Diabetes mellitus is. How to cure diabetes forever

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by insufficient insulin production. Due to the deficiency of this hormone in the blood, the level of glucose increases, and there is also a violation of all types of metabolism. For the treatment of diabetes mellitus, a complex of drugs is used, including traditional medicine.

Alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus

In 1980, I had a diabetic coma. I passed out while eating. I went to the doctor, got tested. The doctor said that now I will need to donate blood every week. I was very afraid that I would be hooked on insulin, and decided to figure out my illness myself. I read a lot of books and found out the causes of diabetes. It turned out that nutrition is important.

She completely excluded meat products from her diet. I ate eggs without yolk, for several years “sat” on cereals (rice, millet, buckwheat) and walnuts (7-10 pieces of walnuts replace the protein of the daily norm). As a last resort, you can cook boiled fish or chicken.

Since I was overweight at that time, I began to starve every Saturday of the week. On Friday I ate a light dinner (until 19 o'clock). She came out of hunger on Sunday after 12 noon: she poured a handful of raisins with boiling water and, straining through cheesecloth in several layers, drank. Then she again poured boiling water over and, after straining, drank. She poured hot water again, boiled for 2 minutes, drank water and ate raisins. Within a year, I lost sixteen kilograms. Since then, every year I have been doing body cleansing and I still feel great, despite my age.

And now I will tell you a recipe that helped me a lot.

Take half a kilogram of celery root and six lemons and peel the roots. Twist with the lemons. After placing in a saucepan, simmer in a water bath for two hours. Put the resulting composition in the refrigerator. Consume one tablespoon half an hour before breakfast. Treat for two years.

Source: healthy lifestyle newspaper

Diabetes mellitus treatment with Krifei

An extract from the plant Krifeya Amur, which is a rare species of moss growing on certain types of trees, is used as an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory and regenerating agent.

This drug effectively participates in carbohydrate metabolism, as it stimulates the production of pancreatic hormones and its enzymes:

• Proteases.

The extract of Krifea Amur contains enzymes that supplement the work of the body's own analogous substances. They facilitate the digestion of food elements, promote its complete assimilation in the small intestine.

In addition to these properties of the drug that are significant for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, Krifeya Amurskaya has the following qualities:

Antihistamine action, including food allergy;

Normalization of stomach acidity;

By activating the work of phagocytes - cells of the immune system that neutralize viruses and bacteria;

Regenerating action against damage to the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, reducing pain in damaged tissues.

Indications for the use of Krifei Amur is a violation of the secretion of the pancreas, damage to the islets of Langerhans, which occurs in diabetes mellitus. Regular use of the drug minimizes the interaction of these pathologies. The drug is used in 1 tsp. before eating. Dose for adults - 3 times a day, for children - 1-2 times. The course of treatment lasts 3 months, after a break of 30 days, it can be repeated.

Where can I buy?

You can buy krifeya by going to.

Treatment of diabetes mellitus according to the prescription of the healer L. Kim

This recipe was presented to us by the famous healer Lyudmila Kim, candidate of chemical sciences. This infusion significantly lowers blood sugar levels.

To prepare it you will need:

100 grams of lemon zest

300 grams of parsley root (if there are no roots, then the leaves will do, but the roots will be more effective)

300 grams of peeled garlic

Garlic contains selenium, which is very beneficial for the liver. Parsley is a very good remedy for the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Lemon as a source of vitamin C

Preparation: Cut off the zest from all lemons to make about 100 grams. We peel the garlic, wash the parsley roots and pass everything through a meat grinder. Mix the resulting mixture, transfer to a jar and let it brew for 2 weeks, in a dark place.

How to take: Take 1 teaspoon, half an hour before meals, 3 times a day.

What to drink with? Lyudmila Kim advises everyone a herbal recipe: corn silk, horsetail, lingonberry leaf and bean pods. We take 1 tbsp. a spoonful of collection in a glass of boiling water. In general, if the herb is fresh, then it is infused for 1 hour. Then strain and take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.

Triple tincture to stimulate insulin production

Stimulating the production of insulin by the pancreas is an important condition for the well-being of patients

A tincture made up of 3 components perfectly copes with this problem:

300 ml of vodka is poured into 50 g of onions chopped to a mushy state. This mixture is kept in the dark for 5 days, filtered.

300 ml of vodka is poured into 50 g of crushed walnut leaves, kept in the dark for a week, filtered.

300 ml of vodka is poured into crushed grass cuffs, insisted for a week, filtered.

To obtain the final product, mix 150 ml of the first tincture, 60 ml of the second, and 40 ml of the third. The resulting mixture is taken in 1 tbsp. l. twice a day, 20 minutes before breakfast and before bed.

Treatment of diabetes mellitus with oak acorns

The most valuable component of oak acorns is tannin. This substance actively fights inflammation in the human body, helps to strengthen the cardiovascular system. The beneficial qualities of oak acorns are very valuable for patients with diabetes mellitus, since in order to fight the disease, it is urgently necessary to strengthen the body's defenses and balanced nutrition in conditions of a strict diet.

Properties of oak acorns that are significant for diabetics:

Bactericidal (fight against viruses and microorganisms);

Antineoplastic;

Stimulating the work of the kidneys and the digestive tract.

For use as a medicine, acorns are harvested in an ecologically clean area. This is best done in dry weather in September-October. The acorns are peeled, the core is dried in a hot oven at low temperature. After drying, they are ground into powder using a coffee grinder. You can buy acorns at the pharmacy chain. It is recommended that you consult your doctor before using this prescription.

Application methods:

Acorn powder is taken on an empty stomach for 1 tsp. before breakfast, lunch, and before dinner.

Those who cannot use powder for treatment, rub the contents of the acorn on a fine grater, take it in the same way as in the previous recipe.

Both powder and grated acorns are washed down with boiled water. The end of the course of treatment is determined by blood tests, its effectiveness has been repeatedly tested in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Brussels sprouts juice according to N.V. Walker

Normalization of the pancreas, stimulation of its externally and intrasecretory activity occurs with the regular use of juice made from vegetables:

Brussels sprouts,

• Green beans,

  Leaf salad.

The optimal combination of these products was established by the famous American naturopathic physician N.V. Walker, author of the bestselling book "Treatment with Raw Vegetable Juices". Over the years, he researched the health benefits of freshly squeezed vegetable juices. The combination proposed by him is successfully used for the treatment of the pancreas, reduces the intensity of the manifestation of diabetes mellitus and the chronic form of pancreatitis.

Juice is prepared very simply - the ingredients are taken in equal parts and passed through a meat grinder. Therapeutic dosage is half a cup in the morning on an empty stomach. The course of treatment with freshly squeezed vegetable juice lasts exactly one month, if necessary, it is repeated after a 2 week break. Simultaneously with the intake of juice, you need to adhere to a diet low in carbohydrates, use cleansing enemas.

Lemon and egg for diabetes

Both lemon and eggs are essential foods for diabetics. Lemon lowers blood glucose levels, normalizes blood pressure, and chicken and quail eggs supply the body of diabetics with essential trace elements.

A mixture of these products is even more effective:

50 ml freshly squeezed lemon juice,

1 chicken egg or 5 quail eggs.

The medicinal mixture obtained by mixing these components is a single dose. It is taken once half an hour before meals.

The treatment lasts for a month according to the following scheme:

3 days - taking the medicinal mixture;

3 days - break, etc.

Lemon juice can be replaced with Jerusalem artichoke juice with increased acidity of gastric juice.

Other folk remedies that lower sugar levels

To normalize blood sugar levels, there are many different recipes for traditional medicine:

Plantain seeds(15 g) is poured into a glass of water in an enamel bowl, boiled over low heat for 5 minutes. The cooled broth is filtered and taken 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day.

Burdock juice. Juice from crushed burdock root dug out in May effectively reduces sugar levels. It is taken three times a day, 15 ml each, diluting this amount with 250 ml of cool boiled water.

Infusion of lemon peel. To normalize the glucose level, the peel of 2 lemons is poured into a thermos with 400 ml of boiling water and infused for one and a half to two hours. The therapeutic dose of this remedy is half a glass of lemon bark infusion 2-3 times a day.

Linden decoction. Drink linden blossom infusion instead of tea. For two glasses of boiled water, you need two tablespoons of linden blossom. In just four days, sugar levels can drop by 40%. The broth is done as follows: for 3 liters, pour two glasses of linden blossom with water and boil for ten minutes. Wait until it cools down, then strain. Then you can bottle it. This mixture should be stored in the refrigerator and drunk half a glass when you feel like drinking. When you drink all the broth, take a break for three weeks. And then repeat the course again.

Cinnamon. We take the usual seasoning that everyone in the kitchen has - cinnamon powder. Prepare an infusion based on honey and cinnamon in a 2: 1 ratio. First, pour the cinnamon powder with a glass of boiling water, let it brew for half an hour. When the mixture has cooled slightly, you can add honey. After that, it is recommended to put the product in a cool place for about 3 hours. Divide the resulting infusion into two parts. We drink one part before breakfast in 30 minutes, and the other part - necessarily before bedtime. The course of treatment should be no more than 7 days.

A decoction of walnut leaves. To prepare the broth, pour 1 tbsp. l. be sure to dry and well crushed young leaves 500 ml of plain boiled water. Then the mixture should be boiled for about 15 minutes over low heat, after which it should be infused for 40 minutes. After straining, a decoction of walnut leaves can be taken half a glass at least three times a day.

A decoction of walnut partitions. Take 40 and remove the partitions from them. These partitions must be poured with a glass of boiling water, and then simmer for about one hour in a water bath. After cooling, the resulting mixture is recommended to be filtered. The infusion should be drunk about half an hour before each meal. The optimal dosage is 1-2 tsp.

Education: Diploma of the Russian State Medical University named after V.I. NI Pirogov with a degree in General Medicine (2004). Residency at the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, diploma in Endocrinology (2006).

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood sugar levels due to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, a hormone of the pancreas. The disease leads to disruption of all types of metabolism, damage to blood vessels, the nervous system, as well as other organs and systems.

The name of the disease diabetes comes from the Greek "diabayo" - to flow, to flow out, since one of the symptoms of the disease is the release of a large amount of urine (scientifically called polyuria).

Diabetes mellitus is the plague of the 21st century. Complications of diabetes rank 3rd in the world due to mortality after cardiovascular and oncological diseases. Every 10 years the number of patients with diabetes doubles and today there are more than 200 million people in the world suffering from diabetes.

The essence of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is an increased content of sugar and glucose in the blood, as well as a lack of these elements in the cells of organ tissues. Insulin helps in the conversion of sugar into glucose. Disruptions in the work of the pancreas, which produces insulin, lead to the fact that sugar accumulates in the blood and is excreted through the urinary tract. The tissues of the body are not able to retain water in their cells and it also begins to be excreted from the body.

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus

Types of diabetes

There are many mechanisms for the onset of diabetes mellitus and they are quite complex. But the two most common types of diabetes mellitus are:

• Type 1 - insulin dependent;
• Type 2 - non-insulin dependent.

Despite almost the same name, these are completely different diseases.

The first signs of diabetes

• drowsiness;
• hair loss;
• poor wound healing.

Diabetes symptoms

Type 1 diabetes symptoms:

• dry mouth;
• frequent urination;
• irritability;
• fatigue;
• weight loss;
• nausea and vomiting.

Type 2 diabetes symptoms:

• pain in the arms;
• thirst;
• cloudy eyes;
• the presence of skin infections;
• poor wound healing;
• fatigue;
• drowsiness;
• increase in body weight;
• decreased potency in men.

Diabetes treatment

For the treatment of diabetes mellitus are used:

• diet therapy;
• oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin;
• physiotherapy.

The purpose of therapeutic measures is to normalize disturbed metabolic processes and body weight, preserve or restore the working capacity of patients, prevent or treat vascular complications.

Diabetes diet

The basic principles of the diet for diabetes mellitus:

Blood sugar

Glucose (sugar) is in the blood of every person, since it is the main source of energy. The normal fasting blood glucose level is 3.3–5.5 mmol / l, and 2 hours after a meal - up to 7.8 mmol / l.

Sugar in the blood of any healthy person is practically constant, depending not only on the metabolism of carbohydrates and the work of the liver, but also on the state of the pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, central and autonomic nervous system.

The amount of sugar in the blood is expressed in millimoles per liter of blood (mmol / L) or milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg / dl, or mg%). In blood plasma, the sugar content is on average 0.1%.

The liver plays a major role in maintaining a constant blood sugar level. With a large intake of sugar in the body, its excess is deposited in the liver and re-enters the bloodstream when the blood sugar drops. In the liver, carbohydrates are contained in the form of glycogen.

How glucose enters the body

There are 2 ways: the first is the intake of food containing carbohydrates, the second is the production of glucose by the liver (this is the reason that with diabetes, even if the patient did not eat anything, the blood glucose level can be increased).

However, in order to be used as energy, glucose from the blood must travel to muscles (to do work), adipose tissue, or the liver (the body's store of glucose). This is due to the action of the hormone insulin, which is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas.

As soon as after a meal the level of glucose in the blood rises, the pancreas instantly releases insulin into the blood, which, in turn, binds to receptors on the cells of muscle, adipose or liver tissue and "opens" these cells for glucose to enter them, after which it the blood level returns to normal.

Between meals and at night, if necessary, glucose enters the bloodstream from the liver depot, so at night insulin controls the liver so that it does not release too much glucose into the bloodstream. If a violation occurs at any of the stages of this process, diabetes mellitus occurs.

Types of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is of two types - insulin-dependent and insulin-independent. Previously, these diseases were called type 1 and type 2 diabetes. They have huge differences both in the nature of the development of the disease and in the methods of treatment.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

In type 1 diabetes mellitus, there is an absolute insulin deficiency caused by a malfunction of the pancreas. In insulin-dependent diabetes, constant monitoring of blood sugar levels and the administration of insulin are necessary to correct it.

This is because in this type of diabetes, the pancreas does not produce or produces very little of its own insulin. And the body needs to be helped to maintain the correct metabolism - to introduce additional artificial insulin, and constantly.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is a relative deficiency of insulin. At the same time, the cells of the pancreas produce enough insulin (sometimes even an increased amount).

However, on the surface of cells, the number of structures is blocked or reduced, which ensure its contact with the cell and help glucose from the blood to enter the cell. Deficiency of glucose in cells is a signal for more insulin production, but this has no effect, and over time, insulin production decreases significantly.

Secondary diabetes mellitus

Secondary or symptomatic diabetes mellitus is observed in some conditions and diseases, including endocrine, as a symptom. Hyperglycemia can develop with pancreatic tumors, pancreatitis, and hormonal diseases.

Recently, it is believed that diabetes mellitus in these cases will be inherited. Some drugs can cause an increase in blood glucose levels (glucocorticoids, estrogens, thiazide diuretics, nicotinic acid, phenothiazine).

A state of hypokalemia can provoke hyperglycemia. With chronic kidney failure and liver dysfunction, blood glucose levels can also rise. Hyperglycemia is also observed in hemochromatosis.

Diabetes of pregnant women

If blood sugar rises during pregnancy, diabetes has developed. Unlike persistent diabetes mellitus, which was before pregnancy, it completely disappears after childbirth. High blood sugar can cause problems for you and your baby.

The baby may grow too big, which will cause difficulties in childbirth. In addition, he often has a lack of oxygen (hypoxia). Fortunately, with proper and timely treatment of diabetes, most expectant mothers with diabetes have every chance of giving birth to a healthy baby on their own.

It has been found that those who had high blood sugar during pregnancy develop diabetes more often with age. This risk can be significantly reduced with weight control, healthy eating habits, and regular physical activity.

Malnutrition-related diabetes

Nutritional deficiency diabetes is a metabolic disorder; characterized by hyperglycemia, which is caused by a defect in insulin secretion, its action, or both.

Diabetes causes

The main cause of type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune process caused by a malfunctioning immune system, in which the body produces antibodies against pancreatic cells that destroy them.

The main factor provoking the onset of type 1 diabetes is a viral infection (rubella, chickenpox, hepatitis, mumps (mumps), etc.) against the background of a genetic predisposition to this disease. There are two main factors provoking the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: obesity and hereditary predisposition.

In the presence of obesity I tbsp. the risk of developing diabetes mellitus increases by 2 times, with II tbsp. - 5 times, with III Art. - more than 10 times.

Abdominal obesity is more associated with the development of the disease - when fat is distributed in the abdomen. In the presence of diabetes mellitus in parents or close relatives, the risk of developing the disease increases by 2-6 times. Non-insulin dependent diabetes develops gradually and is characterized by moderate severity of symptoms. The causes of so-called secondary diabetes can be:

Diabetes mellitus of pregnant women and the disease diabetes caused by malnutrition are distinguished separately. Whatever the causes of diabetes, the consequence is one: the body cannot fully use glucose (sugar) from food and store its excess in the liver and muscles.

Unused glucose in excess circulates in the blood (partially excreted in the urine), which adversely affects all organs and tissues. Since the supply of glucose to the cells is insufficient, fats are used as an energy source.

As a result, in an increased amount, substances that are toxic to the body and especially to the brain, called ketone bodies, are formed, fat, protein and mineral metabolism is disrupted.

Complications of diabetes mellitus

Failures and violations of the normal functions of the gonads: in men - impotence, in women - menstrual irregularities. As a result, infertility, diseases of the genital area and early aging.

Violation of blood circulation in the brain, cerebral stroke, encephalopathy (lesions of varying degrees of cerebral vessels).

Inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity (stomatitis, periodontal disease, loss of healthy teeth).

Damage to the organs of vision (barley, conjunctivitis, inflammatory diseases of the eyelids, diabetic cataract, damage to the cornea, damage to the iris of the eyes, retinal detachment with further development of blindness).

The development of osteoporosis.

Diabetic foot syndrome. The diabetic foot is a characteristic lesion of the feet, manifested in the form of ulcers, osteoarticular lesions and purulent-necrotic processes. The diabetic foot appears against the background of various pathologies and changes in blood vessels, peripheral nerves, soft tissues and skin, joints and bones. It is the main cause of amputation in diabetic patients.

Complications of diabetes mellitus in the cardiovascular system are observed in the form of cardiac arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis. Disruptions in digestion: constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence.

Development of renal failure, followed by transfer to hemodialysis (in other words, an artificial kidney).

The most complex complications of diabetes mellitus are manifested by damage to the nervous system.

Coma.

Diabetic neuropathy is manifested by pain, burning sensation, numbness of the extremities. It is associated with a violation of metabolic processes in the nervous tissue.

The use of thioctic acid preparations can help to correct these processes - in particular, Thioctacid, which is produced both in ampoules of Thioctacid 600T and in the tablet form of a quick release Thioctacid BV, does not contain impurities - lactose, cellulose, starch, propylene glycol. It restores carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the body, and normalizes physiological processes in the nervous tissue.

Normalization of metabolism in nerve fibers allows you to effectively eliminate autonomic disorders and pain in diabetic neuropathy, prevent the development of further complications associated with damage to the nervous tissue, and restore the nerve fiber.

The first signs of diabetes

For successful treatment, it is necessary to notice the first signs of diabetes as early as possible and immediately consult a doctor:

Diabetes symptoms

As for the symptoms of diabetes, until a certain time, they "sit in a shelter." Quite often, a person learns about the presence of diabetes by chance. For example, you can go to an ophthalmologist, he will examine your fundus and point out to you that it is quite possible that you have diabetes.

There are quite a few such cases in medical practice. Most likely, each of you knows that there are two types of this disease. Well, well, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus are different in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, there are a number of symptoms that make themselves felt both in the first and in the second case.

These symptoms are frequent urination and a feeling of unquenchable thirst, which very often lead to dehydration, rapid weight loss, while the patient always wants to eat, a constant feeling of fatigue and weakness.

Moreover, diabetes mellitus may be accompanied by blurred vision, that is, a person has a "white veil" in front of his eyes, difficulties with sexual activity, a feeling of heaviness in the legs, dizziness and rapid fatigue.

You may also feel numbness and tingling in the limbs. Cramps of the calf muscles are quite possible. In the presence of diabetes mellitus, any wound on the human body heals very slowly.

This also applies to infectious diseases. They are also very difficult to get rid of if you have diabetes. A drop in body temperature below average is another symptom of diabetes.

Remember, the severity of symptoms is different for each person. The fact is that it depends on the degree of decrease in insulin secretion, the duration of the disease, as well as on the individual characteristics of the patient's body.

Early symptoms of diabetes

Many patients turn to a specialist already in the late stages of the disease, often with developed complications. Therefore, it is important to timely identify the first symptoms of diabetes mellitus at the early stages of its development:

Polydipsia, or thirst. People with this disease have an unquenchable thirst due to increased glycemic levels (blood glucose levels), as a result of which the body requires more fluid in order to thin the blood.

Polyuria, or frequent urination, also occurs against the background of an increase in the amount of glycemia, which the kidneys cannot cope with and take additional fluid from the blood to remove excess sugar from the body.

Rapid weight loss is a specific symptom for type 1 diabetes, since glucose is not absorbed in the body, the processes of splitting and converting it into adipose tissue are disrupted.

Weight gain is common in type 2 diabetes.

Appetite disorders are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in the body.

Increased fatigue and weakness occurs due to the lack of energy resources in the body, associated with impaired glucose metabolism.

The smell of acetone from the mouth.

Abdominal pain is also a common symptom of diabetes and is shingles in nature.

Itching and dryness of the skin is a consequence of the excretion of an increased amount of sugar through the sweat glands. Sometimes itchy skin can be caused by fungal infections that develop due to decreased immunity.

Long-term non-healing skin infections are also a reason for testing for diabetes. With this pathology in the human body, immunity decreases, as a result, the infectious process on the skin does not respond to the therapy.

Hair loss is associated with metabolic disorders in the body.

Pigmentation of the skin of the lower extremities is associated with damage to the inner wall of blood vessels and, as a result, a violation of the blood supply to this area.

A feeling of numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes occurs when the peripheral nervous system is damaged by constantly elevated blood sugar levels.

Frequent sluggish, drug-resistant pyelonephritis indicates a possible disease associated with an increased level of glycemia.

Visual impairment is a sign of type 1 diabetes and occurs when complications develop.

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

The symptoms of type 1 diabetes are:

• dry mouth;
• frequent urination;
• irritability;
• fatigue;
• weight loss;
• nausea and vomiting.

Auxiliary signs of type 1 diabetes are:

• heartache;
• cramps and pain in the calf muscles;
• furunculosis;
• headaches and poor sleep.

Among the additional signs of type 1 diabetes in children, it is necessary to highlight the rapid deterioration of health and the appearance of nocturnal enuresis. The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is established based on the symptoms of the disease and laboratory test data.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

Typical symptoms of type 2 diabetes are:

• pain, numbness, and leg cramps;
• pain in the arms;
• thirst;
• cloudy eyes;
• the presence of skin infections;
• poor wound healing;
• fatigue;
• decreased pain sensitivity;
• drowsiness;
• increase in body weight;
• decreased potency in men.

Also, the first signs of type 2 diabetes include:

• hair loss on the legs;
• increased facial hair growth and the appearance of yellow growths called xanthomas.

The onset of symptoms of type 2 diabetes occurs gradually, as their severity is mild. Most often, the disease manifests itself in adulthood due to improper nutrition.

Detailed descriptions of the symptoms of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus treatment

In the treatment of diabetes mellitus, diet therapy, oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin, and exercise therapy are used. The purpose of therapeutic measures is to normalize disturbed metabolic processes and body weight, preserve or restore the working capacity of patients, prevent or treat vascular complications.

The key to effective diabetes management is careful control of blood sugar levels. However, it is impossible to take laboratory tests several times a day. Portable glucometers come to the rescue, they are compact, they are easy to take with you and check your glucose levels where necessary.

Facilitates checking the interface in Russian, marks before and after meals. The devices are extremely simple to use, while they differ in the accuracy of measurements. You can keep your diabetes under control with a portable blood glucose meter.

Which doctors should i contact for diabetes mellitus

Endocrinologist

Diabetes medication

Tableted antihyperglycemic drugs belong to two main groups: sulfonipamides and biguanides. Sulfanilamide preparations are sulfonylurea derivatives.

Their hypoglycemic effect is due to a stimulating effect on p-cells of the pancreas, an increase in insulin sensitivity of insulin-dependent tissues by acting on insulin receptors, an increase in the synthesis and accumulation of glycogen, and a decrease in gluconegogenesis. The drugs also have an anti-lipolytic effect.

This group includes glibenclamide (manilil, daonil, euglucan), glurenorm (glyvidone), gliclazide (diabeton), glipizide (minidiab). The hypoglycemic effect is manifested on the 3-5th day from the start of treatment, optimal after 10-14 days.

Biguanides are guanidine derivatives. These include phenylethylbiguanides (phenformin, dibotin), butyl-biguanides (adebit, buformin, silubin), and dimethylbiguanides (glucophage, diformin, metformin).

The hypoglycemic effect is due to the potentiation of the effect of insulin, an increase in the permeability of cell membranes for glucose in the muscles, inhibition of neoglucogenesis, and a decrease in glucose absorption in the intestine. An important property of biguanides is inhibition of lipogenesis and increased lipolysis.

Insulin therapy is prescribed for the following indications: type 1 diabetes mellitus, ketoacidosis of varying severity, ketoacidotic, hyperosmolar, lactacidotic coma, exhaustion of the patient, severe forms of diabetes mellitus with complications, infections, surgical interventions; pregnancy, childbirth, lactation (for any form and severity of diabetes mellitus), the presence of contraindications to the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs.

The main criterion for determining the dose of insulin is the blood glucose level. They use drugs that are different in duration of action. Short-acting insulin preparations (simple insulin) are necessary for the rapid elimination of acute metabolic disorders (especially in a state of precoma and coma), as well as for acute complications caused by infection and trauma.

Simple insulin is applicable for any form of diabetes mellitus, however, the short duration of action (5-6 hours) makes it necessary to administer it up to 3-5 times a day. It can be very difficult to calculate the need for exogenous insulin due to different individual responses and insulin sensitivity at different periods of the disease.

To determine the need for insulin and obtain compensation, short-acting insulin is administered 4-5 times a day, upon reaching compensation, patients are transferred to a 2-time injection of medium-duration or long-acting insulin in combination with short-acting insulin. The criterion for compensation of type 1 diabetes mellitus: glycemia should not exceed 11 mmol / l during the day.

It is also necessary to take into account the absence of hypoglycemia, signs of decompensation, the patient's ability to work, the duration of the disease, the presence of cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, in each specific case, an individual approach is required to the compensation criteria.

When treating diabetes mellitus with insulin preparations, hypoglycemia can develop - a condition caused by a sharp decrease in blood glucose levels. The provoking moments are:

• violation of diet and diet;
• insulin overdose;

Symptoms of hypoglycemia:

• severe weakness;
• sweating;
• hunger;
• excitation;
• shaking hands;
• dizziness;
• unmotivated actions.

If you do not give the patient easily digestible carbohydrates, then convulsions occur, consciousness is lost - hypoglycemic coma develops. Hypoglycemia is especially dangerous in elderly and senile patients due to the possibility of myocardial ischemia and cerebrovascular accident. Frequent hypoglycemia contributes to the progression of vascular complications.

Severe and prolonged hypoglycemia can lead to irreversible degenerative changes in the central nervous system. Another complication of insulin therapy is allergic reactions: local (redness, thickening and itching of the skin at the site of insulin injection) or general, which is manifested by weakness, rash on the skin (urticaria), generalized itching, fever, anaphylactic shock can rarely develop.

Instructions for the use of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes diet

A diet for diabetes is mandatory for all its clinical forms. The basic principles of the diet for diabetes mellitus:

• Individual selection of daily calorie content;
• the content of physiological amounts of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins;
• exclusion of easily digestible carbohydrates;
• fractional meals with an even distribution of calories and carbohydrates.

In a diet for diabetes mellitus, the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in food should be close to physiological: 15-20% of the total number of calories are proteins, 25-30% are fats and 50-60% are carbohydrates.

The diet should contain at least 1-1.5 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight, 4.5-5 g of carbohydrates and 0.75-1.5 g of fat per day. The main rule: You should adhere to the tactics of limiting or completely eliminating refined carbohydrates from food.

However, the total amount of carbohydrates should be at least 125 g per day in order to prevent ketoacidosis.

Diet number 9 for diabetes

Diet No. 9 is recommended for moderate and mild diabetes mellitus. The energy value of the diet is moderately reduced due to easily digestible carbohydrates and animal fats (with the exception of sugar and sweets and the use of sorbitol and xylitol).

With diet number 9 with diabetes mellitus are allowed:

• rye, wheat, protein-bran bread, non-tasty flour products;
• any vegetable soups, low-fat meat and fish broths, low-fat meats, poultry and fish;
• milk, dairy products, low-fat cottage cheese and cheeses;
• cereals (buckwheat, barley, millet, oat, pearl barley);
• legumes, potatoes and vegetables, fresh fruits and berries of sweet and sour varieties.

With a diet number 9 with diabetes mellitus, the following are excluded:

• strong and fatty broths, lean meats, fish, poultry, sausages, salted fish;
• pastry products;
• salty cheeses, cream, sweet curd snacks;
• rice, semolina, pasta;
• salted and pickled vegetables, grapes, raisins, sugar, jams, sweets, sweet juices, sugar-based soft drinks, meat and cooking fats.

Diabetes mellitus in children

Diabetes mellitus ranks first among endocrine diseases in children. The course of diabetes mellitus in children, due to intensive growth and increased metabolism in the child's body, occurs acutely and without the need for treatment becomes severe. If adults are dominated by type 2 diabetes mellitus, then children are dominated by insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by low levels of insulin in the blood.

One of the main functions of the pancreas is the production of insulin, which develops by the fifth year of a child's life. From this age until about 11 years of age, children are particularly at risk of developing diabetes.

It should be noted that the consumption of large amounts of sweets in childhood, contrary to the popular point of view, does not lead to the development of diabetes.

The risk of diabetes mellitus is higher in underdeveloped, premature babies, in adolescents during puberty and in children who experience significant physical activity (sports schools).

Causes of diabetes mellitus in children

The main causes of diabetes in children are:

Improper nutrition... Increased appetite can lead to obesity and increased stress on the pancreas.

Heredity... Parents with diabetes mellitus are 100% likely to have children who, sooner or later, will receive the same diagnosis.

Frequent colds... The pancreas malfunctions, as a result of which the production of insulin decreases.

Infectious diseases... They disrupt the work of the pancreas. But the transferred infection leads to the development of diabetes mellitus only in the case of those burdened by heredity.

Low physical activity... Constant physical activity strengthens the cells that are responsible for the production of insulin.

There are several risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus in children: children who were born from mothers with diabetes mellitus, both parents of the child have diabetes mellitus, frequent acute viral diseases, the weight of the child at birth exceeded 4.5 kg, the presence of other metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism, obesity), decreased immunity.

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus in children

The most characteristic symptom of diabetes mellitus in children is nocturnal enuresis, since with diabetes mellitus in children 2-4 times more urine is excreted than in healthy people.

Diabetes mellitus treatment in children

Treatment for diabetes in a child includes exercise, diet, and medication.

Exercise lowers blood sugar levels and increases the sensitivity of body tissues to insulin. It should be emphasized that uncontrolled physical activity in patients with diabetes mellitus contributes to the formation of hypoglycemic conditions, therefore, carefully dosed physical activity is useful.

The diet for children with diabetes mellitus should exclude carbohydrate load and thereby facilitate the course and treatment of diabetes. It is necessary to limit the use of such dishes and products as cereals (rice, semolina), potatoes, baked goods made from wheat flour.

Porridge can be given to a child no more than once a day, using coarse grains: buckwheat, oatmeal or corn. Dishes from various vegetables, except for potatoes, can be given without restrictions - they should make up the bulk of the daily diet.

Salty, fatty and spicy sauces, sweet gravies should be excluded from the menu. It is necessary to feed a child with diabetes mellitus 6 times a day or more. The child's diet must be agreed with the doctor supervising the child.

The choice of drugs for diabetes treatment, dosage and schedule of use are determined by the attending physician. Diabetes pills (Maninil, Glipizid, etc.) are effective in treating diabetes in adults, but rarely give good results in children.

They are used for milder forms of diabetes or are used as an adjunct to reduce the number of injections or the dose of insulin. Correct therapy with insulin preparations and continuous monitoring of the child's health condition facilitate the course of the disease and allow children with diabetes mellitus to lead a fulfilling lifestyle.

Prevention of diabetes mellitus

To prevent the development of diabetes mellitus, the following preventive measures are required:

Prevention of diabetes mellitus also includes maintaining a healthy fluid balance in the body. Every day before meals, you must drink two glasses of clean water without gas, which is the minimum dose for the patient.

Questions and answers on the topic "Diabetes mellitus"

Question:Hello! Today I watched the program "Living Healthy" where they found diseases at first sight, and so it said that people whose skin in the axillary and groin areas darkened - most likely diabetes and excess weight. From past broadcasts, I remember they talked about another sign of dry heel diabetes. So, applying all the symptoms of diabetes to myself, I can say my heels are peeling (there are no cracks yet, but they are rough to the touch) and there are darkening in the axillary and groin areas (for this reason I do not wear T-shirts in summer), but as for excess weight ... those. I have no obesity (height 178 cm, weight 72 kg). Did a blood test, sugar is normal. Do I have type 2 diabetes? If so, how to deal with it, what kind of lifestyle to lead and how to eat?

Answer: If there is a suspicion of diabetes mellitus - there is dry mouth, constant thirst, frequent urination, you can contact an endocrinologist, make an additional analysis for glycosylated hemoglobin. If all of the above is not there, then there is no diabetes mellitus. If your relatives had diabetes in the family, then in the diet it is advisable to limit the consumption of pure sugar and periodically check the tests. There is nothing more to worry about. Dry heels are not limited to diabetic patients.

Question:What are the first signs of diabetes mellitus by which it is possible to determine or at least suspect its presence in a person. Is there any early diagnosis of diabetes?

Answer: Possible precursors of diabetes mellitus: thirst, dry mouth, dryness and peeling of the skin, wounds heal for a very long time, if you are hungry, your head starts to spin, you often want sweets. But even if all these signs are present, it is not a fact that this is diabetes and its symptoms are. It is necessary to take the analysis and not once.

Question:Can a child with diabetes attend kindergarten? How to teach a child to warn others that he has diabetes? What should a child always carry with him to school or a children's team?

Answer: Whether to attend kindergarten for your child, you should decide together with the attending endocrinologist, it depends on the lability of the course of diabetes and the level of social adaptation of your child. In any case, warn the educator / teacher that the child's parents should have diabetes. Each educational institution has a nurse. It is necessary to discuss the nuances associated with diabetes (especially with regard to hypoglycemia) with the teacher and nurse, so that, if necessary, they can orient themselves correctly. It is imperative that the child carry glucose tablets and short insulin with him.

Question:What about sweets? This is a special problem for children - after all, children can see others eating cake or candy, especially in a children's group. The forbidden fruit, as they say, is sweet ... What should parents do?

Answer: Nutrition for diabetes mellitus is a rational, healthy diet. Any sane parent will not allow their child to eat sweets every day. As for a child with diabetes mellitus, a birthday cake or ice cream on weekends is normal, just pop the appropriate dose of simple insulin under the sweets (corresponding to the bread units) and the child will not feel slighted in something. The only thing is, do not forget to control the weight of the child. After all, an increase in calorie intake and insulin doses can lead to weight gain.

Question:Is diabetes mellitus a hereditary disease? Are there diseases or microorganisms that can provoke diabetes mellitus?

Answer: The tendency to develop diabetes mellitus is often genetically determined. Viral infections can provoke the disease (measles and rubella viruses are especially dangerous) - this applies to type 1, i.e. children.

Question:Recently, I have been worried about burning and tingling in my feet. Is this something to do with my diabetes or should I see an orthopedist?

Answer: People who suffer from high sugar for many years can develop nerve damage. This is called diabetic neuropathy. Ask your family doctor to refer you for a special examination called electromyography. If it confirms that the problem is diabetes, your doctor will prescribe medication for you. Just keep in mind that they only relieve pain. The real treatment for neuropathy is sugar normalization.

Question:A year ago I was prescribed Glucomin because I have diabetes. Sugar returned to normal. Can I stop taking the medicine?

Answer: No, we must continue taking. Diabetes is a chronic disease and requires ongoing treatment. But if you take the prescribed medications, stick to a diet, and give yourself physical activity, you can successfully live with this diagnosis for many years.

Question:My father is 83 years old and has diabetes and heart failure. He is taking metformin, and recently he has increased cases of hypoglycemia. We already notice how it begins - hands tremble, sweat comes out, sugar drops to 50 units. What to do?

Answer: Usually, metformin does not cause hypoglycemia, this happens very rarely, and yet in your case it is better to change the medicine, because metformin is contraindicated in heart failure.

Question:Does surgery help treat diabetes?

Answer: 90% of diabetes cases are associated with being overweight. Studies show that 83% of patients after gastric bypass surgery stopped taking diabetic drugs. 10 years after surgery, 1/3 of patients continue to maintain good blood sugar control without medication.

Question:Is it really important in diabetes to lose weight and limit calories, or is it enough to eliminate sweets and sugar? Type 2 diabetes.

Answer: In type 2 diabetes, weight loss makes it much easier to control blood sugar levels, so dietary recommendations are stricter than those with type 1 diabetes.

Question:I have type 1 diabetes. Are there any restrictions on the choice of a future profession?

Answer: It is necessary to choose a specialty that could ensure compliance with the daily regimen, nutrition and the ability to give insulin injections at the required time. In diabetes mellitus, professions are contraindicated that are associated with: heavy physical exertion (loader, miner); with significant nervous tension (air traffic controller, military service, driver of ground, underground and water transport); with irregular working hours or night work; with an unfavorable microclimate (low or high temperature); with contact with toxic substances (work in a chemical industry).

Question:Could I get type 1 diabetes from eating a lot of sweets?

Answer: No, sweets do not lead to type 1 diabetes.

Question:I am 21 years old. I am currently ill with diabetes mellitus, I had frequent hypoglycemic conditions, I was admitted to the hospital to pick up insulin doses, otherwise they were large in the opinion of the doctors. When I was in the hospital, I was given IVs, like sodium chloride and potassium chloride. I used to do exercises, or rather push-ups, so I decided to push-ups from the floor after the dropper, did 20 push-ups and dizziness began, then pressure surges appeared. My head hurt badly that I almost lost consciousness. Then there were pains in the heart, the temperature was 37.4. pressure 140 to 100. Could not determine what I have. When I was discharged, I was still at home for a week, because at night there was, so to speak, an attack of pain in my heart and chills (everything was shaking). called an ambulance, but she didn’t say anything, he gave a pill and left. At this time I am working, today I had an attack, my heart ached again, gave pain to all the muscles. Headache, fatigue, I thought I would fall like that now. I sat down to catch my breath, it seemed that it was not much easier, what could be with me. Symptoms of angina pectoris are like this. Help me please.

Answer: Your symptoms are likely due to insufficient insulin dose adjustments. Therefore, we recommend that you consult an endocrinologist to review your treatment plan. The symptoms of angina pectoris are somewhat different from yours and rarely occur at such an early age.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the endocrine system is affected. Diabetes mellitus, the symptoms of which are based on a prolonged increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood and on the processes accompanying an altered state of metabolism, develops, in particular, due to insufficiency of insulin, as a hormone produced by the pancreas, due to which the body regulates the processing of glucose in the tissues of the body and in his cells.

general description

With diabetes mellitus, a chronic increase in blood sugar levels develops, which determines a condition such as that occurs due to insufficient insulin secretion or due to a decrease in the sensitivity of body cells to it. On average, this disease is relevant for 3% of the population, while it is known that diabetes mellitus in children occurs somewhat less frequently, determining the average rate within 0.3%. Meanwhile, there is also a tendency in which the number of patients with diabetes only increases annually, and the annual growth corresponds to approximately 6-10%.

Thus, it can be argued that approximately every 15 years the number of patients with diabetes mellitus doubles. In the framework of considering the world indicators for the number of cases in 2000, a figure was determined in excess of 120 million, but now the total number of patients with diabetes mellitus is about over 200 million people.

Let us dwell in somewhat more detail on those processes that are directly related to the development of diabetes mellitus, and start with the most important thing - with insulin.

Insulin, as we have already noted from the beginning, is a hormone produced by the pancreas and controlling the concentration of glucose (i.e. sugar) in the blood. In our body, food is broken down in the intestines, due to which a number of different substances are released that the body needs to work properly. One of these substances is glucose. Absorbed from the intestines into the bloodstream, it spreads, thereby, throughout the body. After eating, high sugar levels have a stimulating effect on the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, due to which glucose enters the cells of the body through the blood, respectively, it is he who helps to reduce the concentration of glucose in the blood. Let's add that certain cells without insulin are simply not capable of assimilating glucose from the blood.

As for glucose, it either accumulates in the cells of the body, or is immediately converted into energy, which, in turn, is consumed by the body for one or another of its needs. Throughout the day, there is a variation in blood glucose levels, in addition, its indicators change depending on food intake (that is, food intake has a direct effect on these indicators). Accordingly, after a meal, an increase in glucose levels occurs, after which their gradual normalization occurs, this lasts for two hours following a meal. Normalization of blood glucose levels, as a rule, is accompanied by a decrease in the production of insulin, carried out, as already understood, by the pancreas. In the event that insulin is produced in insufficient quantities, cells cease to properly assimilate glucose, due to which it accumulates in the blood. Due to the increased level of the amount of glucose in it (that is, with increased sugar), symptoms of diabetes appear, as well as complications associated with this disease.

Features of the mechanism of development of diabetes mellitus in children

Diabetes mellitus in children develops according to the same principles as diabetes mellitus in adults. Nevertheless, it is characterized by the presence of certain own characteristics. So, the child's pancreas, due to which, as we found out, insulin is produced, has a small size. By the time it reaches ten years of age, it doubles in size, thus reaching 12 cm, and its weight is about 50 grams. The process of insulin production is finally formed by the time the child reaches the age of 5, and it is from this age until about the age of 11 that children are especially susceptible to the development of diabetes mellitus.

In general, metabolic processes in children are much faster than in adults, and the assimilation of sugar (and this is carbohydrate metabolism) in such processes is also no exception. He needs 10 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of the child's weight per day, which, in principle, explains the children's love for sweets, which is dictated by the completely natural needs of their body. The nervous system also has a significant effect on the metabolic processes of carbohydrates, which, in turn, is also not completely formed, due to which various malfunctions in it are allowed, which are also reflected in the level of sugar in the blood.

It should be noted that although there is a belief that the consumption of sweets is the cause of the development of diabetes, especially when it comes to significant amounts. Specifically, the love of sweets does not lead to the development of diabetes, this factor can only be considered as predisposing - provoking, and with it the risk of developing this disease.

There are certain risks in terms of individual characteristics that predispose to the development of this disease. So, the most susceptible to diabetes mellitus are underdeveloped and premature babies, as well as adolescents (in this case, we are talking about the period of puberty). Excessive / significant physical activity, for example, due to attending sports clubs, also determines high risks in terms of predisposition to diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus: causes

Diabetes mellitus can develop for a number of reasons, in particular, the following can be distinguished.

Exposure to viral infections. Viral infections destroy the cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for the production of insulin. Among such viral infections, a viral one can be distinguished (aka mumps), etc. Some of these viral infections have a significant affinity for the gastric gland, more precisely, for its cells. Affinity in the general plan of consideration means the ability that one object has in relation to another, due to which, accordingly, the possibility of creating a new complex object is determined. In the case of the affinity of infections and gland cells, the development of complications in the form of diabetes is caused. It is noteworthy that among patients who have had rubella, there is an increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus by an average of 20% or even higher. It is also important to emphasize that the effect of a viral infection is further reinforced by the presence of a hereditary predisposition to the development of diabetes mellitus. It is a viral infection that, in the overwhelming majority of cases, becomes the cause of the development of diabetes mellitus, which especially concerns children and adolescents.

Heredity. Often, diabetes mellitus develops several times more often in those patients who have relatives with the disease we are considering. With diabetes mellitus in both parents, the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in a child throughout the life is 100%. In the same case, if diabetes mellitus is relevant only for one of the parents, the risk, respectively, is 50%, and if a sister / brother has this disease, this risk is 25%. Below we will dwell in more detail on the classification of diabetes mellitus, in the meantime, we will note only the features of type 1 diabetes mellitus according to this predisposing factor. They relate to the fact that with this type of diabetes, even the relevance of a hereditary predisposition does not determine the obligatory and unconditional fact of the further development of this disease in the patient. For example, it is known that the probability of passing a defective gene from a parent to a child in the presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is rather low - it is about 4%. In addition, there are known cases of morbidity when diabetes manifested itself in only one of a pair of twins, respectively, the second remained healthy. Thus, even the predisposing factors are not a definitive statement that a patient will have type 1 diabetes mellitus, unless they are exposed to a certain viral disease.

Autoimmune diseases. These include those types of diseases in which the body's immune system begins to "fight" with its own tissues and cells. Among such diseases can be distinguished, etc. Diabetes mellitus, respectively, in such cases acts as a complication, it develops due to the fact that the cells of the pancreas, due to which the production of insulin is produced, begin to break down, and this destruction is caused by the influence of the immune system.

Increased appetite (overeating). This cause becomes a predisposing factor for obesity, while obesity, in turn, is considered as one of the factors leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. So, for example, persons who are not overweight develop diabetes mellitus in 7.8% of cases, while persons who are overweight, exceeding the norm by 20%, develop diabetes mellitus in 25% of cases, but being overweight, exceeding the norm by 50%, increases the incidence of diabetes mellitus by 60%. At the same time, if patients achieve weight loss by an average of 10% due to appropriate physical activity and diet, then this determines the possibility of a significant reduction in the risk of developing the disease under consideration.

Stress. Stress is considered in the context of considering diabetes mellitus as an equally serious aggravating factor that provokes its development. In particular, it is necessary to try to exclude stress and emotional overstrain for those patients who have correspondence to one or another of the listed predisposition factors (obesity, heredity, etc.).

Age. Age also refers to the predisposing factors for the development of diabetes mellitus. So, the older the patient, the more likely the fact that he may develop diabetes mellitus. It should be noted that with age, heredity as a predisposing factor loses its own relevance for this disease. But obesity acts, on the contrary, as an almost decisive threat for this, especially in combination with a weakened immune system against the background of previous diseases. Most often, this pattern contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes.

Let us repeat, again, on the part of the myth about diabetes mellitus in sweet tooths. There is only a grain of truth in it, and it lies in the fact that excessive consumption of sweets leads to the problem of excess weight, which, in turn, is considered as a factor that we identified above among the predisposing factors.

Somewhat less often, diabetes mellitus develops against the background of hormonal disorders, due to damage to the pancreas by certain medications, as well as due to alcohol abuse for a long period of time. Additionally, among the predisposing factors, there are high blood pressure (arterial hypertension) and high cholesterol levels.

Diabetes mellitus: risk factors for the development of the disease in children

The risk factors contributing to the development of this disease in children, in some respects, have similarities with the above factors, however, there are also some peculiarities here. Let's single out the main of these factors:

• the birth of a child to parents with diabetes mellitus (if one of them or both have this disease);
• frequent occurrence of viral diseases in a child;
• the presence of certain metabolic disorders (obesity, etc.);
• child's weight at birth from 4.5 kg or more;
• reduced immunity.

Diabetes: classification

Diabetes can actually manifest itself in several forms, which we will discuss below.

Diabetes. Actually, our article is basically devoted to this form of the disease. As the reader has already been able to understand, this is a chronic disease, accompanied by a violation of the metabolism of glucose (first of all), fats and, to a lesser extent, proteins. There are two main types of this diabetes, type 1 and type 2.

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus, or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM). With this form of the disease, insulin deficiency is relevant, which is why it is defined as insulin-dependent diabetes. In this case, the pancreas cannot cope with its functions, which is why insulin is either produced in a minimal volume, due to which it becomes impossible to further process glucose entering the body, or insulin is not produced at all. The blood glucose level then rises. Taking into account the peculiarities of the manifestation of the disease, patients with it must be provided with the possibility of additional administration of insulin, which will ensure the prevention of the development of ketoacidosis in them - a condition accompanied by an increased content of ketone bodies in the urine, in other words, it is hypoglycemia. accompanied by a number of specific symptoms, in addition to changes in the composition of urine, and this is the appearance of the smell of acetone from the mouth, drowsiness and severe fatigue, nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness. The administration of insulin in this type of diabetes generally maintains the life of patients. The age of patients can be any, but basically it fluctuates within the limits not exceeding 30 years. There are also other types of features. So, patients in this case, as a rule, are thin, symptoms and signs of type 1 diabetes mellitus appear suddenly.
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus, or non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). This type of disease is insulin-independent, that is, the production of insulin occurs in a normal amount, and sometimes even in an amount exceeding the norm. Nevertheless, in this case, there is practically no benefit from insulin, which is due to the loss of tissue sensitivity to it. The age group in most cases is patients after 30 years of age, mostly obese, there are relatively few symptoms of the disease (their classic variants in particular). In the treatment, drugs in the form of tablets are applicable, due to their effect, it is possible to reduce the resistance to insulin of cells, in addition, drugs can be used, due to the effect of which, stimulation of the pancreas to produce insulin is provided. This type of disease can be divided according to the type of occurrence, that is, when it appears in obese patients (obese people) and when it appears in people with normal weight. Based on research conducted by some specialists, a slightly different condition can be distinguished, which is called prediabetes. It is characterized by an increased level of sugar in the patient's blood, but on the verge of practically reaching those limits of marks at which diabetes mellitus is diagnosed (glucose corresponds to a value in the range of 101-126 mg / dL, which is slightly higher than 5 mmol / L). Prediabetes (and it is also latent diabetes) without the implementation of adequate therapy measures aimed at correcting it, subsequently transforms into diabetes.

Gestational diabetes. This form of diabetes develops during pregnancy, and it can also disappear after childbirth.

Diabetes mellitus: symptoms

Until a certain period, diabetes may not manifest itself for a long time. The signs of type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ from each other, at the same time, any signs may be absent altogether (again, until a certain time). The severity of the main manifestations accompanying diabetes of both types is determined by the degree of decrease in insulin production, the individual characteristics of the patient's body and the duration of the course of the disease. Let's highlight the main complex of symptoms typical for both types of diabetes mellitus:

• insatiable thirst, increased urination, against which the general body develops;
• rapid weight loss, regardless of appetite;
• frequent dizziness;
• weakness, decreased performance, fatigue;
• heaviness in the legs;
• tingling, numbness of the limbs;
• pain in the region of the heart;
• cramps in the calf muscles;
• low temperature (indicators are below average);
• the appearance of itching in the perineum;
• itchy skin;
• slow healing of skin lesions, wounds;
• violations of sexual activity;
• long-term cure for infectious diseases;
• visual impairment (general deterioration of vision, the appearance of a "veil" in front of the eyes).

There are also some "special" signs that make it possible to suspect diabetes mellitus. For example, diabetes mellitus in children- symptoms of a special type in this case consist in the absence of an increase in height and weight. In addition, diabetes mellitus in infants manifests itself as white marks on the diapers after the urine has dried on them.

Diabetes in men also manifests itself as a characteristic symptom, as such is considered.

Finally, the signs of diabetes among women... Here, the symptomatology is also quite pronounced, it consists in manifestations in the area of ​​the external genital organs, and this is their itching, as well as persistent and prolonged manifestation. In addition, women with the latent form of type 2 diabetes mellitus that is relevant to them for a long period can be treated for and. In addition to the indicated manifestations of symptoms, it remains to add excess growth on the body and on the face of hair in women.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus: symptoms

This type of diabetes is a disease accompanied by a chronic increase in blood sugar levels. This form of diabetes develops due to insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes mellitus accounts for about 10% of cases in general.

The typical form of manifestation of the disease, especially in children and young people, is accompanied by a debut in the form of a rather vivid picture, and its development is noted within a period from several weeks to several months. The development of this type of diabetes can be triggered by infectious diseases or diseases of another type, concomitant with a violation of the general health of the patient. The earlier the onset of the disease occurs, the brighter its onset is. The onset of symptoms is sudden, the deterioration of the condition occurs in a sharp manner.

The symptoms manifested here are typical for all forms of diabetes caused by hyperglycemia, and these are: increased urination, accompanied by a possible increase in the volume of urine production (when this volume is exceeded 2-3 l / day), constant thirst, weakness and weight loss (per month the patient can lose 15 kilograms). Focusing on weight loss, it can be noted that the patient may even eat a lot, but at the same time loses about 10% of his total weight.

One of the signs of this disease may be the appearance, the same smell appears in urine, in some cases vision may be impaired. Also, frequent dizziness, heaviness in the legs are a companion of patients with this type of diabetes. The following are considered as indirect signs of the disease:

• wounds heal much longer;
• cure for infectious diseases also takes much longer;
• the area of ​​the calf muscles is prone to cramps;
• itching appears in the genital area.

Thirst in this type of diabetes is especially pronounced - patients can drink (respectively, excreting) liquid in a volume of about 5 or even 10 liters.
The onset of the disease in many cases is accompanied by an increase in the patient's appetite, but later on anorexia develops against the background of the parallel development of ketoacidosis.

High blood pressure requires periodic measurement, while the upper pressure should not exceed 140 mm Hg / st., And the lower - 85 mm Hg / st. We also note that in some cases, with weight loss in patients, blood pressure may normalize, and with it - sugar levels. It is also important to reduce the amount of salt consumed. Without achieving significant changes in pressure indicators, additional drugs are prescribed to reduce it.

Lesion of the feet in diabetes mellitus (diabetic foot)

Diabetic foot is considered as a rather serious complication associated with diabetes mellitus. This pathology causes malnutrition of the lower extremities in patients with diabetes with the formation of ulcerative lesions and deformation of the foot area. The main reason for this is that diabetes affects the nerves and blood vessels of the legs. Obesity, smoking, long-term diabetes, arterial hypertension (high blood pressure) are predisposing factors for this. Trophic ulcers with a diabetic foot can be superficial (with skin lesions), deep (skin lesions involving tendons, bones, joints). In addition, their occurrence can be defined as, which implies damage to the bones in combination with the bone marrow, as localized, accompanied by numbness in the diseased fingers or gangrene, in which the foot is completely affected, as a result of which its amputation is required.

Neuropathy, namely, it acts as one of the main causes of the formation of trophic ulcerative lesions, is diagnosed in about 25% of patients. It manifests itself in the form of pain in the legs, a feeling of numbness in them, tingling and burning. In the indicated number of patients, it is relevant for the number of patients whose diabetes course occurs within a period of about 10 years, in 50% of cases, neuropathy is relevant during the course of the disease within a period of 20 years. With proper treatment, trophic ulcers have a favorable prognosis for cure; treatment is carried out at home, averaging 6-14 weeks. In case of complicated ulcers, hospitalization is indicated (from 1 to 2 months), even more severe cases necessitate hospitalization of the part of the leg that has been affected.

Ketoacidosis as a complication of diabetes

We have already dwelt on this state, we will note only some provisions on it. In particular, we will highlight the symptoms, which consist in the appearance of dry mouth, thirst, in the appearance of a headache, drowsiness and in the characteristic smell of acetone from the mouth. The development of this condition leads to loss of consciousness and to the development of a coma, which requires an obligatory and immediate call to a doctor.

Hypoglycemia as a complication of diabetes

This condition is accompanied by a sharp decrease in blood glucose, which can occur against the background of exposure to a number of specific factors (increased physical activity, insulin overdose, excessive alcohol, the use of certain medications). The early symptoms of hypoglycemia include a sudden protrusion of cold sweat in the patient, the appearance of a feeling of severe hunger, pallor of the skin, trembling hands, weakness, irritability, numbness of the lips and dizziness.

Symptoms in the form of inappropriate patient behavior (passivity, aggressiveness, etc.), palpitations, impaired coordination of movement, confusion and double vision are considered as intermediate symptoms of this condition. And, finally, convulsions and loss of consciousness act as late manifestations of symptoms. The patient's condition is corrected due to the immediate use of easily digestible carbohydrates (sweet tea, juice, etc.). Immediate hospitalization is also required. The main principle of treatment for this condition is the use of glucose (intravenous administration).

Treatment

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed based on test results. In particular, these are blood and urine tests for glucose content in it, a glucose tolerance test, an analysis for the detection of glycosylated hemoglobin, as well as an analysis for the detection of C-peptide and insulin in the blood.

Treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus is based on the implementation of measures in the following areas: exercise, diet and drug therapy (insulin therapy with the achievement of insulin levels within the daily rate of its production, elimination of manifestations of clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus).

Similar principles are defined for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, that is, exercise, diet, and drug therapy. In particular, an emphasis is placed on weight loss - as we have already noted, this can contribute to the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, as well as a decrease in glucose synthesis.

Anemia, more commonly known as anemia, is a condition in which there is a decrease in the total number of red blood cells and / or a decrease in hemoglobin per unit volume of blood. Anemia, the symptoms of which are manifested in the form of fatigue, dizziness and other type of characteristic conditions, occurs due to insufficient supply of oxygen to the organs.

Migraine is a fairly common neurological disease, accompanied by severe paroxysmal headache. Migraine, the symptoms of which are actually pain, concentrated from one half of the head, mainly in the area of ​​the eyes, temples and forehead, in nausea, and in some cases in vomiting, occurs without reference to brain tumors, stroke and serious head injuries, although and may indicate the relevance of the development of certain pathologies.

- This is a violation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and water in the body. The consequence of this is dysfunction of the pancreas. It is the pancreas that produces a hormone called insulin. Insulin is involved in the processing of sugar. And without it, the body cannot convert sugar into glucose. As a result, sugar accumulates in our blood and is excreted in large quantities from the body through urine.

In parallel with this, water exchange is disrupted. The tissues cannot retain water in themselves, and as a result, a lot of defective water is excreted through the kidneys.

If a person's blood sugar (glucose) content is higher than normal, then this is the main symptom of the disease - diabetes mellitus. In the human body, the cells of the pancreas (beta cells) are responsible for the production of insulin. In turn, insulin is a hormone that is responsible for ensuring that glucose is supplied to the cells in the right amount. What happens in the body with diabetes? The body produces an insufficient amount of insulin, while the content of sugar and glucose in the blood is increased, but the cells begin to suffer from a lack of glucose.

This metabolic disease can be hereditary or acquired. From a lack of insulin, pustular and other skin lesions develop, teeth suffer, angina pectoris develops, hypertension, kidneys, nervous system suffer, vision deteriorates.

Etiology and pathogenesis

The pathogenetic basis of diabetes mellitus depends on the type of this disease. There are two varieties of it, which are fundamentally different from each other. Although modern endocrinologists call the division of diabetes mellitus very arbitrary, the type of disease still matters in determining the treatment tactics. Therefore, it is advisable to dwell on each of them separately.

In general, diabetes mellitus belongs to those diseases, in essence of which there is a violation of metabolic processes. At the same time, carbohydrate metabolism suffers most of all, which is manifested by a persistent and constant increase in the content of glucose in the blood. This indicator is called hyperglycemia. The most important root of the problem is the distortion of the interaction of insulin with tissues. It is this hormone that is the only one in the body that contributes to the drop in glucose content, by conducting it into all cells, as the main energy substrate for maintaining vital processes. If there is a failure in the system of interaction of insulin with tissues, then glucose cannot be included in the normal metabolism, which contributes to its constant accumulation in the blood. These causal relationships are called diabetes mellitus.

It is important to understand that not all hyperglycemia is a true diabetes mellitus, but only one that is caused by a primary impairment of insulin action!

Why are there two types of disease?

Such a need is mandatory, since it completely determines the patient's treatment, which is radically different in the initial stages of the disease. The longer and more severe diabetes mellitus proceeds, the more formal its division into types is. Indeed, in such cases, the treatment practically coincides with any form and origin of the disease.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

This type is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. Most often, this type of diabetes affects people who are young, under the age of 40, and thin. The course of the disease is quite difficult, insulin is required for treatment. Reason: The body produces antibodies that destroy the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.

It is almost impossible to completely cure type 1 diabetes, although there are cases of restoration of pancreatic functions, but this is possible only in special conditions and natural raw food. To maintain the body, it is required to inject insulin into the body with a syringe. Since insulin is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, it is not possible to take insulin in pill form. Insulin is administered with food intake. It is very important to follow a strict diet; easily digestible carbohydrates (sugar, sweets, fruit juices, sugar-containing lemonades) are completely excluded from the diet.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

This type of diabetes is non-insulin dependent. Most often, type 2 diabetes affects the elderly, after 40 years of age, obese. Reason: loss of insulin sensitivity of cells due to an excess of nutrients in them. The use of insulin for treatment is not necessary for every patient. Only a qualified technician can prescribe treatment and doses.

To begin with, such patients are prescribed a diet. It is very important to fully follow the doctor's recommendations. It is recommended to reduce weight slowly (2-3 kg per month), in order to achieve normal weight, which must be maintained throughout life. In cases where the diet is not enough, sugar-reducing tablets are used, and insulin is prescribed only in very extreme cases.

Signs and symptoms of diabetes

Clinical signs of the disease in most cases are characterized by a gradual course. Rarely, diabetes manifests itself in a fulminant form with an increase in the glycemic index (glucose content) to critical levels with the development of various diabetic comas.

With the onset of the disease, patients develop:

Persistent dry mouth;

Feeling thirsty with inability to quench it. Sick people drink up to several liters of daily fluid;

Increased urine output - a noticeable increase in portions and total urine excreted per day;

Decrease or sharp increase in weight and body fat;

The appearance of the smell of acetone from the patient;

Clouding of consciousness.

The appearance of characteristic signs of diabetes or the development of its complications is an alarm signal that indicates the progression of the disease or insufficient drug correction.

The most significant causes of diabetes are such as:

Heredity. It is necessary to reduce the remaining factors that affect the development of diabetes mellitus.

Obesity. Actively fight overweight.

A number of diseases that damage the beta cells responsible for the production of insulin. Such diseases include diseases of the pancreas - pancreas, diseases of other endocrine glands.

Viral infections(, epidemic and other diseases, this includes). These infections are the starting points for the development of diabetes mellitus. Especially for people who are at risk.

Nervous stress. People who are at risk should avoid nervous and emotional stress.

Age. With age, for every ten years, the risk of developing diabetes mellitus doubles.

This list does not include those diseases in which diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia are secondary in nature, being just a symptom of them. In addition, such hyperglycemia cannot be considered true diabetes until extensive clinical manifestations or diabetic complications develop. Diseases that cause hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) include tumors and hyperfunction of the adrenal glands, chronic pancreatitis, and increased levels of counterinsular hormones.

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

If there is a suspicion of diabetes mellitus, this diagnosis must be either confirmed or refuted. There are a number of laboratory and instrumental methods for this. These include:

Blood glucose test - determination of fasting glucose;

Glucose tolerance test - determining the ratio of fasting glycemia to this indicator after two hours after taking carbohydrate components (glucose);

Glycemic profile - the study of glycemic figures several times throughout the day. Performed to assess the effectiveness of treatment;

General urine analysis with determination of the level of glucose in the urine (glucosuria), protein (proteinuria), leukocytes;

Urine test for acetone content - if ketoacidosis is suspected;

A blood test for the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin - indicates the degree of disorders that are caused by diabetes;

Biochemical blood test - a study of hepatic-renal tests, which indicates the adequacy of the functioning of these organs against the background of diabetes;

The study of the electrolyte composition of blood - indicated in the development of severe forms of diabetes;

Rehberg's test - shows the degree of kidney damage in diabetes;

Determination of the level of endogenous insulin in the blood;

Examination of the fundus;

Ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, heart and kidneys;

ECG - to assess the degree of diabetic myocardial damage;

Doppler ultrasound, capilaroscopy, rheovasography of the vessels of the lower extremities - assesses the degree of vascular disorders in diabetes;

All patients with diabetes mellitus must be consulted by such specialists:

Endocrinologist;

Cardiologist;

Neuropathologist;

Ophthalmologist;

Surgeon (vascular or special pediatrician);

The implementation of the entire complex of these diagnostic measures can help to clearly determine the severity of the disease, its degree and the correctness of tactics in relation to the treatment process. It is very important to carry out these studies not once, but to repeat them in dynamics as many times as required by a specific situation.

Blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus

The very first and informative method for the primary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and its dynamic assessment in the course of treatment is the study of blood glucose (sugar) levels. This is a clear indicator from which all subsequent diagnostics and therapeutic measures should be based.

Specialists revised the normal and pathological glycemic figures several times. But today their clear values ​​have been established, which shed true light on the state of carbohydrate metabolism in the body. They should be guided not only by endocrinologists, but also by other specialists, and by patients themselves, especially diabetics with a long history of the disease.

As can be seen from the above table, the diagnostic confirmation of diabetes mellitus is extremely simple and can be carried out within the walls of any outpatient clinic or even at home with a personal electronic glucometer (a device for determining the blood glucose indicator). Likewise, criteria for assessing the adequacy of diabetes mellitus therapy by various methods have been developed. The main one is the same level of sugar (glycemia).

According to international standards, a good indicator for treating diabetes mellitus is a blood glucose level below 7.0 mmol / L. Unfortunately, in practice this is not always feasible, despite the real efforts and strong aspirations of doctors and patients.

A very important rubric in the classification of diabetes mellitus is its division by degrees of severity. This distinction is based on the level of glycemia. Another element in the correct formulation of the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is the indication of the compensation process. This indicator is based on the presence of complications.

But for ease of understanding of what is happening with a patient with diabetes mellitus, by looking at the records in the medical documentation, you can combine the severity with the stage of the process into one heading. After all, it is natural that the higher the blood sugar level, the more severe diabetes is and the higher the number of its formidable complications.

Diabetes mellitus 1 degree

It characterizes the most favorable course of the disease to which any treatment should strive. With this degree of the process, it is completely compensated, the glucose level does not exceed 6-7 mmol / l, there is no glucosuria (excretion of glucose in the urine), the indicators of glycated hemoglobin and proteinuria do not go beyond normal values.

In the clinical picture, there are no signs of complications of diabetes: angiopathy, retinopathy, polyneuropathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy. At the same time, it is possible to achieve such results with the help of diet therapy and taking medications.

Diabetes mellitus grade 2

This stage of the process speaks of its partial compensation. There are signs of diabetes complications and damage to typical target organs: eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, nerves, and lower extremities.

The glucose level is slightly increased and is 7-10 mmol / l. Glucosuria is not determined. Indicators of glycosylated hemoglobin are within normal limits or slightly increased. There are no severe organ dysfunctions.

Diabetes mellitus grade 3

Such a course of the process speaks of its constant progression and the impossibility of drug control. At the same time, the glucose level fluctuates between 13-14 mmol / l, persistent glucosuria (excretion of glucose in the urine), high proteinuria (the presence of protein in the urine), there are obvious detailed manifestations of target organ damage in diabetes mellitus.

Visual acuity decreases progressively, remains severe (increased blood pressure), sensitivity decreases with the appearance of severe pain and numbness of the lower extremities. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin is kept at a high level.

Diabetes mellitus grade 4

This degree characterizes the absolute decompensation of the process and the development of severe complications. In this case, the level of glycemia rises to critical figures (15-25 mmol / l and more), it is difficult to correct by any means.

Progressive proteinuria with protein loss. The development of renal failure, diabetic ulcers and gangrene of the extremities is characteristic. Another criterion for grade 4 diabetes is the tendency to develop frequent diabetic comas: hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar, ketoacidotic.

Complications and consequences of diabetes mellitus

By itself, diabetes mellitus does not pose a threat to human life. Its complications and their consequences are dangerous. It is impossible not to mention some of them, which are either often encountered, or carry an immediate danger to the patient's life.

Coma in diabetes mellitus. The symptoms of this complication are growing at lightning speed, regardless of the type of diabetic coma. The most important warning sign is clouding of consciousness or extreme lethargy of the patient. Such people should be urgently hospitalized in the nearest medical institution.

The most common diabetic coma is ketoacidotic. It is caused by the accumulation of toxic metabolic products that have a destructive effect on nerve cells. Its main criterion is the persistent smell of acetone when the patient breathes. In the case of hypoglycemic coma, consciousness is also dimmed, the patient is covered with cold profuse sweat, but at the same time a critical decrease in glucose levels is recorded, which is possible with an overdose of insulin. Fortunately, other types of lumps are less common.

Swelling in diabetes mellitus. Edema can be both local and widespread, depending on the degree of concomitant heart failure. In fact, this symptom is an indicator of renal dysfunction. The more pronounced the swelling, the more severe the diabetic nephropathy ().

If the edema is characterized by an asymmetrical spread, involving only one lower leg or foot, then this indicates a diabetic microangiopathy of the lower extremities, which is supported by neuropathy.

High / low blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Indicators of systolic and diastolic pressure also serve as a criterion for the severity of diabetes. It can be viewed in two dimensions. In the first case, the level of total arterial pressure on the brachial artery is judged. Its increase indicates progressive diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage), as a result of which they release substances that increase blood pressure.

The other side of the coin is a decrease in blood pressure in the vessels of the lower extremities, as determined by ultrasound Doppler. This indicator indicates the degree of diabetic angiopathy of the lower extremities ().

Leg pain in diabetes mellitus. may indicate diabetic angio or neuropathy. This can be judged by their nature. Microangiopathy is characterized by the appearance of pain during any physical activity and walking, which forces patients to stop for a short time to reduce their intensity.

The appearance of nocturnal and rest pain speaks of diabetic neuropathy. They are usually accompanied by numbness and desensitization of the skin. Some patients notice a local burning sensation in certain places of the lower leg or foot.

Trophic ulcers in diabetes mellitus. are the next stage of diabetic angio- and neuropathy after pain. The type of wound surfaces in different forms of diabetic foot is radically different, as is their treatment. In this situation, it is extremely important to correctly assess all the smallest symptoms, since the possibility of preserving the limb depends on this.

It is immediately worth noting about the relative favorableness of neuropathic ulcers. They are caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of the feet as a result of nerve damage (neuropathy) against the background of foot deformity (diabetic osteoarthropathy). At typical points of friction of the skin in the places of bony protrusions, corns appear, which patients do not feel. Under them, hematomas are formed with their further suppuration. Patients pay attention to the foot only when it is already red, edematous and with a massive trophic ulcer on the surface.

Gangrene in diabetes mellitus. most often it is a consequence of diabetic angiopathy. For this, there must be a combination of lesions of small and large arterial trunks. Usually, the process begins in the area of ​​one of the toes. Due to the lack of blood flow to it, severe pain in the foot and its redness appear. Over time, the skin becomes cyanotic, edematous, cold, and then becomes covered with blisters with cloudy contents and black spots of skin necrosis.

The described changes are irreversible, therefore, it is not possible to save the limb under any circumstances, amputation is indicated. Of course, it is advisable to perform it as low as possible, since operations on the foot do not bring any effect in gangrene, the shin is considered the optimal level of amputation. After such an intervention, it is possible to restore walking with the help of good functional prostheses.

Prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus. Prevention of complications consists in early detection of the disease and adequate and correct treatment. This requires doctors to have a clear knowledge of all the intricacies of the course of diabetes, and from patients strict adherence to all dietary and medical recommendations. A separate heading in the prevention of diabetic complications is to highlight the correct daily care of the lower extremities in order to prevent their damage, and if they are found, immediately seek help from surgeons.

To get rid of type 2 diabetes mellitus, you must follow these recommendations:

Go on a low carb diet.

Stop taking harmful pills for diabetes.

Start taking an inexpensive and harmless diabetes medication based on metformin.

Start playing sports, increase your physical activity.

Sometimes, low-dose inulin injections may be needed to normalize blood sugar levels.

These simple guidelines will help you control your blood sugar and stop taking medications that cause multiple complications. You need to eat right not from time to time, but every day. The transition to a healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for getting rid of diabetes. A more reliable and simpler way of treating diabetes has not yet been invented at this point in time.

Diabetes medications

In type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemic drugs are used:

Drugs to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin. These are sulfonylurea derivatives (Gliclazide, Glickvidon, Glipizide), as well as meglitinides (Repaglitinide, Nateglitinide).

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin. These are Biguanides (,). Biguanides are not prescribed for people who suffer from pathology of the heart and kidneys with severe insufficiency of the functioning of these organs. Also, drugs that increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin are Pioglitazone and Avandia. These drugs belong to the Thiazolidinediones group.

Drugs with incretin activity: DPP-4 inhibitors (Vildagliptin and Sitagliptin) and GGP-1 receptor agonists (Liraglutide and Exenatide).

Drugs that prevent glucose from being absorbed in the digestive system. This drug is called Acarbose from the group of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.

6 common misconceptions about diabetes

There are common beliefs about diabetes that need to be dispelled.

People who eat a lot of sweets develop diabetes. This statement is not entirely true. In fact, eating sweets can trigger weight gain, which is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. However, the person must have a predisposition to diabetes. That is, two key points are needed: overweight and burdened heredity.

At the onset of diabetes, insulin continues to be produced, but body fat prevents it from being absorbed normally by the cells of the body. If this situation is observed for many years, then the pancreas will lose its ability to produce enough insulin.

The consumption of sweets does not affect the development of type 1 diabetes. In this case, the cells of the pancreas simply die due to antibody attacks. Moreover, the body itself produces them. This process is called an autoimmune reaction. To date, science has not found the cause of this pathological process. It is known that type 1 diabetes is rarely inherited, in about 3-7% of cases.

When I start diabetes, I will immediately understand this. You can find out that a person develops diabetes mellitus immediately, if only he has type 1 disease. This pathology is characterized by a rapid increase in symptoms, which are simply impossible to ignore.

At the same time, type 2 diabetes develops for a long time and is often completely asymptomatic. This is the main danger of the disease. People learn about it already at the stage of complications, when the kidneys, heart, nerve cells have suffered.

At the same time, timely treatment could stop the progression of the disease.

Type 1 diabetes always develops in children and type 2 diabetes in adults. Regardless of the type of diabetes, it can develop at any age. Although it is more often children and adolescents who develop type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, this is not a reason to believe that the disease cannot begin at an older age.

The main reason that leads to the development of type 2 diabetes is obesity, but it can develop at any age. In recent years, the issue of childhood obesity in the world is quite acute.

However, type 2 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in people over the age of 45. Although medical practitioners are beginning to sound the alarm, indicating that the disease is significantly younger.

With diabetes, you cannot eat sweets, you need to eat special foods for diabetics. Of course, you will have to change your menu, but you should not completely abandon ordinary food products. Diabetic foods can replace the usual sweets and favorite desserts, but when eating them, you need to remember that they are a source of fat. Therefore, the risk of gaining excess weight remains. Moreover, products for diabetics are very expensive. Therefore, the easiest solution is to switch to a healthy diet. The menu should be enriched with proteins, fruits, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and vegetables.

Recent research shows that a holistic approach to diabetes management is making significant progress. Therefore, it is necessary not only to take medicines, but also to lead a healthy lifestyle, as well as to eat right. Insulin should be injected only in extreme cases, it is addictive.

If a person with type 1 diabetes refuses to inject insulin, this will lead to his death. If the patient suffers from type 2 diabetes, then in the early stages of the development of the disease, the pancreas will still produce some insulin. Therefore, patients are prescribed drugs in the form of tablets, as well as injections of sugar-burning drugs. This will allow your insulin to be better absorbed.

As the disease progresses, less and less insulin is produced. As a result, there will come a time when it will simply not be possible to refuse his injections.

Many people are wary of insulin injections, and these fears are not always well founded. It should be understood that when the tablets are not able to produce the desired effect, then the risk of developing complications of the disease increases. In this case, insulin injections are a must.

It is important to control the level of blood pressure and cholesterol, as well as to take medications to normalize these indicators.

Insulin leads to obesity. It is often possible to observe a situation when a person who is on insulin therapy begins to gain weight. When blood sugar is high, weight begins to decrease, because excess glucose is excreted along with urine, which means extra calories. When the patient begins to receive insulin, these calories are no longer excreted in the urine. If there is no change in lifestyle and diet, then it is quite logical that the weight will begin to grow. However, insulin is not to blame.

Unfortunately, not in all cases it is possible to influence the inevitability of type 1 diabetes mellitus. After all, its main causes are hereditary factors and small viruses that each person faces. But not everyone develops the disease. And although scientists have found that diabetes is much less common in children and adults who were breastfed and treated for respiratory infections with antiviral drugs, this cannot be attributed to specific prevention. Therefore, there are no really effective methods.

The situation is completely different with the prevention of type 2 diabetes. After all, it is very often the result of a wrong lifestyle.

The question of the possibility of a complete cure for diabetes mellitus is considered very ambiguously today. The complexity of the situation is that it is very difficult to return what has already been lost. The only exceptions are those forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus that are well controlled under the influence of diet therapy. In this case, by normalizing diet and physical activity, you can completely get rid of diabetes. It should be borne in mind that the risk of recurrence of the disease in case of violation of the regime is extremely high.

According to official medicine, type 1 diabetes mellitus and persistent forms of type 2 diabetes cannot be completely cured. But ongoing medication can prevent or slow the progression of diabetes complications. After all, they are the ones that are dangerous to humans. Therefore, it is extremely important to engage in regular monitoring of the blood glucose value, monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. It must be remembered that they must be lifelong. It is permissible to change only their volumes and varieties, depending on the patient's condition.

However, there are many former patients who have been able to recover from this incurable disease through therapeutic fasting. But forget about this method if you cannot find a good specialist in your city who could control you and prevent the situation from getting out of control. Because there are many cases when experiments on oneself end in intensive care!

As for the operative methods of eliminating diabetes mellitus with the implantation of a kind of artificial pancreas, which is a device that analyzes the level of hyperglycemia and automatically releases the required amount of insulin. The results of such treatment are impressive in their effectiveness, but they are not devoid of significant drawbacks and problems. Therefore, no one has yet succeeded in replacing the natural insulin of a particular person with a synthetic analogue, which may not be suitable for a diabetic patient in everything.

Development continues in the field of the synthesis of those types of insulin, which will consist of identical components specific to each patient. And although this is still a distant reality, every person exhausted by the course of diabetes believes that a miracle will happen.

Which doctor should I go to?

About the doctor: 2010 to 2016 Practitioner of the therapeutic hospital of the central medical-sanitary unit No. 21, city of elektrostal. Since 2016 she has been working in the diagnostic center No. 3.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that cannot be completely eliminated using the methods of modern medicine. However, there are a large number of medicines and folk remedies, using which the patient can maintain his health at an optimal level for a long time.

Diabetes symptoms

Quite often, the patient may not know for a long time that he has diabetes, not noticing the clinical manifestations of the disease. In most cases, the deterioration in well-being is attributed to fatigue, symptoms of other diseases. However, this condition is characterized by its own characteristics.

The main clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus:

• constant feeling of thirst;
• dry mouth;
• increased urination;
• feeling of hunger;
• rapid weight loss;
• exhaustion (manifested in patients dependent on insulin).

Minor signs include the following:

• chronic fatigue;
• numbness of hands and feet;
• dry skin;
• deterioration in vision;
• migraine.

When such clinical manifestations appear, you must immediately visit a doctor so that he immediately prescribes the necessary treatment.

Lifestyle correction and necessary medications

If a patient is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, treatment should be started as soon as possible. The earlier the disease is detected, the more favorable the prognosis will be for the patient. In the later stages of the development of the disease, serious, irreversible complications can occur.

As already mentioned, this disease cannot be completely cured, but the patient's condition can be maintained. To do this, he must eat properly and regularly inject insulin. Alternatively, you can resort to traditional medicine. Some herbs contribute to the normalization of well-being.

You need to adjust your diet. Foods should supply complex carbohydrates to the body, while simple carbohydrates should be excluded from the diet.

In addition, the following dishes should not be present in the diet of a diabetic:

• sweets;
• salty, fatty, fried, peppery, seasoned food;
• alcoholic drinks and sweet soda.

It is also necessary to track the calorie content of dishes. It is important to have a balanced diet. The diet should have the correct ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrates.

Insulin administration is an integral part of diabetes management. You can do the injections yourself. Before introducing the substance, you need to measure the sugar level. Injections are given if it is elevated. This measure allows you to maintain the patient's body in a normal state so that he can live a full life.

People with insulin-dependent diabetes should stock up on medication for future use. It is better if the stock is not calculated for one month. The substance will not deteriorate if stored properly. This is necessary even when the patient does not need daily injections. But, if insulin is suddenly needed urgently, it will be at hand.

The substance should be stored in a dark place, at a temperature not exceeding 8 ° C. It is allowed to do this in the refrigerator, but not next to the freezer. If the product is stored in a warm place, under the influence of the sun's rays, it will lose its properties. For this reason, it is important to observe the storage conditions so that the medicine retains its benefits until the expiration date.

The used bottle can be stored indoors for no more than 45 days, out of direct sunlight. If the agent was used once, then the opened storage bottle is allowed to be placed in the refrigerator for 90 days. Freezing should not be allowed, because after the medicine is thawed, an incorrect dose may be administered, which will make the patient worse.

It is allowed to use folk methods, but only when this issue is agreed with the doctor.

Treatment of diabetes mellitus with folk remedies

When dealing with diabetes mellitus, it is extremely important to follow all the prescriptions of your doctor. If he permits, you can supplement the prescribed therapy with folk remedies. Herbal decoctions and infusions, vegetable juices and some other products are recommended. But first of all, you need to measure the sugar level using a special device - a glucometer.

Below are the most effective traditional medicine recipes that people with diabetes can take advantage of.

Ginger root
Ginger root has a beneficial complex effect on the body of a patient who has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. It contains a huge amount of trace elements, so when this product is included in the patient's diet, it can be significantly enriched.

Most often, ginger tea is used as a folk remedy for diabetes. To prepare a drink, you need to peel the root, place it in cool water for 60 minutes. Then grind with a grater, place in a thermos and pour boiling water. The drink is drunk in the morning on an empty stomach and twice a day before meals, adding to simple tea.

Aspen bark
The course of treatment with this remedy lasts for two months, then it is interrupted for three weeks, if necessary, then the course can be resumed. A healing broth is prepared from the bark of aspen, this is done as follows:

1. Pour one dessert spoon of raw materials with a glass of water, put on fire.
2. When the mixture boils, remove from the stove and pour into a thermos.
3. Insist for at least ten hours, then strain.
4. Consume twice a day 30 minutes before meals. However, if there are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, so that heartburn does not occur, it is necessary to drink the remedy throughout the day in small sips, before having a light snack.

Bay leaf
This tool helps to lower blood sugar levels, get rid of extra pounds, improve immunity, without disrupting metabolic processes. Fresh lavrushka contains many nutrients, but dry leaves, which are much easier to find, will also work. The standard course of therapy lasts 21 days, then is interrupted. A decoction is made from bay leaves. To do this, you can use one of the following cooking options:

1. Method one. Pour ten dry leaves with three glasses of boiling water. Cover and leave for three hours. Drink half glasses 3 times a day before meals.
2. Method two. Pour the leaves with one and a half glasses of water and put on fire. Hold on the stove for about three minutes, then pour into a thermos and leave for three hours. Use the entire amount of the broth in one day. The course of therapy is three days, then interrupted for two weeks.

Attention! With a severe stage of the disease, lavrushka can not be used categorically. In addition, it is forbidden to use it for ulcers, as well as for kidney diseases.

Flaxseed
For the treatment of diabetes mellitus, flaxseeds are often used. They contain a large amount of saturated acids, due to which they normalize sugar levels. To prepare a healing agent, a decoction is made from one liter of water and five tablespoons of raw materials. The ingredients are mixed and kept on fire for ten minutes. Then the broth is infused for 60 minutes. The finished product should be consumed half a glass three times a day daily.

Cinnamon
Cinnamon has a complex effect on the body. Due to the fact that it contains phenol, it helps to lower blood glucose levels. With the daily addition of cinnamon to food, it is possible to reduce the concentration of sugar in the patient's blood by a third in one month.

For therapeutic purposes, the agent is prepared as follows:

• An ordinary tea is prepared, a quarter of a small spoon of this spice is added.
• The drink is infused for five minutes.

Another recipe:

• Mix a dessert spoon of cinnamon with honey in a 1: 2 ratio.
• Heated water is added.
• The tool is infused for at least ten hours.
• The finished drink is drunk in two steps (preferably prepared at night).

Cinnamon is an effective remedy for diabetes mellitus, but there are also contraindications to its use. These include:

• low blood pressure;
• carrying a baby and breastfeeding;
• individual intolerance to the product;
• problems with blood clotting;
• oncology of the gastrointestinal tract;
• bleeding;
• stool disorders.

Attention! If this product has not been used before, then it is necessary that its introduction into the diet be gradual. As a result, the volume of cinnamon per day should be 5 g.

Jerusalem artichoke
This root vegetable, which is known to many as "earthen pear", contains a large amount of vitamins and useful microelements, but at the same time it is low in calories. Jerusalem artichoke supplies fructose, a natural sugar that is beneficial for people with diabetes. An earthen pear helps to lower and normalize the concentration of sugar in the patient's blood. The fruit can be boiled or stewed, although raw consumption is allowed.

Rose hip
Means that can be prepared on the basis of rosehip help get rid of the manifestations of diabetes, as well as the complications of this disease. The fruits are used to treat diseases and improve immunity, flowers - to relieve inflammatory processes. Stems help fight sciatica, roots - with heart disease.

The plant contains a huge amount of vitamins and minerals, natural acids, oils and other useful substances.

Using folk recipes based on this remedy, diabetics will be able to get rid of many of the problems that are caused by the disease in question:

1. Deterioration of immunity. The occurrence of diseases that are caused by viruses or infection can significantly worsen the patient's condition.
2. High blood pressure. The jumps of this value have a negative effect on the vessels, reducing their elasticity and leading to their destruction.
3. Difficulty excreting bile and urine.
4. The formation of stones in the cavity organs and excretory ducts of the glands, the accumulation of toxins and toxic substances.
5. Rapid fatigue, decreased body tone.
6. Increased cholesterol levels. The use of rosehip-based products will allow you to normalize the concentration of this substance in the body, while simultaneously cleaning and strengthening the cardiovascular system.

The recipe for making a healing broth:

• Chop fresh or dried berries.
• 3 tbsp pour 0.5 liters of raw materials, put in a water bath for 15 minutes.
• Pour the composition into a thermos and leave for 24 hours.
• Drink the finished product twice a day 30 minutes before meals.

Suffering from diabetes mellitus can be treated with drugs based on such a plant only after the doctor approves it. If the patient has diseases such as stomach or duodenal ulcers, high acidity and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, he cannot use rose hips to fight diabetes.

Green tea
According to nutritionists, green tea is the preferred beverage for diabetes. Consuming it regularly can help normalize blood sugar levels, improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.

Green tea contains caffeine, theanine, catechin - substances that allow you to eliminate visceral fat, which usually accumulates near the internal organs. The drink will help normalize blood pressure values, get rid of extra pounds.

Older people should not drink green tea very often, which can impair joint health. Patients who have problems with the functioning of the kidneys, stones, gout, exacerbated ulcers, gastritis or other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as increased body temperature, should be discouraged from drinking the drink.

Baking soda
This method of treating diabetes mellitus at home has been known for a long time. There is evidence that with the help of baking soda, it is possible to alleviate the condition of a patient with chronic kidney pathologies, which means that such a substance is quite effective with other metabolic failures.

Some experts believe that diabetes is the result of high acidity in the liver. The body, which is overloaded with toxins and toxic substances, needs to be cleansed, and due to high acidity, this process is not possible. As a result, the pancreas cannot produce the required amounts of insulin over time. From this, we can conclude that neutralizing excess acid with soda will reduce the risk of diabetes and other diseases.

The recipe for making a medicinal composition based on baking soda is as follows:

• Bring 250 ml of milk to a boil.
• Pour in ¼ of a small spoonful of the substance.
• Boil for a couple of minutes over low heat.
• Allow to cool.
• The medicine should be drunk one glass every day.

You can not use such a medicine for patients who have low gastric acidity, and also have oncological diseases. Other patients, before carrying out such treatment, need to consult a doctor.

Vegetables and fruits
In the diet of a diabetic, there should be a sufficient amount of these products, since they contain a large amount of vitamins and useful microelements, among them fiber, which is a necessary substance for this disease. When choosing fruits and vegetables, it is necessary to take into account their glycemic index and give preference to those in which it is less than 70. We must not forget that this value can increase during heat treatment, for this reason it is recommended to eat vegetables and fruits raw. To avoid a sharp rise in sugar levels, it is advisable first of all to eat dishes that have a low index, and then which have a higher index. Foods that will benefit patients with diagnosed diabetes include cabbage, beets, pumpkin, eggplant, seaweed, apples, pomegranate, and kiwi.

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