The inflammatory diseases of the genital organs include: colpitis - inflammation of the vagina; cervicitis - inflammation of the cervix; salpingo-oophoritis, or adnexitis, - inflammation of the appendages (ovaries and fallopian tubes); endomyometritis - chronic inflammation of the inner layer of the uterus.
Leading among these diseases are chronic salpingo-oophoritis and endomyometritis. The main cause of their occurrence are sexually transmitted infections: trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, etc. As can be seen from the name of this group of infections, the pathogenic microbe enters the woman’s body primarily through sexual contact with an infected person. Especially I want to note that hypothermia can not be the cause of inflammation of the appendages - it can be a provoking factor for the aggravation of an existing inflammatory process or for the activation of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms (each person normally has: E. coli, streptococcus, ureaplasma, etc.) which will cause inflammation in the uterus and its appendages.
Prolonged inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries leads to the development of dense connective tissue, which replaces dead cells. As a result, the already very thin lumen of the tube (only 1-2 mm in diameter) can easily “overgrow” with connective tissue, and the tube will become impassable for the egg cell. In such conditions, the meeting of the sperm and the egg does not occur, so fertilization is impossible. In addition, in the process of inflammation affects the cells lining the inner surface of the fallopian tubes. They contribute to the advancement of the egg through the tube, besides many microorganisms, such as chlamydia and mycoplasma, can invade these cells and disrupt their functioning through their vital functions. Therefore, the diseased cells of the fallopian tubes cannot “deliver” the egg from the ovary to the uterus. As a result of such changes, infertility is formed, ectopic pregnancy may occur.
Manifestations of disease
Whether a woman had an inflammation of the appendages before pregnancy can be judged by the results of tests conducted before pregnancy, as well as by the presence of the following complaints: moderate, occasional, dull, pulling, aching pain in the lower abdomen, aggravated by cooling, as well as irregular menstruation. which becomes unstable - with delays, intermenstrual secretions. The pain is usually felt in the lower abdomen, in the groin, in the sacrum, in the vagina. Often its intensity does not correspond to the nature of changes in the genitals, i.e. inflammatory changes in the organs can be minimal or as a result of treatment they can be eliminated, and pain, as a residual phenomenon, persists for a long time. This condition can last for a long time, without a clear onset and end of the disease. The signs of chronic inflammation of the uterus and the uterus itself include pathological discharge from the genital tract - more or less abundant, sometimes with an unpleasant odor.
What are dangerous inflammatory diseases?
During the pregnancy.The inflammatory process in the ovaries can lead to disruption of their work, while ovulation - the release of the egg from the ovary - does not occur at all (in this case, pregnancy is not possible) or comes late. So, if normal ovulation occurs in the middle of the cycle, then with chronic salpingo-oophoritis, as a result of a violation of the production of ovarian hormones, it occurs later than expected, almost before menstruation. In place of the egg after ovulation, a special gland is formed - the corpus luteum. This gland produces progesterone hormones, which provide an early pregnancy, are the main supporting factor in the first trimester. In chronic salpingo-oophoritis, ovulation does not occur at the right time, and the corpus luteum works inadequately, producing an insufficient amount of progesterone. This factor often causes the threat of abortion in the first trimester. As already mentioned, the main cause of ectopic pregnancy is also an inflammatory process. As a result, the proliferation of connective tissue and narrowing of the lumen of the fallopian tubes. In addition, the cilia of the ciliated epithelium, the cells covering the inside of the lumen of the fallopian tubes and contributing to the advancement of the egg into the uterus, is disrupted.
It must be said that during ectopic pregnancy, the pregnancy test is often positive, the woman may experience the same subjective sensations as in uterine pregnancy (nausea, dizziness, etc.). Therefore, knowing about the presence of chronic salpingo-oophoritis and suspecting pregnancy, it is necessary to consult a doctor as soon as possible in order to exclude an ectopic pregnancy. The inflammatory process can manifest its negative effect on various periods of pregnancy.
Thus, damage to the inner layers of the uterus leads to a change in the protection system inside the uterus. The inner layer of the uterus, trying to protect itself from the factors of aggression (microbes, viruses that caused inflammation), perceives the embryo in the same way as an alien agent, the embryo is rejected, a miscarriage occurs. If, nevertheless, the ovum fails to attach, then in most cases it occurs in the lower parts of the uterus, that is, a low attachment or placenta previa is formed. These conditions, in turn, serve as risk factors for the occurrence of bleeding during pregnancy. A chronic inflammatory process can lead to a change in the antigenic structure of infected endometrial cells: the body begins to produce antibodies to its own cells, that is, the cells of their own organism are destroyed. This process is the most common cause of the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. One of the symptoms of this complication is the formation of thrombosis. During pregnancy, the occurrence of microthrombosis in the area of the placenta leads to placental abruption, intrauterine growth retardation, the development of preeclampsia - complications of pregnancy, often manifested by the appearance of protein in the urine, edema, increased blood pressure.
In conditions of chronic inflammatory process of the genital organs during pregnancy, there is a failure in the immune system, which serves to recognize and excrete foreign substances from the body. Blood cells involved in the immune response have a toxic effect on the development of the embryo and the formation of the placenta.
All of these disorders in the body that occur during the inflammatory process of the genitals can lead to the following pathologies:
- anembryony, i.e. the absence of an embryo in the fetal egg;
- non-developing, or frozen, pregnancy (in this case, the death of the embryo occurs);
- spontaneous miscarriages at various stages of pregnancy;
- premature birth;
- fetal death;
- infection of the fetus.
Intrauterine infection is possible if inflammation is activated during pregnancy. In the early stages of pregnancy, intrauterine infection can lead to the formation of various fetal malformations, and in later cases to the fetal growth retardation syndrome. Such a baby after childbirth worse adapts, sometimes requires additional treatment. Therefore, newborns whose mothers suffered from chronic inflammatory diseases of the genitals, especially sexually transmitted diseases, are doing additional research on these infections.
During childbirth.Inflammatory diseases of different parts of the reproductive system can have a negative effect on the course of labor. One of the most frequent complications in labor is premature or early rupture of amniotic fluid. Most microorganisms have a set of special enzymes that can affect the membranes and lead to untimely discharge of amniotic fluid. If the water flows normally, when the contractions are underway, the cervix is fully or almost completely open, then in the presence of inflammatory lesions, water can pour out before the contractions begin. At the same time the development of weakness of labor activity is possible In addition, a long anhydrous period is a predisposing factor for infection of the uterus, fetal membranes.
Polyhydration, which often accompanies inflammatory processes, also leads to the development of primary or secondary weakness of labor activity. In this situation, the uterus is overly stretched, cannot contract well during childbirth. Prolonged labor on the background of prematurely flowed amniotic fluid, as well as the need for the use of stimulants in the development of weak labor, ultimately affect the condition of the newborn.
After childbirth. The inflammatory process of the genital organs does not pass without a trace in the postpartum period. The likelihood of the development of postpartum endomyometritis increases, which is manifested by insufficient contraction of the uterus, fever, lower abdominal pain, increased bleeding, and the appearance of characteristic fetid discharge. This condition requires hospital treatment.
Thus, a chronic inflammatory process, often occurring in a latent form, leads to marked changes in the immune system, hemostasis system (blood coagulation system) and to terrible complications during pregnancy, during childbirth and in the postpartum period. During childbearing, all women who suffer from inflammatory diseases of the genitals before pregnancy, conduct research to rule out infections, including sexually transmitted infections. If any pathogens are detected, appropriate treatment is carried out.
All women suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases of the genitals, are treated to prevent oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) of the fetus, prescribed drugs that improve blood circulation in the placenta.
Every woman should take a special responsibility for planning a pregnancy. Examination before pregnancy and the elimination of foci of inflammation will help to avoid complications during pregnancy, during labor and the postpartum period.
The mere mention of pneumonia usually causes serious concern to the parents of infants - and not without reason. Children of the first year of life suffer from this disease ten times more often than schoolchildren. The “peak” of the incidence is between 3 and 9 months. Unfortunately, it is for infants that pneumonia poses a particular danger: the characteristics of their body are such that, if improperly treated, the inflammatory process quickly spreads, other systems (urinary, nervous, digestive) can be disturbed, and the already limited respiratory capacity of the lungs is significantly reduced.
Bronchial tree therefore it is called that it looks like a real tree, only inverted. His "trunk" is trachea which is divided into two powerful branches - right and left main bronchi which then, already in the depths of the lungs, are broken up into ever thinner twigs, only they are surrounded not by leaves, but by clusters of the smallest bubbles, called alveoli . The total number of alveoli reaches hundreds of millions. In the alveoli and gas exchange occurs: oxygen from them enters the blood, and that, in turn, gives carbon dioxide to the alveoli. In the fetus, the lungs are in an uncooled state. When the baby is born and takes the first breath, the alveoli are filled with air, and the lungs are straightened. By the time the child was born, the bronchial tree was already formed: the lungs, like those of adults, are divided into shares, and those, in turn, - on segments. The right lung has 3 lobes: the upper, middle and lower, and the left - only two: the upper and lower, but the volume of the lungs is approximately equal. The air passes better into the upper segments of the lungs, the lower back segments are supplied with air worse. The main bronchi and large vessels entering and leaving the lungs form the so-called lung roots .
Alveoli are maintained in straightened, working, condition with the help of a special surfactant - surfactant , which in the right amount is formed in the lungs of the fetus only in the third trimester of pregnancy. Babies who were born much earlier than this period have difficulty breathing; As a rule, the reason for this is that due to the lack of surfactant, the alveoli of the lungs are not yet ready to work.
Pneumonia are different
Pneumonia (from the Greek. Pneumon - lungs) is an acute infectious-inflammatory disease of the lung tissue. As a rule, the disease develops gradually. First, there are general symptoms of indisposition: pallor, anxiety, worsening of sleep, regurgitation, sometimes - a violation of the chair, loss of appetite. In addition, there are signs of infection of the respiratory tract: difficulty in nasal breathing, sneezing, dry, coughing of the child. The patient may have a fever. However, the "deceit" of pneumonia is that it occurs at a low (up to 38 ° C) or even at normal body temperature. After some time, there appears a blue (cyanosis) of the skin in the region of the nasolabial triangle, which increases with screaming and sucking. All these symptoms should alert the parents: when they appear, the child should be urgently shown to the doctor.
With the further development of the disease in a child breathing becomes more frequent, his rhythm may collapse. There is a tension of the wings of the nose, which become as if motionless and pale. Foamy discharge may appear from the mouth (most often in children of the first three months of life). Next, there is a "gasping" shortness of breath, and the wings of the nose swell. There are respiratory arrest (so-called apnea), which in children during the first months of life are particularly frequent and prolonged. The skin of a sick child becomes grayish. The cardiovascular system is involved in the pathological process, the intestinal tract is disturbed. Appear lethargy, a significant decrease in motor activity, may remain anxiety.
Depending on the size of the focus of inflammation, doctors distinguish the following types of this disease:
- Small focal pneumonia in infants occurs most often. The lesion has a relatively small size, inflammation in the lung tissue develops as a continuation of inflammation in the corresponding bronchus.
- With segmental pneumonia inflammation affects one or more segments of the lung.
- When lobar pneumonia The inflammatory process involves significant sections of the lung tissue - one or several lobes. This form of the disease is more severe.
- Interstitial pneumonia quite rare. In this case, the inflammation affects not so much the lung tissue as the septum of connective tissue around the bronchi, the alveoli.
There are acute pneumonia (in this case, the disease lasts up to 6 weeks) and protracted, the duration of which is more than 6 weeks.
|
Features of pneumonia in young children
Inflammation of the lungs usually begins in the first week of acute respiratory infection. Although ARDs are more often viral in nature, the bacterial flora "lifts its head" very quickly against their background. The fact is that a viral infection violates the protective barriers of the respiratory tract and lungs, thereby contributing to the appearance of foci of bacterial infection; it is bacteria (for example, pneumococci, streptococci) that cause pneumonia. There is also viral pneumonia, which can be caused by the influenza virus.
The development of pneumonia in children of the first year of life contributes to a number of factors.
First of all, it is features of the respiratory system of infants. Short and narrow airways, gentle and well-supplied with blood vessels mucous membrane facilitates the spread of the inflammatory process. Weak chest movements, horizontal position of the ribs predispose to insufficient ventilation of the lungs, especially the posterior and lower parts. Stagnant blood in the back of the lungs also contribute to the abundant blood supply to this part of the lungs and the lying position of children in the first months of life. Insufficient maturity of the lung tissue causes the development of atelectasis (collapse and airlessness of the lung tissue), in which microbes feel at ease, which also leads to inflammation.
In addition to the anatomical features, the factors contributing to the development of pneumonia in infants include everything that somehow weakens the child’s defenses: rickets, improper early mixed and artificial feeding, living conditions that do not take into account the hygienic needs of the infant, acute respiratory infections, gastrointestinal intestinal diseases, etc.
How to recognize pneumonia
The success of the treatment of pneumonia depends largely on the correct diagnosis. However, it is not always easy to diagnose a baby, especially in the initial stage, which practically coincides with the onset of acute respiratory infection. And at this initial stage of the disease, timely consultation of the doctor is very important. Meanwhile, it happens that parents blame the child's illness for some trivial reasons (for example, teething) and begin home-grown treatment of a non-existent disease, sometimes “smearing” the picture of the real disease and making it more difficult to make a diagnosis. Let us repeat the common truth once again: do not give the infant medication without consulting a doctor. This also applies to antipyretic drugs, and coughing agents, and especially antibiotics.
Not only a thorough examination, probing and listening, but also additional methods of examination - chest X-ray, complete blood count helps to correctly diagnose the doctor. The fact is that, taken separately, the examination and additional examinations do not guarantee the correctness of the diagnosis. Only a comprehensive assessment of the condition of the sick baby on the basis of all the listed methods allows you to accurately determine the cause of his or her indisposition.
Pneumonia treatment
If the disease is not in severe form, it is best to treat the child at home. In the case of a severe form of illness, the baby will have to be taken to a hospital, the conditions of which will allow the necessary medical procedures to be carried out: infusion, respiratory therapy (inhalation of an oxygen-air mixture, medications), in critical situations - artificial respiration. Fortunately, in most cases, with timely recognition of the disease and timely treatment, the outcome is good.
Today, medicine has a rather powerful arsenal of drugs that can fight pneumonia. The basis of treatment are antibacterial drugs. Modern therapy also makes extensive use of interferon drugs to increase antiviral immunity. Various phlegm, expectorant and antiallergic drugs are also used. However, we remind you that only a doctor can prescribe these drugs, especially for small children.
And what can parents do for the speedy recovery of the child? If the treatment takes place at home, it is necessary to regularly ventilate the room, change the position of the child’s body, and often take the baby in your arms to avoid congestion in the lungs.
It should be remembered that the symptoms of pneumonia disappear faster than the inflammatory process in the lungs. Therefore, incomplete treatment can lead to relapses, exacerbations of the disease, and in some cases to the transition of an acute inflammatory process to a chronic one, to the formation of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases.
Prevention of pneumonia
Breastfeeding, prevention of rickets, fortifying massage and gymnastics, hardening (air baths and rubbing) are the key to the health of the child. In the period of epidemics of respiratory infections, it is especially important to limit the contact of the infant with strangers, even with relatives. Adults who live in the same apartment with the baby, it is advisable to get a flu shot. If the mother has a respiratory viral infection, breastfeeding should continue, since the baby will receive antiviral antibodies with milk. The only condition for this is the use of a protective mask. Even the mother taking antibiotics is not a contraindication for breastfeeding, simply select the drugs that are most safe for the child.
Congenital pneumonia
Due to a number of circumstances (acute and chronic infectious and non-infectious diseases, insufficient obstructive function of the cervix in the mother, a prolonged anhydrous period in labor, etc.), some babies are born with inflammatory changes in the lungs. Sometimes they develop pneumonia soon after birth. Especially often congenital infection is observed in premature babies, since one of the main causes of preterm birth is infection of the amniotic fluid and fetus.
The disease is usually severe. Therefore, nursing sick babies is carried out exclusively in the neonatal pathology departments or intensive care units. Despite the fact that pneumonia in newborns is a serious disease, modern medical technologies make it possible to successfully resist this disease. Among them are massive antibacterial therapy, immunotherapy, helium-neon laser irradiation of the projection area of pneumonia foci, etc. After being discharged from the hospital, the child must receive preparations that normalize the intestinal flora (bifidumbacterin, primodophilus), and multivitamins. In this situation, breastfeeding is also a remedy.
If a child has had a congenital pneumonia, this does not mean that pneumonia will inevitably pursue him for the rest of his life. However, the likelihood of frequent diseases of the respiratory system in these children is higher.
For the prevention of congenital pneumonia, a woman before conception or already during pregnancy should be treated for all chronic foci of infection. Rational nutrition and healthy lifestyle of the future mother are also important.
Albert Antonov
Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation,
professor, MD, Head of the intensive care unit,
intensive care for newborns
and nursing low-weight NTS AGiP RAMS
Discussion
16.10.2006 19:32:52
Comment on the article "Pneumonia in children of the first year of life"
Pneumonia in infants. Symptoms of pneumonia in a child. Treatment of pneumonia, possible complications. I looked ten more times on the computer, I diagnosed with left-sided pneumonia. in April, she herself would lie down with inflammation, the eldest brought out of ...
Discussion
I had no symptoms, only some weakness, one hundred doctors listened and no one heard, only an x-ray showed a bilateral radical ((
Did injections
You need to do an x-ray examination. It could easily be pneumonia! And the doctor at the reception very specifically describe all the symptoms. Indeed, there may be an ARD yesterday, and today - pneumonia ... Most likely (if the diagnosis is confirmed) antibiotics will be prescribed.
I myself had pneumonia in adulthood. Has inhaled with eucalyptus essential oil for 7 days! Saw mukaltin and galavit. A very serious illness, maybe even a consequence of the flu that you once did not recover.
Children's medicine. Child health, illness and treatment, clinic, hospital, doctor, vaccinations. My daughter had pneumonia ... at 2.8 years old (everything started with a mild fever, a runny nose, a small cough, then a fever of 36.6 all day, and at ...
Discussion
My daughter had pneumonia ... at 2.8 years old (everything started with a mild fever, a runny nose, a small cough, then a temperature of 36.6 all day, and the next ... temperature 39-40 the doctor said to do X-rays !!! X-ray inflammation is put .... We traveled with T.39 and rengen ... so still an aunt in a polyclinic for a child at 2.8 screamed that she could not stand still and raise her arms up and not breathe :))) There was no cough as such. ... Our district doctor said my daughter's teeth are cut :))) it turned out that she had to leave at the place of registration in her area and called there doctor ... she told me about inflammation ... and we were treated teeth:)))) ...
if the snot and cough do not pass on a / b (and you already have the 4th day of taking it, it seems) to LOR again, it may be necessary to change a / b, call blood from the children. the shelves are obliged to come and take for free if the pediatrician refuses to go to the head, but in general it is enough for the pediatrician to write an application
How to determine pneumonia? When I cough, on the right side of the lung, it hurts. Is this a cause for excitement? Running to the doctor? I cough strongly, t-37.1. Pneumonia in children is a dangerous disease that most people know as pneumonia.
Discussion
2 years ago I got sick, I thought the common cold or the virus, as I usually treated, I knew it, but 2 weeks after the onset of the disease began, the cough started at night and was especially strong, and one night she didn’t sleep, she coughed so that she turned inside out + that she spit out something like a clot with blood .... a bit, but then I was fucking and so scared, I thought I was dying, I ran to the doctor right away, she listened to me and sent me for an x-ray, the suspicion was pneumonia, and when I looked, I put a thermometer at me, I still remember, laughed, I say no, man t, and it turned out to be 37.2 ... so I think you should do X-rays to be treated better soon), do their own benefit, Cheers ....
01/27/2011 10:31:09 PM, zebrrraOnly a doctor and an x-ray is determined.
Often it happens that pneumonia is not audible, but can be seen on the x-ray. Very rarely - heard, but not visible.
Radical pneumonia ... Hello. The child almost 4 February goda.V had a very high fever, cough. Did chest x-ray. Diagnosed: basal pneumonia. We drank two courses of antibiotics. Then we drank both the iimunal and the vitamins. Here we are ...
Discussion
Do not worry, wait for the advice of a doctor. Judging by the fact that you describe a lot of versions. Only we will be intimidated, since all changes radiological after antibiotics (if it was pneumonia, of course) had to regress (proiti or at least decrease) within a month. Be patient. The best option is the remaining pneumofibrosis - compaction of the lung tissue after the last infection.
Are the pictures described by a radiologist?
Pneumonia in children: symptoms, prevention and treatment. Pneumonia in children is a dangerous disease that most people know as pneumonia. The world's leading experts in the field of pediatrics, epidemiology and vaccine science gathered at the annual ... With lung inflammations, tuberculosis and adhesions, the extract of the wax moth larvae helps, even in drazhzhe is produced. This is a natural product from the apiary. If the remnants of inflammation, then remove, if adhesions, then they will resolve. You will not find, you can honey with aloe.
And then, the course of the antibiotic is already finished, and there is still enough antibiotic in the blood. Therefore, the test samples and pass immediately, and after 2-3 weeks. Maybe you just have to wait?
It seems to me that in your case, you need to choose a rehabilitation therapy, and everything will pass.
It can hurt, then spikes (moorings) are formed, i.e. there was inflammation of the pleura (local). Effective physiotherapy, just need to be sure that the inflammatory process is over. Mustard plasters and pr.progryuvaya procedures can be dangerous: A) if there is still inflammation B) can enhance the formation of connective tissue (adhesions). Pulmonoglg is not obligatory, a sane therapist plus I would not be afraid to take another x-ray. As for exercise therapy It is a very common misconception that the ball should be inflated. It is necessary to inhale from it :) Ie the task is to hold the breath for as long as possible at the maximum inhale, and the resistance during inhaling should be dispensed. A deep exhalation (when inflating a ball) can be very unhealthy in this situation, since by increasing the volume of the pleural cavity by decreasing the volume of the lung (exhalation), the resulting mooring lines are constantly injured and, thus, a purely mechanical formation of the tissue is stimulated. Flax, however, still pneumonia is my cracker. Do you want me to give you a breath? I can only meet in the center.
Discussion
Hello, my daughter has one-sided pneumonia, she is one month old, she has been in intensive care for 6 days, but her breathlessness does not go away, after what time does her shortness of breath pass?
02/17/2019 20:56:34, Sagov TomaThey were lying in hospitals with croup in infectious diseases. - St. Vladimir didn’t like it, mother’s day stay, so I had to sleep on 3 chairs, went on receipt on the third day, boxes without amenities for 3 children, Tushinskaya 7 - lay a week ago, except for inhalers, didn’t like anything, boxes for 1 or 2 children, lying with moms, bathroom, toilet right there, everything else is just a disaster, everything that cannot be done for money, it is impossible to leave, food is worse than everywhere, Morozovskaya liked, if you can say so, most of all, boxes for 1-2 children, a mother with a child, a bath, a toilet, a pharmacy on site, you can either go to sleep or snack bar, store, transfer, at any time, .Vezde not sugar, but 7 and Sv.Vl. I will not go anymore, but in Frost. drove already 2 times.
12/01/2003 19:31:10, L IrinaIf you notice in yourself these five signs of inflammation - you urgently need to see a doctor.
The inflammatory process is a serious pathology that cannot be treated on its own.
From a young age in the office of an uncle or aunt in a white coat, a frightened child hears these strange words: rhinitis, sinusitis, or, for example, tonsillitis. With age, mysterious diagnoses with the end of "IT" is added to the medical record of almost every person. Do you know that all these "ites" denote one thing: inflammation of this or that organ. The doctor says nephritis - it means that the kidneys have had a cold, arthritis - your joint has ached. Absolutely each structure in the human body may be affected by an inflammatory process. And your body early enough and actively begins to tell you about it.
Five signs of inflammation were highlighted in ancient times, when not only special medical devices for diagnostics did not exist, and there was no talk of even a simple blood test.
Knowing these five characteristic signs of inflammation, you can also determine your illness without any additional methods:
1. Tumor - swelling
Any inflammatory process in the human body begins with the penetration into it of a provoking agent. This could be a bacterium, a virus, a foreign body, a chemical or another “provocateur”. The body immediately reacts to the unexpected guest, sending his guards to him - leukocyte cells, which are not at all happy for him and instantly enter into battle. In the place of accumulation of exudate an infiltrate is formed. In the area of the inflammatory process, you will definitely see swelling.
2. Rubor - red
As a result of the death of damaged cells in the body, special substances are released - mediators of inflammation. First of all, blood vessels located in the surrounding tissues react to them. To slow the flow of blood, they expand, fill with blood and the result is redness. In this way, redness is another characteristic sign of inflammation.
3. Calor - temperature increase
Expansion of blood vessels is a mandatory component of any inflammatory process also because the battlefield must be removed. Blood flow brings oxygen and necessary building materials to the site of inflammation, and takes all the decay products. As a result of such active work in the field of inflammation it becomes very hot. The third mandatory sign of inflammation is a rise in temperature.
4. Dolor - pain
The fact that somewhere in the body there is an active fight against the pest, you must inform the brain, and the best way to do this is any bright and expressive signal. To do this, almost in every part of our body there are special bells - nerve endings. Pain is the best signal for the brain, as a result of which a person understands that something is wrong in a certain area of his body.
5. Functio laesa - dysfunction
The above signs of inflammation add up to another important symptom of this pathological process - impaired function of the affected structure.In the field of hostilities, life cannot continue as usual.Therefore, inflammation is always accompanied by functional failure of the affected organ. In some cases, it can be very dangerous for the body, for example, in inflammatory processes of the heart, kidneys or other vital organs.
If you notice in yourself these five signs of inflammation - you urgently need to see a doctor.
Remember that the inflammatory process is a serious pathology that cannot be treated on its own. The consultation of a qualified specialist and the selection of an effective treatment regimen will help your body become a winner in the battle against inflammation.published by
Few of us have never had a cold in our life, have not suffered from a cold, have not received abrasions and scratches. All these, one might say, harmless health troubles, not to mention more serious ailments, such as pneumonia or gastritis, are associated with a pathological process in organs or tissues, which is called inflammation. Stages in him, like any disease, there are different - from the initial, the easiest and most quickly treatable, to the last, the most severe and irreversible. How does inflammation occur? What happens at this moment in our body? How to treat inflammation? What are the projections and what are the consequences? We will try to answer each of the questions posed in a clear and detailed manner.
The essence of inflammation
There are thousands of diseases in the world. All of them are either caused by inflammatory processes in the human organs, or cause inflammation. The stages of the latter for various ailments can vary, the causes of occurrence differ, the symptoms do not coincide, but the result without proper treatment is almost always about the same — irreversible changes in health, and sometimes death. However, inflammation has a good side. It occurs in the body to protect it. This feature was formed millions of years throughout human evolution. That is, inflammation is a pathological process that develops with any damage in order to eliminate the irritant and restore tissue. Inflammation can be called a trigger button, which includes the body's protective actions and at the same time a barrier that prevents negative processes from leaving the inflamed hearth. It accumulates toxins that can cause intoxication. When inflammation produces specific particles - these are destructive toxins. And another useful function of inflammation - when they produce antibodies and strengthens the immune system.
Negative too, and considerable. Such processes can lead to disruption and pose a threat to human life.
Classification
Not only by the place of localization (throat, stomach, lungs, etc.), but according to many other signs, physicians classify inflammation. He has the following stages:
- alteration;
- exudation;
- proliferation.
The form of the course of inflammation are:
- acute (duration from several minutes to several hours);
- subacute (period of flow is calculated for days and weeks);
- chronic (appear in cases when acute or subacute forms do not cure, last for years, sometimes for life).
In whatever form the inflammatory process is diagnosed, the causes of its occurrence are as follows:
- infectious (viruses, bacteria);
- toxic (exposure to harmful chemicals);
- autoimmune (the body produces unwanted antibodies or aggressive cells);
- purulent-septic;
- traumatic;
- paraneoplastic (occurring mainly in cancer);
- posttraumatic;
- physical (for example, temperature effects that are unfavorable for the body).
The reasons for the occurrence of inflammation, the stages and forms of its occurrence are the main characteristics by which physicians classify the disease. So, pneumonia is an infectious inflammation of the lung tissue, which can be acute and exudative at the same time. Let us examine more incomprehensible terms.
How does the inflammatory process develop?
A start for anyone is such changes in the structure of cells, and with them, and organs as a whole, in which their normal vital activity is disrupted. It identifies signs of inflammation. Under the influence of an adverse factor, changes in the cytoplasm, membrane, and nucleus begin very quickly in the cell. This process activates the production of so-called mediators - special biological chemicals that activate biochemical reactions, that is, give rise to mediators include histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and many other specific agents. They are all responsible for the different signs of inflammation. Thus, histamine leads to the expansion of blood vessels and an increase in the permeability of their walls. Bradykinin and Kallidin are involved in the occurrence of pain. At the site where the vessels are dilated, the initial sign of inflammation appears - redness. As the dilated vessels increase the total cross-sectional area, the volumetric flow rate of blood in them increases, and the linear velocity decreases. This causes a second sign of inflammation - a jump in temperature.
In the future, each link of the chain reaction is characterized by a more severe manifestation. The fall in linear velocity activates the production of red blood cells, which further slow the blood flow. This increases the blood clots, in which the vessels can be closed completely. A so called stasis, which causes tissue necrosis. After the stagnation of blood in the capillaries begins stagnation in venules. This leads to accumulation of exudate in the tissues. The next sign of inflammation appears - a tumor, and then another sign - pain.
Leukocytes, salts, proteins (exudation occurs) begin to leak through the thinned walls of blood vessels. At the same time, leukocytes move towards the factor causing inflammation, since their main role is in phagocytosis. Later in the inflammatory infiltrate (the place where uncharacteristic biological elements accumulate), a part of the cells dies, the other transforms, turning, for example, into macrophages.
Summarizing, we can distinguish the following general symptoms of inflammation:
- redness;
- temperature rise or in the inflammatory site or the body in general;
- swelling;
- soreness
In addition, common symptoms include:
- the development of leukocytosis;
- increased blood count ESR;
- changes in immunological reactivity (the body's response to the introduction and action of the inflammatory factor);
- signs of intoxication.
But each disease has its own specific symptoms. So, with pneumonia, it is a cough, with gastritis nausea, sometimes vomiting, belching, heartburn, with cystitis, and so on.
Stage alteration
The term "alterative inflammation" in modern medicine is almost never found, but still exists in veterinary medicine. It means pathological changes in some organs (kidneys, heart, liver, brain, spinal cord and head), in which necrotic and in tissues (in the parenchyma) are fixed without exudation and proliferation. Alternative inflammation occurs most often in the acute form and can lead to the complete destruction of the organ.
Alteration divided into two subspecies - primary and secondary.
Primary in its essence is the result of introducing a source of inflammation into the body. Secondary - a reaction to the damage caused by the inflammatory agent. In practice, both of them have no clear boundaries.
Diseases caused by such inflammation include typhoid fever, myocarditis, dysentery and others. Now most doctors call alterative inflammation necrosis.
Stage exudation
Exudative inflammation is a stage of the pathological process in which there is an exit from the capillaries and other small vessels in the cavity or in the body tissue of various fluids (exudate). Depending on what exactly comes out, the following types of inflammatory processes are distinguished:
- serous;
- fibrous;
- purulent;
- putrefactive;
- catarrhal;
- hemorrhagic;
- mixed.
Let us examine each of them.
Serous
Another name for the disease is serous exudative inflammation. This is such a pathological process in which at least 2% and no more than 8% of serum protein is detected in the exudate, but there are literally a few leukocytes. It occurs in the mucous membranes and in the serous thin, smooth and elastic membranes (for example, in the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). Swollen membranes are dense, rough and hazy. Symptoms of inflammation are not pronounced. The patient may experience a slight temperature and some painful sensations. The causes of this pathology:
- chemicals (intoxication, poisoning);
- physical impact (injuries, including burns and frostbite, some insect bites);
- microorganisms (Koch sticks, herpes, meningococcus);
- allergy.
Serous inflammations are acute or chronic.
Fibrous
This type of inflammation is characterized by the fact that in the exudate there are leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dead cells and fibrin convolutions - a protein of blood plasma, which forms the basis of blood clots. In the inflamed area, tissue death occurs and the formation of a large number of platelets, a thin fibrous film is formed, under which microbes begin to actively proliferate. Fibrous inflammation can be croupous and diphtheritic. When croupous film is formed on the mucous trachea, peritoneum, alveoli, bronchi. It does not germinate in the tissue, so it can be easily removed without leaving wounds. When a diphtheria film forms on the mucous membranes of the intestine, esophagus, stomach. It turns out to be dense, as if fused with the layers located under it, therefore, when it is removed, the wounds remain. “Female inflammation” is sometimes called a similar process in the uterus. It can occur for various reasons - infections (gonorrhea, syphilis), hypothermia, mechanical damage (abortion, childbirth), poor hygiene. In all cases of acute form pain in the genitals or lower abdomen, vaginal discharge, fever. This can lead to a disease of the kidneys, heart, endocrine system. Inflammation of a female, which is chronic, can occur without any noticeable symptoms, but leads to adhesions of the fallopian tubes, infertility. Such a form develops if a woman does not complete the treatment of an acute illness, as well as with some types of infection (for example, gonococci), which are almost asymptomatic in the initial stages.
Purulent and putrid
If pus is present in the exudate, a specific substance including purulent serum, tissue detritus, neutrophilic leukocytes, eosonophils, inflammation is accompanied by purulent processes. They are caused by various microorganisms, such as gonococci, staphylococcus and others. Forms of purulent inflammation:
- abscess (suppuration);
- phlegmon;
- empyema.
An abscess occurs either as an independent inflammatory process, or as a complication of a previous disease. This forms a barrier capsule that prevents the spread of pathogens into neighboring tissues.
Cellulitis differs from abscess in that it has no clearly defined boundaries. Types of phlegmon very much. This subcutaneous, and intermuscular, and retroperitoneal, and pararenal, and many others. If the cellulitis moves to adjacent areas of tissue, sepsis may begin.
Empyema is somewhat similar to an abscess, but with it there is a significant accumulation of pus in the body cavity, and the protective membrane is absent.
Putrid inflammation develops from purulent if putrid microflora enters the focus. In this case, tissue necrosis occurs, causing intoxication of the patient and characterized by a putrid odor. This type of inflammation is possible with extensive wounds, for example, during hostilities, and for women with unskilled abortions. How to treat inflammation in such a severe form? Only therapy with properly selected antibiotics in conjunction with surgery can make the prognosis favorable.
Hemorrhagic
This type of pathology is a continuation of the above inflammatory processes and develops if the permeability of the walls of blood vessels increases, up to a violation of their integrity. At the same time, a large number of red blood cells gets into the inflamed area, making the exudate dark red, almost black in color, and if the inflammation affects the digestive tract organs, then their contents become chocolate. Hemorrhagic inflammation is caused by bacteria, viruses, sometimes fungi, some chemicals and toxins. It is observed in diseases such as smallpox, plague, anthrax.
Catarrhal
This process is not independent, because it is formed when mucus is added to an already existing exudate. Caused by the following reasons:
- infection (viruses, bacteria);
- high or low temperatures (burn, frostbite);
- chemical substances;
- products of improper metabolism.
As examples, allergic rhinitis (hay fever, or, in a popular way, the well-known cold), bronchitis, which has passed into a purulent-catarrhal form, in which the bronchi and trachea are inflamed, can be mentioned. Is it possible and how to remove inflammation of this form at home? Traditional medicine advises the use of aromatherapy (breathe oils of fir, geranium, eucalyptus and others). In case of catarrhal sinusitis, remove mucus from the nose, do rinsing with solutions of salt, herbs or plain water, instill vasoconstrictor agents into the nose. In case of catarrhal sore throat, gargle, drink plenty of warm fluids, do breathing exercises, take expectorant and antitussives. In any localization of catarrhal inflammation, medical antiviral therapy is carried out, but antibiotics are used only as prescribed by a doctor and only if there are complications, for example, in the development of purulent inflammation.
Proliferative inflammation
This form is observed in all types of inflammation, and it is most active in the final stages of the disease. The term "proliferation" can be explained as follows: it is a neoplasm, the birth of cells and whole cell structures. Mostly this occurs during the period of recovery of an organ or tissue after inflammation, when mesenchymal cells produce fibroblasts, and they, in turn, synthesize collagen, which often ends in scar formation. Types of proliferative inflammation are as follows:
Acute inflammatory process develops rapidly. It is characterized by the symptoms indicated above, namely: reddening of the affected area, fever, swelling, pain, the formation of exudate, impaired blood circulation in the capillaries and venules. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the fact that with this form, active macrophages begin to accumulate in one place. Pathological process causes such reasons:
Acute inflammation, with all its severity of flow, ends quickly (unless it comes to purulent abscesses), whereas chronic pain has tormented a person for years. It cannot end quickly for the following reasons:
- macrophages, which are the trigger of inflammation, live a very long time;
- while macrophages are alive and active, granulomas cannot be resorbed.
The chronic inflammation in the remission stage of the patient practically does not bother and becomes active (the acute stage begins) when fresh highly active macrophages are added to the inflammatory focus.
What inflammation is more dangerous: acute or chronic
For all its seeming harmlessness, chronic inflammations are the most dangerous. For example, inflammation of the ligaments of the limbs leads to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, arthritis and others. The acute form of all these ailments is manifested by pain, reddening of the area of the body around the focus of inflammation, and an increase in temperature. When transitioning to a chronic form, pain occurs only under the influence of certain external factors, for example, weather conditions, high physical exertion or mechanical effects. However, the chronic form is dangerous with irreversible deformities of the ligaments, cartilage, joints, involvement of the neighboring sectors of the musculoskeletal system (for example, rheumatoid arthritis affects the cervical spine), complete destruction of the joint and degenerative changes in the ligaments, which leads to disability. Inflammation of the ligaments of the limbs can be caused by multiple reasons, including:
- injuries;
- increased physical activity;
- infections;
- metabolic disease.
Inflammation of the ligaments of the throat is caused by infection in the ENT organs, smoking, hypothermia, inhalation of harmful gases, and a strong cry.
The acute form is manifested by a sore throat when talking and swallowing, redness, fever, soreness, hoarseness, but with proper treatment the illness passes quickly and without a trace. If the acute form becomes chronic, the patient has shortness of breath, the larynx swells, and chronic catarrhal inflammation can lead to atrophy of the mucous membrane.
How to remove inflammation
If the body is strong enough and is able to withstand the inflammatory factor, this factor is short-term and weak (for example, scratching itself goes away after a couple of days. You can only slightly help this process by disinfecting the injury site. At home, treatment of inflammation of the mucous throat and oral cavity (along with drug therapy) is carried out using decoctions of chamomile, celandine, calendula. Well helps rinsing soda solution with the addition to it a couple of drops of iodine.
In chronic forms of inflammation, supportive therapy is indicated, which consists in creating satisfactory conditions for the patient, rich in vitamins, excluding irritating factors that are dangerous to health (overwork, overcooling, stress, etc.). In periods of exacerbation, medical and physiotherapeutic treatment is carried out.
Monthly with inflammation do not proceed as usual. In such a situation, the menstrual cycle is shortened, lengthened, menstruation becomes scarce or abundant. It is difficult to predict the situation in advance, because it depends on the degree of the disease, the complexity of the processes, the source of the infection. Inflammation of the uterus or adnexitis is one of the most frequent diseases of the female reproductive system.
The main cause of pathological processes is an infection that can enter the body in different ways. Inflammation of the cervix, appendages spread to nearby organs, however, a situation may arise as a result of infection of the bladder and kidneys. Deal with the focus of pathological processes - the main task of specialists. Since the mutual infection of organs will be constantly present. The menstrual cycle will be broken until the causes are eliminated.
What is adnexitis
Inflammation is caused by extremely active pathogenic bacteria that enter through the urinary tract or through the bloodstream. Anything can provoke a pathological process - from PPP diseases to surgical manipulations on the genitals, first of all, the uterus. It develops simultaneously in the ovaries and fallopian tubes. The ovaries are responsible for the production of hormones for the full menstrual cycle. Under their influence, the egg develops, leaves the follicle, ovulation occurs. An unfertilized egg dies, menstruation begins. Ovarian diseases not only change the course of development of processes in the reproductive system, but also hormonal balance. Change of the menstrual cycle is inevitable.
Due to hormonal imbalance, menstrual periods with inflammation behave differently.
Incorrect work of the ovaries does not allow the hormones FSH, LH to be produced in the right amount. The surface of the penis is covered with a crust of connective tissue, significantly thickened. A ripe egg cannot go outside. Ovulation does not occur or comes with a significant delay. From here disturbances of a menstrual cycle, all reproductive system. Inflammation in the absence of proper treatment becomes chronic. In this case, the most common menstrual periods with inflammation are scarce.
Nature of discharge
Abundant periods with inflammation last from 7 to 10 days. Then there is a selection of brown color, which may not end until the next menstruation. Mucus is added to the normal menstrual flow. Its number increases due to the multiplication of pathogenic cells; it is the product of the vital activity of bacteria. The dark brownish color of the menstruation appears due to pus, which is caused by uneven rejection of the endometrium. Disruption of hormonal balance leads to abnormal development of the endometrial layer. With menstruation, some areas linger in the uterus, the blood has time to clot, becomes brown. For the same reason, clots are observed in the secretions. Adnexitis interferes with the complete blood clotting, therefore the menstruation with inflammation is plentiful, long-lasting. In addition, body temperature rises during illness. The situation affects the state of the vessels, increases fragility, which also causes bleeding.
Scanty periods with inflammation are due to permanent disruption of the ovaries for a long time. The situation is more characteristic of chronic adnexitis. Hormonal imbalance leads to a lack of ovulation, a delay in the development of a complete layer of the endometrium. The monthly cycle is shortened, lengthened, the discharge is insignificant.
Related symptoms
Inflammation is characterized by the presence of pain of the whining character in the lower abdomen, in the lower back, the coccyx area. It appears periodically or is constantly present, the intensity changes. But before the monthly necessarily increased. Contractions of the uterus become more painful than usual. Immunity decreases. All diseases hiding before, manifest themselves in full force. is present in the area of the patient's ovary, because inflammation can cover only 1 of them. If both are affected, their whole stomach hurts. Feels like appendicitis.
In addition, the infection leads to a weakening of the body, disruption of the activity of the central nervous system. Symptoms appear:
- body temperature rises;
- nausea present;
- headache;
- irritability;
- muscle aches.
With the penetration of infection in the bladder, there is frequent urination, false urge, pain at the end of urination.
Monthly with inflammation normalized after complex treatment, which can take from 10 days to several months. First of all, they destroy the causative agents of the disease, remove the symptom. Then work on the restoration of hormonal levels.
Is it possible to prevent the development of disease?
Unconventional recipes for colds and flu
How to replace meat from plant foods?
When pregnancy occurs after menstruation
Methods of treatment and manipulation in therapeutic and infectious hospitals