Antibiotics for children. Useful information for moms! Negative consequences of application

Date: 20.04.2019

Antibiotics have been used for a long time and mainly when simple drugs are not able to help. Many doctors, if a child has a fever for more than three days, immediately prescribe them to avoid complications.

Miracle cure

Penicillin, created in 1928, became a real panacea for many fatal diseases at that time. Fleming, who opened it, deservedly received Nobel Prize, and the consequences of experiments related to it gave impetus to the use of antibiotics in medicine. anthrax, blood poisoning, childbirth fever and other diseases that previously ended lethal outcome, began to respond successfully to treatment.

Today antibiotics are used all the time, and their manufacturers promise maximum effect and safety of use. However, the negative consequences of such strong remedy, of course, exist, so not everyone can use it. In particular, misuse of antibiotic drugs for a child is dangerous.

What it is?

An antibiotic is a substance secreted by the body and modified by humans to destroy harmful microorganisms. The main purpose of taking this treatment is to fight bacteria and fungal diseases.

Antibiotics can be of both natural and synthetic origin, depending on their purpose. The former can be produced by the very bacteria or fungi. The most famous of these are streptomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline. V medical purposes attempts are being made to modernize natural antibiotics, making them more effective and less harmful to the human body. Notable examples of such synthetic drugs are doxycycline and metacyclin. Mainly, antibiotics for children are produced in suspension or in tablets.

How does it work?

Each antibiotic has its own unique spectrum of action. You should always carefully study the instructions for the drug or strictly follow the doctor's recommendations. Penicillin will not save you from dysentery, but it will help with streptococci, and polymyxin will be useless for gonococci, but destructive for E. coli.

There are antibiotics that can affect many different organisms. These are the so-called drugs. wide range actions to which chloramphenicol belongs. A broad-spectrum antibiotic for children has a number of negative effects on the body. Therefore, it is worth using more gentle means.

Antibiotics also work in different ways. There are two well-known mechanisms of action. It is bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Antibiotics with bactericidal action destroy harmful microorganisms by destroying their cellular structures. The bacteriostatic mechanism consists in the fact that the drug prevents the multiplication of microbes, allowing the immune system to destroy organisms on its own.

When is an antibiotic useless?

Contrary to stereotypes, antibiotics do not protect against viruses. Therefore, with ARVI, flu or bronchitis, they are not prescribed. Thus, a children's antibiotic for colds is extremely rare. Also, these drugs do not stabilize body temperature. For example, in order for a doctor to prescribe an antibiotic for children, sore throat should be at the stage when the body's forces can no longer cope on their own.

It should be added that antimicrobial drugs are not used for prophylaxis and do not insure the child against the development of complications. They in no way prevent the penetration of harmful bacteria into the child's body, and, given the possibility of negative reactions to their use, they can only aggravate the situation. The only reason a doctor may prescribe an antibiotic for prophylaxis is a recent operation.

When should you take?

There are a number of diseases for which a child's antibiotic should be used. For children over 3 years old, it is permissible to use it for otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear), tonsillitis (sore throat), pneumonia (pneumonia) and sinusitis (sinusitis).

Children's antibiotics for coughs are only prescribed when it is caused by a bacterial infection. After medical examination the doctor, depending on the diagnosis, prescribes one or another drug.

Children's antibiotics for angina and otitis media are prescribed for acute form diseases caused by streptococci. Penicillins are most often used: "Augmentin", "Ampicillin" and others. These antibiotics have a low level of toxicity, therefore they are often used in pediatrics.

With bronchitis and pneumonia, cephalosporins are prescribed, which have a good bactericidal effect. And with chlamydia and Escherichia coli fluoroquinolones are used, which on this moment are the most non-toxic antibiotics (Tavanik, Tsifran, Tsiprolet).

There are also a number of drugs prohibited for children: Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin, Tetracycline and others.

List of the most popular antibiotics for newborns

Bronchitis and pneumonia in newborns are treated following drugs: "Amoxicillin", "Flemoxin Solutab", "Augmentin".

For various ENT diseases, certain antibiotics for children are used. Their names are as follows: "Cefuroxime axetil", "Zinacef", "Zinnat axetin".

Admission rules

So that during treatment, the child would give an antibiotic positive results, you need to follow the rules for taking the drug:

Negative consequences of application

After long-term intake With a certain antibiotic, the bacteria begin to adapt. They become less susceptible to this way treatment and more resistant to the destructive effect of the drug. You have to either increase the dose or use an analogue. Any repeated use of the same product increases the likelihood of an allergic reaction.

The doctor cannot predict the exact consequences of taking the drug prescribed by him. The child may suffer from individual intolerance. Children's antibiotic a broad spectrum will be more likely to help, but the consequences can be more severe, for example, dysbiosis, toxic reaction or suppression of immunity.

Let's summarize and list antimicrobial drugs that can be used to treat children:

"Doxycycline"
"Metacyclin",
"Augmentin",
"Ampicillin"
"Tavanik",
"Tsifran",
Tsiprolet,
"Amoxicillin"
"Flemoxin Solutab",
"Augmentin",
"Cefuroxime axetil",
"Zinacef",
"Zinnat Aksetin".

Antibiotic therapy is used exclusively in emergency cases, when other methods, in the opinion of experts, will not bring relief to the course of the disease.

Several generations of data have been generated medicines and this market is forced to evolve as harmful human bacteria have unique property adapt to new conditions. If the drug once helped in the treatment, then with the next disease that arises, the same medicine will not help.

Pros and cons of using antibiotics for children

Minuses:

Decreased immunity. Especially with frequent, uncontrolled use and self-medication. The result is immunodeficiency.
Taking antibiotics should take place under the strict supervision of a pediatrician, who will professionally select the drug, calculate the dosage according to the child's age and the characteristics of the disease;
Addiction to the drug. Each antibacterial drug is designed for a certain group of bacteria, if you use the same drug for the next disease, then its effectiveness will be zero, so doctors always prescribe even with the same symptoms recurrent disease different drugs;
Uselessness during viral infections. With ARVI, antibiotics are not prescribed, since viral infections are treated only with antiviral drugs;
Allergic reactions to antibiotics are frequent in medical practice... Reactions can range from itching, rash, coughing up to anaphylactic shock and death;
Toxic effects with prolonged use, as well as in case of incorrect dosage or combination with prohibited medicines, in case of non-observance food diet(refusal from flour, sweet);
They kill not only harmful bacteria and their further reproduction, but also cripple healthy intestinal microflora. In almost all cases of antibiotic use, dysbiosis occurs, and doctors always prescribe a parallel intake of prebiotics during the illness and 10-14 days after recovery.

Pros:

With a properly prescribed drug and dosage, improvement of well-being during the day, due to the fact that antibiotics destroy harmful bacteria or block their reproduction, which ensures a quick recovery;
Facilitate the course of the disease;
Prevents the risk of complications v early age banal ARVI can give serious complications in the form of damage to ENT organs and lungs;
Indispensable after surgery how necessary prevention inflammation and suppuration.

In autumn, during stress, with a lack of vitamin, a person's immunity weakens, therefore it is so important to strengthen it. The drug is completely natural and allows you to recover from colds in a short time.

It has expectorant and bactericidal properties. Enhances protective functions immunity, perfect as prophylactic... Recommend.

Indications for the use of antibiotics for children

In severe acute respiratory infections: heat more than 38 degrees within three five days from the onset of the disease (depending on the age of the child, the younger he is, the earlier the decision to use antibiotics is made), pus on the tonsils and purulent discharge from the nose. Antibiotics do not lower body temperature, but fight the inflammatory process of the body;
For bacterial diseases and complications after ARVI: bronchitis, otitis media, pneumonia, tonsillitis, purulent sinusitis, meningitis, tonsillitis, sepsis, pyelonephritis, cystitis;
As part of prevention antibiotics are not prescribed;
Usually high level leukocytes is an indication for the use of antibiotics. The rate of leukocytes in the blood:
children under one year old- 6-12X10⁹ / l,
from one to two years-6-17Х10⁹ / l,
after two years–4-5.2X10⁹ / l.

Even slight increase the level of leukocytes in the blood indicates an inflammatory process in the body

Take care of your health! Strengthen your immune system!

Immunity is a natural reaction that protects our body from bacteria, viruses, etc. To increase tone, it is better to use natural adaptogens.

It is very important to maintain and strengthen the body not only by the absence of stress, adequate sleep, nutrition and vitamins, but also with the help of natural herbal remedies.

It has the following properties:

Kills viruses and eliminates secondary signs of influenza and SARS in 2 days
24 hours of immunity protection infectious period and during epidemics
Kills putrefactive bacteria in the digestive tract
The preparation contains 18 herbs and 6 vitamins, extracts and concentrates of plants
Removes toxins from the body, shortening the rehabilitation period after illness

For babies up to a year, the names of the drugs

The most difficult group of patients, since in children under one year old the immune system not formed, they cannot cough up phlegm and blow their nose. Treatment is difficult.

Very high risk of complications with ARVI. Breastfeeding babies are more reliably protected, as they receive maternal antibodies that reliably protect the baby from infections.

But if, nevertheless, the baby is sick and it is not possible to avoid taking antibiotics, then at this age drugs are usually prescribed in the form of suspensions and syrups:

Safe and popular means of the cephalosporin group: zinacef (from birth), zinnat (from 3 months), axetin (from birth), suprax (from 6 months), ceftriaxone (from birth);
Penicillin group: Flemoxinsolutab (from birth), augmentin (amoxicillin with clavulanic acid) (from birth), amoxiclav analogue of augmentin (from birth), amoxicillin (from birth);
Highly effective macrolide preparations: sumamed (from birth), azithromycin (from 6 months), chemomycin (from 6 months).

Stories from our readers!
"After pneumonia, I drink to maintain immunity. Especially in the autumn-winter periods, during epidemics of flu and colds.

Drops are completely natural and not only from herbs, but also propolis and badger fat, which have long been known as good folk remedies... It performs its main function perfectly, I advise. "

Principles of prescribing antibiotics for children

Antibiotics, like many other medicines, have harmful effects on the body, especially the liver. Young children need antibiotics only when there is no other alternative.

It's important to match everything possible risks and the intended benefits. Carrying out accurate diagnosis diseases based on data from microbiological studies and patient complaints in order to determine the etiology of the disease: viral or bacterial infection.

Even professional pediatricians may not always be able to immediately recognize the bacteria or viruses caused by the disease. Sometimes a common ARVI can give a bacterial complication. Only when bacterial disease, as well as the severity of its course, pediatricians choose antibiotic therapy.

The main cause of bronchitis accompanied by phlegm is a viral infection. The disease occurs due to damage by bacteria, and in some cases - when the body is exposed to allergens.

Now you can safely purchase excellent natural products that alleviate the symptoms of the disease, and in up to several weeks can completely get rid of the disease.

Groups of drugs with which antibiotics are not combined

When prescribing a specific antibiotic, the pediatrician takes into account not only the child's age, but also the available chronic diseases, allergic reactions, kidney and liver function.

Parents in mandatory it is necessary to inform the pediatrician about any other drugs currently being taken. For antibiotic therapy to be safe and effective, drug compatibility of drugs must be taken into account.

Antibiotics are one of the "capricious" drugs, a combination with:

Vitamins
Antiviral
Antipyretic
Antihistamines
Sleeping pills
Anti-inflammatory drugs

Antibiotics for children with various diseases

With streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis

The causative agents of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis (tonsillitis) are adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, etc. It is transmitted by airborne droplets. If the streptococcal etiology of these infections is clinically proven, then antibiotic therapy is justified.

Antibiotics of the penicillin and cephalosporin groups are usually prescribed. Acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis are rare in children under 3 years of age. As a rule, children of primary preschool and school age become infected.

With sinusitis

Sinusitis Is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses... It could be caused by a virus, allergy, or bacteria. Sinusitis most frequent complication with ARVI. As long as the viral nature of the disease persists, antibiotics are not required.

With the expected transition of the disease to bacterial infection(which is extremely rare) choose drugs amoxicillin , ampicillin . Cephalosporins and macrolides may be an alternative.

With acute otitis media

Otitis media is an ENT disease, an inflammatory process that occurs in different parts of the ear. Usually used in treatment ear drops with a combined (Sofradex, Anauran, Polydex), anti-inflammatory (Otipax, Otinum), or antibacterial composition (Normaks, Tsipromed, Otofa, Fugentin).

In cases of a severe stage of the disease, antibiotics are prescribed simultaneously with drops. Only a qualified ENT doctor is able to find adequate treatment for acute otitis media

With pneumonia

Pneumonia- one of the heavy inflammatory diseases lungs. It is characterized by a sharp increase in body temperature of more than 38-39 degrees, which is held steadily for a long time, it is difficult to be knocked down by a cough, dull pain in the sternum.

Before the invention of antibiotics, pneumonia was dying. Even in our time, there are isolated cases of death. One of the diseases for which urgent hospitalization and taking antibiotics. Antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action are mainly used, for example: macrolides (azithromycin, midecamycin, clarithromycin).

At the first stage of the fight against the disease, the drug is administered intravenously or intramuscularly, for rapid concentration of the drug in the blood. Then they switch to tablets.

For urinary tract infections

According to the classification of infection urinary tract are subdivided into upper and lower urinary tract infections:

Upper (kidneys): pyelonephritis, abscess and kidney carbuncle, apostematous pyelonephritis;
Lower ( bladder): cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis.

Since these diseases are of a bacterial nature, in their treatment they are immediately prescribed antibiotic therapy... Usually used amoxicillin and cephalosporins II-IV generation (cefuroxime axetil, cefaclor, ceftibuten, cefixime, etc.).

Children under two years of age with moderate and severe pyelonephritis are hospitalized. With pyelonephritis in children, especially boys, it may be indicated surgery, since this disease in most cases develops against the background of developmental abnormalities. Duration of treatment is 7-14 days.

When are antibiotics not needed for children?

If the nature of the disease is viral, antibiotics are useless;
Acute respiratory infections of mild and moderate severity (low body temperature up to 38, runny nose, cough);
With diseases such as: measles, rubella, mumps, rotavirus infections, cough, acute bronchitis and etc.

The most important thing: in no case self-medicate;
Seek help from a pediatrician in a timely manner. Diseases of children, especially up to one year old, develop rapidly. It is imperative to quickly determine the diagnosis in order to prescribe effective treatment measures;
It is important to observe exact dosage and the regimen of medication prescribed by the doctor. Do not interrupt the course of treatment, even if the child is feeling better;
When antibiotic treatment is inevitable it is important to adhere to a food diet. Antibiotics are poorly absorbed, and therefore do not bring benefits in combination with dairy products, sour, fruit juices, soda, dishes with vinegar, coffee, tea;
The antibiotic should be taken with plain water. room temperature, not milk, tea or something else;
Children at risk: bronchial asthma and diabetes antibiotics are not prescribed, but special antiviral agents are selected;
Do not give the antibiotic that was used in the treatment of the latter disease. Since harmful bacteria have developed resistance in it.

How can a child recover from antibiotics?

Prevention and treatment of dysbiosis. The choice of drugs is huge, you can choose acceptable in price and quality, for example, the most common: bifiform, bifidumbacterin, lactobacterin, normabact;
On a sparing diet the intestines will recover faster. Exclusion from the diet of yeast, fatty, salty, a large number carbohydrates, products with dyes and preservatives, harmful additives;
Vitamin preparations within a month after the end of the course of antibiotics;
Protect the child from stress, as you know, stress weakens the immune system, and this leads to various diseases;
Preparations for restoring the body's defenses: tincture of echinacea or propolis on the recommendation of a pediatrician;
In cases where the child is on breastfeeding, After using antibiotics, it is important for mom to simply continue feeding the baby so that his body will recover quickly and painlessly.

Choosing antibiotics for a child- a responsible and serious matter. The pharmaceutical market has a great variety of antimicrobial drugs, it is simply impossible for parents to figure it out on their own, so this choice must be entrusted to qualified specialists.

Children often suffer from a wide variety of infections. This is due to the imperfection of the child's immune system. Even a banal virus, undermining local immunity, opens the gates of bacterial aggression.

This forces pediatricians and mothers to often think about choosing the safest and most effective antibiotics.

It is often difficult for a child to swallow even a crushed tablet: he does not like its appearance and size, an unpleasant taste immediately creeps into his tongue and there is a risk of parts of the crushed drug getting into Airways.

Therefore, antibiotics are especially relevant for children in suspensions, which can be simply drunk from a spoon. Homogeneous with pleasant or neutral taste. They are comfortable for babies and children up to three years old. It is not forbidden to accept and older children.

Harm or benefit

The attitude towards antibiotics is always ambiguous. The child wants to give only the best and the safest. It should be remembered that a correctly chosen antibacterial drug is the key to a safe and uncomplicated way out of many unpleasant situations associated with a bacterial infection.

The group of antibiotics today includes mainly semi-synthetic and synthetic drugs that kill bacterial cell or inhibiting its growth. Except bacteria certain types antibiotics are also effective against fungi. But these drugs do not work on viruses.

Thus, the pediatrician prescribes an antibiotic for a child in the case when he suspects a bacterial infection:

in the ear,
nose,
respiratory tract,
lungs,
urinary system,
less often the gastrointestinal tract.

The main signs by which you can recognize rampant bacteria are:

purulent (green, yellow) discharge and
persistent rise in temperature.

But some bacterial infections or fungi behave quite secretly, and are detected only by laboratory or instrumental methods diagnostics (smears, cultures, blood tests: clinical, for serology or PCR, X-ray of the lungs or paranasal sinuses).

When choosing an antibiotic, the doctor is guided by national recommendations, which prescribe which classes are safe for the child and are effective against certain types of bacteria. More often than not, the choice falls on drugs with a wide spectrum of activity against most possible bacteria.

To assess the effectiveness of the drug released 72 hours... If during this time the child does not get better and a decision is made about the ineffectiveness of the drug, it will be changed to a drug from the second line, stronger and more resistant to the destructive action of bacterial enzymes.

For the convenience of parents, powder for the preparation of suspensions is available in several versions with different contents of the active substance per dosage spoon of the diluted drug.

The main mistake parents make is to stop taking the drug early when the child is getting better. The course of the antibiotic is prescribed by the doctor, and its duration must be observed:

For most drugs, this is 7 days.
Exceptions are cases when the drug has developed:
- allergies (rash, swelling), in this case, the reception should be stopped immediately;
- there are side effects - you need to consult a pediatrician.

How to prepare a suspension

The medicine bottle contains a powder, from which you need to prepare a homogeneous mixture:

To do this, boiled water cooled to room temperature is added to the mark on the bottle or, in the dosage indicated in the instructions, added from the attached measuring syringe.
At first, you should introduce only half the volume of the liquid (only water, no juice, no milk, no other drink) and shake the contents of the bottle thoroughly.
Then add the remainder and shake again.
Usually, the appointment is designed for several days.
The finished suspension is usually stored at room temperature and shaken before use.
The required amount of the mixture is measured using the spoon or syringe supplied with the package.

Antibiotics in suspension for children - as mild as possible dosage form with a reduced and safe content of an active antibacterial substance.

What foods are best not to combine with antibiotics

For colds

What we call a cold (runny nose, transparent snot, cough without phlegm, sore throat, hoarseness) does not require antibiotics even in the presence of fever. The question about them will be raised if signs of bacterial attachment appear (green snot, yellow sputum, temperature 38 and higher for more than three days).

Sometimes a child is struck by such formidable bacteria as meningococcus, when, immediately after a short period of inflammation of the nasopharynx, against the background of fever, signs of damage to the nervous system and a rash in the form of many small bruises on the legs and buttocks appear. This requires an urgent call for an ambulance and the introduction of antibiotics even at the stage of the examination of the child by the team. Delay in this case can cost the child's life.

For the purpose of prophylaxis, antibiotics should not be given to a child. They do not have a point of application until the activation of the bacteria.

Aminopenicillins

These are the most popular antibiotics for children. They act on most of the typical pathogens of most childhood infections. bacterial origin... Most often these are:

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin (Omosin, Ospamox, Hikontsil)
If they want to fight resistant species of bacteria, combinations of these substances with clavulanic acid are prescribed: Amoxicillin clavulonate ( Amoxiclav, Augmentin) and Ampicillin clavulonate.

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin the most popular and maximum safe antibiotic with a dosage of 250 mg in 5 ml. The finished suspension is stored for two weeks. Suitable for the first line of treatment of diseases of the ear, throat, nose, bronchi and lungs, purulent processes of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Lost its relevance in urinary tract infections, giving way to cephalosporins or amoxicillin clavulanate.

Ospamox and Hikontsil

Ospamox it is 500 mg of amoxicillin in 5 ml of suspension.
Amosin- powder for suspension 250 mg.
Hikontsil- powder 250 mg in 5 ml in 100 ml vials with a dosing spoon. This is amoxicillin produced in Slovenia. Dosages for all 3 drugs are similar to Ospamox.


Amoxicillin ( RUB 100)	Amosin ( 50 rub)	Ospamox ( 80 rub)

Amoxiclav

Amoxiclav is a combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, which overcomes the resistance of bacteria. The finished suspension is stored closed on the refrigerator wall for no longer than one week. It is the antibiotic of choice for children with angina, for the treatment of otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumococcal pneumonia. Entered the standard for the treatment of urinary tract infections in children.

Available in dosages:

130 rub)
250 mg + 62.5 mg per 5 ml ready suspension (300 rub).

Clavulanic acid can cause stool disorders that go away on their own after discontinuation of the drug, not associated with intestinal dysbiosis. Amoxicillin can cause allergies, abdominal pain, and nausea.

Augmentin

Augmentin is another variant of amoxicillin clavulonate.

125 mg antibiotic + 31.25 mg clavulanic acid ( 140 rub)
200 mg + 28.5 mg per 5 ml of the finished suspension ( 170 rub).


Amoxiclav ( 130 and 300 rub)	Augmentin ( 140 and 170 rub)

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins in suspensions are second-line drugs for most ENT and respiratory tract infections. They give a cross-allergy with penicillins: with intolerance to ampicillin or amoxicillin, cephalosporins are also not prescribed.

Cephalexin

Cephalexin in a bottle of 150 ml in 10 ml of a suspension of 250 mg of active ingredient. 1st generation cephalosporin. Second line of therapy for respiratory tract infections. The drug of choice for infections of soft tissues and ENT-organs. It is used as a prophylaxis for bacterial complications before surgery.

Children under one year old, body weight which is more than 10 kg, are prescribed 10 ml of suspension 2 times a day.
Children from 1 to 6 years old - 10 ml of suspension 2 times a day.
Children from 6 to 12 years old - 10 ml 3 times a day.
Children over 12 years old - 20 ml of suspension 2 times a day.

The duration of the course of treatment with the drug is at least 5 days, if necessary, the suspension is extended to 10 days.

Zinnat

Cefuroxime (Zinnat) is a 2nd generation cephalosporin. Effective for otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis. Second line for respiratory tract infections after penicillins. First line for urinary tract infections, cystitis and pyelonephritis. It is prescribed for children at least 3 months old.

Suprax

Cefixime (Suprax) is the drug of choice for respiratory infections when amoxicillins are ineffective. Not suitable if you are allergic to penicillins. It is used for severe or prolonged bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media. For tonsillitis or tonsillitis, it is inferior to penicillins, since it does not prevent post-streptococcal renal lesions or rheumatism. Not recommended for children under six months.

Sold in granules in vials. 1st generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The dosage should be calculated taking into account the weight and age of the child:

Panzef

Cefixime (Pancef) - 3rd generation of cephalosoprins. In 5 ml of a ready-made solution, 100 mg of active ingredient. The finished suspension is stored for no more than 14 days. Drug of choice for urinary tract infection. Second row for respiratory lesions, otitis media, pharyngitis severe course or not responding to penicillins.

The dosage of the drug is calculated according to the formula, depending on the weight, age and severity of the disease.


Suprax ( 620 R)	Panzef ( 450 R)

Macrolides

Azithromycin (Sumamed, Hemomycin) - suspensions convenient for three-day use today do not give a decent safety profile and have given way to Josamycin (Vilprofen) and Clarithromycin (Klacid).
Macropen (Midecamycin) - until recently, the drug of choice for acute and chronic bronchitis and pneumonia, a representative of macrolides. It is rarely used today.

They should not be prescribed as the first line, except in cases of suspicion of atypical pathogens (chlamydia, mycoplasma, clostridium) or allergies to penicillins and cephalosporins. In the practice of treating intestinal infections, they also play a secondary role after intestinal antiseptics (Nifuroxazide, Enterofuril).

Sumamed

Sumamed (Azithromycin) in vials in variations of 200 and 100 mg per 5 ml of suspension. Convenient, easy to use. Calculation of doses - 10 mg per kg of body weight per day. One dose per day. The course is from 3 to 5 days.
Azithromycin, Azitrox, Hemomycin - Sumamed analogs. Also active substance, with the same dosage regimen and indications.

They can be the second row for respiratory infections, otitis media, soft tissue infections.

Sumamed is less effective for streptococcal tonsillitis (does not prevent rheumatic fever). Today it is used less and less due to the high risks of allergies and the development of pseudomembranous colitis, when clostridia multiply in the gastrointestinal tract against the background of knocking out their own flora.

It can be used as a third-line drug for a number of intestinal infections. Sometimes it is used to treat atypical pneumonia (against the background of chlamydia, mycoplasma). Not used in children under 2 months of age.

Clarithromycin (Klacid) - indicated for gastrointestinal infections (including Helicobacter pylori), pneumonia, bronchitis, otitis media. Taking the suspension can be combined with food; you do not need to stand it for two hours after eating. It is produced in granules for preparing a suspension in dosages of 125 and 250 mg. In finished form, the suspension can be stored for no more than 2 weeks.

150 R)230 R) 370 R)


Sumamed ( 230 R)

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines (Doxycycline, Unidox solutab) are non-single drugs, with a large number of side effects (impaired enamel and bone formation, gastrointestinal dysfunction), which are rarely used in children with a limited number of infections, for example, with mycoplasma pneumonia and only after 8 years.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin, Mofloxacin) - wonderful means for adults. Should not be used in children, remaining in reserve for unforeseen circumstances (insensitive to anything urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis). The lack of prospects in the world for the development of new antibiotics for a child treated with fluoroquinolone for bronchitis or otitis media leaves him defenseless in the event of a severe infection resistant to banal antibiotics.

If a child coughs

Cough is defense mechanism allowing the child to clear the respiratory tract of infectious agents and mucus. During a viral attack, swelling and irritation of the respiratory tract develops with increased production of mucus. Until the sputum becomes purulent or there is a suspicion of pneumonia (at the pediatrician, when listening and tapping chest) antibiotics are not needed. It is quite enough inhalation with saline or expectorants through a nebulizer or taking expectorants in syrup.

Cough often hides ARVI, bronchitis, rhinopharyngitis, pneumonia or whooping cough.

If the question arises about the choice of an antibiotic for children for coughing due to bronchitis or pneumonia, then aminopenicillins or cephalosporins are put forward in the first place (if penicillins were given recently or are ineffective). If you are intolerant of these groups, you can use macrolides.

When your child is struggling with a serious illness, you have to resort to drugs such as antibiotics. Their list in the form of a suspension for children is quite extensive, and any mother will be able to choose exactly the one that will defeat the disease in the shortest possible time and have a minimum of negative impact on the body.

List of drugs

All of us are familiar with the hackneyed proverb, one heals, the other cripples. And least of all I would like to apply this approach to the main creatures in our life - to children. To make the right choice, it is better to carefully study the drugs offered by pharmacists. Most often, pediatricians with ARVI, tonsillitis or bronchitis prescribe the following antibiotic drugs:

Klacid (Clarithromycin);
Zinnat (Aksetin);
Flemoxin Solutab (Amoxicillin, Amoxisar);
Augmentin (Ekoklav);
Zedex (Vinex, Dokcef);
Sumamed (Azithromycin);
Suprax (Panzef);
Ceftriaxone (Azaran);
Fluimucil (Acestin);
Macropen (Apmyoks).

As you can see, the list is pretty impressive. And every mother is obliged to understand these drugs, their peculiarities active ingredients, to understand that from this list it will be better to give adequate treatment to your child with ARVI or other serious ailments.

It is important to understand when this type of medicine is indispensable for children, and when it is possible to do without them. So, antibiotic drugs have to be used for angina. Severe pain and only they can overcome high temperatures. Similar funds are indispensable for bronchitis. Most acute respiratory viral infections are also treated with antibiotics. But only a pediatrician should prescribe them after examining the child, since it is important to understand exactly what kind of ailment struck the body of your child. Sometimes parents are in a hurry to use a potent medicine at their own discretion, with a barely appeared cough. It is not right, similar symptom can talk about the most different diseases up to allergies, in which the use of antibiotics is clearly inappropriate. The list of diseases, subject only to these drugs, is small.

Groups of medicines by mode of action

When a child has a high fever for more than two days (38 degrees or more), white bloom on the tonsils and the lymph nodes under the jaw and on the neck increase, we can safely talk about sore throat. It can be catarrhal, necrotic, purulent, or another type (depending on the pathogen and causes of the disease). However, in any case, antibiotics cannot be dispensed with in its treatment. Their use is indicated for children only in the form of a suspension.

With bronchitis - inflammatory processes in the respiratory organs (lungs and bronchi) - it is not always necessary to use antibiotics. For example, if we are talking about allergic bronchitis, then elementary improvement of the baby's living conditions, the ecological situation surrounding him will help to get rid of the disease. In the case of an infectious nature of the disease, antibiotics are no longer necessary. The same applies to most acute respiratory viral infections.

There are several main groups of these drugs. different types actions. Full list antibiotic drugs used in pediatrics are as follows:

Killing staphylococci, streptococci, meningococci and other cocci, as well as clostridia and root bacteria. These antibiotics include cephalosporins (Zinnat, Suprax), macrolides (Klacid, Sumamed, Macropen), bicillins, benzylpenicillins.
Broad-spectrum drugs. This group should be used with caution to treat a child. There are many restrictions. However, they are most effective against gram-positive rods. Among these antibiotics are third-generation cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Zedex), aminoglycosides, semi-synthetic penicillins (Flemoxin Solutab, Augmentin).
Medicines that kill gram-negative bacilli. These include polymyxins, third-generation cephalosporins (Fluimucil).
Preparations, the action of which is aimed at the destruction of fungi.
Anti-tuberculosis antibiotics.

Preparations for angina

For quick help to a child with angina, Sumamed is most often prescribed. It belongs to a number of macrolide antibiotics. It quickly accumulates in the body, exerting a powerful effect on pathogens. As a rule, only three days are enough for treatment with Sumamed for angina. In pediatrics, it is used in the form of a suspension. You need to take Sumamed only 1 time a day one hour before meals or two hours after. When treating children with this remedy, it is imperative to give the patient a thorough drink of the medicine. The drug is very easily perceived by young patients, because it has a pleasant taste.

Another broad-spectrum remedy for resisting angina in babies is Klacid. It is also from the macrolide group. Klacid destroys harmful organisms and interferes with the synthesis of their proteins. In addition, Klacid has anti-inflammatory properties, helps to restore immunity with prolonged sore throat. It is optimal to give Klacid to children in the form of a suspension. As the parents' reviews show, the children like the taste of the drug, so there are no problems when taking the medicine Klacid.

For purulent sore throat, the drug Ceftriaxone is very effective. It is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Ceftriaxone is available in the form of powders for injection. Injections are given intramuscularly or intravenously (as prescribed by a doctor). Ceftriaxone dosage and duration of its course in each a separate case are prescribed individually. On average, the use of Ceftriaxone lasts 7-10 days. You should resort to Ceftriaxone injections only in case of complications in the baby.

A good remedy for angina in children - the drug bactericidal action called Zinnat. In the form of suspensions, Zinnat resembles a syrup, which is why sometimes it is labeled as such on the packaging. Even infants from three months of age can be treated with the drug. Zinnat is dosed depending on the age and weight of the patient. Zinnat's regimen is prescribed by the attending physician.

With bronchitis

As with angina, as well as other diseases described above, various antibiotic drugs are excellent for bronchitis and pleurisy. This is evidenced by numerous positive reviews from parents. So, Flemoxin Solutab fights against the causative agents of these ailments better than many other drugs. Indicated for treatment for bronchitis, even the smallest patients (up to newborns), the drug Flemoxin Solutab in the form of suspensions. On average, you need to take Flemoxin Solutab 2-3 times a day. Sometimes even more fractional receptions are prescribed for Flemoxin Solutab. The drug Flemoxin is prescribed only if the patient has not taken any antibiotics in the last three months. In the fight against atypical pathogens, Solutab is considered ineffective. Flemoxin Solutab for the little ones has a pleasant taste (tangerine, lemon).

For the treatment of any infections of the ENT organs, pediatricians prescribe Suprax. With bronchitis, strong cough, Suprax is not replaceable. The drug Suprax is indicated for children from 6 months. Receptions of the Suprax suspension are fractional, from 2-3 per day. Suprax is sold in powder form, diluted with boiled water.

Among the broad-spectrum drugs for the treatment of bronchitis in pediatrics, Zedex is used. It is prescribed from the age of 6 months. Zedex is also effective for the treatment of pneumonia, otitis media. Cedex quickly helps with coughing. The drug Zedex defeats those bacteria that are resistant to penicillins. Also, Cedex, in comparison with other means, is better tolerated by the child's body. For treatment infectious diseases Your baby's GI tract may also be prescribed Cedex.

With bronchitis (acute and chronic), pneumonia, bronchial asthma, cough is prescribed Fluimucil. For other diseases of the respiratory system, accompanied by the release of viscous sputum, treatment with Fluimucil also gives good result... Most often, Fluimucil is used in pediatrics for children from 1 year old. In special cases, it is possible to prescribe Fluimucil suspensions for newborns. Fluimucil not only eliminates pathogens, but also stimulates the motor functions of the respiratory tract. Ceftriaxone may also be prescribed by pediatricians for the treatment of complex forms of bronchitis. But the dosage will be different than with tonsillitis.

For colds

Children from 3 months effective treatment ARVI is carried out with the drug Augmentin. This product is available in the form of tablets or suspension. Augmentin quickly helps with coughing. Augmentin belongs to the group of broad-spectrum penicillins. Any inflammatory processes in babies, they are successfully treated with Augmentin. In a sense, Augmentin can be called a favorite of doctors: they prescribe it for many diseases for both adults and children. Sore throats, flu, colds - Augmentin treats all this very successfully.

Macropen is considered effective and safe for ARVI in pediatrics. The drug Macropen is a broad-spectrum agent that is gentle on the body. Numerous reviews of parents who have successfully treated their children with Macropen suspensions indicate that after its use during ARVI, dysbiosis occurs less often than after other means. There is no clinical confirmation of such data on Macropen. But the experience of parents is conducive to the fearless use of the drug Macropen for emergency a child with ARVI (as well as with a strong cough). Usually Macropen is drunk twice a day. The course of treatment with Macropen suspensions can last 7-14 days.

The antibiotic drug Sumamed is also good for acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, as well as for angina, bronchitis or cold cough... It is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Even kids take Sumamed without whims, because it tastes good. And its ability to accumulate in the body makes it possible to give Sumamed to the patient less often than other drugs.

Zinnat can also be effective in combating ARVI in children aged 3 years and older. The drug is a wide and, in particular, bactericidal spectrum of action. As soon as possible, Zinnat will put your baby on his feet and help with coughing.

Flemoxin Solutab is widely used in pediatrics, including to combat these ailments, as well as Cedex, Suprax, Ceftriaxone (with complications), Fluimucil.

The consequences of using antibiotic drugs

After a course of antibiotic treatment, you may experience allergic manifestations in children. Especially after using the preparations Flemoxin Solutab, Tsedeks, Fluimucil. Most often these are skin rashes. In such cases, the doctor additionally prescribes antihistamines, such as Tavegil or Suprastin.

Another unpleasant consequence of the use of antibiotics is intestinal microflora dysbiosis. Especially after taking a wide range of drugs. These are Zinnat, Sumamed, Augmentin, Supraks. Their effect entails impaired digestion, flatulence, loose stools, or, conversely, constipation. Antibiotic treatment (Ceftriaxone, Macropen, Fluimucil, Zinnat) also threatens with thrush, more often girls suffer from this. Biovestin or Linex drugs will help restore health. They can also be used to prevent a similar disorder.

If a child is often sick, the constant use of antibiotics threatens the so-called healed immune syndrome. Malicious organisms gradually adapt to drugs, and even the most intensive therapy, for example, with bronchitis or with a painful dry cough, ceases to lead to recovery. Therefore, it is not recommended to rush to take antibiotic drugs for any disease. You should contact them only when the child's body is not able to resist the disease on its own.

The main measures to reduce the harm of potent broad-spectrum drugs (Augmentin, Suprax, Sumamed) that every mother should take is to maintain the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. Since the course of antibiotic treatment (especially with bronchitis, severe cough) is a serious burden on the child's body, it is important not only to strictly observe the dosage and drug intake regimen, but also to adhere to general rules... The kid needs to be provided with bed rest, healthy diet and close attention of parents.

The use of antibiotics by children raises a lot of questions and doubts among parents, since it is widely believed that potent drugs negatively affect children's organism... However, all medicines, not only belonging to the antibacterial series, have side effects, while the latter are fast and effective method therapy. It is important to understand in which cases antibiotics are needed, and when they can be dispensed with, and how to use such funds correctly.

In case of a cold, antibiotics can only be prescribed by the attending physician; in no case should you self-medicate

When are children prescribed antibiotics?

The first and most important point in the use of antibiotics is the justification for their prescription, especially when it comes to children. Under no circumstances should antibacterial drugs be given to a child without first consulting a doctor. It is better to first pass all the tests to make sure that the use of antibiotics is justified, because the body develops resistance to the drug, and in the future, when the drug is really needed, it may turn out to be useless.

Doctors only prescribe antibiotics if the disease is bacterial. In other words, if the cause of the pathological process is a bacterium, and the body cannot cope on its own, then an appropriate antibacterial drug is selected for treatment. Such remedies are ineffective against viral infections.

It only makes sense to take antibiotics for bacterial infections.

The list of diseases for which you definitely need to give your child antibacterial drugs include:

acute sinusitis with pus;
sinusitis in acute form;
acute otitis media;
acute tonsillitis caused by streptococci;
angina;
bacterial pneumonia;
epiglottitis;
scarlet fever;
urinary tract infection;
paratonsillitis;
acute pyelonephritis;
exacerbation of chronic sinusitis.

In all these cases, taking antibiotics will give a quick effect. Sometimes the immune system is able to overcome the disease on its own, but the disease can proceed hard and for a long time, which is fraught with the development of complications and even death, so you should start taking medications from the first day of the disease or from the moment the diagnosis is made.

Wherein frequent colds, runny nose and ARVI are not a reason to give the child an antibacterial drug: as a rule, in these cases, antiviral and immunomodulatory agents are sufficient.

What is the correct way to give antibiotics to children with fever and other symptoms?

This article tells about typical ways of solving your questions, but each case is unique! If you want to know from me how to solve your particular problem - ask your question. It's fast and free!

For antibacterial treatment to bring maximum benefit and did not cause significant harm to the body, it is important to carry it out correctly, following a number of recommendations:

The choice of the drug and the calculation of the dosage. In the selection of a medicine, the type of pathogen plays the main role. Doses are determined according to the patient's weight and age.
Reception of bifidobacteria. During therapy, it is necessary to additionally drink Linex, Hilak Forte or another drug of a similar purpose. They normalize the intestinal microflora, since antibiotics destroy not only harmful, but at the same time beneficial bacteria.
Full course of therapy. Despite the improvement in the condition in the first days after the start of taking the prescribed remedy or even the complete elimination of symptoms, you cannot stop taking it, you should completely drink the entire course. There is a risk of not completely curing the disease.
Regularity and adherence to dosage. Throughout therapy, the dose of the drug must not be reduced and the appointments must not be skipped, since for 7-10 days (the usual duration of antibiotic use), the drug must circulate in the circulatory system.
Consistency. You can not independently interrupt treatment or replace the drug with an analogue.
Maintaining the body. During the period of therapy, the child should be provided with a plentiful drink, you can drink the vitamin complex.
Hospital for babies. If antibacterial agents are prescribed for newborns or children infancy up to 1 year, it is better that their admission is monitored by specialists in a hospital setting.

Types of antibiotics prescribed for children

Since the child's body is very sensitive, the safety of drugs is especially important. For this reason, young children are allowed to take the least toxic antibiotic options with the fewest side effects.

Also, the form of release of the drug plays a huge role in this issue. For children under 5 years of age, syrups and suspensions are specially produced, which are prepared from powder or granules diluted with warm water. For older children, dissolving tablets are prescribed.

There are a huge number of varieties antibacterial drugs intended for internal use designed for the child's body:

Penicillins. Among them are "Amoxicillin", "Amosin", "Flemoxin Solutab". They have a wide spectrum of action and cause the least negative reactions.
Protected penicillins. For example, "Amoxiclav", "Flemoklav" or "Augmentin" (we recommend reading :). Thanks to the addition of clavulanic acid, they are resistant to the beta-lactamase enzyme.
Cephalosporins of 4 generations (we recommend to read :). Low-toxic and have a wider range of effects. These include "Cephalexin", "Zinnat", "Supraks" (we recommend reading :). Antibiotics of this group are contraindicated for use in newborns under 1 month of age.
Macrolides. Hypoallergenic, but slower to act. Effective if the causative agents are intracellular chlamydia, mycoplasma and legionella. Among them are "Midekamycin", "Sumamed", "Clarithromycin" (we recommend reading :).
Nitrofurans. For example, "Nifuroxazide", "Furazidin", "Nifuratel". Their reception is advisable for intestinal, protozoal infections and urinary tract infections.

The best drugs for children of different ages

When a child has a high fever, a runny nose and other symptoms of ARVI or a viral cold, it is not necessary to immediately give children antibiotics. On the initial stage SARS or colds are not necessary. Only if the healing process is delayed, after 4-5 days of therapy, there is no improvement and the high temperature continues to hold, then this means that viral infection added bacterial and it is advisable to switch to antibacterial treatment.

Common symptoms such as a runny nose and fever can accompany sore throat, pneumonia, bronchitis and pharyngitis. These are diseases of a bacterial nature that make taking antibiotics justified. They should be chosen based on the age of the baby.

Newborn

As for newborn babies, they are especially vulnerable, and, unfortunately, they can face various infections and pathogenic bacteria still in the hospital. Depending on the type of disease and the severity of the course of the disease, babies can be prescribed drugs from different groups, the reception of which must be carried out under the supervision of doctors. The table shows antibiotics allowed from birth, applicable for various pathological processes:

For babies up to a year

Despite the fact that the likelihood of contracting ARVI in a child under one year old is lower, since his social circle is not large and when breastfeeding he receives antibodies from his mother, the chances of catching a bacterial infection in case of illness are very high. This is due to the fact that babies are inactive, lie a lot, have short, wide airways, do not yet know how to clear their throat and blow their nose, plus their immune system is not fully formed. In this regard, if the baby's symptoms persist for more than three days, antibiotics may already be prescribed.

When treating children under one year old, penicillin antibiotics are usually preferred, and only if there is no effect, they are replaced with cephalosporins or drugs of a wider spectrum of action. Only a pediatrician has the right to prescribe drugs; he will select the option that is optimal for the patient.

Children over 1 year old

Antibiotic requirements for children over one year old remain the same:

low toxicity;
a wide range of actions;
the minimum number of side effects.

Antibiotics are added to the number of already available antibacterial drugs, the use of which is allowed from the age of one:

Furagin and Furazidin. Suitable for infection of the urinary system or after operations on it.
Furozolidone. The grounds for its admission - intestinal infection and helminthiasis.
Wilprafen (we recommend to read :). It is taken regardless of meals. Effective in the fight against intracellular pathogens.

Effective natural antibiotics for children

Along with synthetic antibiotics, which disable the entire intestinal microflora, reduce protective properties organism and require restorative therapy for the gastrointestinal tract and immunity, there are natural analogues that do not act so aggressively. To such antibacterial agents include many berries. Among them:

viburnum;
cranberry;
raspberries;
sea buckthorn;
blueberry;
black currant.

Kalina is a natural antibiotic that helps to cope with initial symptoms colds

They are characterized by antiseptic, bactericidal and antiviral properties. It is desirable that they be present in daily diet baby. For example, you can grind them with sugar and eat 1 teaspoon three times a day.