Formation of immunity in newborn children. Strong immunity in infants - True or myth

Only from six months the child begins its own immunity, and before that, the Mother antibodies are protected. How to strengthen the immune system and whether to do it?

Vitamins will not help

Immunity is the ability of the body to resist infections and protect against negative impact. ambient. When a child is born, he receives a certain number of protective antibodies from the mother, and its own begin to be produced only after six months of life. Up to three months, protective functions are performed exclusively mothers antibodies. Own immunity is thorough formed by the baby by the year.

No need to think that if the infants do not have its own antibodies to a number of infections, you need to urgently rush to strengthen it immunity. On the contrary, it is facing the outside world, he must form independently. However, there are certain signs that suggest that the newborn needs help:

1. Increased lymph nodes on the neck and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe armpits.
2. ORVI worries every two months, and complications arise, for example, in the form of otitis.
3. Diagnose intestinal infection or any other, but the newborn does not increase the body temperature.
4. Problems that are characteristic of dysbiosis - diarrhea, constipation, diathesis.
5. Atopic dermatitis, which signals that the immune system is not enough antibodies, it is manifested by peeling of the skin, redness, sometimes itching.
6. Frequent allergic reactions.
7. The child constantly want to sleep, he quickly gets tired and often shifts for no reason.

If such problems are bothering the baby - this is a reason to consult a doctor. Do not begin to engage in self-medication! Vitamin complexes Such crumb can only harm and strengthen dermatitis or allergies.

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Mom's full nutrition - child health

Parents first of all should apply for a consultation to a pediatrician who will prescribe treatment. So, if problems with the tummy, breastfish Putting drugs like "Espumizan", which will facilitate his suffering from colic. Lacto and bifidobacteria will be saved from diarrhea or constipation - "useful" bacteria that need to populate the intestinal microflora. Allergic reactions in a child talk about the need to revise the diet of the young mother or the selection of a high-quality mixture for feeding.

How to increase breastfeed immunity with grocery food? The nursing mother must fully eat so that proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates come into its diet. Then the infants will get all the most necessary in the desired volume.

The nursing mother should have a food diary, where to record a new product, which it begins to enter into its food and should be indicated by the reaction to the baby

If everything is fine, then after 2-3 days you can enter something new. Remember the most frequent products that can cause allergic reaction - Cow protein, which is present in all dairy products, and in addition, in beef, chicken, fatty fish, chocolate, citrus fruits, red products and products containing gluten are a row of cas and bakery products.

All this should be introduced into the diet with special attention. Ideally, entering products gradually, and then after half a year, including in the diet of crumbages, allergic reactions gradually go to no.

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More walk and swim in a large bathroom

1. Breastfeeding helps to strengthen the body. This is a fact that has already been proven by the World Health Organization. It is believed that it is necessary to feed the baby with breasts up to six months. It was during this period that the kid's body is still too weak and feeding with mixtures will not enrich it necessary microelements and mother antibodies. It is known that if the crumble fell ill, then on breast milk he will recover faster. If mommy has the opportunity and desire, then you need to feed the baby chest up to a year, and even to two years. A psychological support is played here, in which children need so much.
2. Hardening, walking and physical activity. Be sure to have a baby in a big bath in a big bath, so that it is forced to move more. If possible, visit the pool with it. At any time of the year, walk more in the fresh air and from the first months of life to make elementary gymnastics - flexion-extension of hands and feet, coup on the tummy.
3. Hygiene. Bathing the baby in the bathroom at least once every three days. Also, watch the cleanliness of toys and clothes. At the same time, do not bring the house to sterility - it can slow down the process of producing intrinsic antibodies.
4. In half a year, begin to enter your lore. Even if the baby grabs breast milk, and he adds good in weight, he needs to enrich the diet equality products, vegetables. Before three years, follow the rules of food - do not feed the children with products that do not benefit. For example, cakes, candy, cakes, fried food and so on.
5. Be careful with medicines. Never let the crumb of antibiotics without appointing a doctor. You can't raise immunity with these drugs. Do not strive to bring down the body temperature infants if it is below 38 degrees. Thus, the body produces antibodies and do not need to stop this process. If a small child fell ill, try to help him not with medicines, but a cool air temperature in a room - 20 degrees, wet air - 45-70 percent. And also let him drink more liquid or apply to the chest.

Any doctor will tell you that the organism of the crumbs is significantly different from the adult: he has its own, inherent in him, illness, and its own principles of work - physiological features. To know these features is very important for parents, because many nuances of care for the kid depend on them. We will tell about the special "device" of the newborn in this category.

We all sick from time to time. And adults, and kids are at the time of attacking many microorganisms that can cause a different disease - a cold or infectious. But on the path of penetration into the organism of microbes or viruses, a powerful shield is installed - the immune system whose task is to prevent this invasion. If the invasion occurred, then the human immunity is included in the hard work aimed at combating the aggressor. It is impossible to imagine the life of a person without immunity - even if this person is not and month from the family ...

Why do I need an immune system?

IN everyday life We are surrounded by a huge number of a wide variety of microorganisms - bacteria, viruses, simplest. Many of them are pathogenic - capable of causing any disease. Others are conditionally pathogenic, that is, they can become pathogenic under adverse circumstances. All microorganisms, both pathogens, and not pathogenic, for the immune system are antigen - alien substances causing an immune response.

The body's immune system is divided into two main links - cellular and humoral immunity. They are distinguished by tasks on them with the assigned, functions that are inherent in them, and factors by which these tasks are solved and these functions are carried out. In general, they only have a goal - an antigen is a foreign substance that needs to be neutralized.

Cellular immunity exercises its functions by means of T- and B cells that are lymphocytes (white blood Tales). T-lymphocytes are ripen in the forged gland, by whose name they are named (from the "thymus" - fork iron) and make up to 80% of all blood lymphocytes. The tasks include an immunist response. T-lymphocytes are involved in the destruction of microbes.

B-lymphocytes ripen in the bone marrow and are called so named the special organ of birds (Bursa - Bag), where they were first discovered. Their amount is up to 20% of all blood lymphocytes. Each B cell is an antibody factory - protein molecules generated in response to penetration into the body of any alien protein, regardless of whether it is harmful for the body or harmless. It is the products of antibodies and is actually an immune response of the body.

Antibodies are protein molecules called immunoglobulins. All immunoglobulins synthesized by in lymphocytes are a humoral link of the immune system. The main functions of immunoglobulins are the recognition of the nature of the antigen and storage of immunological memory. Part of the immunoglobulins is located on the surface of B-lymphocytes, the other is in the blood in a free state. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - immunoglobulins of class G (IgG), class M (IgM), class A (IgA), class E (IgE) and class D (IGD).

Igm is normal about 10% of all blood immunoglobulins. It is the immunoglobulins of this class that, located on the surface of B-lymphocytes, recognize alien cells that have fallen into the bloodstream. These immunoglobulins represent the earliest immune response. They are first to be formed in the process intrauterine development fetal.

IgG are the main class of immunoglobulins in quantitative terms. Their share accounts for about 85% of total Antibody blood. Immunoglobulins of this class provide protection against microorganisms and toxins and they are formed with a secondary immune response, when the antigen is already recognized, recognized. IgG are not synthesized in the body of the fetus, but due to their ability to penetrate the placental barrier enter the blood of the fetus from the mother.

Iga are contained on the surface of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nose, intestines, bladder, genital organs. Their tasks include preventing the penetration of microorganisms through mucous membranes, directly contacting with the external environment. Their blood contains a bit - up to 10%. An especially important role of IGA is played in protecting the mucousse from the penetration of viruses. Bactericidal properties (ability to destroy microbes) Class A immunoglobulins do not possess, but are able to bind and neutralize the toxins of bacteria.

IgE - immunoglobulins that are directly involved in allergic reaction mechanisms. Their content in the blood reflects the allergic mood of the body; It is the higher, the more people are susceptible to allergies.

IGD is the most small class of immunoglobulins (less than 1%). Its functions remain unclear.

Immunity newborns

During the intrauterine development, the fruit is in sterility.

As a rule, it does not receive antigenic stimuli (attacks that can cause an immune response), so its immune system is in a dormant state. Exceptions are those cases when the fruit is infected with viruses or microbes penetrating the placenta - the so-called intrauterine infections. In this case, the primary immune response is formed - immunoglobulins of class M.

The immunoglobulins of the class G fruit only with the blood of the mother, and the presence of them in umbilical blood The fetal suggests that the immune system of the mother is familiar with the path agent to which these antibodies have been developed.

Immediately after the birth of a child, a colossal number of all kinds of microorganisms fell on it. Not all of them are pathogenic, but, nevertheless, none of these microorganisms are not familiar with the newborn.

The immune system of the newborn by the time of his birth is almost completely formed, but before reaching her maturity is still very far. This, on the one hand, causes a fairly pronounced kid vulnerability towards possible infections, and on the other hand, is a positive point. If the immunity of a newborn baby was able to give a mature adequate response to the invasion of such a huge number of unfamiliar microorganisms, then this stormy reaction would not only hurt the body, but inevitably destroyed it.

During the first days of the child's life in his blood, it is determined enough high level IgG, but these antibodies are maternal, and they are destroyed throughout the first 3 months of the life of the kid. Thus, after the first 3 months of the child's life of the child, the level of immunoglobulins of class G, responsible for the secondary immune response, is sharply reduced in its blood.

The active development of its own IgG begins after 2 years, reaching an adult only to 4-5 years, when the immune system of the child can be considered already quite mature. Usually under favorable conditions, the period of frequent colds and viral diseases is completed.

Immunoglobulins of other classes do not penetrate the placenta, so their content in the blood of a newborn is minimal. So, Igm contained in the blood of a newborn reflect the tension of its own immunity. Improving the content of immunoglobulins of this class indicates that the fetus during the period of intrauterine development has been infected. After the child's birth, the synthesis of IGM gradually increases, reaching mature meaning to nine-month-old age.

Immunoglobulins of other classes are contained in the blood of a newborn in minor quantities.

By the time of birth, V- and T-lymphocytes are presented in the amount of practically the same as in adults, but their function is still far from excellence. T-lymphocytes have a low ability to phagocytosis, in addition, it is characterized to a greater extent than the lymphocytes of the adult organism, deaptability. With an active immune response, the ability of lymphocytes to the response is quickly reduced. All this determines the predisposition of a newborn baby to infections, which often become generalized (affect all organs and systems), as well as a tendency to septic processes.

Another feature of the newborn immunity is that a certain proportion of immunoglobulins, a child gets a mother with a whirlpool, which is very rich in IGM and IGA. This is a peculiar vaccination from those infections with which mother's baby's mother.

Own IGA in children of the first year of life are produced in minor quantities, but this is compensated by the fact that the child receives immunoglobulins of this group with Mother's milk.

All of the above is clearly illustrated by the prevention of intrauterine infection and early applying to the chest and natural feeding throughout the first year of the child's life.

To create immunity to a number of infections, the baby is already in the hospital begins to receive preventive vaccinationscontributing to the production of antibodies to individual pathogenic microorganisms. Vaccination prevents serious infectious diseases.

From the moment the baby appears on the light, faces an environment that does not always have a positive effect on its body. In order for the children's body to be attacked alien bacteria and viruses, the baby needs persistent and reliable immunity.

The level of protective forces of the body's infections depends on the type of power, which it receives. In children on breastfeeding, several other immunity than kids receiving artificial milk mixtures.

Breastfeeding and immunity

If the baby feeds on maternal milk, then he does not have the need to receive additional funds stimulating immune protection. The preparation of breast milk guarantees the formation of passive immunity protecting the child from the effects of viral, fungal and bacterial agents.

After the cessation of lactation, the immunity formed during the receipt of maternal milk will be maintained in the newborn body. Modern dairy mixes are not capable of providing the body of the baby with similar protection.

The maternal milk includes antibodies, leukocytes and immune complexes. All these components are links immune protection organism. An important component of breast milk is prebiotics. These components create a favorable environment for breeding useful bacteria In the intestines.

Due to this composition, Mother's milk has pronounced anti-infectious activity.

Strong immunity is very important for the child for 1 year of life. This is due to the fact that for 12 months from the moment of birth, the baby is growing actively and develops. To this process was not interrupted by development infectious diseaseThe child needs strong immunity.

If a young mother got sick with a flu or ORVI, then immune cellsproduced by its organism enter the baby's body through breast milk, Forming a virus protection from the child. Thanks to this ability, women can continue breastfeeding without the risk of infecting a newborn.

Artificial feeding and immunity

If for any reason a young mother is not able to feed the newborn breasts, then this is not a sentence. have an adapted composition, which carries the required amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins.

Most milk mixtures contain biologically active componentscontributing to the formation of a strong immune defense in the body of a newborn. To stimulate the growth of the positive intestine microflora, the composition of children's mixtures includes probiotics and prebiotics. This is important, since 65-70% of all immunity is concentrated in the intestine.

Modern children food Contains also prebiotic fibers. Finding into the organism of the newborn, these substances enhance the barrier function of the intestinal walls and increase resistance children's body Before infectious diseases.

If a young mother has the opportunity to feed the newborn breast, then it is recommended not to resort to the use of artificial milk mixtures.

How to increase the immune system of the newborn

It is possible to understand that the newborn baby is reduced by immunity, on such signs:

• frequent whims, crying, drowsiness, increased fatigue;
• pallor skin;
• cases of ORVI disease more often 1 time in 2 months;
• lack of increasing body temperature at the kid in the presence of signs of a cold;
• increase size lymph nodes (axillary, inguinal, subband, cervical);
• a tendency to the development of allergic reactions;
• disorders of digestive and signs of intestinal dysbiosis (diathesis, constipation, diarrhea, allergic dermatitis).

Important! Regardless of the type of power, when one of the signs of reduced immunity, parents need to show the pediatrician's infants. Independent use of immunostimulating drugs is strictly prohibited.

If the baby needs an additional increase in the body's protective forces, then parents are advised to use such tips:

1. If a young mother stands before choosing between breast and artificial feeding, then preferred is recommended to the first type. Children receiving maternal milk are sick much less often.
2. For the child of the first year of life, hardening is useful. From the first days of the child's life, it is recommended to arrange airbags that contribute to improving immunity. As the kids are growing, it is recommended to include water hardening. The kid must be applied on the weather, avoiding supercooling and overheating.
3. Parents need to closely monitor the hygiene of the newborn. Clothes, toys, dishes and other items must be kept clean.
4. When applied, the feeding is recommended to abide care, so as not to cause a child an allergic reaction to unfamiliar products.
5. If the baby fell ill orvi, then the parents are not recommended to engage in self-medication. This question must be entrusted medical specialist. The use of antipyretic drugs is shown only with increasing body temperature up to 38 degrees. Disorderly use of antibiotics and immunostimulants can turn negative consequences For a newborn.
6. Parents are not recommended to abandon planned vaccinations. Vaccination is able to protect the kid from the development of heavy infectious diseases.

In order for the breast immunity to be strong and reliable, parents should take care of this from the first days of the child's life.

Unlike the infirmity of the "artificial" immunity of a newborn baby, which is in breastfeeding, more fortunate. Such kids, in sufficient quantities, with the maternal milk of immunoglobulins of class G, are not so often susceptible to colds and stressful situations, which means they are less likely to have imune-specific states.

What immunity in a newborn baby and how it is formed

In the first year of the child's life, the basis of his future health is laid. It is time to think about strengthening the immunity of newborns and children of the first months of life. Protective functions Their organism is carried out by antibodies (IgG) obtained from the mother through the placenta and breast milk. Therefore, children are on natural feeding, up to 6 months are not susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, for example, to Scarlantine, measles, epidemic parotitis, polio. "Artificials" was lucky less, since Mamines of antibodies persist in the body and protect them only to 3-4 months, and then disappear.

The answer to the question "What is the immune system of a newborn baby?" Obvious - it is too weak. The greatest number Immunoglobulins G Fruits gets after the 32nd week of pregnancy. Hence the high incidence of premature children becomes clear: due to the premature appearance, they suffered a significant amount of antibodies from the mother. This circumstance emphasizes the first need breastfeeding In prematurely born babies: antibodies of mother milk compensate immune failure in some way.

Non-specific protective factors are important and contained in the maternal milk: lysozyme, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, etc. The products of their own antibodies are rather low due to the underdevelopment of lymphoid tissue - the main department of the immune system.

The primitives of lymph nodes are laid at the end of the second month of intrauterine life, but finally form after birth. Lymphatic follicles of mucous membranes (nasopharynx, language, intestines) and lymphatic clusters scattered throughout the body are developing during the first month of life. A fully lymphoid fabric is formed to 5 years of age.

From now on, you can already talk about quite sufficient products of your own antibodies, but only by 14-15 years old is formed a full-fledged immune system.

While the immunity of the newborn is formed, until 6-9 months, children are not sensitive to microbial toxins, so they do not have toxic forms of diphtheria, dysentery. Insufficiently mature organism and imperfect nervous regulation do not react to toxic impact. With age, the sensitivity of the body to toxins increases.

Another feature of the immunity of newborns - reduced protective reactions. Small child It cannot localize an infection at the injection site, limit its distribution and derive from the body, so they easily arise generalization of the process, septic conditions and the same type of changes in response to the introduction of various pathogens.

Infectious diseases occur atypically, without brightly pronounced basic symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose. On the fore general symptoms Awilling: Reduced appetite, jeeping and vomiting, chair disorder, temperature increase, convulsions, etc. Compare complications (pneumonia, otitis, infection urinary tract).

Primary and secondary immunodeficiency status in a child

If, for some reason, disorders occurred in the lymphoid system, and it was not capable of immune reactionsChildren develop immunodeficiency states (do not confuse with the syndrome of the acquired immunodeficiency - AIDS).

According to the classification of immunodeficiency in children, such states are divided into primary and secondary.

Primary immunodeficiency states in children can occur at any level:

• development defects milk gland lead to insufficient developing T-lymphocytes;
• congenital absence or decrease in the level of immunoglobulins makes it impossible to form antibodies;
• combined insufficiency associated with the pathology of the fork gland and low levels of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. These are severe conditions that are manifested in the first days after the birth of pulmonary, intestinal and skin infections, moving in sepsis. Children with such primary immunodeficiency can only live in an absolutely sterile medium, for any, even the most harmless, the microbe can lead to a fatal outcome. No wonder journalists call such newborns "Child in the bubble", emphasizing their unvisability under normal conditions. As a rule, they die in the first months of life.

But science does not stand still and constantly looking for ways to combat nature goat. A real victory of British doctors was a few years ago an operation, saving lives to one such child. As a result of some adverse effects on the mother's organism during pregnancy, a mutation of a gene occurred responsible for the formation of the fetus immunity. The child was born with a combined immune failure, which circumscribed it for a fatal outcome. More than a year He was in a specially equipped sterile ward, excluding his contact with ordinary people. As a result of a complex operation produced at the cellular level, it was introduced properly working gene, and his immunity earned how ordinary children. Now this child is absolutely healthy and grows on the joy of mother and the whole of the UK, proud of the success of his doctors in the field of gene therapy.

Secondary immunodeficiency states in the child may occur against the background of adverse environmental conditions, the lack of proteins with food (the synthesis of immunoglobulins is broken), the deficit of vitamins and trace elements, and the secondary immunodeficiency in children may arise due to the use of some medicinal preparationsdepressing the generation of immunity.

Causes of primary and secondary immunodeficiency in children

What immunity in a newborn baby is influenced by many factors, and the main enemy of immunity is stress. Acute stress situations and long-term nervous overload Weaken immunity, both in adults and in children. Unfortunately, the increased stressful standard of living has significantly reduced and continues to reduce the immunity of the population of our country. It is no secret that every year the total and children's incidence is growing, and the role of stress in this sad circumstance remains high.

Many may argue: what stressful situations can be a baby? So any, and the first among them are childbirth. Of the familiar cozy maternal womb - In the cold blinding and stunning world. Stress develops, which can only be reduced by immediate applied to the maternal breast. If immediately after childbirth, it was not attached and separated from the mother, stressful situation continues, and immunity decreases. Early chest excommunication, conflict furnishings in the house, raising in an incomplete family, smoking parents in the apartment, resentment from senior brothers and sisters, etc., etc. - These factors are definitely stress for any child. The totality of adversely affecting factors becomes the cause of immunodeficiency in children, leads to the fact that the child often sick, "does not get out of the sores," Mom complains.

In the middle of the first year of life, each child comes a period of temporary decrease in immunity when the antibodies received from the mother are disappeared, and their own is not developed sufficiently.

Especially subject to immunodeficiency states Children with lymphatic and hypoplastic diathesis.

To increase the body's resistance to adverse effects external environmentmust be kept healthy image life, to carry out the prevention of infectious diseases, including immunoprophylaxis. To increase the immunity of children breast-age need to provide full nutrition With sufficient protein intake, prevent the development of dysbacteriosis affecting, unfortunately, many kids of the first year of life, carry out a sanation of chronic foci of infection (adenoids, chronic tonsillitis, carious teeth, urinary tract infections, etc.), conduct challenge procedures.