The result of microbiological examination of feces. Bacteriological culture (tank culture) of feces: essence, preparation and analysis

The human intestine is inhabited by ~3 kg of bacteria. They represent the microflora necessary for normal digestion, but with various failures, the number of some microorganisms can noticeably decrease - dysbacteriosis occurs - an imbalance of bacteria.

Although doctors do not attribute it to independent diseases, the harm from this does not decrease. If intestinal dysbacteriosis is suspected, special stool tests are prescribed to establish an accurate diagnosis.

Microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract are of paramount importance for human life. They synthesize vitamins, break down food and protect against attacks by pathogenic strains.

In other words, man and bacteria are in symbiosis. But if the composition of the microflora is disturbed, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea may occur, not to mention the consequences of insufficient intake of nutrient compounds in tissues.

The purpose of fecal analysis is to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of bacteria in the intestine.

For this, 3 methods are usually used in medicine:

1. Coprogram.
2. bacteriological analysis.
3. Biochemical analysis.

Coprogram

A coprogram is prescribed when a person contacts with complaints of chronic or acute stool disorder, abdominal pain of an incomprehensible nature, a sharp weight loss for no apparent reason.

Doctors also resort to such a study in the treatment of diseases not related to the gastrointestinal tract. This is especially true when treating pathologies with antibiotics in different parts of the body (throat, joints, etc.).

A coprogram is a primary examination, which is only an auxiliary method and gives a physical description of the contents of the intestine.

The analysis is carried out in 2 stages:

2. Microscopic:

• cells and tissue fragments;
• digested food (fiber, fat, salt, starch, etc.).

If the coprogram shows deviations from the norm, the doctor has a reason to conduct a more thorough analysis. In the laboratory, feces are cultured on a nutrient medium.

After 4-5 days, the bacteria will multiply, which will allow their colonies to be examined under a microscope. After that, the specialist makes a conclusion about the number of microbes in 1 g of feces (CFU / g).

Based on the data obtained, the doctor makes a diagnosis. The results of analyzes of adults and children often differ, so the age of the patient must be taken into account.

But a 5-day wait for the growth of colonies is not always permissible, because during this time a person's condition can deteriorate significantly.

Biochemical analysis of feces

Biochemical analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis gives the result on the day of sampling. The essence of such a study is to identify compounds present in the intestine.

Particular attention is paid to the spectrum of fatty acids, because they are synthesized by bacteria in the process of life. Another biochemical analysis is called express diagnostics.

The method is very informative and simple, it not only demonstrates the imbalance of the microflora, but also determines the part of the intestine in which the failure occurred.

Doctors are much more likely to prefer this study due to its significant advantages:

• Speed. The results will be in 1-2 hours.
• Sensitivity. The method very accurately determines the concentration of compounds.
• Undemanding to the freshness of the samples. Even yesterday's feces will do.

The reliability of the results of the study directly depends on proper preparation. The fact is that many foods contain substances that will give a positive reaction.

First of all, it's meat. It contains hemoglobin.

Secondly, it is iron. All red products contain this element. It is worth refraining from eating such dishes for 3 days before the analysis, so that the laboratory does not accidentally get a false positive result.

Restrictions also apply to raw vegetables and fruits: during the preparation period, you need to eat only thermally processed plant foods.

In addition, the patient must stop taking medications that directly affect the intestinal microflora:

• antibiotics;
• probiotics;
• laxatives (official and folk);
• rectal suppositories.

Adults prepare for the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis on their own. The study of the contents of the children's intestines is no different, however, parents will have to monitor compliance with all recommendations by the child.

How to take a stool test for dysbacteriosis?

Diet and drug withdrawal are the primary conditions for the reliability of the analysis results. In addition, the patient will need to collect feces in accordance with the rules.

We hand over feces - 6 rules:

1. Before control defecation, wash the perineum (the possibility of getting old samples is excluded).
2. It is forbidden to use any aids to speed up the process of defecation (enema, laxative).
3. A special container with a tight lid is prepared in advance (must be purchased at a pharmacy).
4. Do not allow liquid to enter the feces (urine, water, etc.).
5. Take 3 stool fragments (1 teaspoon from different areas).
6. If blood or mucus is present, then such samples are taken without fail.

Gut bacteria are mostly anaerobic. 1 hour after defecation, they will still retain their natural population, but gradually the microorganisms will begin to die.

In order to correctly pass a fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis, it is necessary to deliver excrement samples to the laboratory at least within 2 hours after emptying.

Urgency is not so essential for biochemical research, which studies not colonies of bacteria, but the result of their vital activity - fatty acids. These compounds almost do not spontaneously decompose, and therefore remain unchanged for a long time.

Doctors even allow you to freeze feces and bring it the next day. In the case of newborn children, this option is sometimes the most preferable for parents.

The gut contains 100 trillion bacteria, which is 10 times the number of all cells in the body. If there are no microbes at all, then the person will simply die.

On the other hand, a balance shift in any direction leads to diseases. Deciphering the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is to determine the number and types of microbes.

Table for deciphering the results and norms of analysis

	Children under 1 year old	older children	adults
bifidobacteria	10 10 – 10 11	10 9 – 10 10	10 8 – 10 10
lactobacilli	10 6 – 10 7	10 7 – 10 8	10 6 – 10 8
Escherichia	10 6 – 10 7	10 7 – 10 8	10 6 – 10 8
Bacteroids	10 7 – 10 8	10 7 – 10 8	10 7 – 10 8
Peptostreptococci	10 3 – 10 5	10 5 – 10 6	10 5 – 10 6
Enterococci	10 5 – 10 7	10 5 – 10 8	10 5 – 10 8
Saprophytic staphylococci	≤10 4	≤10 4	≤10 4
Pathogenic staphylococci	-	-	-
Clostridia	≤10 3	≤10 5	≤10 5
candida	≤10 3	≤10 4	≤10 4
Pathogenic enterobacteria	-	-	-

Detailed transcript:

1. Bifidobacteria:

• 95% of all bacteria living in the intestine;
• synthesize vitamins K and B;
• promote the absorption of vitamin D and calcium;
• strengthen immunity.

2. Lactobacillus:

• maintain acidity;
• synthesize lactase and protective substances.

3. Escherichia:

• synthesize vitamins K and B;
• promote the absorption of sugars;
• produce colicins, proteins that kill microbes.

4. Bacteroids:

• break down fats;
• perform a protective function.

5. Streptococci:

• break down carbohydrates;
• perform a protective function;
• are present in small quantities and not always.

6. Enterococci:

• break down carbohydrates.

7. Peptococci:

• participate in the synthesis of fatty acids;
• perform a protective function;
• are not always present.

8. Staphylococci:

• live in the large intestine;
• participate in nitrate metabolism;
• There are many pathogenic strains.

9. Clostridia:

• live in the large intestine;
• synthesize acids and alcohols;
• break down proteins.

10. Fungal:

• maintain an acidic environment;
• conditionally pathogenic.

A change in the number of certain microorganisms is possible when pathogenic strains enter the intestine.

This usually happens when personal hygiene is not observed (dirty hands, unwashed fruits and vegetables). Antibiotic treatment is the second most common cause of dysbacteriosis.

To normalize the situation in the gastrointestinal tract, doctors additionally prescribe probiotics - special dietary supplements.

In addition, dysbacteriosis often indicates an immune failure. Leukocytes control the population of microbes, the number of which increases significantly with a decrease in natural protection. And often not beneficial bacteria multiply, but pathogenic ones.

Analysis of feces in children

The results of the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis in children are somewhat different than in adults. This is due, first of all, to the gradual colonization of the intestine by microorganisms.

After birth, the child feeds on mother's milk, which contributes to the development of normal microflora. But in hospitals, infection with Staphylococcus aureus often occurs.

And if the mother does not have antibodies to this microorganism, then the baby will develop dysbacteriosis.

In addition, some useful strains appear only within 1 year, such as bacteroids. Sometimes in the intestines of a child, fungi of the genus Candida develop excessively, which provoke a corresponding disease - candidiasis.

The most common cause of dysbacteriosis in children is an early transition to artificial feeding. Still, the baby needs mother's milk in the first year of life.

Conclusion

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is prescribed for any digestive disorders. In addition, doctors monitor the state of the patient's microflora during antibiotic therapy.

Timely detection of dysbacteriosis and clarification of the nature of the disorder will make it possible to take the right steps and reduce the likelihood of complications.

This study is performed mainly in infectious diseases. Its technique is described in special manuals. One of the links in the scatological study is the use of the bacterioscopy method, i.e., the study of the flora in a stained smear under a microscope. This study is only of relative importance, since most of the microbes found by this method cannot be differentiated. The applied differential stains make it possible only to distinguish gram-positive, gram-negative, iodophilic, acid-resistant flora.

In Gram-stained smears in healthy calves and piglets, gram-positive microflora is 60-70-90%, gram-negative, respectively, 40-30-10%. With simple dyspepsia, the amount of gram-negative microflora increases sharply and amounts to 50-80%, with toxic dyspepsia - 80-90%, and gram-negative microflora is correspondingly reduced (A. M. Smirnov, V. M. Podkopaev, V. P. Laukhin and others. ).

In smears stained with Lugol's solution, iodophilic microflora is blue, purple or black, yeast fungi are yellow or yellow-brown. A large amount of iodophilic flora in feces is found with insufficient absorption of carbohydrates, with enhanced fermentation processes in the intestine. A significant number of yeast cells is observed in candidomycosis and dysbacteriosis. Of great importance is the determination of the sensitivity of the microflora of feces to antibiotics and other antibacterial agents.

Yeast cells are often oval or round in shape, arranged in groups or in the form of budding forms. In normal feces, there may be a small amount. A large number indicates stale stools, as in these cases the mold fungus multiplies. In pathology, an increase in the fungus in the form of budding forms and filaments of mycelium is observed in candidiasis and dysbacteriosis.

Methodology

Elements separated by the intestinal wall (mucus, erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, etc.) are also determined microscopically, while they are better detected in mucus. To determine them, the mucus is rinsed in an isotonic NaCl solution and preparations are prepared.

Microscopically, mucus is presented in the form of a homogeneous transparent mass or strands, in which various shaped elements (leukocytes, epithelium, etc.) are embedded. A large amount of mucus is a sign of an inflammatory process of the intestinal mucosa.

Intestinal epithelial cells are often found interspersed in mucus lumps. In large numbers, they are found in inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.

Crystalline formations, in particular trippelphosphate crystals, resembling "coffin lids" in shape, are encountered with increased putrefactive processes in the intestine. Oxalacetic calcium in the form of octahedrons, similar to postal envelopes, is detected with a decrease in the acidity of gastric juice. Bilirubin crystals in the form of very small rhombic or needle-shaped formations or orange grains are normally found in the meconium of newborns, the feces of young animals in the first days of life, and in adult animals they are recorded with the rapid passage of chyme and feces through the intestines. Hematoidin crystals are found in the feces after bleeding, their shape is needle-shaped or rhombic, the color is reddish-brown (see tab. 3, 4).

Rice. 1. Fecal microscopy:

1-digestible fiber. 2 - indigestible fiber. 3 - plant vessel, 4 extracellular starch. 5 - intracellular starch, 6 - unchanged muscle fibers, 7 - altered muscle fibers, 8 - neutral fat, 9 - fatty acid crystals. 10 - soaps, 11 - erythrocytes. 12 - leukocytes, 13 - iodophilic flora.

Rice. 2. Fecal microscopy:

1-muscle fibers in feces (native preparation, 140) ss transverse (1), longitudinal (2) striated and without (3): 11 - neutral fat in feces (stained with Sudan-3.uv.140).

One of the methods for studying the state of human health is bacteriological studies of the products of its vital activity, including feces. This type of analysis is usually included in both general preventive examinations and complex narrow-profile diagnostic measures. The collected material, processed in a special way, makes it possible to determine some important indicators of human health, for example, the presence of intestinal dysbacteriosis or intestinal infections, as well as to control the quality of the treatment provided. Such an analysis can be prescribed to patients of any age.

What is the intestinal microflora for?

It is well known that in the human intestine there is a large number of various microorganisms, in total more than 500 species. Most of the microflora "live" in the large intestine, a smaller amount - in the small intestine and appendix.

Although, at first glance, it may seem that their functional significance for humans is not particularly important, in fact, the work of these bacteria is directly reflected in the health of their carrier.

In the intestinal cavity, bacteria attach to the villi of the epithelium. One of their functions is the production of a special mucous biofilm, which is responsible for maintaining the population of beneficial microorganisms and protecting them from external influences.

In the course of their vital activity, bacteria actively multiply, participating in the processes of digestion of food and the assimilation of nutrients by the human body.

In case of ingress of foreign microorganisms, “foreigners” are destroyed, forced out, or their adaptation takes place, and they also begin to participate in the general life of intestinal bacteria.

In addition to the above, microorganisms in the intestine perform other functions - they break down and digest food, protect the epithelial inner layer of the intestine, participate in metabolic processes, synthesize some vitamins and amino acids, form immune system reactions, protect against various pathogenic organisms.

At the same time, part of the microbiota of the intestine itself is opportunistic, such as E. coli. In a normal amount, it is indispensable in the processes of digestion.

Any change in the quantitative or qualitative ratio of microflora in the intestine leads to a deterioration in human health.

Bacterial composition of the intestinal microflora

For convenience, all microorganisms that inhabit the intestinal cavity are classified by physicians according to whether they can pose any danger to their carrier under certain conditions.

Thus, distinguish:

• healthy bacteria that function in the intestines and do not harm the carrier: lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, escherichia;
• conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that can provoke the development of certain pathological processes under certain conditions: clostridia, staphylococci, candida, enterococci;
• pathogenic, which are the causative agents of dangerous diseases: salmonella, shigella.

What is it for?

Analysis of feces for intestinal infections and dysbacteriosis allows you to identify all types of microorganisms, including pathogens. The essence of the examination is to sow the secretions of the human body on nutrient media, as a result of which all the bacteria present in the feces begin to multiply intensively, and it becomes easy to detect them. Often, a study, which is also called fecal culture, is prescribed for children.

Indications and contraindications for stool culture

The study of fecal masses is prescribed in certain cases when the doctor needs specific information about the patient's health status. Indications for the appointment of bacteriological examination of feces are:

• the need for antibiotics;
• preparation for the conception of a child;
• the presence of digestive problems:, heartburn, nausea and, heaviness in the stomach:
• stomach ache;
• increased gas formation;
• completed a course of antibiotic treatment;
• manifestations of allergic reactions;
• frequent infectious diseases, suspicion of the presence of helminths;
• diagnosed oncological diseases;
• immunodeficiency.

As for possible contraindications, this procedure does not have them - bacteriological examination of feces can be carried out at any age and in any condition of the patient.

Requirements for sampling material for analysis

Carrying out a bacteriological analysis of feces requires certain preparatory measures from the patient. Fecal masses are a product of the vital activity of the human body, which reflects the image of its nutrition.

Therefore, in order to ensure the most objective diagnosis, doctors recommend, first of all, to consult with your doctor and, about 5-7 days before taking feces for pathogenic intestinal flora, refuse to take antibiotics, anti-diarrhea drugs, anthelmintic drugs, laxatives , enzyme-containing and iron-containing drugs. It is not recommended to do cleansing or therapeutic enemas for 3-4 days. The doctor who will conduct the study should be warned about all medications taken shortly before the analysis. If the subject has visited other countries in the last six months before the analysis, this should also be reported to the doctor.

As part of the preparation of the patient, 2-3 days before the scheduled date of the test, you should follow a diet that excludes foods that increase gas formation or stain the feces. Forbidden:

• legumes;
• raw vegetables and fruits;
• and confectionery;
• and dairy products;
• red fish.

When compiling a diet during this period, it should be remembered that eating meat can also affect the results of the analysis. It is not allowed to take feces for analysis, which is obtained using laxatives or enemas. All these recommendations are relevant for the planned sampling of material.

How is the collection of material for analysis by the patient

There are several ways to take feces for research. In the first case, the patient collects the biological material for study independently, after an arbitrarily performed defecation process. In this case, there are some requirements for the fence technique.

It is necessary to take care in advance of the availability of a special sterile container for the collected feces - in any pharmacy you can buy a container with a tight-fitting lid and a spatula.

It is very important that foreign impurities do not get into the feces sent for analysis - urine, menstrual flow, cleaning products from the toilet bowl. Women are advised to collect material after the end of menstruation.

If there is pus or mucus in the stool, they must be collected. Blood blotches or clots should not be collected for analysis. The bladder must be emptied before sampling.

For analysis, a mass of about 2-3 teaspoons is sufficient, while choosing the material from different parts of the mass - from the inside, from the sides, from above.

Having collected material for research in a container, it must be tightly closed with a lid. On the container, you should indicate your last name and initials, date of birth. Within no more than one and a half hours, the container with the contents must be delivered to the laboratory. Most often, special storage conditions cannot preserve the fecal microflora as much as possible, since most of the bacteria that enter it die from contact with oxygen. Five hours after sampling, the material is no longer of value for research.

Taking feces for analysis in a laboratory or hospital

In some cases, the sampling of material for research is carried out by a medical worker, regardless of the process of the patient's natural defecation. For this, tampons or special loops can be used. This algorithm for taking feces is also suitable for young children.

The fecal sampling technique looks like this: the subject lies on the couch, in the “on the side” position, bending the legs at the knees and pulling the hips to the stomach. He needs to spread his buttocks with his palms. To a depth of 10 centimeters, a loop or swab is inserted into the anus, which gently removes the contents of the intestine from the wall of the rectum.

The collected material is placed in a sterile test tube, container or container with a preservative. Without a preservative, the material must be processed no later than 2 hours after its removal.

How is the further processing of feces

After the material for analysis is received, it is sent to the laboratory in a sterile container.

As soon as possible from the moment of taking the stool, it is inoculated on a solid color medium - Levin's medium or bactoagar Zh, as well as on an accumulation medium (Kaufman, Muller). The crops made for a day are sent to a thermostat, where they are kept at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius. If the stool was collected on a swab, it is applied to a cup with a solid colored medium and scattered with a spatula. A day later, the material is ready for research.

Technique for bacteriological and coprological examination of feces

Clinical analysis of feces includes their initial examination. At the same time, the doctor studies its structure, color, consistency, smell. Normally, feces should not contain pieces of undigested food, mucus, pus, be discolored or, conversely, too dark.

Biochemical analysis involves carrying out some chemical reactions, for example, reactions to the presence of bilirubin, occult blood, iodophilic flora. All these elements should normally show a negative reaction result.

Reactions to ammonia and stercobilin should be positive. Using a litmus surface, the physician determines the level of the acid-base state of the stool. In addition, the material is examined under a microscope. This method of studying feces allows you to identify the presence of pathological elements in the excrement. Fecal microscopy makes it possible to assess the quality of food digestion, to diagnose cystic fibrosis, dysbacterial and enzymatic disorders.

Bacteriological examination of feces is an analysis due to which it is possible to reveal the presence of a number of pathologies in a patient, including dysbacteriosis. In its normal state, the intestinal microflora is a balanced symbiosis of various types of microorganisms that are responsible for the functioning of the immune system, for the process of food processing, for maintaining a normal level of acidity and protective resources of the body. The danger of dysbacteriosis is that it destroys the intestinal microflora, as a result of which a person can even develop diseases such as dysentery or staphylococcal disease.

In addition to dysbacteriosis, this type of diagnosis shows the physician the nuances of the digestive process of the subject, the state of his intestines and stomach. Analysis of feces makes it possible to determine the presence of bleeding in the digestive organs.

It's no secret that a large number of different microorganisms live in our intestines. All of them, according to their properties, are divided into 3 groups:

• "useful" (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli);
• conditionally pathogenic (fungi, enterobacteria);
• pathogenic ("harmful" - shigella).

"Useful" inhabitants of the intestines take an active part in the process of digestion of food, contribute to the saturation of the body with useful microelements, vitamins. Opportunistic organisms occupy a neutral position, being neither "useful" nor "harmful" in full. However, if the natural bacterial balance of the body () is disturbed, they can easily “go over to the side of evil” and become pathogenic.

Initially, pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella, Shigella) in the intestines of a healthy person should not be. Their appearance immediately causes acute intestinal infections, which can be identified and treated by a stool study.

Bacteriological analysis of feces is a laboratory study of human feces, which is carried out by placing biomaterial in a nutrient medium in order to determine the content in the intestine of a set of "harmful", opportunistic microorganisms, standard "useful" microflora. The patient is sent to the tank for fecal analysis if he has symptoms of dysbacteriosis and intestinal infections.

There can be many reasons for the development of “harmful” microorganisms in the human body. One of the most basic is the failure to comply with elementary rules of personal and food hygiene, namely:

1. eating unwashed vegetables and fruits;
2. neglecting to wash hands before eating;
3. eating food from dirty dishes;
4. use of raw water (milk) as a drink;
5. insufficient heat treatment of meat products;
6. neglect of house cleaning.

However, you don't have to be an outright slob to upset your body's natural bacterial balance. As mentioned earlier, in order for the opportunistic microorganisms that inhabit our intestines to become pathogenic, it is enough:

• constantly experiencing stress;
• overload yourself physically;
• move to an unsuitable climate zone for you.

You can still unwittingly become a carrier of dangerous intestinal infections, without suspecting anything. It happens that pathogenic microorganisms inhabit the intestines of a person, but he does not observe any specific symptoms of intestinal infections, for example, such:

1. elevated temperature;
2. body aches;
3. vomit;
4. stomach ache;
5. diarrhea;
6. lack of appetite;
7. bad breath.

When a patient comes to the therapist complaining of the symptoms described above, he directs him to a bacteriological study of feces. Further treatment is determined by a narrower specialist - gastroenterologist or infectious disease specialist.

Rules for passing the analysis

To obtain a reliable result of a bacterial analysis of feces, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the rules for sampling biomaterial. So, in order to properly pass the tank analysis, it is necessary in 2-3 days stop using rectal suppositories, vaseline, castor oil, laxatives, drugs containing iron, bismuth before the material is delivered to the laboratory.

Dishes for donating feces for bakposev must be sterile. A special container with a lid and a stool stick, which can be purchased at a pharmacy, is best suited. Since in order to obtain reliable results of a bacteriological examination of feces for intestinal infections, sterility of the container is required, it is better not to open the jar for biomaterial sampling once again, and not to touch its inner surface with your hands.

The act of defecation should occur naturally (the use of laxatives, rectal suppositories, enemas is strictly prohibited). Before sampling material for analysis, it is necessary to urinate into the toilet, since the result will not be reliable if urine enters the stool container. Defecation is performed in a clean vessel (not in the toilet bowl). Then, with the help of a special stick that comes with the container, feces are collected, and placed in a container for collecting feces for bacteriological analysis. The volume of material should not exceed a third of the container (2 teaspoons).

The container with the biomaterial must be delivered to the laboratory as soon as possible. If it is not possible to deliver immediately, then the collected material can be put in the refrigerator for a period up to 8 hours.

Biomaterial for stool culture in infants can be collected from a clean diaper or underwear of a child. It is better not to take feces from the diaper, as the analysis may give an incorrect result.

Sometimes a rectal smear is taken for a disgroup. In this case, all manipulations for taking material for analysis are performed by a nurse. The patient lies on his side and spreads his buttocks, and the nurse, using a special rectal swab, collects material for bacteriological examination of feces for dysbacteriosis.

The average wait for results is 1 week. The expiration date of the analysis for the disgroup is counted from the day the results of the studies are received and is 10 days.

How is the study going

Tank analyzes are complex studies of the patient's feces to identify pathogenic organisms in the intestines, to diagnose dysbacteriosis. It is carried out using the following research methods:

• microbiological;
• biological;
• serological.

The microbiological method will allow you to see with the help of a microscope the causative agents of the disease - pathogenic bacteria. However, this method will be feasible only on the 7th day after infection.

Sowing on the intestinal group is carried out in this way: the feces are placed in an environment that is most suitable for the growth and development of harmful microorganisms. Over time ( 5-7 days) it is possible to determine the type of microorganisms by the colonies grown during this period.

The disgroup analysis shows whether pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella or shigella are in the patient's feces. If they are present, then another study is carried out - on the sensitivity of these pathogens to certain antibiotics.

If the pathogens die, then the patient is prescribed the appropriate drug. Sowing on a disgroup is what will allow you to identify dangerous diseases in time and start appropriate treatment.

Deciphering the results

Table of normal indicators tank analysis

Bacteroides are Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit the human intestine. The composition of bacteroids in the feces of a healthy person usually does not exceed

Bifidobacteria play a very important role in all processes that occur in the gastrointestinal tract. They synthesize vitamins of groups B and K, thanks to them the body absorbs vitamin D better. Also, bifidobacteria help strengthen the human immune system. The content of bifidobacteria (norm) - 109-10 CFU / g.

Typically, tank analysis determines the quantitative ratio of "beneficial" and opportunistic microorganisms in the human intestine. If the patient is healthy, then pathogenic bacteria should not be present.

Lactobacilli live in the human mouth and intestines. In women, lactobacilli also live in the vagina. Their main function is bactericidal. The fact is that in the acidic environment of these cultures, microbes are not able to survive. Everyone knows the ability of lactobacilli to ferment milk. It is with their help that kefirs, yoghurts, fermented baked milk are made. In addition, lactobacilli are active catalysts for phagocytosis (the destruction of harmful viruses and bacteria by phagocytes).

Classification

Tank tests can help the doctor diagnose not only gastrointestinal infections, but also other diseases. For example, tank tests from gyno () can be diagnosed in women. As mentioned earlier, lactobacilli live not only in the intestines, but also in the vagina in women in a certain amount. Violation of the ratio of conditionally pathogenic, pathogenic and "beneficial" bacteria can provoke a disease such as bacterial vaginosis.

The doctor may prescribe a disgroup if the patient's symptoms indicate blood poisoning. Indications for a blood test tank:

1. fever (long time);
2. suspected infectious diseases.

Usually, a blood culture test is taken before starting a course of antibiotic therapy, since after using antibiotics one cannot hope for a reliable test result.

Bacteriological examination of feces is an analysis that helps to identify all the bacteria in the intestine. This organ contains a large number of microbes that are necessary for the digestion of food and their assimilation. Most often, such studies are needed for children. In addition, the analysis of feces helps to identify various abnormalities in the work of the body, to find the causes of poor digestion of food. So, most often this analysis is prescribed in cases where the patient suffers from abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, and if he has dysbacteriosis.

In addition, analysis is necessary in cases where a person has taken antibiotics for too long, which have partially or completely destroyed beneficial bacteria in the intestines involved in the digestion process. These include lactobacilli, Escherichia and bifidobacteria. In addition, opportunistic microbes can be located in the intestines, which, under certain conditions, can become pathogenic and harm human health. These microbes include staphylococci, candida, enterococci, and clostridia. Of the pathogenic bacteria that can be detected in the analysis of feces, Salmonella and Shigella are isolated. They cause infectious diseases.

Fecal analysis is an important study for the diagnosis of many diseases, so you need to properly prepare for this procedure. First of all, you need to abandon the use of various drugs for a while, because. they can affect the intestinal microflora. You should consult your doctor about these medications. For example, it is recommended to abandon drugs that help fight diarrhea.

It is necessary to stop the use of drugs for helminths. This applies to laxatives, NSAIDs and antibiotics. In addition, it is better to wait a little with enemas.

Before you collect feces, you need to go to the toilet and urinate. Then the urine will not get on the feces. You need to take no more than two teaspoons of material for analysis. It is collected from different areas of the feces. Bacteriological analysis requires a clean container for stool, which will be tightly closed after collection of the material. You also need to remember to sign the jar.

It is necessary to deliver the material for analysis as soon as possible - no more than in two hours. The longer the period, the greater the likelihood of data corruption. This is due to the fact that many of the bacteria that live in the intestines belong to the anaerobic group, so they die in an environment with oxygen.

Bifidobacteria: features

The norm for adults is an indicator of 10 8 -10 10. For children it is higher. Almost 95% of the microbes in the intestines are bifidobacteria that produce vitamin K and B vitamins. These bacteria are involved in the immune defense of the body.

This process can also be affected by malnutrition, when the diet contains a large amount of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, as well as during starvation, improper diet or artificial feeding of children.

Lactobacilli: nuances

The norm for adults according to this indicator is 10 6 -10 8, for children the norm is reduced by an order of magnitude. This type of bacteria occupies only 5% of all microbes in the intestines. They are also useful, like bifidobacteria. Lactobacilli normalize the level of acidity in the intestines and produce various substances, such as: acetic and lactic acid, lactocidin, hydrogen peroxide and acidophilus. All these elements help to strengthen the immune system and destroy all pathogenic microbes in the intestines. Lactobacilli can produce lactase.

The lactobacillus count may decrease due to a number of reasons. So, it is affected by medications, such as NSAIDs and antibiotics. In addition, with improper nutrition, the content of lactobacilli decreases. This is influenced by stressful situations, acute and chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and intestinal infections such as dysentery, salmonellosis and viral diseases.

As for Escherichia, for adults and children, the norm is 10 7 -10 8. These bacteria appear in the intestines immediately after the birth of a person and stay there throughout his life. They are involved in the production of vitamin K and B vitamins, and help process sugar. Eshecheria produce colicins. These are substances that have properties similar to antibiotics, so that they eliminate unwanted bacteria in the intestines and strengthen the body's immune defenses.

Their number may decrease due to poor nutrition. In addition, it is affected by the presence of intestinal bacterial and viral infections, helminths and the use of antibiotics.

Pathogenic environment in the intestine

An analysis for a pathogenic environment in the intestine is the same analysis as for dysbacteriosis.

Pathogenic microbes include Salmonella and Shigella. They are the main culprits of intestinal infections. The analysis should show zero content of these two bacteria.

Salmonella is transmitted by waterfowl, so that it enters the human body through contact with water, contact with vectors, unwashed hands, and eating poorly processed meat and fish. Salmonellosis is a toxic injury to the intestines.

Shigella causes dysentery and organ toxicity. It can be infected due to untreated water, from patients with this disease, through vegetables and dairy products.

Conditionally pathogenic environment of the intestine

The norm for the content of bacteroids is an indicator of 10 7 -10 8 for both adults and children. These bacteria help digest food, more precisely, their action extends to fats. Children under 6 months of age should not have them. The number of these bacteria increases if a person begins to consume more fat. Their number can drop sharply due to antibiotics or intestinal infections.

Peptostreptococci should be an order of magnitude smaller. They are located in the large intestine, but can pass to other organs. They process milk proteins and carbohydrates. Their number increases due to the high content of carbohydrates in food and infectious intestinal diseases.

Enterococci should be the same as the previous bacteria. They improve human immunity. There should be as many of them as there are E. coli. Their content increases with food allergies, antibiotics, poor immunity, poor nutrition and due to E. coli.

Staphylococci should be less than 10 4 . But they should not turn into a pathogenic form. The number of clostridia and candida should not increase. Candida can lead to various forms of candidiasis, and clostridia can lead to putrefactive dyspepsia. However, all these three types of microbes, in their normal amount, are involved in the digestion of food.

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Deciphering the analysis of feces will give a general picture of the situation in the intestines. Thanks to this, it will be possible to identify all deviations from the norm of various beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, which will lead to the choice of the correct treatment for diseases of the digestive system.