weakness; low blood pressure.
Adrenogenital syndrome	Disrupted production of steroid hormones	changes in the anatomy of the genitals; increased hair growth; infertility.
Hypoaldosteronism	Reduced aldosterone content	low blood pressure; rare pulse; fainting.

Currently, many different tests are used to diagnose the condition of the kidneys and adrenal glands. The doctor should determine the required list of laboratory tests based on the picture of the disease. Interpreting the results is also a task for the experienced technician. Do not self-medicate. A timely visit to a doctor is the key to correct diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the kidneys and adrenal glands.

Diseases of the urinary system are a common problem at the moment. Some of these pathologies can lead to serious consequences. For example, complicate the process of bearing a fetus or lead to the fact that the kidneys become unable to cleanse the blood of harmful substances. In the latter case, the patient faces constant hemodialysis.

The situation is further complicated by the fact that the symptoms of these diseases may not appear immediately. In the initial stages, patients can feel completely healthy. That is why it is so important to know, to know how to check the kidneys, which examinations to undergo and periodically do it. It is timely diagnosis and treatment that will help to avoid various consequences.

In the diagnosis of various kidney pathologies, laboratory tests are indispensable. With their help, you can detect a problem in the early stages of its development.

OAM

If we talk about how to check the kidneys, what tests to take - performing a general urinalysis (OAM) will be the main way. In the course of the study, physicians study the physicochemical parameters of the biomaterial, evaluate it for the presence of pathological impurities.

In order for the diagnosis of kidney and urinary tract diseases to give true results, you need to collect urine in the morning, immediately after waking up, before breakfast. Before collecting biomaterial, it is important to wash the reproductive organs and dry them with a towel.

A few days before urine collection, it is necessary to give up alcohol, dairy products, fried foods, as well as foods that contain a lot of salt.

After the urine is collected, it must be delivered to the laboratory within 3 hours. If this is tightened, the biomaterial may become unsuitable for analysis.

OAM is recommended for absolutely everyone, regardless of whether there are any unpleasant kidney symptoms or not. This should be done once every six months. This is necessary in order to identify pathologies (if any) immediately, even before the first signs of it appear.

According to Zimnitsky

This is another analysis for the kidneys, the essence of which is that a specialist evaluates the change in the physical properties of a biomaterial during the day. This makes it possible to know how the patient's kidneys are functioning.

This research has a huge number of advantages and one important disadvantage. The fact is that it is very time consuming. It is necessary to collect urine at a certain time and in a certain container.

Doctors measure each portion of urine in volume, measure its density. In conclusion, the specialist calculates the number of urinations of the patient during the day. All this is necessary for making the correct diagnosis and choosing an effective method of therapy.

Sowing tank

This kidney test involves examining a biological fluid for pathogenic microorganisms. If there are any, experts determine which group they belong to and how many are present.

In a healthy person, urine is sterile. If any pathogenic bacteria are present in it, this indicates inflammation in the kidneys.

In the case when the kidneys hurt, a test to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibacterial drugs is often performed. This will ultimately allow you to choose the most suitable drug for a particular patient.

It is worth saying that this analysis is not needed for all patients, but only for those who have signs of infection. The doctor knows best what tests to take to check the kidneys. It is better to turn to him for advice.

The disadvantages of research include the fact that it takes a long time. In most cases, a week passes from the moment of sampling the biomaterial until the receipt of the form with the results.

To get the most accurate result, urine should be collected in the morning after waking up in a sterile container. Before doing this, you need to perform hygiene procedures.

The collected urine must be delivered to the laboratory within 2 hours.

According to Nechiporenko

What tests should I take to check my kidneys? Do not forget about the analysis according to Nechiporenko.

It is a study in which a specialist calculates the number of cylinders, leukocytes and red blood cells in 1 ml of biological material.

It is also advisable to undergo the study for pregnant women and patients who have a history of kidney pathology.

The analysis according to Nechiporenko will be useful for patients who are treating chronic kidney disease. This will make it possible to understand how effective the therapy is.

Kidney analysis is needed for people with systemic diseases that can negatively affect the organs of the urinary sphere.

The presence of abnormalities in the analysis may indicate inflammation of the kidneys, glomerulonephritis, the presence of kidney stones, nephrotic syndrome.

Blood biochemistry

When performing biochemical analysis using kidney tests, you can assess the general condition of the kidneys and how they are doing their job.

In this case, the specialist checks the blood for creatinine, urea, and uric acid. In a healthy person, these substances are milked out of the body.

If many of these substances are found during the analysis, this will indicate the presence of kidney problems (usually kidney failure).

However, in order for the analysis for kidney disease to show true results, the patient must temporarily stop using:

• drinks that contain caffeine;
• sweet fruit and berry juices, as well as carbonated drinks;
• smoked meats;
• alcohol;
• fried;
• fatty;
• salty;
• baking;
• dairy products.

Instrumental methods

To find out absolutely everything about the condition of the kidneys, it is important to supplement the diagnosis with instrumental research methods.

Ultrasound

A complete kidney examination cannot be complete without an ultrasound scan.

Thanks to ultrasound, you can determine the size of the kidneys, evaluate their structure, understand how correctly they are located, how mobile.

In addition, the specialist can see the expansion of the renal pelvis, as well as the cups, and, if necessary, find out the stage of the pathology. It is ultrasound that allows you to detect stones at the earliest stages.

Also, with the help of an ultrasound study, it is possible to investigate the blood flow in the organ and, on the basis of this, draw conclusions regarding the functional state of the kidneys.

Diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease is not complete without ultrasound.

Separately, it should be said about the possibility of diagnosing tumors, including small tumors, in which the patient does not complain.

Thus, an ultrasound study is shown to absolutely all people, even those who do not have unpleasant symptoms from the urinary system. The procedure should be performed for prophylactic purposes, since, for example, fluorography is performed.

If the patient has kidney pain, the tests are normal, then an ultrasound of the pelvic organs is performed. In women, this problem may be due to pathologies of the reproductive sphere. Knows for sure everything about kidney disease in women, symptoms, diagnosis of a nephrologist. You should not be engaged in amateur performances. This will help avoid a number of unpleasant complications. It is the doctor who should be entrusted with the diagnosis and treatment of the kidneys.

Biopsy

Instrumental methods for examining the kidneys include a puncture biopsy. With the help of a biopsy, the doctor can find out what exactly the patient is sick with and what exactly caused the development of the pathological process, as well as make a prognosis of the disease.

A biopsy complements the scleorotic analysis of the kidneys, makes it possible to see the complete picture of the disease.

The essence of the procedure itself is that the doctor inserts a needle into the abdominal cavity, and then takes a piece of tissue from the kidney. All actions are monitored by a specialist using ultrasound.

There is no need to be afraid of such an examination of the kidneys, since before it begins, the patient is given local anesthesia, so he does not feel pain and discomfort.

After the biopsy, the patient should control blood pressure for 3 days, avoid hard physical work and drink plenty of fluids (preferably plain water).

In the first days after the procedure, an admixture of blood may be present in the urine. This is the absolute norm. However, if after the biopsy the patient has a fever, urination disorder or pain in the kidney area, he needs to seek medical help.

Endoscopy

This method of examining the kidneys involves the use of a special apparatus - an endoscope. It is injected into the body through the ureters.

During the procedure, the doctor assesses the condition of the kidneys and calyces. In some cases, the study is combined with a biopsy.

With this method, a wide variety of diseases and their causes can be detected. However, it is important to note that complications often occur in patients after endoscopy. For this reason, the procedure is prescribed only in exceptional cases.

CT scan

CT is usually done to confirm a preliminary diagnosis.

The study of the kidney is based on the use of X-ray waves, which tend to scan the human body. After the end of the procedure, the doctor receives a 3D image of the kidneys.

To obtain reliable results, doctors recommend that patients, a few days before the study, give up products that contribute to increased gas production, and immediately before the procedure itself, cleanse the intestines.

More accurate diagnostic results can be obtained by doing CT with contrast agents that are injected directly into a vein. Therefore, CT with contrast enhancement is prescribed more often.

MRI

If we talk about methods of studying kidney function, we must not forget about MRI.

MRI is one of the most modern, informative and safe methods for examining the kidneys.

The principle of the procedure is similar to CT, but unlike it, during an MRI, the patient's body is not exposed to harmful radiation. The essence of the study is the use of magnetic fields, so MRI is safer than CT. The procedure has practically no contraindications.

The tomograph scans the kidneys layer by layer, and then a special program processes the results and displays them in the form of a 3D image.

With the help of visual diagnostics of the kidney, it is possible not only to assess the state of the organs, but also to identify pathology, as well as to determine its exact location.

Chromocystoscopy

A complete kidney diagnosis may include chromocytoscopy. This is a method for the functional diagnosis of kidney disease. It can be used to diagnose surgical pathologies of the kidneys, as well as the upper urinary tract.

If your kidneys hurt, tapping diagnostics will not always help. So, it is with the help of chromocystoscopy that the diagnosis of renal colic is carried out.

Contraindications include acute diseases of the urethra, prostate, scrotum and testicles.

This method of examining the kidney is as follows: the patient is injected with a solution of indigo carmine, after which the doctor inserts a cystoscope into the urinary tract and examines it.

If the patient's kidneys and upper urinary tract are healthy, blue-colored urine will begin to flow into the urinary tract. If the drug was injected into a vein, it will take about 4 minutes, and if into a muscle, about 12.

As a result, the kidneys must excrete 2-5 ml of the drug.

During the study, the doctor pays attention to the intensity of the color of the urine, the frequency of contractions of the ureter, as well as the peculiarity of ejection of colored urine.

X-ray

A study of the kidneys in this case will help assess their general condition, detect inflammation and pathological inclusions, and identify violations in their work. If a patient is suspected of having renal hypertension, X-ray diagnosis will also help.

In order for the diagnostic results to be reliable, the patient is recommended to give up food, which contributes to increased gas production, in a couple of days from the study, and immediately before taking the pictures, to empty the intestines.

Scintigraphy

Kidney scans play an important role in diagnosis. During this study, a radioactive drug is injected into the patient's body. An image of an organ is acquired thanks to a gamma camera.

Scintigafia is informative, does not take much time, does not require preparation and does not entail any consequences.

The kidneys are a very important paired organ that is responsible for the elimination of toxins.

Various diseases lead to disruption of the functioning of all body systems.

That is why anyone should know how to check the kidneys, what tests need to be taken and which doctor checks the kidneys.

If a person has any kidney problems, the following symptoms will be expressed:

• a regular increase in blood (arterial) pressure;
• discoloration of urine, the appearance in it of impurities (including blood) and an unpleasant odor;
• constant urge to urinate (especially at night);
• a decrease or increase in the volume of urine produced;
• pain when urinating;
• sharp or pulling pain in the lumbar region;
• swelling of the legs and face;
• constant thirst and decreased appetite;
• shortness of breath.

If the above symptoms appear, it is recommended to undergo an examination. With its help, you can timely identify the onset of the development of diseases. Also, a prerequisite for the examination may be taking medications that disrupt the functioning of the kidneys (Acyclovir, Biseptol, diuretics, etc.).

Pain in the lumbar region is more intense after hypothermia or with the development of a viral disease.

Who is at risk?

The correct functioning of the kidneys should be worried about those people who regularly consume alcoholic beverages, smoke, take a large number of various medications.

Improper diet can also trigger the development of disease. Kidney disease is common in people who are overweight and have diabetes.

Diagnostic methods at home

How to check your kidneys at home? An accurate diagnosis at home is not possible, but some activities can help determine if you have any kidney disease. First, remember if you are concerned about pain in the lower back: sharp and sharp pain is a symptom of renal colic, and aching indicates a chronic course of the disease.

Collect your morning urine in a clean container. It is desirable that it be white, but you can use transparent. Examine the urine carefully: it should not contain any foreign matter, the normal color is yellow. If you notice a change in the color of urine or the presence of flakes - contact your doctor immediately! Especially dangerous is urine staining brown or red.

Another diagnostic method is to calculate the daily volume of urine excreted. To do this, urinate in one container for 24 hours, then measure the amount of its contents.

Normally, a person excretes about 2 liters of urine per day. If this figure is greater, this indicates polyuria, if less, it is oliguria.

With anuria, the kidneys do not produce urine at all. In case of any abnormalities, consult a doctor immediately.

Another sign of impaired kidney function is facial swelling. They are easy to spot by enlarged eyelids and a slightly swollen face. Swelling in kidney disease is formed very quickly, while the skin is pale. They can occur not only on the face, but also on other parts of the body.

Swelling is often accompanied by general malaise. If you notice such a symptom in yourself - consult a doctor!

What tests do I need to get to check my kidneys?

In order to recognize kidney disease and check their work, it is necessary to undergo an examination at the clinic. First of all, the specialist will offer to pass urine and blood tests.

Every person must submit a urine sample every six months. In the laboratory, urine is studied, the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes is counted, color, transparency and acidity are determined. Also, experts identify the presence of pathogenic impurities.

What urine test to take to check the kidneys? In addition to the general analysis, there are two more types of urine tests that are used for kidney disease:

• according to Nechiporenko - will reveal pyelonephritis, cystitis and other inflammatory processes;
• on the Bens-Jones protein - with its help it is possible to detect malignant neoplasms in the kidneys.

General blood analysis

Blood is taken in the laboratory from a vein and from a finger.

In the first case, the analysis will show the amount of creatinine and uric acid, in the second - the degree of inflammation (if any).

During the day before donating blood, it is prohibited to consume alcoholic beverages and medications.

Ultrasound examination of the bladder is the most effective and safe method for examining the pathologies of this organ. and what preparation for the study includes, read on.

You will learn how to remove stones from the ureter. We will also consider preventive measures to prevent relapse.

Neurogenic bladder is a disease associated with a malfunction of the nervous system. Using this link, we will consider the causes and symptoms of pathology in females.

Additional examinations

Based on the results of urine and blood tests, the patient may be assigned additional examinations:

1. With this method, a specialist evaluates the structure of the kidneys. Ultrasound is safe even for young children.
2. X-ray. It allows you to identify various neoplasms in the kidneys. In some cases, the patient undergoes urography. For this, a contrast agent is injected before the procedure.
3. Scintigraphy. This method, in contrast to ultrasound, allows you to identify not only the size of organs, but also functional disorders.

All of these methods will give a complete picture of the patient's kidney condition.

Kidney scintigraphy

The most common kidney diseases and their symptoms

There are many diseases that cause kidney damage, but some are especially common.

Urolithiasis disease

The main symptom of this ailment is renal colic. It is a consequence of the release of a kidney stone into the ureter, which leads to a violation of the outflow of urine and trauma to the walls of the urinary tract. Acute pain can spread to the entire pelvic region, and sometimes to the inner thigh.

A person suffering from renal colic cannot find such a position in which the pain would recede. An admixture of blood is observed in the urine, sometimes sand is noticeable.

Inflammation (cystitis, pyelonephritis)

The most common diseases associated with inflammation of the kidneys and urinary tract are cystitis and pyelonephritis.

With these ailments, the patient has a strong fever, lethargy and decreased appetite.

The pain can be both aching and acute. There is heaviness in the lumbar region. Cystitis and pyelonephritis are often accompanied by frequent and painful urination.

Infections (glomerulonephritis)

Glomerulonephritis is an infectious disease. In the early stages of the disease, an admixture of blood is noticeable in the urine, and as the disease progresses, anuria (cessation of urine production) may be observed. With glomerulonephritis, the electrolyte balance is disturbed, extensive edema develops, but there is no pain characteristic of renal diseases. The most serious complication is swelling of the brain and lungs.

Preventive measures

The kidneys are a natural filter of our body, so it is very important to take care of their condition and to prevent the development of possible pathologies in advance.

To do this, it is enough to follow simple tips and recommendations, mainly related to the daily diet and lifestyle.

Here is a list of preventive measures to help you avoid the development of kidney disease:

• Limit high protein foods in your diet that can cause kidney stones. The protein norm per day for an adult is 0.7 grams per kg of body weight.
• Stop drinking alcoholic beverages.
• Eat more kidney-friendly foods: berries (lingonberries, cranberries, strawberries, blueberries), watermelon and melon, rose hips, fresh herbs, vegetables (cabbage, cucumbers, pumpkin, bell peppers), apples, fish (preferably seafood).
• Follow your drinking regime. If you do not have chronic kidney disease, drink up to 1.5 liters of water per day, in the heat, with dehydration (diarrhea and vomiting), with intense exertion, this volume increases.
• Eliminate any hypothermia, as it increases the burden on the kidneys.
• Go in for sports (but do not overload yourself, dancing and yoga are suitable for the prevention of kidney disease).
• Temper and strengthen your immune system.
• Monitor your weight.

The kidneys are a rather sensitive organ, so you should treat them with increased attention. If you notice any symptoms that indicate the development of kidney disease, be sure to see your doctor. Remember that the disease is easier to cure in the early stages.

Sometimes the presence of pathologies of the urinary system can be suspected independently. If you see white flakes in your urine, you need to see your doctor for a diagnosis. Could this phenomenon be the norm?

Why kidneys hurt during pregnancy and what can be done as a treatment, you will find out by following the link.

Video on the topic