An autoimmune damage of the thyroid gland. What is autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and how to treat him? Etiology and pathogenesis

An autoimmune thyroiditis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the thyroid associated with the progressive destruction of the follicles of the gland. In most cases, pathology proceeds asymptomatic. In this article, you will learn everything about what autoimmune thyroiditis is the most important causes of the appearance of pathology in humans, characteristic signs, symptoms and treatment.

How this pathology is classified

The classification of the disease is associated with the need to distinguish certain types of its varieties.

1. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Khashimoto goiter) is a disease of the thyroid gland, developing as a result of long-term infiltration of T-lymphocytes in the body of the organ. A person has the development of autoimmune thyroiditis.
2. PREDOVY thyroiditis is diagnosed very often and therefore well studied. The reason for the occurrence of this type of thyroiditis is the reinforced reactivity of the immune system of the woman due to the fact that it was in pregnancy in the oppressed state.
3. Barrellious thyroiditis is an analogue of the contractor, but the causes of such a variety of pathology have not been studied.
4. In patients suffering from hepatitis of type C can develop cytokin-edated thyroid agents. It arises against the background of interferon patients.

All types of thyroiditis have such phases of development.

1. Eutheroid. The functions of the organ with the euticosis of the thyroid gland are not violated. May last for years, sometimes even throughout life.
2. Subclinical. It appears in humans as a result of the progression of Hatch. At the same time, a significant amount of T-lymphocytes arrive in the blood. Cells due to this are progressively destroyed.
3. Thyrotoxic. The person develops signs of thyrotoxicosis, destroyed parts of internal cell fragments. They provoke active antibody generation processes. The number of cells capable of producing hormones decreases below the permissible level, which the patient develops hypothyroidism.
4. Hypothyroid. It can last about a year, after which the normal function of the organ is restored. Sometimes a patient can develop resistant hypothyroidism, which can only be relocated using the reception of drug hormone preparations.

Also, distinguish:

• acute thyroiditis;
• subacute thyroiditis;
• primary disease;
• fibrous thyroiditis;
• thyroidit de Kervena (giantal form of pathology)

Causes of pathologies

The exact causes of autoimmune thyroiditis are still unequal as well. To appear the signs of the pathology under consideration, it is necessary to influence such factors:

• acute viral respiratory infectious diseases;
• permanent areas of infection on almonds, nasal sinuses, carious teeth;
• unfavorable natural furnishings, excess of iodine salts, fluorine and chlorine;
• long-term use without proper control of iodine-containing drugs and hormonal medicines;
• long stay under direct sunlight;
• influence of radiation;
• psychological injuries.

General signs

Most cases of this disease, if it proceeds in the eutheroid or subclinical phase, does not manifest. The patient has normal thyroid dimensions during palpation. He does not feel any pain. Extremely rare in humans may increase the thyroid, a sense of constraint and pressure in the throat appears.

Depending on the variety of pathology, the patient may develop symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis:

Features of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism with autoimmune thyroidis is latent, manifestic, complicated. General manifestations of this state:

Hyperthyroidism

Manifestations of hyperthyroidism with autoimmune thiroid can be temporary.

Draws attention to the presence of such symptoms:

Communication of other organs

When the thyroid changes in the sizes, a person feels pain in the chest or neck. Often it increases the temperature (to subfebrile values). Due to the pressure on voice ligaments, a person is significantly reduced by the voice of the voice (this is noticeable of women).

The compression of the esophagus can manifest itself a permanent sense of coma in the throat, impaired respiratory function and other symptoms. In the compression of mediated organs, there may be permanent noise in the ears, disorders of visual function and other signs.

Manifestations of inflammatory processes

With the inflammation of the thyroid gland in patients, such symptoms are noted.

1. Phenomena of intoxication (i.e. weakness and lubrication in the joints of the joints, heads).
2. Level temperature.
3. Increase lymph nodes.

Diagnostic features

Diagnosis of the disease can be carried out only on the basis of a comprehensive person survey. He is prescribed such laboratory tests:

• at tg;
• on T3 and T4;
• for the presence of microsomal antibodies to thyroid peroxidase;
• for the presence of antibodies to thyroglobulin.

Blood for analyzes is taken only from venous blood. The indispensable condition for the correctness and accuracy of the results of clinical examinations is the taking of on an empty stomach. If at these conditions at TG is strongly elevated, this indicates the possible development of the disease.

In addition, for setting the correct diagnosis in Hashimoto disease, it is necessary to diagnose the thyroid with the help of instrumental methods. Most often use ultrasound for this. With the help of ultrasound, such signs of AIT on the ultrasound of the thyroid gland can be identified:

• the dimensions and location of the thyroid houses (signs of normsolumi);
• its structure and the presence of diffuse changes in it, pseudo-nodes;
• echo-discovery of the defeat of the parachitoid glands;
• the state of nearby lymph nodes;
• features of blood flow in the area under study.

Puncture biopsy is carried out only under the control of ultrasound. At the same time, a small fragment of the tissue is extracted from the gland, which is then sent to a cytological examination. Often, on the basis of these surveys is diagnosed with AIT.

The most complete and reliable picture of the occurring processes in the thyroid house gives magneto-resonance or computed tomography. Moreover, MRI has more advantages due to the lack of radiation radiation.

Methods of treatment

Therapeutic measures should be appointed only on the basis of the data of the diagnostic survey. They are aimed at eliminating a factor that promotes the development of a characteristic clinical picture of pathology.

1. Thyroid means. It is L-thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroidin, a sharp.
2. Glucocorticosteroid means (which are analogues of the hymns of the adrenal glands). The preparation of choice is prednisone.
3. Antibiotics are used with a pronounced inflammatory process provoked by bacteria. Patients are prescribed, Cefelim, Augmentin, Amoxiclav, drugs from fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, aminoglycosides and other groups.
4. In pain and inflammatory processes of non-infectious origin, indomethacin and its analogues are used. The use of ointment diclofenac also shown.
5. Beta blockers -, propranolol and others.
6. Levamizole and other immunomodulatory drugs are used to support the immune system.
7. Under tendency to allergies, taverns, diazoli, Loratadine are used.
8. Endonorms and the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis are closely related, since the use of this drug makes it possible to control the activity of the thyroid.
9. Iodine-containing drugs (ioddicerin, iodomarine).

Treatment with folk remedies should be considered only as auxiliary method of therapy. Diet is shown (nutrition with products enriched with iodine, selenium, vitamins).

Prediction and prevention

The forecast of the course of such a disease is favorable. Early started treatment is able to significantly slow down the destruction of tissue tissues and the degradation of the organ. The correctly selected complex of drugs makes it possible to achieve remission. In the event of thyroiditis after childbirth, women significantly increases the risk of autoimmune lesions of the body. Dangerous implications of thyroid damage can be observed during the proceeding process.

Specific measures for the prevention of the disease are not developed. Women who are carriers of antibodies to thyroperoxidase recommended dispensary observation.

The autoimmune forms of thyroidites are well treatable and compensation with modern drug drugs. Early detection of such pathology will help cure the disease, contributes to the preservation of high performance and quality of life.

Watch the video:

Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (hut) is one of the forms of thyroid disease. Inflammation is caused by the perception of the immune system of the body of the cells of the thyroid, as foreign and dangerous.

Immunity begins to attack "Alien Education".

The decrease in the material necessary for the vital material leads to a disease of this form.

A disease, like any pathological manifestation, is based on certain violation factors leading to changes in the body. The reasons contributing to the development of clinical deviations, quite a lot. There is a list of frequently repetitive signs.

It is they who are recognized by doctors, as a complex of causes characteristic of a certain form of a common illness.

1. Genetics. If among relatives, most often close, the disease has already been diagnosed, the likelihood of hut is very high. Inherited inheritance, a tendency to acquire thyroiditis is laid. This complicates and facilitates the patient's task to preserve health. Much attention here needs to be paid to prevention, starting from childhood and being involved in certain rules of behavior and nutrition.
2. Human environment ecology. Purchase a disease can and the person prone to its development, and completely healthy. There is a long time among polluted air strictly prohibited. The respiratory system opens access to microbes, keriforms to internal systems. Negative substances come through the pores. Pathology does not give the opportunity to defend, begins to hit the most open processes. The first is affected by the thyroid gland. Therefore, working with prohibited compositions in a hazardous environment should comply with all safety requirements. Especially on the protection of your body and health. Do not neglect the use of protective special costumes, respirators and other recommended items.
3. Infectious inflammation. Any infection is dangerous. Leave it without treatment, hoping for an independent completion, not worth it. Consultation of a specialist will help determine the safety of infectious infection. Close information about defeat - does not mean protect yourself. Doctors perform the task in this case not only therapeutic, but also advisory, preventive. If interventions are not required, the doctor will not appoint treatment. But it will determine the danger and risk of developing an infectious process, the possibility of transitioning it to other systems.
4. Radiation radiation. Radiation is dangerous in all situations. But there are certain specialties that require work under radiation or next to the devices that give such radiation. It is very important to comply with the protection system. Constantly examine in medical institutions. Do not exceed the time limit set for work.

Among the medicines there are those that enhance autoimmune processes in the thyroid. Their impact on the body is wrong. Use leads to the development of pathological processes.

Especially often it happens if the application passes without control by specialists.

1. Interferon. The drug is positive in nature, improper use leads to pathologies. Some doctors believe that this is only theoretical reason. There are no cases of the beginning of the disease after using Interferon in practice. Others challenge such an assumption.
2. Preparations containing lithium. Chemical compound stimulates the development of an autoantibhel. Stimulation leads to the pathology of the thyroid gland, the result is the development of autoimmune thyroiditis.
3. Iodine-containing drugs. High yoda intake standards in the body are undesirable for the gland. It begins to perceive the substance not at the level, the autoimmune process is enhanced, nodes and nodes appear.

Self-treatment is always very dangerous consequences.

Symptomatics of pathological violation

All signs are divided into three groups:

• asthenic symptoms;
• hormone-forming;
• behantic.

The first group characterizes changes in the overall patient well-being. Begins to appear excessively nervousness, hot tempering. Man becomes weak, sluggish. The state of muscular body weight deteriorates. Often there is a noticeable weight drop. All symptoms are accompanied by headaches, dizziness.

Increased hormone formations enhances asthenic changes.

They are added to them:

• burning inside the whole body;
• the increase in heartbeat down to the knock in the ears;
• reinforced tremor propagating throughout the body;
• elevated appetite with rapid weight loss.

Hormone affects the condition of the genital systems of both sexes. Men notice the appearance of weakness in seeding, the development of potency. Women point to failures in the menstrual cycle. If these features appear, the size of the neck begins to increase, its deformation occurs.

Behavioral signs of Hat allocate the patient among healthy people. The soreness imposes its imprint on the behavior. The patient becomes fussy, anxious. He often loses line and theme in a conversation, moving to multi-resistance, but the idiosity of judgments. Gives a lesion of thyroid tremor, hand shake.

Medical classification

The study of the pathology of the thyroid gland is based on scientific research. All symptoms are carefully reviewed by specialists. The experience of doctors is combined into a single science. The Endocrinology region makes it possible to allocate all diseases in different types and forms. Medicine textbooks help practitioners by adding modern disease treatment data. Pathology is constantly under control. The goal of scientific actions is to find an effective medicine for greater degree of curing, conducting mass preventive measures.

Generally accepted classification Next:

• atrophic;
• hypertrophic;
• focal (another name - focal);
• latent.

Therapeutic complex depends on the type of disease.

The disease develops unnoticed, starting from an early age. It can already appear in the adolescence, but it is often that the symptoms will appear only in adulthood. The feature of the clinical flow of the form is that an increase in the gland is under the influence of cytostimulatory antibodies. Hyperthyroidism is gradually joined to them. There is an acceleration of hormonal secretion.

The main signs of a health deviation model:

• extension of the neck;
• feeling of squeezing organs located in the cervical area;
• difficulties of food and liquid;
• weakness and fatigue.

The thyroid gland gradually does not cope with the tasks set before it.

The patient begins to notice incomprehensible changes in the body. The weight increases, the state of the skin is worse. It flakes. Often there is an appearance of edema, especially on the legs. A person freezes quickly, choking at normal indoor temperature. Memory worsens. Nasty signs are constipation, hair loss. There is a violation in the operation of the sexual system. Treatment of hypertrophic form is selected by endocrinologists, depending on the periods of development.

The essence of the shimoid gland is laid in the title. A distinctive feature of pathology is atrophy - reduction of volumes and sizes. The decrease in the gland affects its functional tasks. The activities of the thyroid gland decreases, the result is hypothyroidism. The development of atrophy lasts for several years. The process is slow. There is a gradual destruction of tissue cellular compounds. Provides atrophy to the inability to perform its functions. Hence the disease appears. Symptoms are the same as the hypertrophic form.

It is important to undergo comprehensive checks in medical institutions in order to notice the development of the disease in time, start therapy.

Focal and latent types of hut

The focal model is characterized by the defeat of not the entire organ, and the loss of the thyroid. Find out the appearance of deviations by conducting a biopsy. The difficulty of diagnosis is at the latent type. It is possible to determine it through immunological analyzes. Other surveys will not show the disease: the thyroid is normal, there are no symptoms.

The chronic form of pathology accompanied the formation of nodes. Their severity is different. Ultrasound studies will show whether changes in the tissues of the thyroid gland occur, the presence of hyperplasia is detected. The treatment of the nodal form is carried out by an integrated method.

The complex consists of several directions:

• Iodum containing medicines;
• hormone-substituting therapy (levothyroxine is often assigned);
• use of population recipes (herbs, medicinal plants);
• a system of measures to bring the emotional state to normal (mental and psychological processes).

The thyroid gland is cured faster and easier when using non-traditional methods. These include artherapy, music, relaxation.

Lymphomatous thyroiditis, as a kind of chronic

The lymphocytic form destroys only a separate type of blood lymphocytes.

This species is organically specific. An autoimmune variety of pathology launches the reaction. The structure of the reaction is a chain effect. In the process, antigen complexes are formed. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis can be often hereditary genetic character. In the diagnosis of lymphocytic thyroiditis, a complex of associated changes in the work of the gland is detected.

Statistics says that chronic autoimmune thyroiditis occurs in most cases in women: 1 to 20. Especially its manifestation is fixed during the period of the child age, when the hormonal background changes, adjusts to the new possibilities of Women's systems.

Clinical leakage options

Chronic thyroiditis of an autoimmune requires compulsory treatment, but the funds are chosen by the doctor. It is important to know how to treat a deviation.

Classification of flow types:

1. Malosimptomic. AT immediately proceeds as chronic, passing an acute degree, leading to a chronic level.
2. Active. Sharp and subacute species merge into a single whole. There is a connection of two types: autoimmune and subacute.
3. Favorable. Lightweight, open, remission is spontaneous.
4. Mixed. A combination with diffuse goiter, cancer damage cells, lymphoma occurs.

Treatment is chosen to remove inflammation.

Therefore, experts practice the appointment of drugs acting as an inflammatory process:

• immox-corrective;
• immunorerabilizing;
• overwhelming aggression of immune attacks;
• immunomulizing.

All drugs normalize the work of the endocrine system, restore its integrity, health.

There are no clear and accurate schemes. Endocrinologists eliminate the flow of thyareostatics into the body. Medicines begin to recommend in a small dosage, gentle therapy. Continuous control of the norm of hormones in the blood is underway. During treatment, a systematic blood test is carried out. Medicines change depending on the time of year. In summer, iodine arrives in a natural way, in the winter period this process is reduced. It is replaced by means of glucocorticosteroids. The most famous is prednisone.

Inflammation is removed by nonsteroidal drugs: indomethacin, voltar.

For chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, treatment is under the supervision of the attending physician. It will be necessary to systematically attend a specialist in identifying the hereditary nature of the disease of the thyroid gland. There are a number of preventive measures that will help avoid the appearance of pathology.

Doctors say that you should simply live with your autoimmune thyroiditis the rest of your life because they simply do not know about natural treatment methods that help to re-write the immune system to live in harmony with thyroid gland. After all, they do not teach it in medical universities.

When considering the treatment of this disease, it is important to estimate all the factors that can explain why the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. The main reasons for autoimmune thyroiditis include: poor nutrition, chronic stress, inflammation, infection, flushful intestinal syndrome, violation of the liver function, digestive impairment, as well as an impact on the organism of the environment. In addition, when taking hormonal drugs, you only disguise the problem, but do not solve it radically.

Put in order your diet and your immune system can relax

With the help of dietary changes, you can eliminate those products that lead to inflammation and intestinal dysfunction, as well as disruption of nutrient balance. It is important to consider an anti-inflammatory diet that will help relieve the voltage of the immune system, heal the intestines and the thyroid gland. It is vital to eliminate all products containing glutenin (gluten) and cross-reactivity (a list of products causing cross-reactions, you can find here - a diet with autoimmune thyroidity of the thyroid gland), as they suppress the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.

The anti-inflammatory diet will allow the body to normalize the production of thyroid hormones, as well as the blood sugar level, which will lead to an increase in the level of energy, improving the clarity of thinking and normalizes metabolic processes. Anti-inflammatory diet should consist of:

• Non-smoke vegetables and fruits (asparagus, pumpkin, cucumbers, green peas, carrots, beets, zucchini zucchini, turnip).
• Protein food (nuts and nut butter, legumes and organic meat and fish).
• A sufficient amount of healthy fats (cold spin olive oil, linseed oil, coconut oil, avocado oil, avocado fruits, nuts and seeds, cold-water and red fish).

Environmental factors may suppress the function of the thyroid gland. Toxins that harm thyroid gland include: Heavy metals, pesticides, substances included in plastic (dioxins, PCBs, etc.), and drugs (antibiotics, NSAIDs and anti-inflammatory drugs, diabetic preparations, statins that reduce cholesterol levels Preparations, etc.). The admission of all these drugs should be almost completely discontinued, and the impact of adverse factors at home, at work, and on the street should be minimized.

How to treat autoimmune thyroiditis natural means:

1. Diet
2. Reception of food additives
3. Reducing the level of stress

Food additives for thyroid gland and immune system

If the level of thyroid hormones is reduced, your doctor can designate you synthetic hormones of the thyroid gland (see preparations for the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis) so that your body does not have a deficit, and you felt better. This can be done during the period of detection of deep reasons, which led to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis.

An autoimmune thyroiditis often leads to a deterioration in the function of the digestive tract, which leads to insufficient absorption of nutrients. If you have a nutritional deficit, some dietary and / or nutritional supplements are extremely necessary to guarantee the arrival of micro and macroelements, vitamins and other necessary substances, including: omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, iron, selenium, zinc, Copper, vitamins A, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, E, Iodine, amino acids and L-tyrosine. Fatty acids and cholesterol are involved in the formation and functioning of the goals, therefore it is vital to saturate the body with useful and natural fats. You can learn more about the useful fats with autoimmune thiroids on this page - autoimmune thyroiditis: treatment with folk remedies.

Reducing the level of stress

Summarize

An autoimmune thyroiditis is a disease caused by improper work of the immune system, which mistakenly attack the tissue of the thyroid gland. Symptoms and signs of autoimmune thyroiditis include: fatigue, weight gain, thoughtful face, swelling, constipation, dryness and thinning of hair, and so on. Your doctor of integrative medicine can develop an integrated approach to treatment, which (1) will calm the immune system, (2) will reduce the antibodies, and (3) will improve your well-being on an ongoing basis. When the production of thyroid hormones is restored, this will lead to positive physical and biochemical changes in energy levels, metabolic and cognitive functions and reproductive function. If your doctors tell you that your disease is not treated, then they simply do not know how to treat autoimmune thyroiditis.

One of the most important organs in the human body is the thyroid gland. It contains the whole stock of iodine entering the body, produces the necessary hormones, which in turn help correctly function the metabolism and affect the development of cells. However, like all other organs, the thyroid may suffer from the impact of various diseases, and the most common of them is hypothyroidism against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis.

Subclinical hypothyroidism caused by autoimmune thyroiditis leads to an increase in TSH, which is a consequence of the reaction of the pituitary on violation in the work of the thyroid. As a result, the "surviving" cells of the thyroid gland begin to work hard, while maintaining a sufficient level of thyroid hormone. Due to such a reaction of the body, no symptoms indicate violations may not even manifest. That is why this type of hypothyroidism is called subclinical.

Body response

Since the thyroid has an impact on all organs and systems in the body, the symptoms can manifest itself from different sides. For a good performance of the organ, a sufficient content of iodine is necessary. However, if the body feels a shortage for quite a long time, this may lead to the fact that the growth rate and division of cells is reduced, which is why negative gland changes occur, as well as nodal formations.

The nodal goiter with phenomena of the AIT of subclinical hypothyroidism can be formed as a result of a variety of reasons, such as:

• lack of iodine;
• pollution and toxins;
• viral infections;
• constant stress;
• smoking;
• prolonged period of receiving medicines;
• genetics.

Periodically visiting the endocrinologist, you can monitor the condition, as well as the health of the thyroid. Due to this, you can recognize any manifestations of disorders and begin immediate treatment. The following actions can be attributed to methods of treatment:

• proper use of radioactive iodine;
• the use of drugs that stop the production of thyroids;
• surgical intervention.

Autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism

Ait is sometimes called thyaredite Hashimoto. With such a diagnosis, immunity begins to destroy the fifth proteins, which is due to its destruction. Primary hypothyroidism against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis can develop due to genetic or acquired disorders of the thyroid gland. However, this outcome can be prevented.

Symptoms of ait hypothyroidism

With autoimmune, thyroid may not be any explicit symptoms. The disease proceeds slowly and progresses with an outcome in hypothyroidism. However, in most cases, the appearance of a goiter may become one of the characteristic features, which can grow and increase, and the result will be other manifestations of the disease. If the nodal formation arose in the field of the trachea, it will interfere with breathing and swallowing, but most often discomfort is felt just from touch or when wearing scarves and ties.

Some symptoms of disease can be expressed as follows:

• insomnia;
• disorders in the digestive system;
• concerns;
• fatigue;
• sharp weight changes;
• pain in body, muscles, joints;
• change mood and depression.

Diagnosis of AIT

Passing regular surveys from a specialist, one can monitor the state of the thyroid gland and reveal various deviations from the norm on the early stages. The endocrinologist can reveal the following:

• deviations from the norm in the body sizes;
• based on the blood test, it is possible to determine the level of thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and antibodies, as well as their ratio;
• biopsy will help to detect lymphocytes and macrophages;
• with the help of a radioisotope study, you can see diffuse absorption in an enlarged thyroid.

Treatment of ait hypothyroidism

In cases where an increase in the size of the body is observed, the endocrinologist will prescribe the patient therapy conducted with hormones. Artificial hormones, such as Levothyroxin, help to fight with a decrease in the size of the thyroid. However, if drug treatment is not effective, the attending physician may advise partial or complete removal of the gland.

If the patient was diagnosed with an autoimmune thyroiditis of subclinical hypothyroidism, then doctors may register L-Tyroxine hormone or iodomarine, and after a month - TSH.

Some doctors adhere to the opinions that if the autoimmune thyroid is observed the presence of thyrete antibodies, it is necessary to begin immediate treatment with small doses of hormones, which produces thyroid gland. Most doctors practitioners advise to apply levothyroxine drug if the level of TSH content is within the normal range. This drug helps to resist the development of the disease, even suspend it. The reason for such a result is that the level of antibodies and the content of lymphocytes is largely reduced, and therefore inflammation also passes.

Treatment with hormone therapy has a number of significant advantages. Of course, suffering from this disease should understand its dependence on drugs for the remainder of life. However, this fact should not cause concerns, since treatment includes the saturation of the body with the missing hormones that the thyroid gland itself can produce. Due to treatment with hormones, the following changes will be observed soon:

• restoration of the thyroid
• no ailments;
• relief occurs very quickly, due to which the disease suffers, it can very quickly return to normal life;
• after three months, you can restore the level of hormones;
• the dose of the drug does not change throughout the course, if there is no fact of pregnancy or significant changes in weight;
• the cost of medicines also makes the treatment is quite affordable.

Treatment of subclinical ait

For the treatment of this disease, no significant features are required, the main task of the therapy is to maintain thyroid hormones at the proper level. Such treatment is carried out as follows:

• drugs are prescribed that contain hormones produced by the thyroid house;
• treatment of the initial cause of the development of the disease;
• everyday maintenance of the balance of the body, with the help of vitamins, as well as minerals;
• due food. Since the metabolism is violated, then due to the simple rules of the diet, the health and proper functioning of the gland can be supported.

If it is important to disassemble the diet for a healthy diet, it is important to exclude the following products:

• sugar;
• reduce water consumption up to 600 ml per day;
• reduce fats: vegetable and butter, fatty fish, nuts, avocado;
• soy products.

In a diet that will help withstand hypothyroidism, you need to include the following products:

• fresh vegetables and fruits;
• beef, turkey meat and meat of other birds;
• seafood, since they contain the largest amount of iodine;
• meat broths;
• natural coffe.

The launched forms of the disease are much more difficult to treat, especially since the outcome can have very serious consequences, such as a coma and violation of other organs. In addition, prevention is always much the best method than the disease itself directly. However, unfortunately, at the moment it is possible to prevent only the types of this disease that are caused by the insufficient content of iodine entering the body. In order to prevent the development of pathology within the womb, a pregnant woman should pass the necessary analyzes and take timely measures to combat the disease.

In addition to the hereditary predisposition to autoimmune thyroiditis, there are several factors provoking pathology:

• violation of the thyroid structure as a result of injury or operation;
• transferred infectious and viral diseases (influenza, cortex);
• presence in the body of the hearth of chronic infection (tonsillitis, sinusitis);
• the impact of a negative environmental situation;
• irradiation of organs during radiation therapy or during professional activities;
• emotional stress can provoke acute thyroiditis;
• problems with intestines;
• uncontrolled yode preparations;
• selenium deficiency;
• the cause of autoimmune thyroiditis can become diabetes mellitus or thyroid disease.

Clinical symptoms

For the initial stage of the disease, which can shed several years, is characterized by the absence of symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis. Antibodies slowly destroy the cells of the thyroid gland, gradually reducing its function. The development of the disease provokes discomfort in the front of the neck, negative changes in the appearance of the patient. Thyroidita Hashimoto passes several stages that consistently replacing each other.

The first stage

Eutheosis - this stage is characterized by the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. Thyroiditis, the symptoms of which are still subjectively, is observed in the dynamics of development. Eutheosis does not have signs of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. This is a border state in which the thyroid is increased, which confirms the palpation during inspection, but the hormone synthesizes enough. If the eutheosis is caused by a disadvantage of iodine, a single or multiple nodal goiter develops. The condition is accompanied by the following features:

• increasing weakness and fast fatigue;
• insomnia or drowsiness;
• difficult swallowing, feeling of an extraneous object in the throat;
• weight loss.

Second stage

Subclinical stage is characterized by an array of antibody attack on the gland cells. Because of their death, plots are also connected to the synthesis. The response to the effects of T-lymphocytes becomes the accelerated production of thyrotropin. Thiereoiding Hashimoto at this stage has a number of symptoms:

• eveniness and painful blush on face;
• the skin loses elasticity;
• there is insistentness in the voice;
• neurosis.

Third stage

Thyrotoxicosis - immune cells do not stop the destruction of the organ, and damaged iron releases a large number of T3 and T4 hormones. This state leads to a sharp deterioration of well-being, so patients should be observed at the endocrinologist. Manifestations of thyrotoxicosis with autoimmune thyroid are:

• increased sweating;
• thinning of hair and nails;
• raising blood pressure, tachycardia;
• shortness of breath when walking;
• fast fatiguability;
• reduction of bone strength;
• increased excitability, anxiety.

Fourth Stage

Hypothyroidism - at this stage there is a decrease in the function of the thyroid, which causes a persistent drawback of hormones. Iron is seriously damaged by antibodies, it needs time and treatment for recovery. Hormone deficit is manifested by braking of all processes in the body. Characteristic symptoms of thyroiditis in the last stage:

• apathy, weakness, depression;
• pale edema leather;
• hair loss on the body and head;
• rough voice;
• joint pain;
• feeling of angility;
• constipation, problems of the digestive tract.

Acute thyroiditis, especially in purulent form, has intense pain manifestation in the neck and jaw. The chills occurs, the temperature rises. Such a state requires immediate assistance to doctors. The acute thyroidite of the unmarked form is characterized by a less pronounced pattern of the disease, its signs become:

• tremor hands;
• chills;
• sweating;
• weight loss.

Acute thyroiditis without adequate treatment goes into hypothyroidism. The inflammation of the thyroid glands is replaced by fibrosis. Thyroidita Hashimoto causes a menstrual cycle in women, and men are sexual dysfunction.

Forms of the disease

The classification of species of autoimmune thyroidite includes several diseases united by common nature:

• Chronic thyroiditis - this form is manifested in most cases. The disease occurs slowly, without active state changes, can last for years. Chronic thyroiditis is characterized by the negative impact of T-lymphocytes on the thyroid cells. The destruction of its structure causes primary hypothyroidism. Explicit signs of thyroiditis are often absent, which makes it difficult to diagnose.
• Postpartum AIT appears 14 weeks after the birth of a child in 5-6% of women. It causes the reactivation of the immune system, which was in the oppressed state during pregnancy. Symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis are often charged with postpartum depression. If you leave the problem without treatment, a destructive autoimmune thyroiditis is developing Hashimoto.
• Wear thyroiditis has signs similar to postpartum: fatigue, sweating, weakness, rapid heartbeat. The mechanism of occurrence of the disease is not studied.
• Cytokine-induced thyroiditis - arises against the background of the use of interferon for the treatment of blood and hepatitis C.

In chronic thyroid, the thyroid gland and other types of disease are distinguished by three main forms. The basis for the classification was clinical manifestations and changes in the size of the organ:

• Latent shape - the signs of autoimmune thyroiditis are expressed weakly, there are no seals in the organ. The size of the gland is slightly increased, the synthesis of hormones is normal.
• The hypertrophic form is accompanied by the formation of goiter and nodes. With diffuse form, the thyroid increases evenly. The symptoms of thyroiditis with a nodular formation or a combination of two forms may be observed. The function of the organ at this state is impaired moderately, but the progressive autoimmune attacks lead to its decrease.
• Atrophic form is characterized by a decrease in the size of the gland and the shortage of hormones. This state is observed in the elderly or after exposure to irradiation. This is the heaviest form of autoimmune thyroidity of the thyroid gland.

Diagnostics

The symptoms and treatment of the disease are the function of the endocrinologist, but before making a diagnosis, it must conduct a difficult examination. The diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis is carried out in the course of laboratory studies and the procedures of the ultrasound of the thyroid gland. The clinical picture of the disease is also a significant factor for an experienced physician.

What tests include a survey:

• it is necessary to hand over a common blood test for the calculation of lymphocytes;
• tests for hormones T3, T4, TSH;
• immunogram to determine the level of antibodies;
• Ultrasound allows you to determine the size and structural changes of the thyroid gland;
• biopsy reveals cells characteristic of Hashimmoto autoimmune thyroiditis.

The presence of relatives with impaired autoimmune processes confirms the diagnosis.

Features of treatment and drugs

Knowing what autoimmune thyroidity is, patients are wondering if it is possible to cure the thyroid? Therapy of the disease depends on its stage. Eutheosis does not require treatment, but it is necessary to conduct a survey every six months, passing blood test. Chronic thyroidite holds from the transition to hypothyroidism by the reception of synthetic hormones. The use of thyroid drugs is the base of the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. They have a positive therapeutic effect on patients. The mechanism is due to several factors:

• elimination of clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism;
• an increase in the concentration of thyroxine, which slows down the emission of the thyrotropic hormone and the growth of the thyroid gland;
• reducing the number of anti-ramp antibodies.

The diagnosis of thyroidity Hashimoto requires long-term tireoid drugs:

• L-thyroxine;
• Thyroid;
• Triiodothironine.

The treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis in the subacute stage is performed by glucocorticoids, which suppress autoimmune reactions. They are an effective replacement of thyroid agents at high autoantibodies. Treatment of thyroiditis glucocorticoid preparations are shown in pronounced pain syndromes. Therapy with prednisone can cause side effects: stomach ulcer, arterial hypertension,

Surgery

The main indicator for operational intervention is suspicious of malignant rebirth of the tumor. In addition, surgical treatment is prescribed with the next list of readings:

• goob's growth, which cannot stop conservative treatment;
• acute thyroiditis, threatening squeezing trachea;
• discovery of nodes;
• visual disfigurement of neck.

Operation in autoimmune thyroid is more complex in technical plan than with other pathological changes in the thyroid gland. There is a high frequency of operating complications.

Forecast

If the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis started in a timely manner, then the forecast is favorable. Competent therapy causes persistent remission for 15 years. The probability of the repeat of postpartum thyroiditis is 70%, so the woman should know about risk to pregnancy. Fully heal inflammation of the gland doctors did not learn, but to restore its functions is a solid problem for medicine.

List of references

1. Zhugov, G.N. Thyroid disease: varieties of diseases; Treatment with means of traditional medicine; Therapeutic / G.N. Call. - Moscow: RGGU, 2014. - 144 c.
2. Havin, I. B. Thyroid diseases / I.B. Khavin, O.V. Nikolaev. - M.: State Publishing House of Medical Literature, 2007. - 252 c.
3. Holmogorov, V. V. All about diseases of the thyroid gland and its treatment / V.V. Holmogors. - M.: Phoenix, 2008. - 192 c.

⚕️Melikhova Olga Aleksandrovna is an endocrinologist, an experience of 2 years.

It is engaged in issues of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the organs of the endocrine system: thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary glands, germ glands, parachite glands, forkry gland, etc.