Before moving on, let me repeat questions that I think are now not at all difficult to answer, given the information at hand about digestion. 1. What is the reason for the need to normalize the pH of the medium (weakly alkaline) of the large intestine? 2. What variants of the acid-base state are possible for the medium of the large intestine? 3. What is the reason for the deviation of the acid-base state of the internal environment of the large intestine from the norm? So, alas and oh, we have to admit that from all that has been said about the digestion of a healthy person, it does not at all follow the need to normalize the pH environment of his large intestine. Such a problem does not exist during the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, this is quite obvious. The large intestine in a full state has a moderately acidic environment with a pH of 5.0-7.0, which allows representatives of the normal microflora of the large intestine to actively break down fiber, participate in the synthesis of vitamins E, K, group B (B B. ") and others biologically active substances.At the same time, the friendly intestinal microflora performs a protective function, destroying facultative and pathogenic microbes that cause decay.Thus, the normal microflora of the large intestine determines the development of natural immunity in its host.Let's consider another situation when the large intestine does not Yes, in this case, the reaction of its internal environment will be defined as weakly alkaline, due to the fact that a small amount of weakly alkaline intestinal juice is released into the lumen of the large intestine (approximately 50-60 ml per day with a pH of 8.5-9.0 But even this time there is not the slightest reason to be afraid of putrefactive and fermentation processes, because if in the large intestine there is nothing, so, in fact, there is nothing to rot. And even more so, there is no need to deal with such alkalinity, because this is the physiological norm of a healthy organism. I believe that unjustified actions to acidify the large intestine cannot bring anything but harm to a healthy person. Where, then, does the problem of alkalinity of the large intestine arise, with which it is necessary to fight, what is it based on? It seems to me that the whole point is that, unfortunately, this problem is presented as an independent one, while, despite its significance, it is only a consequence of the unhealthy functioning of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it is necessary to look for the causes of deviations from the norm not at the level of the large intestine, but much higher - in the stomach, where a full-scale process of preparing food components for absorption is unfolding. It directly depends on the quality of food processing in the stomach - whether it will subsequently be absorbed by the body or, in an undigested form, will go to the colon for disposal. As you know, hydrochloric acid plays an important role in the process of digestion in the stomach. It stimulates the secretory activity of the glands of the stomach, promotes the transformation of pepsinogen, which is unable to act on the proteins of the pepsinogen proenzyme, into the enzyme pepsin; creates an optimal acid-base balance for the action of gastric enzymes; causes denaturation, preliminary destruction and swelling of food proteins, ensures their breakdown by enzymes; supports the antibacterial action of gastric juice, i.e., the destruction of pathogenic and putrefactive microbes. Hydrochloric acid also promotes the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum and further participates in the regulation of the secretion of the duodenal glands, stimulating their motor activity. Gastric juice quite actively breaks down proteins or, as they say in science, has a proteolytic effect, activating enzymes in a wide pH range from 1.5-2.0 to 3.2-4.0. Under optimal acidity of the medium, pepsin has a splitting effect on proteins, breaking peptide bonds in the protein molecule formed by groups of various amino acids. "As a result of this exposure, a complex protein molecule breaks down into simpler substances: peptones, peptides and proteases. Pepsin provides hydrolysis of the main protein substances that make up meat products, and especially collagen, the main component of connective tissue fibers. Under the influence of pepsin, protein breakdown begins. However, in the stomach, cleavage reaches only peptides and albumose - large fragments of a protein molecule.Further cleavage of these derivatives of a protein molecule occurs already in the small intestine under the action of enzymes of intestinal juice and pancreatic juice.In the small intestine, the amino acids formed during the final digestion of proteins dissolve in the intestinal contents and are absorbed into the blood. And it is quite natural that if the body is characterized by any parameter, there will always be people in whom it is either increased or reduced. Deviation towards increase has the prefix "hyper", and towards decrease - "hypo ". Do not constitute an exception in this regard, and patients with impaired secretory function of the stomach. At the same time, a change in the secretory function of the stomach, characterized by an increased level of hydrochloric acid with its excessive release - hypersecretion, is called hyperacid gastritis or gastritis with high acidity of gastric juice. When the opposite is true and hydrochloric acid is secreted less than normal, we are dealing with hypocidic gastritis or gastritis with low acidity of gastric juice. In the case of the complete absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, they speak of anacid gastritis or gastritis with zero acidity of gastric juice. The disease "gastritis" itself is defined as inflammation of the gastric mucosa, in a chronic form accompanied by a restructuring of its structure and progressive atrophy, a violation of the secretory, motor and endocrine (absorption) functions of the stomach. I must say that gastritis is much more common than we think. According to statistics, in one form or another, gastritis is detected during a gastroenterological examination, i.e. an examination of the gastrointestinal tract, in almost every second patient. In the case of hypocidic gastritis, caused by a decrease in the acid-forming function of the stomach and, consequently, the activity of gastric juice and a decrease in its acidity, the food slurry coming from the stomach to the small intestine will no longer be as acidic as with normal acid formation. And further along the entire length of the intestine, as shown in the chapter "Fundamentals of the Digestion Process", only its consistent alkalization is possible. If, with normal acid formation, the acidity level of the contents of the large intestine decreases to slightly acidic and even to a neutral reaction pH 5-7, then in the case of low acidity of gastric juice - in the large intestine, the reaction of the contents will already be either neutral or slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7-8 . If a food slurry that is slightly acidified in the stomach and does not contain animal proteins takes on an alkaline reaction in the large intestine, then if it contains animal protein, which is a pronounced alkaline product, the contents of the large intestine become alkaline for a long time. Why for a long time? Because due to the alkaline reaction of the internal environment of the large intestine, its peristalsis is sharply weakened. Let's remember what kind of environment is in the empty large intestine? - Alkaline. The converse is also true: if the environment of the large intestine is alkaline, then the large intestine is empty. And if it is empty, a healthy body will not waste energy on peristaltic work, and the large intestine is resting. Rest, which is completely natural for a healthy intestine, ends with a change in the chemical reaction of its internal environment to acidic, which in the chemical language of our body means that the large intestine is full, it's time to work, it's time to compact, dehydrate and move the formed feces closer to the exit. But when the large intestine is filled with alkaline contents, the large intestine does not receive a chemical signal to end the rest and start working. And what's more, the body still thinks the colon is empty, and in the meantime, the colon keeps filling up and filling up. And this is serious, as the consequences can be the most severe. The notorious constipation, perhaps, will be the most harmless of them. In the case of the complete absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, as occurs with anacid gastritis, the enzyme pepsin is not produced at all in the stomach. The process of digestion of animal proteins under such conditions is even theoretically impossible. And then almost all of the eaten animal protein in an undigested form ends up in the large intestine, where the reaction of the feces will be strongly alkaline. It becomes quite obvious that the processes of decay simply cannot be avoided. This gloomy forecast is exacerbated by another sad condition. If at the very beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, due to the absence of hydrochloric acid, there was no antibacterial action of gastric juice, then pathogenic and putrefactive microbes brought with food, not destroyed by gastric juice, entering the large intestine on well-alkalined "soil", receive the most favorable conditions for life and begin to multiply rapidly. At the same time, having a pronounced antagonistic activity in relation to representatives of the normal microflora of the large intestine, pathogenic microbes suppress their vital activity, which leads to disruption of the normal process of digestion in the large intestine with all the ensuing consequences. Suffice it to say that the end products of the putrefactive bacterial decomposition of proteins are such toxic and biologically active substances as amines, hydrogen sulfide, methane, which have a toxic effect on the entire human body. The consequence of this abnormal situation is constipation, colitis, enterocolitis, etc. Constipation, in turn, gives rise to hemorrhoids, and hemorrhoids provoke constipation. Given the putrefactive properties of excrement, it is very possible that various kinds of tumors will appear in the future, up to malignant ones. In order to suppress putrefactive processes under the circumstances, to restore the normal microflora and the motor function of the large intestine, of course, it is necessary to fight for the normalization of the pH of its internal environment. And in this case, the cleansing and acidification of the large intestine according to the method of N. Walker with enemas with the addition of lemon juice is perceived by me as a reasonable solution. But at the same time, all this seems to be more of a cosmetic than a radical means of combating the alkalinity of the large intestine, since in itself it can in no way eliminate the root causes of such a distress in our body.
1. What is the reason for the need to normalize the pH of the medium (weakly alkaline) of the large intestine?
2. What variants of the acid-base state are possible for the medium of the large intestine?
3. What is the reason for the deviation of the acid-base state of the internal environment of the large intestine from the norm?
So, alas and oh, we have to admit that from all that has been said about the digestion of a healthy person, it does not at all follow the need to normalize the pH environment of his large intestine. Such a problem does not exist during the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, this is quite obvious.
The large intestine in a full state has a moderately acidic environment with a pH of 5.0-7.0, which allows representatives of the normal microflora of the large intestine to actively break down fiber, participate in the synthesis of vitamins E, K, group B (B B. ") and others biologically active substances.At the same time, the friendly intestinal microflora performs a protective function, carrying out the destruction of facultative and pathogenic microbes that cause putrefaction.Thus, the normal microflora of the large intestine determines the development of natural immunity in its host.
Consider another situation where the large intestine is not filled with intestinal contents.
Yes, in this case, the reaction of its internal environment will be determined as weakly alkaline, due to the fact that a small amount of weakly alkaline intestinal juice is released into the lumen of the large intestine (approximately 50-60 ml per day with a pH of 8.5-9.0). But even this time there is not the slightest reason to fear putrefactive and fermentative processes, because if there is nothing in the large intestine, then, in fact, there is nothing to rot. And even more so, there is no need to deal with such alkalinity, because this is the physiological norm of a healthy organism. I believe that unjustified actions to acidify the large intestine cannot bring anything but harm to a healthy person.
Where, then, does the problem of alkalinity of the large intestine arise, with which it is necessary to fight, what is it based on?
It seems to me that the whole point is that, unfortunately, this problem is presented as an independent one, while, despite its significance, it is only a consequence of the unhealthy functioning of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it is necessary to look for the causes of deviations from the norm not at the level of the large intestine, but much higher - in the stomach, where a full-scale process of preparing food components for absorption is unfolding. It directly depends on the quality of food processing in the stomach - whether it will subsequently be absorbed by the body or, in an undigested form, will go to the colon for disposal.
As you know, hydrochloric acid plays an important role in the process of digestion in the stomach. It stimulates the secretory activity of the glands of the stomach, promotes the transformation of pepsinogen, which is unable to act on the proteins of the pepsinogen proenzyme, into the enzyme pepsin; creates an optimal acid-base balance for the action of gastric enzymes; causes denaturation, preliminary destruction and swelling of food proteins, ensures their breakdown by enzymes;
supports the antibacterial action of gastric juice, i.e., the destruction of pathogenic and putrefactive microbes.
Hydrochloric acid also promotes the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum and further participates in the regulation of the secretion of the duodenal glands, stimulating their motor activity.
Gastric juice quite actively breaks down proteins or, as they say in science, has a proteolytic effect, activating enzymes in a wide pH range from 1.5-2.0 to 3.2-4.0.
Under optimal acidity of the medium, pepsin has a splitting effect on proteins, breaking peptide bonds in the protein molecule formed by groups of various amino acids.
As a result of this action, a complex protein molecule breaks down into simpler substances: peptones, peptides and proteases. Pepsin provides hydrolysis of the main protein substances included in meat products, and especially collagen, the main component of connective tissue fibers.
Under the influence of pepsin, the breakdown of proteins begins. However, in the stomach, splitting reaches only peptides and albumose - large fragments of a protein molecule. Further cleavage of these derivatives of the protein molecule occurs already in the small intestine under the action of enzymes of intestinal juice and pancreatic juice.
In the small intestine, the amino acids formed during the final digestion of proteins are dissolved in the intestinal contents and absorbed into the blood.
And it is quite natural that if the body is characterized by any parameter, there will always be people in whom it is either increased or reduced. Deviation towards increase has the prefix "hyper", and towards decrease - "hypo". Do not constitute an exception in this regard, and patients with impaired secretory function of the stomach.
At the same time, a change in the secretory function of the stomach, characterized by an increased level of hydrochloric acid with its excessive release - hypersecretion, is called hyperacid gastritis or gastritis with high acidity of gastric juice. When the opposite is true and hydrochloric acid is secreted less than normal, we are dealing with hypocidic gastritis or gastritis with low acidity of gastric juice.
In the case of the complete absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, they speak of anacid gastritis or gastritis with zero acidity of gastric juice.
The disease "gastritis" itself is defined as inflammation of the gastric mucosa, in a chronic form accompanied by a restructuring of its structure and progressive atrophy, a violation of the secretory, motor and endocrine (absorption) functions of the stomach.
I must say that gastritis is much more common than we think. According to statistics, in one form or another, gastritis is detected during a gastroenterological examination, i.e. an examination of the gastrointestinal tract, in almost every second patient.
In the case of hypocidic gastritis, caused by a decrease in the acid-forming function of the stomach and, consequently, the activity of gastric juice and a decrease in its acidity, the food slurry coming from the stomach to the small intestine will no longer be as acidic as with normal acid formation. And further along the entire length of the intestine, as shown in the chapter "Fundamentals of the digestive process", only its consistent alkalization is possible.
If, with normal acid formation, the acidity level of the contents of the large intestine decreases to slightly acidic and even to a neutral reaction pH 5-7, then in the case of low acidity of gastric juice - in the large intestine, the reaction of the contents will already be either neutral or slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7-8 .
If a food slurry that is slightly acidified in the stomach and does not contain animal proteins takes on an alkaline reaction in the large intestine, then if it contains animal protein, which is a pronounced alkaline product, the contents of the large intestine become alkaline for a long time.
Why for a long time? Because due to the alkaline reaction of the internal environment of the large intestine, its peristalsis is sharply weakened.
Let's remember what kind of environment is in the empty large intestine? - Alkaline.
The converse is also true: if the environment of the large intestine is alkaline, then the large intestine is empty. And if it is empty, a healthy body will not waste energy on peristaltic work, and the large intestine is resting.
Rest, which is completely natural for a healthy intestine, ends with a change in the chemical reaction of its internal environment to acidic, which in the chemical language of our body means that the large intestine is full, it's time to work, it's time to compact, dehydrate and move the formed feces closer to the exit.
But when the large intestine is filled with alkaline contents, the large intestine does not receive a chemical signal to end the rest and start working. And what's more, the body still thinks the colon is empty, and in the meantime, the colon keeps filling up and filling up. And this is serious, as the consequences can be the most severe. The notorious, perhaps, will be the most harmless of them.
In the case of the complete absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, as occurs with anacid gastritis, the enzyme pepsin is not produced at all in the stomach. The process of digestion of animal proteins under such conditions is even theoretically impossible. And then almost all of the eaten animal protein in an undigested form ends up in the large intestine, where the reaction of the feces will be strongly alkaline. It becomes quite obvious that the processes of decay simply cannot be avoided.
This gloomy forecast is exacerbated by another sad condition. If at the very beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, due to the absence of hydrochloric acid, there was no antibacterial action of gastric juice, then pathogenic and putrefactive microbes brought with food, not destroyed by gastric juice, entering the large intestine on well-alkalined "soil", receive the most favorable conditions for life and begin to multiply rapidly. At the same time, having a pronounced antagonistic activity in relation to representatives of the normal microflora of the large intestine, pathogenic microbes suppress their vital activity, which leads to disruption of the normal process of digestion in the large intestine with all the ensuing consequences.
Suffice it to say that the end products of the putrefactive bacterial decomposition of proteins are such toxic and biologically active substances as amines, hydrogen sulfide, methane, which have a toxic effect on the entire human body. The consequence of this abnormal situation is constipation, colitis, enterocolitis, etc. Constipation, in turn, gives rise to, and provokes constipation.
Given the putrefactive properties of excrement, it is very possible that various kinds of tumors will appear in the future, up to malignant ones.
In order to suppress putrefactive processes under the circumstances, to restore the normal microflora and the motor function of the large intestine, of course, it is necessary to fight for the normalization of the pH of its internal environment. And in this case, the cleansing and acidification of the large intestine according to the method of N. Walker with enemas with the addition of lemon juice is perceived by me as a reasonable solution.
But at the same time, all this seems to be more of a cosmetic than a radical means of combating the alkalinity of the large intestine, since in itself it can in no way eliminate the root causes of such a distress in our body.
All causes of body pollution also apply to the large intestine. Let's take a closer look at the causes of his problems. It is known that on the way to the large intestine, food must be processed in the stomach, in the duodenum and in the small intestine, irrigated with bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juice. Any problems in these organs will instantly affect the large intestine. For example, bile is involved not only in the digestion of fats, but also stimulates peristalsis of the large intestine. Due to the stagnant process in the gallbladder, less bile comes from there. Consequently, as a result of a decrease in peristalsis in the large intestine, constipation will begin, i.e. food residues will stagnate in the intestines. Insufficient digestion of fats will also lead to the fact that these fats enter the large intestine and change the acid-base balance in it, which will negatively affect the vital activity of the microflora. Maintaining a relatively constant pH in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract is of great importance for all digestion and for the large intestine in particular. Thus, the lack of acid in the stomach will cause insufficient processing of the bolus of food, which will affect further digestion in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, an alkaline reaction is created in the large intestine instead of a slightly acidic one.
It is known that a slightly acidic environment is most favorable for the vital activity of bacteria and, in addition, such an environment contributes to the peristaltic movements of the intestine, which are necessary for removing feces to the outside. In the presence of an alkaline environment, peristalsis is significantly reduced, which makes it difficult to remove feces and leads to stagnant processes in the large intestine. Constipation, stagnant processes are decay and absorption of toxic substances into the blood. In addition, due to the weak acidity in the stomach, putrefactive microbes are not completely destroyed, which then enter the large intestine.
Excess acid in the stomach leads to spasms of the mucous membranes throughout the gastrointestinal tract and increased acidity in the large intestine. Increased acidity causes increased peristaltic movements of the large intestine and, as a result, frequent and profuse diarrhea, which dehydrates the body. Frequent diarrhea also exposes the intestinal mucosa, leading to chemical burns and spasm. Repetitive spasms over time can cause constipation with all the ensuing consequences. Thus, often problems with the large intestine begin with the stomach, or, more precisely, with its acidity. The main cause of problems is the disruption of the vital activity of beneficial bacteria, and they are strongly influenced by the pH of the environment.
Improper nutrition (mainly boiled and starchy food, devoid of minerals, vitamins), and most importantly, the lack of fiber also adversely affect the microflora. Violation of the activity of microflora is called dysbacteriosis. Dysbacteriosis creates stagnant processes in the large intestine, due to which fecal masses collect in folds-pockets (diverticula). These masses then, when dehydrated, turn into stones that lie in the intestines for years and constantly send toxins into the blood. Prolonged contact with fecal stones leads to inflammation of the intestinal walls with the development of colitis. As a result of clamping of blood vessels by feces and stagnation of blood, hemorrhoids occur, from overstrain of the walls of the rectum during defecation - cracks in the anus. Stones and stagnant processes thin the walls of the large intestine, holes may appear through which toxins pass to other organs. There are such skin diseases accompanied by large pimples that last for years, and no medicines help. Only cleansing and restoring the normal functions of the large intestine can cure this disease. The clogging of the large intestine with fecal stones blocks some of the reflexogenic zones and disrupts the stimulating role of the intestine. For example, finding a stone in the ovary area can affect them and cause inflammation. And the last. Problems with the microflora (because it synthesizes important B vitamins) greatly affect the immune system, leading to various serious diseases, including cancer. The recent increase in influenza epidemics also indicates a violation of the immune system in the population, and hence dysbacteriosis. As you can see, dear reader, there is something to fight for!
Violation of the large intestine is confirmed by the following symptoms:
- constipation, bad breath, from the body;
- various skin problems, chronic runny nose, problems with teeth;
- papillomas under the armpits and on the neck signal the presence of polyps in the colon; after the disappearance of the polyps, they fall off by themselves;
- black plaque on the teeth indicates the presence of mold in the intestines;
- constant accumulation of mucus in the throat and nose, coughing;
- haemorrhoids;
- frequent colds;
- accumulation of gases;
- frequent fatigue.
Cleansing procedure
Before you start cleansing using the ideomotor method, you need to do a rough cleansing, especially for those people who have obvious problems. Nothing better than a series of enemas. Although I have to express my point of view here. I am against the frequent use of enemas, firstly, because the body cannot be accustomed to such influences, despite the fact that they are useful. Any artificial procedures weaken the natural functions of the body. In this case, with frequent use of enemas, natural peristalsis deteriorates and this can again lead to constipation. Secondly, intervention in the internal environment can change the acid-base balance, and here the solution with which the washing is done is especially affected. Since it is necessary to give enemas in order to avoid unpleasant consequences, it is necessary to make the correct solution for enemas. The intestines will not become lazy, since the ideomotor movements themselves, which we will do after enemas, will quickly restore its motor abilities. An athlete, after a long break, restores muscles by training them, and we, by making intestinal pulsations, train his muscles.
Rough cleaning
2 liters of water;
20-30 grams of salt;
100-150 milliliters of lemon juice.
The solution should suck out dirt from the walls of the large intestine. He can do this according to the law of osmosis, i.e., a liquid with a lower salt concentration passes into liquids with a higher concentration. Blood plasma has a salt concentration of 0.9%, so the walls of the large intestine absorb water and all solutions with a lower concentration. But they do not absorb, for example, salty sea water. Therefore, being in the sea without fresh water, you can die of thirst.
To clean the walls of the intestine, you need to take a solution that would not be absorbed there, but, on the contrary, sucked out water. The concentration of the solution should be slightly higher than that of blood plasma - 1% or 1.5%. More can not be taken, since a large excess of salt will make the intestinal environment alkaline, which means the suppression of microflora. The alkalinity of the solution is compensated by lemon juice. Such a solution, on the one hand, will suck out dirt from the walls of the large intestine, and on the other hand, will not disturb the internal environment, or pH.
So, we do an enema for 2 weeks every other day, it will turn out 6-7 times. This is enough for rough cleaning. The best time for enemas is to choose in the morning, between 7-9 o'clock in the morning. But you can also in the evening, before going to bed. How to give an enema?
Prepare the indicated solution (preferably warm), pour it into Esmarch's mug and hang the mug on the wall. Soak the tip in oil or Vaseline, lubricate the anus in the same way. Insert the tip into the anus about 7-10 centimeters, being in a position on the elbows and knees. First, let in all the water, then you need to lie on your left side and try to hold the water for 5-7 minutes, then let it out. With a very contaminated intestine, it will be difficult to let in all 2 liters of solution. In this case, you can make a solution for the first week in the following proportions:
1 liter of water;
10-15 grams of salt;
50-75 milliliters of lemon juice.
I do not recommend enemas for people with severely increased acidity of gastric juice and cracks in the anus. But this applies only to enemas, everything else is possible and necessary.
To make the cleaning go better, I recommend the following additional activities. Every morning, on an empty stomach, drink 1 glass of juice, consisting of 3/4 carrots and 1/4 beets. You have to make your own juice. This mixture gives a wonderful cleansing effect. Then eat 2 apples and eat nothing else until lunch. The rest of the food should be normal, but with a minimum consumption of meat and an increase in the number of salads, especially with a predominance of cabbage. Juices and apples in the morning and meals with a minimum of meat are desirable to continue for 1 month. By the way, about food. I am not a supporter of vegetarianism, but a supporter of a varied diet with a minimum consumption of meat. The reason is that some essential amino acids are found only in meat. In addition, vitamin A is mainly found in animal foods, and we really need it, in particular, to protect against cancer. There is little of it in plant foods.
Simultaneously with the start of all cleansing, do abdominal extrusion in the morning according to the method described above. Pushing should be introduced into daily life as abdominal gymnastics. Then set aside 30 minutes for an ideomotor cleansing and do it every day for two weeks.
Mechanism of work and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
Digestion is a complex multifunctional process that can be conditionally divided into two parts: external and internal.
External factors include: hunger, desire to eat, smell, sight, taste, tactile sensitivity. Each factor, at its level, informs the central nervous system.
The internal factor is digestion. This is an irreversible process of food processing, it begins with the mouth and stomach. If the food satisfies your aesthetic needs, then both the satisfaction of appetite and the level of satiety depend on the act of chewing. The point here is this: any food carries not only a material substrate, but also information embedded in it by nature (taste, smell, appearance), which you also have to “eat”. This is the deep meaning of chewing: until the specific smell of the product disappears in the mouth, it should not be swallowed.
With careful chewing of food, the feeling of satiety comes faster and overeating, as a rule, is excluded. The fact is that the stomach begins to signal satiety to the brain only 15-20 minutes after the food enters it. The experience of centenarians confirms the fact that “he who chews for a long time lives for a long time”, while even a mixed diet does not significantly affect their life expectancy.
The importance of chewing food thoroughly lies in the fact that digestive enzymes interact only with those particles of food that are on the surface, and not inside, so the rate of digestion of food depends on its total area with which the juices of the stomach and intestines come into contact. The more you chew food, the greater the surface area and the more efficient the processing of food throughout the gastrointestinal tract, which works with minimal stress. In addition, when chewing, food heats up, which enhances the catalytic activity of enzymes, while cold and poorly chewed food inhibits their release and, therefore, increases the slagging of the body.
In addition, the parotid gland produces mucin, which plays an important role in protecting the oral mucosa from the action of acids and strong alkalis from food. With poor chewing of food, saliva is produced little, the mechanism for the production of lysozyme, amylase, mucin and other substances is not fully switched on, which leads to stagnation in the salivary and parotid glands, the formation of dental deposits, and the development of pathogenic microflora. Sooner or later, this will affect not only the organs of the oral cavity: teeth and mucous membranes, but also the process of food processing.
Saliva also removes toxins and poisons. The oral cavity plays a kind of role as a mirror of the internal state of the gastrointestinal tract. Pay attention, if in the morning you find a white coating on the tongue - it signals a dysfunction of the stomach, gray - the pancreas, yellow - the liver, abundant salivation at night in children - dysbacteriosis, helminthic invasion.
Scientists have calculated that there are hundreds of small and large glands in the oral cavity, which secrete up to 2 liters per day. saliva. There are about 400 varieties of bacteria, viruses, amoebae, fungi, which are rightly associated with many diseases of various organs.
It is impossible not to mention such important organs located in the mouth as tonsils, they form the so-called Pirogov-Waldeyer ring, a kind of protective barrier for penetrating infection. Official medicine believes that inflammation of the tonsils is the cause of the development of diseases of the heart, kidneys, joints, so doctors sometimes recommend removing them; at the same time, the tonsils are a powerful protective factor used by the body to fight various infections and toxins. That is why tonsils should never be removed, especially in childhood, as this significantly weakens the immune system, reducing the production of immunoglobulins and a substance that affects the maturation of germ cells, which in some cases is the cause of infertility.
Let us briefly dwell on the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract.
This is a kind of conveyor for the processing of raw materials: mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small, ileal, thick, sigmoid, rectum. In each of them, a reaction peculiar only to them occurs, therefore, in principle, until the food is processed to the required state in one or another department, it should not enter the next. Only in the pharynx and esophagus, valves automatically open when food passes into the stomach; between the stomach, duodenum and small intestines there are a kind of chemical dispensers that “open the floodgates” only under certain pH conditions, and starting from the small intestine, the valves open under the pressure of the food mass. Between the various parts of the gastrointestinal tract are valves that normally open only in one direction. However, with improper nutrition, a decrease in muscle tone and other disorders in the transition between the esophagus and stomach, diaphragmatic hernias are formed, in which a lump of food can again move into the esophagus, oral cavity.
The stomach is the main organ for the processing of food received from the oral cavity. A weak alkaline environment that has entered from the mouth becomes acidic in the stomach in 15-20 minutes. The acidic environment of gastric juice, and this is 0.4–0.5% hydrochloric acid at pH = 1.0–1.5, together with enzymes, promotes the breakdown of proteins, disinfects the body from microbes and fungi that enter with food, stimulates the hormone secretin, which stimulates the secretion of the pancreas. Gastric juice contains hemamine (the so-called Castle factor), which promotes the absorption of vitamin B 12 in the body, without which normal maturation of erythrocytes is impossible, and there is also a depot of the protein compound of iron - ferritin, which is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin. Those who have problems with blood should pay attention to the normalization of the stomach, otherwise you will not get rid of these problems.
Scheme of the gastrointestinal tract: solid line - the state of the intestine is normal, dashed line - the intestine is swollen.
After 2-4 hours, depending on the nature of the food, it enters the duodenum. Although the duodenum is relatively short - 10-12 cm, it plays a huge role in the process of digestion. Here are formed: the hormone secretin, which stimulates the secretion of the pancreas and bile, and cholecystokinin, which stimulates the motor-evacuation function of the gallbladder. It is from the duodenum that the regulation of the secretory, motor and evacuation functions of the gastrointestinal tract depends. The content has a slightly alkaline reaction (рН=7.2–8.0).
Food should flow from the stomach into the duodenum only when the processing process with the full use of gastric juice is completed and its acidic contents become slightly acidic or even neutral. In the duodenum, the food lump - chyme - with the help of pancreatic secretion and bile should also normally turn into a mass with a neutral or slightly alkaline environment; this environment will be preserved until the large intestine, where, with the help of organic acids contained in plant foods, it will turn into a slightly acidic one.
In addition to gastric juice, bile and pancreatic juice enter the lumen of the duodenum.
The liver is the most important organ involved in all metabolic processes; violations in it immediately affect all organs and systems of the body, and vice versa. It is in the liver that the neutralization of toxic substances and the removal of damaged cells occur. The liver is the regulator of blood sugar, synthesizing glucose and converting its excess into glycogen - the body's main source of energy.
The liver is an organ that removes excess amino acids by decomposing them into ammonia and urea; fibrinogen and prothrombin are synthesized here - the main substances that affect blood coagulation, the synthesis of various vitamins, the formation of bile and much more. The liver itself does not cause pain, unless there are changes in the gallbladder.
You need to know that fatigue, weakness, weight loss, vague pain or a feeling of heaviness in the hypochondrium on the right, swelling, itching and pain in the joints are manifestations of liver dysfunction.
An equally important function of the liver is that it forms, as it were, a watershed between the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovascular system. The liver synthesizes the substances necessary for the body and supplies them to the vascular system, and also removes metabolic products. The liver is the main cleansing system of the body: about 2000 liters of blood passes through the liver per day (the circulating fluid is filtered here 300-400 times), there is a factory of bile acids involved in the digestion of fats, in the intrauterine period the liver acts as a hematopoietic organ. In addition, the liver has (like no other human organ) the ability to regenerate - restore, it reaches 80%. There are cases when after the removal of one lobe of the liver in six months it was completely restored.
The pancreas is closely related to the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, violations of its work affect the general hormonal background. Pancreatic juice (pH = 8.7–8.9) neutralizes the acidity of gastric juice entering the lumen of the digestive tract, participates in the regulation of acid-base balance and water-salt metabolism.
It should be noted that absorption in the oral cavity and stomach is insignificant, only water, alcohol, carbohydrate breakdown products and some salts are absorbed here. The bulk of nutrients are absorbed in the small and especially in the large intestine. It should be noted that the renewal of the intestinal epithelium, according to some data, occurs within 4–14 days, that is, on average, the intestine is renewed at least 36 times a year. With the help of a large number of enzymes, a rather significant processing of the food mass and its absorption take place here due to cavity, parietal and membrane digestion. The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water, iron, phosphorus, alkali, a small part of nutrients and the formation of feces due to organic acids contained in fiber.
It is especially important that almost all organs of the human body are projected on the wall of the large intestine and any changes in it affect them. The large intestine is a kind of corrugated tube, which, due to stagnant feces, not only increases in volume, but also stretches, creating "intolerant" conditions for the work of all organs of the chest, abdominal and pelvic regions, which leads first to functional, and then to pathological changes.
It should be noted that the appendix is a kind of "intestinal tonsil", which contributes to the delay and destruction of pathogenic microflora, and the enzymes secreted by it - normal peristalsis of the colon. The rectum has two sphincters: the upper one, during the transition from the sigmoid colon to the rectum, and the lower one. Normally, this area should always be empty. However, with constipation, a sedentary lifestyle, and the like, feces fill the rectal ampulla, and it turns out that you are always sitting on a column of sewage, which, in turn, squeezes all the organs of the small pelvis.
The large intestine and its relationship with various organs:
1 - abdominal brain; 2 - allergy; 3 - appendix; 4 - nasopharynx; 5 - connection of the small intestine with the large; 6 - eyes and ears; 7 - thymus gland (thymus); 8 - upper respiratory tract, asthma; 9 - mammary glands; 10 - thyroid gland; 11 - parathyroid gland; 12 - liver, brain, nervous system; 13 - gallbladder; 14 - heart; 15 - lungs, bronchi; 16 - stomach; 17 - spleen; 18 - pancreas; 19 - adrenal glands; 20 - kidneys; 21 - gonads; 22 - testicles; 23 - bladder; 24 - genitals; 25 - prostate.
In the small pelvis there is a powerful circulatory network covering all the organs located here. From the feces, which linger here and contain many poisons, pathogenic microbes, through the portal vein from under the mucous membrane, the inner and outer rings of the rectum, toxic substances enter the liver, and from the lower ring of the rectum, located around the anus, through the vena cava immediately enter the right atrium.
Toxic substances entering the liver in an avalanche disrupt its detoxification function, as a result of which a network of anastomoses can form, through which the flow of dirt enters immediately into the vena cava without purification. This is directly related to the state of the gastrointestinal tract, intestines, liver, sigmoid, rectum. Have you ever wondered why some of us often have inflammation in the nasopharynx, tonsils, lungs, allergic manifestations, joint pain, not to mention diseases of the pelvic organs and the like? The reason is in the state of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
That is why, until you put your pelvis in order, do not cleanse the intestines, the liver, where the sources of the general slagging of the body are located - the "hotbed" of various diseases - you will not be healthy. The nature of the disease does not play any role.
If we consider schematically the intestinal wall, it looks like this: outside the intestine there is a serous membrane, under which there are circular and longitudinal layers of muscles, then a submucosa, where the blood and lymphatic vessels and mucous membrane pass.
The total length of the small intestine is up to 6 m, and the movement of food through it takes 4-6 hours; thick - about 2 m, and food lingers in it until 18–20 hours (normal). During the day, the gastrointestinal tract produces more than 10 liters of juice: the oral cavity - about 2 liters of saliva, the stomach - 1.5–2 liters, bile secreted 1.5–2 liters, the pancreas - 1 liter, the small and large intestines - up to 2 liters of digestive juices, and only 250 g of feces are excreted. The intestinal mucosa has up to 4 thousand outgrowths where microvilli are located, up to 100 million of them per 1 mm 2. These villi, together with the intestinal mucosa, have a total area of more than 300 m 2, due to which the transformation of some substances into others takes place here, the so-called "cold thermonuclear fusion". It is here that cavity and membrane digestion takes place (A. Ugolev). There are also cells that synthesize and secrete hormones, which are, as it were, duplicates of the human hormonal system.
Microvilli, in turn, are covered with glycocalyx, a waste product of the intestinal walls - enterocytes. Glycocalyx and microvilli act as a barrier and normally prevent or reduce the entry of toxins into the body, including allergens. This is where the root cause of allergic disorders lies. The poverty of the microflora of the stomach, duodenum and small intestine is explained by the antibacterial properties of gastric juice and the mucous membrane of the small intestine. In diseases of the small intestine, the microflora from the large intestine can move to the small intestine, where, due to the putrefactive-fermentation processes of undigested protein foods, the pathological process is generally further aggravated.
Recall that human life largely depends on a single type of bacteria - Escherichia coli. If it disappears or changes its structure to a pathological one, the body will lose the ability to process, assimilate food, and therefore replenish energy expenditure, and get sick. Harmless at first glance, dysbacteriosis is a formidable disease when the ratio of the normal intestinal microflora (bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, bacteroid beneficial species of Escherichia coli) and pathogenic flora changes.
The processes of splitting proteins, carbohydrates, fats, the production of vitamins, hormones, enzymes and other biologically active substances, the regulation of intestinal motor function depend directly on the normal microflora. In addition, the microflora is engaged in the neutralization of toxins, chemicals, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides. Thus, the intestinal flora is the most important component of the gastrointestinal tract - it is the maintenance of normal cholesterol levels, the regulation of metabolism, intestinal gas composition, the prevention of the formation of gallstones and even the production of substances that destroy cancer cells, it is a natural biosorbent that absorbs various poisons and much more .
In some cases, hyperexcitable children are treated for years with sedatives, but in fact the cause of the disease lies in the activity of the intestinal microflora.
The most common cause of dysbacteriosis are: taking antibiotics, consumption of refined foods, environmental degradation, lack of fiber in food. It is in the intestines that the synthesis of B vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, substances that stimulate the immune system, and hormones occurs.
Absorption and reabsorption of trace elements, vitamins, electrolytes, glucose and other substances take place in the large intestine. Violation of one of the activities of the large intestine can lead to pathology. For example, a group of Latvian scientists proved that when proteins rot in the large intestine, in particular with constipation, methane is formed, which destroys B vitamins, which, in turn, perform the functions of anti-cancer protection. This disrupts the formation of the enzyme homocysteine, which can lead to atherosclerosis.
In the absence of the urecase enzyme produced by the intestines, uric acid does not turn into urea, and this is one of the reasons for the development of osteochondrosis. For the normal functioning of the large intestine, dietary fiber and a slightly acidic environment are necessary.
As already noted, the large intestine is distinguished by one important feature: one or another organ of the human body is projected onto each of its sections, a violation in which leads to their disease. The intestinal flora, especially the large intestine, is more than 500 types of microbes, on the state of which our whole life depends. At present, in terms of its role and significance, the mass of intestinal flora, reaching the weight of the liver (up to 1.5 kg), is considered to be an independent gland.
Take the same ammonia, which is normally formed from nitrogen-containing products of plant and animal origin and is the strongest neurotoxic poison. Two types of bacteria are involved in ammonia: some “work” on protein - nitrogen-dependent, others on carbohydrates - sugar-dependent. The more poorly chewed and undigested food, the more ammonia and pathogenic microflora are formed. However, the decomposition of ammonia produces nitrogen, which is used by bacteria to build their own proteins.
At the same time, sugar-dependent bacteria utilize ammonia, which is why they are called beneficial; and accompanying bacteria produce more of it than they consume. In case of malfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, a lot of ammonia is formed, and since neither the microbes of the large intestine nor the liver are able to neutralize it, it enters the bloodstream, which is the cause of such a formidable disease as hepatic encephalopathy. This disease is observed in children under 10 years of age and in adults over 40, a characteristic feature is a disorder of the nervous system, brain: impaired memory, sleep, static, depression, trembling of the hands, head. Medicine in such cases is obsessed with the treatment of the nervous system, the brain, but it turns out that the whole thing is in the condition of the large intestine and liver.
The great merit of Academician A. M. Ugolev is that he made significant adjustments to the study of the nutrition system, in particular, he established the role of fiber and dietary fiber in the formation of the microbial flora of the intestine, cavity and membrane digestion.
Our health care, for decades preaching a balanced diet (“how much they spent, so much was credited”), actually made people sick, because ballast substances were excluded from food, and refined foods, as monomeric food, did not require significant work of the gastrointestinal tract.
Scientists from the Institute of Nutrition, with tenacity worthy of better application, continue to insist that the energy value of the diet should correspond to the energy costs of a person. But how then to consider the views of G. S. Shatalova, who proposes to consume from 400 to 1000 kcal per day, spending 2.5–3 times more energy, and manages not only to be healthy, but also to treat patients in this way, whom the official medicine can not cure?
Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and other diseases are, first of all, the lack of fiber in food; refined products practically turn off membrane and cavity digestion, which no longer fulfills its protective role, not to mention the fact that the load on the enzyme systems is significantly reduced and they are also put out of order. This is why diet food (meaning diet as a way of life, not certain foods) used for a long time is also harmful.
The large intestine is multifunctional, its tasks are: evacuation, absorption, hormone-, energy-, heat-producing and stimulating.
Particular attention should be paid to the heat-generating and stimulating functions. The microorganisms that inhabit the large intestine process each of their products, regardless of where it is located: in the center of the intestinal lumen or closer to the wall. They release a lot of energy, bioplasma, due to which the temperature in the intestines is always higher than the body temperature by 1.5–2 °C. The bioplasmic process of thermonuclear fusion heats not only the flowing blood and lymph, but also the organs located on all sides of the intestine. Bioplasma charges water, electrolytes are absorbed into the blood and, being good accumulators, transfer energy throughout the body, recharging it. Oriental medicine calls the abdominal region the “Hara oven”, near which everyone is warm and where physico-chemical, bioenergetic, and then mental reactions take place. Surprisingly, in the large intestine, throughout its entire length, in the corresponding areas, there are "representatives" of all organs and systems. If everything is in order in these areas, the microorganisms, multiplying, form a bioplasma, which has a stimulating effect on one or another organ.
If the intestines do not work, clogged with fecal stones, proteinaceous putrid films, the active process of microformation stops, normal heat generation and stimulation of organs fade away, the cold fusion reactor is turned off. The “supply department” ceases to provide the body not only with energy, but also with everything necessary (microelements, vitamins and other substances), without which redox processes in tissues at the physiological level are impossible.
It is known that each organ of the gastrointestinal tract has its own acid-base environment: in the oral cavity it is neutral or slightly alkaline, in the stomach it is acidic, and outside the meal it is slightly acidic or even neutral, in the duodenum it is alkaline, closer to neutral, in in the small intestine it is slightly alkaline, and in the large intestine it is slightly acidic.
When eating flour, sweet dishes in the oral cavity, the environment becomes acidic, which contributes to the appearance of stomatitis, gingivitis, caries, diathesis. With mixed food and insufficient amount of plant food in the duodenum, small intestine - slightly acidic, in the thick - slightly alkaline. As a result, the gastrointestinal tract completely fails, all the subtle mechanisms for food processing are blocked. It is useless to treat a person for any disease until you put things in order in this area.
The special importance of the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract lies in the fact that it is a huge hormonal gland, on the activity of which all hormonal organs depend. For example, the ileum produces the hormone neurotensin, which in turn affects the brain. You have probably noticed that some people eat a lot when they get excited: in this case, food acts as a kind of drug. Here, in the ileum and duodenum, the hormone serotonin is produced, on which our mood depends: little serotonin - depression, with a constant violation - a manic-depressive state (sudden excitement is replaced by apathy). Membrane and cavitary digestion does not work well - the synthesis of B vitamins, especially folic acid, suffers, which means a lack of production of the hormone insulin, which, it turns out, affects the entire chain of formation of any hormones, hematopoiesis, the work of the nervous and other body systems.
Conventionally, our food can be divided into three groups:
proteins: meat, fish, eggs, milk, legumes, broths, mushrooms, nuts, seeds;
carbohydrates: bread, flour products, cereals, potatoes, sugar, jam, sweets, honey;
plant food: vegetables, fruits, juices.
It should be said that all of these products, except for refined ones that have undergone special processing, in which there is no fiber and practically everything useful, contain both proteins and carbohydrates, only in different percentages. So, for example, bread has both carbohydrates and proteins, just like meat. In the future, we will mainly talk about protein or carbohydrate foods, where the components of the product are in their natural balance.
Carbohydrates begin to be digested already in the oral cavity, proteins - mainly in the stomach, fats - in the duodenum, and plant foods - only in the large intestine. Moreover, carbohydrates in the stomach also linger for a relatively short time, since they require much less acidic gastric juice for their digestion, because their molecules are simpler than proteins.
With separate nutrition, the gastrointestinal tract works as follows: thoroughly chewed and abundantly moistened with saliva food creates a slightly alkaline reaction. Then the food bolus enters the upper part of the stomach, in which, after 15-20 minutes, the environment changes to acidic. With the movement of food to the pyloric part of the stomach, the pH of the medium becomes closer to neutral. In the duodenum, food due to bile and pancreatic juice, which have pronounced alkaline reactions, quickly becomes slightly alkaline and in this form enters the small intestine. Only in the large intestine does it again become slightly acidic. This process is especially active if you drank water and ate plant foods 10–15 minutes before the main meal, which provides optimal conditions for the activity of microorganisms in the large intestine and creates an acidic environment there due to the organic acids contained in it. At the same time, the body works without any tension, since the food is homogeneous, the process of its processing and assimilation goes to the end. The same thing happens with protein foods.
It is necessary to pay attention to the following circumstance: recently it has been noted that the first place in women and the second in men is esophageal cancer. One of the main reasons for this is the intake of hot food and drinks, which is typical, for example, for the peoples of Siberia.
Some experts recommend eating in the following way: first eat protein food, after a short time - carbohydrate food, or vice versa, believing that these foods will not interfere with each other during digestion. This is not entirely true.
The stomach is a muscular organ where, like in a washing machine, everything is mixed up, and it takes time for the appropriate enzyme or digestive juice to find its product. The main thing that happens in the stomach when mixed food is taken is fermentation. Imagine a conveyor along which a mixture of various products moves, requiring not only specific conditions (enzymes, juices), but also time for their processing. According to I.P. Pavlov, if the mechanism of digestion is started, it can no longer be stopped, the whole complex biochemical system with enzymes, hormones, microelements, vitamins and other substances began to work. This includes a specific dynamic effect of food, when after its intake there is an increase in metabolism, in which the whole organism takes part. Fats, as a rule, increase it slightly or even inhibit it, carbohydrates increase up to 20%, and protein foods - up to 40%. At the time of eating, food leukocytosis also increases, that is, the immune system is also included in the work, when any product that enters the body is perceived as a foreign body.
The fermentative carbohydrate food, eaten with protein, is processed much faster in the stomach and ready to move on, but it is mixed with proteins that have just begun to be processed and have not fully utilized the acidic gastric juice allocated to them. Carbohydrates, having captured this protein mass with an acidic environment, first enter the pyloric section, and then into the duodenum, irritating it. And in order to quickly reduce the acid content of food, you need a lot of alkaline environment, bile and pancreatic juice. If this happens often, then constant tension in the pyloric part of the stomach and in the duodenum leads to mucosal disease, gastritis, periduodenitis, ulcerative processes, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and diabetes. No less important is the fact that the lipase enzyme, secreted by the pancreas and designed to break down fats, loses activity in an acidic environment with all the ensuing consequences. But the main problem lies ahead.
As you remember, protein food entered the duodenum, the processing of which was supposed to end in an acidic environment that is absent in the underlying sections of the intestine. It is good if some part of the protein food is excreted from the body, but the rest is a source of putrefaction, fermentation in the intestines. After all, the proteins we eat are elements alien to the body, they are dangerous, changing the alkaline environment of the small intestine to acidic, which contributes to even more decay. But the body still tries to remove everything that is possible from protein food, and as a result of osmosis processes, the protein mass sticks to microvilli, disrupting parietal and membrane digestion. The microflora changes to pathological, dysbacteriosis, constipation occur, the heat-releasing function of the intestine does not work in the normal mode. Against this background, the remnants of protein foods begin to rot and contribute to the formation of fecal stones, which accumulate especially actively in the ascending section of the large intestine. The tone of the intestinal musculature changes, the latter stretches, its evacuation and other functions are disturbed. The temperature in the intestine rises due to putrefactive processes, which enhances the absorption of toxic substances. As a result of overflow, especially the large intestine, with fecal stones and its swelling, displacement and compression of the organs of the abdominal, thoracic region and small pelvis occur.
At the same time, the diaphragm shifts upward, squeezing the heart, lungs, the liver, pancreas, spleen, stomach, urinary and reproductive systems work in an iron vice. Due to squeezing of the vessels, stagnation is noted in the lower extremities, in the small pelvis, in the abdomen, in the chest, which additionally leads to thrombophlebitis, endarteritis, hemorrhoids, portal hypertension, that is, to disorders in the small and large circles of blood circulation, lymphostasis.
This also contributes to the inflammatory process in various organs: the appendix, genitals, gallbladder, kidneys, prostate and others, and then the development of pathology there. The barrier function of the intestine is disturbed, and toxins, entering the bloodstream, gradually incapacitate the liver and kidneys, in which there is also an intensive process of stone formation. And until order is restored in the intestines, it is useless to treat the liver, kidneys, joints and other organs.
In the intestines, especially the thick one, there are fecal stones, according to some sources, up to 6 or more kilograms. Those who have cleansed the intestines are sometimes amazed: how does a frail body sometimes contain so many fecal stones? How to get rid of such blockages? Official medicine, for example, is against cleansing the intestines with enemas, believing that this violates its microflora. Against the background of the adoption of mixed food, as can be seen from what has been said, there has long been no normal microflora in the intestines, but there is a pathological one, and it is difficult to say what is more useful: do not touch it or clean everything and restore normal microflora by switching to separate nutrition. Of two evils, we chose bowel cleansing, especially since the ancients have known and done this for a long time.
There is no need to be afraid that the microflora will not recover. Of course, if you continue to stick to the habit of eating mixed and fried foods, then there will be no result. But if you take more rough, plant foods, which are the basis for the development of normal microflora and the main source of organic acids that help maintain a weakly acidic reaction, especially in the large intestine, then there will be no problems with the restoration of microflora.
Remember that mixed food, fried, fatty, mostly protein, shifts the medium of the small intestine to the acidic side, and the large intestine to the alkaline side, which favors decay, fermentation and, consequently, self-poisoning of the body. The pH of the body shifts to the acid side, which contributes to the occurrence of various diseases, including cancer. In addition to separate nutrition (of course, after cleaning the intestines and liver), it is also possible to restore the intestinal microflora with the help of short-term or long-term fasting. But fasting should certainly be carried out after careful preparation and in full accordance with the recommendations, best of all under the supervision of a doctor.
An essential addition to the proposed diet is the need to exclude fried, smoked, fatty, very salty milk. Lactic acid products (kefir, cottage cheese, cheeses) can be consumed, but only separately from other foods. Fats can be used with both proteins and carbohydrates.
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14.11.2013
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In the small intestine, there is almost complete breakdown and absorption into the bloodstream and lymph flow of food proteins, fats, carbohydrates.
From the stomach in 12 p.k. only chyme can enter - food processed to a state of liquid or semi-liquid consistency.
Digestion in 12 p.k. carried out in a neutral or alkaline environment (on an empty stomach, pH 12 p.c. is 7.2-8.0). carried out in an acidic environment. Therefore, the contents of the stomach are acidic. Neutralization of the acidic environment of the gastric contents and the establishment of an alkaline environment is carried out in 12 p.k. due to the secrets (juices) of the pancreas, small intestine and bile entering the intestine, which have an alkaline reaction due to the bicarbonates present in them.
Chyme from the stomach in 12 p.k. comes in small portions. Irritation of the pyloric sphincter receptors by hydrochloric acid from the side of the stomach leads to its opening. Irritation of hydrochloric acid receptors of the pyloric sphincter from the 12 p. leads to its closure. As soon as the pH in the pyloric part is 12 p.k. changes to the acid side, the pyloric sphincter is reduced and the flow of chyme from the stomach at 12 p.k. stops. After the alkaline pH is restored (on average in 16 seconds), the pyloric sphincter passes the next portion of chyme from the stomach, and so on. At 12 p.k. The pH ranges from 4 to 8.
At 12 p.k. after neutralization of the acidic environment of the gastric chyme, the action of pepsin, the enzyme of gastric juice, stops. in the small intestine continues already in an alkaline environment under the action of enzymes that enter the intestinal lumen as part of the secret (juice) of the pancreas, as well as in the composition of the intestinal secret (juice) from enterocytes - cells of the small intestine. Under the action of pancreatic enzymes, cavity digestion is carried out - the splitting of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates (polymers) into intermediate substances (oligomers) in the intestinal cavity. Under the action of enterocyte enzymes, parietal (near the inner wall of the intestine) oligomers to monomers are carried out, that is, the final breakdown of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates into constituent components that enter (absorb) into the circulatory and lymphatic systems (into the bloodstream and lymph flow).
For digestion in the small intestine, it is also necessary, which is produced by liver cells (hepatocytes) and enters the small intestine through the biliary (biliary) tract (biliary tract). The main component of bile - bile acids and their salts are necessary for the emulsification of fats, without which the process of splitting fats is disturbed and slowed down. The bile ducts are divided into intra- and extrahepatic. The intrahepatic bile ducts (ducts) are a tree-like system of tubes (ducts) through which bile flows from hepatocytes. The small bile ducts are connected to a larger duct, and a collection of larger ducts forms an even larger duct. This association is completed in the right lobe of the liver - the bile duct of the right lobe of the liver, in the left - the bile duct of the left lobe of the liver. The bile duct of the right lobe of the liver is called the right bile duct. The bile duct of the left lobe of the liver is called the left bile duct. These two ducts form the common hepatic duct. At the gates of the liver, the common hepatic duct will connect with the cystic bile duct, forming the common bile duct, which goes to 12 b.c. The cystic bile duct drains bile from the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a storage reservoir for bile produced by the liver cells. The gallbladder is located on the lower surface of the liver, in the right longitudinal groove.
The secret (juice) is formed (synthesized) by acinous pancreatic cells (cells of the pancreas), which are structurally combined into acini. Acinus cells form (synthesize) pancreatic juice, which enters the excretory duct of the acinus. Neighboring acini are separated by thin layers of connective tissue, in which blood capillaries and nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system are located. The ducts of neighboring acini merge into interacinous ducts, which, in turn, flow into larger intralobular and interlobular ducts lying in connective tissue septa. The latter, merging, form a common excretory duct, which runs from the tail of the gland to the head (structurally, the head, body and tail are isolated in the pancreas). The excretory duct (Wirsungian duct) of the pancreas, together with the common bile duct, obliquely penetrates the wall of the descending part of the 12 p. and opens inside 12 p.k. on the mucous membrane. This place is called a large (vater) papilla. In this place there is a smooth muscle sphincter of Oddi, which also functions on the principle of a nipple - it passes bile and pancreatic juice from the duct in 12 p.k. and blocks the flow of the contents of 12 p.k. into the duct. The sphincter of Oddi is a complex sphincter. It consists of the sphincter of the common bile duct, the sphincter of the pancreatic duct (pancreatic duct) and the Westphal sphincter (sphincter of the major duodenal papilla), which provides separation of both ducts from 12 p.c. additional, non-permanent small (Santorini) duct of the pancreas. In this place is the sphincter of Helly.
Pancreatic juice is a colorless transparent liquid, which has an alkaline reaction (pH 7.5-8.8) due to the content of bicarbonates in it. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes (amylase, lipase, nuclease and others) and proenzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases A and B, proelastase and prophospholipase and others). Proenzymes are the inactive form of an enzyme. Activation of pancreatic proenzymes (their transformation into an active form - an enzyme) occurs in 12 p.k.
Epithelial cells 12 b.c. - enterocytes synthesize and secrete the enzyme kinazogen (proenzyme) into the intestinal lumen. Under the action of bile acids, kinasogen is converted into enteropeptidase (enzyme). Enterokinase cleaves a hecosopeptide from trypsinogen, resulting in the formation of the enzyme trypsin. To implement this process (to convert the inactive form of the enzyme (trypsinogen) into the active form (trypsin)) an alkaline environment (pH 6.8-8.0) and the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) are required. The subsequent conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin is carried out in 12 bp. by the action of trypsin. In addition, trypsin activates other pancreatic proenzymes. The interaction of trypsin with proenzymes leads to the formation of enzymes (chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B, elastase and phospholipases, and others). Trypsin exhibits its optimal action in a weakly alkaline environment (at pH 7.8-8).
The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin break down food proteins into oligopeptides. Oligopeptides are an intermediate product of protein digestion. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase destroy the intrapeptide bonds of proteins (peptides), as a result of which high-molecular (containing many amino acids) proteins decompose into low-molecular (oligopeptides).
Nucleases (DNAases, RNases) break down nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) into nucleotides. Nucleotides, under the action of alkaline phosphatases and nucleotidases, are converted into nucleosides, which are absorbed from the digestive system into the blood and lymph.
Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats, mainly triglycerides, into monoglycerides and fatty acids. Lipids are also affected by phospholipase A2 and esterase.
Because dietary fats are insoluble in water, lipase only acts on the surface of the fat. The larger the contact surface of fat and lipase, the more active the splitting of fat by lipases. Increases the contact surface of fat and lipase, the process of emulsifying fat. As a result of emulsification, the fat is broken up into many small droplets ranging in size from 0.2 to 5 microns. Emulsification of fats begins in the oral cavity as a result of grinding (chewing) food and wetting it with saliva, then continues in the stomach under the influence of gastric peristalsis (mixing food in the stomach) and the final (main) emulsification of fats occurs in the small intestine under the influence of bile acids and their salts. In addition, the fatty acids formed as a result of the breakdown of triglycerides interact with the alkalis of the small intestine, which leads to the formation of soap, which additionally emulsifies fats. With a lack of bile acids and their salts, insufficient emulsification of fats occurs, and, accordingly, their breakdown and assimilation. Fats are removed with feces. In this case, the feces become greasy, mushy, white or gray in color. This condition is called steatorrhea. Bile inhibits the growth of putrefactive microflora. Therefore, with insufficient formation and entry into the intestine of bile, putrefactive dyspepsia develops. With putrefactive dyspepsia, diarrhea occurs = diarrhea (feces are dark brown, liquid or mushy with a pungent putrefactive odor, frothy (with gas bubbles). Decay products (dimethyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, indole, skatole and others) worsen general well-being (weakness, loss of appetite , malaise, chilling, headache).
The activity of lipase is directly proportional to the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+), bile salts, and the colipase enzyme. Lipases usually carry out incomplete hydrolysis of triglycerides; this forms a mixture of monoglycerides (about 50%), fatty acids and glycerol (40%), di- and triglycerides (3-10%).
Glycerol and short fatty acids (containing up to 10 carbon atoms) are independently absorbed from the intestines into the blood. Fatty acids containing more than 10 carbon atoms, free cholesterol, monoacylglycerols are water insoluble (hydrophobic) and cannot independently enter the blood from the intestines. This becomes possible after they combine with bile acids to form complex compounds called micelles. The micelles are very small, about 100 nm in diameter. The core of the micelles is hydrophobic (repels water) and the shell is hydrophilic. Bile acids serve as a conductor for fatty acids from the cavity of the small intestine to enterocytes (cells of the small intestine). At the surface of enterocytes, micelles disintegrate. Fatty acids, free cholesterol, monoacylglycerols enter the enterocyte. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is interrelated with this process. Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, hormones of the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hormones 12 p.k. secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) increase absorption, the sympathetic autonomic nervous system reduces absorption. The released bile acids, reaching the large intestine, are absorbed into the blood, mainly in the ileum, and are then absorbed (removed) from the blood by liver cells (hepatocytes). In enterocytes, with the participation of intracellular enzymes from fatty acids, phospholipids, triacylglycerols (TAG, triglycerides (fats) - a compound of glycerol (glycerol) with three fatty acids), cholesterol esters (a compound of free cholesterol with a fatty acid) are formed. Further, complex compounds with protein are formed from these substances in enterocytes - lipoproteins, mainly chylomicrons (XM) and in a smaller amount - high-density lipoproteins (HDL). HDL from enterocytes enter the bloodstream. HM are large and therefore cannot get directly from the enterocyte into the circulatory system. From enterocytes, CM enters the lymph, into the lymphatic system. From the thoracic lymphatic duct, XM enters the circulatory system.
Pancreatic amylase (α-Amylase), breaks down polysaccharides (carbohydrates) to oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides are an intermediate product of the breakdown of polysaccharides consisting of several monosaccharides interconnected by intermolecular bonds. Among the oligosaccharides formed from food polysaccharides under the action of pancreatic amylase, disaccharides consisting of two monosaccharides and trisaccharides consisting of three monosaccharides predominate. α-Amylase exhibits its optimal action in a neutral environment (at pH 6.7-7.0).
Depending on the food you eat, the pancreas produces different amounts of enzymes. For example, if you eat only fatty foods, then the pancreas will produce mainly an enzyme for digesting fats - lipase. In this case, the production of other enzymes will be significantly reduced. If there is only one bread, then the pancreas will produce enzymes that break down carbohydrates. A monotonous diet should not be abused, as a constant imbalance in the production of enzymes can lead to diseases.
Epithelial cells of the small intestine (enterocytes) secrete a secret into the intestinal lumen, which is called intestinal juice. Intestinal juice has an alkaline reaction due to the content of bicarbonates in it. The pH of the intestinal juice ranges from 7.2 to 8.6, contains enzymes, mucus, other substances, as well as aged, rejected enterocytes. In the mucous membrane of the small intestine, there is a continuous change in the layer of cells of the surface epithelium. Complete renewal of these cells in humans occurs in 1-6 days. Such intensity of formation and rejection of cells causes a large number of them in the intestinal juice (in a person, about 250 g of enterocytes are rejected per day).
Mucus synthesized by enterocytes forms a protective layer that prevents excessive mechanical and chemical effects of chyme on the intestinal mucosa.
There are more than 20 different enzymes in the intestinal juice that take part in digestion. The main part of these enzymes takes part in parietal digestion, that is, directly at the surface of the villi, microvilli of the small intestine - in the glycocalyx. Glycocalyx is a molecular sieve that passes molecules to the cells of the intestinal epithelium, depending on their size, charge and other parameters. The glycocalyx contains enzymes from the intestinal cavity and synthesized by the enterocytes themselves. In the glycalyx, the final breakdown of the intermediate products of the breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates into constituent components (oligomers to monomers) takes place. The glycocalyx, microvilli, and apical membrane are collectively referred to as the striated border.
Intestinal juice carbohydrases are composed primarily of disaccharidases, which break down disaccharides (carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharide molecules) into two monosaccharide molecules. Sucrase breaks down the sucrose molecule into glucose and fructose. Maltase splits the maltose molecule, and trehalase splits trehalose into two glucose molecules. Lactase (α-galactazidase) splits the lactose molecule into a glucose and galactose molecule. Deficiency in the synthesis of one or another disaccharidase by the cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine becomes the cause of intolerance to the corresponding disaccharide. Genetically fixed and acquired lactase, trehalase, sucrase and combined disaccharidase deficiencies are known.
Intestinal juice peptidases cleave the peptide bond between two specific amino acids. Intestinal juice peptidases complete the hydrolysis of oligopeptides, resulting in the formation of amino acids - the end products of cleavage (hydrolysis) of proteins that enter (absorb) from the small intestine into the blood and lymph.
Nucleases (DNAases, RNases) of intestinal juice break down DNA and RNA into nucleotides. Nucleotides under the action of alkaline phosphatases and nucleotidases of intestinal juice are converted into nucleosides, which are absorbed from the small intestine into the blood and lymph.
The main lipase in intestinal juice is intestinal monoglyceride lipase. It hydrolyzes monoglycerides of any hydrocarbon chain length, as well as short chain di- and triglycerides, and to a lesser extent medium-chain triglycerides and cholesterol esters.
Management of the secretion of pancreatic juice, intestinal juice, bile, motor activity (peristalsis) of the small intestine is carried out by neuro-humoral (hormonal) mechanisms. Management is carried out by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormones that are synthesized by the cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system - part of the diffuse endocrine system.
In accordance with the functional features in the ANS, parasympathetic ANS and sympathetic ANS are distinguished. Both of these departments of the VNS carry out management.
Which exercise control, come into a state of excitement under the influence of impulses that come to them from the receptors of the oral cavity, nose, stomach, small intestine, as well as from the cerebral cortex (thoughts, talking about food, the type of food, etc.). In response to the impulses coming to them, the excited neurons send impulses along the efferent nerve fibers to the controlled cells. Around the cells, the axons of efferent neurons form numerous branches, ending in tissue synapses. When a neuron is excited, a mediator is released from the tissue synapse - a substance with the help of which the excited neuron affects the function of the cells controlled by it. The mediator of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system is acetylcholine. The mediator of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system is norepinephrine.
Under the action of acetylcholine (parasympathetic ANS), there is an increase in the secretion of intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, bile, increased peristalsis (motor, motor function) of the small intestine, gallbladder. Efferent parasympathetic nerve fibers approach the small intestine, pancreas, liver cells, and bile ducts as part of the vagus nerve. Acetylcholine exerts its effect on cells through M-cholinergic receptors located on the surface (membranes, membranes) of these cells.
Under the action of norepinephrine (sympathetic ANS), the peristalsis of the small intestine decreases, the formation of intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, and bile decreases. Norepinephrine exerts its effect on cells through β-adrenergic receptors located on the surface (membranes, membranes) of these cells.
In the control of the motor function of the small intestine, the Auerbach plexus, the intraorgan division of the autonomic nervous system (intramural nervous system), takes part. Management is based on local peripheral reflexes. Auerbach's plexus is a dense continuous network of nerve nodes connected by nerve cords. Nerve nodes are a collection of neurons (nerve cells), and nerve cords are processes of these neurons. In accordance with the functional features of the Auerbach's plexus, it consists of neurons of the parasympathetic ANS and the sympathetic ANS. The nerve nodes and nerve cords of the Auerbach's plexus are located between the longitudinal and circular layers of the smooth muscle bundles of the intestinal wall, go in the longitudinal and circular direction and form a continuous nervous network around the intestine. The nerve cells of the Auerbach plexus innervate the longitudinal and circular bundles of smooth muscle cells of the intestine, regulating their contractions.
Two nerve plexuses of the intramural nervous system (intraorgan autonomic nervous system) also take part in the control of the secretory function of the small intestine: the subserous nerve plexus (sparrow plexus) and the submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner's plexus). Management is carried out on the basis of local peripheral reflexes. Both of these plexuses, like the Auerbach plexus, are a dense continuous network of nerve nodes interconnected by nerve cords, consisting of neurons of the parasympathetic ANS and sympathetic ANS.
The neurons of all three plexuses have synaptic connections with each other.
Motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by two autonomous sources of rhythm. The first is located at the confluence of the common bile duct into the duodenum, and the other is located in the ileum.
The motor activity of the small intestine is controlled by reflexes that excite and inhibit intestinal motility. The reflexes that excite the motility of the small intestine include: esophago-intestinal, gastrointestinal and intestinal reflexes. The reflexes that inhibit the motility of the small intestine include: gastrointestinal, rectoenteric, reflex receptor relaxation (inhibition) of the small intestine during meals.
The motor activity of the small intestine depends on the physical and chemical properties of the chyme. The high content of fiber, salts, intermediate products of hydrolysis (especially fats) in the chyme enhance the peristalsis of the small intestine.
S-cells of the mucous membrane 12 b.c. synthesize and secrete prosecretin (prohormone) into the intestinal lumen. Prosecretin is mainly converted to secretin (a hormone) by the action of hydrochloric acid in the gastric chyme. The most intensive conversion of prosecretin to secretin occurs at pH=4 and less. As the pH increases, the conversion rate decreases in direct proportion. Secretin is absorbed into the bloodstream and reaches the cells of the pancreas with the bloodstream. Under the action of secretin, pancreatic cells increase the secretion of water and bicarbonates. Secretin does not increase the secretion of enzymes and proenzymes by the pancreas. Under the action of secretin, the secretion of the alkaline component of pancreatic juice increases, which enters 12 p. The greater the acidity of gastric juice (the lower the pH of gastric juice), the more secretin is formed, the more is secreted in 12 p.k. pancreatic juice with plenty of water and bicarbonates. Bicarbonates neutralize hydrochloric acid, pH increases, secretin formation decreases, secretion of pancreatic juice with a high content of bicarbonates decreases. In addition, under the action of secretin, bile formation and secretion of the glands of the small intestine increase.
The conversion of prosecretin to secretin also occurs under the action of ethyl alcohol, fatty, bile acids, and spice components.
The largest number of S-cells is located in 12 p. and in the upper (proximal) part of the jejunum. The smallest number of S-cells is located in the most remote (lower, distal) part of the jejunum.
Secretin is a peptide consisting of 27 amino acid residues. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), calcitonin, calcitonin gene-associated peptide, parathormone, growth hormone releasing factor have a chemical structure similar to secretin, and, accordingly, possibly similar action. , corticotropin releasing factor and others.
When chyme enters the small intestine from the stomach, I-cells located in the mucous membrane 12 p. and the upper (proximal) part of the jejunum begin to synthesize and secrete the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK, CCK, pancreozymin) into the blood. Under the action of CCK, the sphincter of Oddi relaxes, the gallbladder contracts and, as a result, the flow of bile increases by 12.p.k. CCK causes contraction of the pyloric sphincter and limits the flow of gastric chyme to 12 p.k., enhances the motility of the small intestine. The most powerful stimulator of the synthesis and excretion of CCK are dietary fats, proteins, alkaloids of choleretic herbs. Dietary carbohydrates do not have a stimulating effect on the synthesis and release of CCK. The gastrin-releasing peptide also belongs to the stimulators of the synthesis and release of CCK.
The synthesis and release of CCK is reduced by the action of somatostatin, a peptide hormone. Somatostatin is synthesized and released into the blood by D-cells, which are located in the stomach, intestines, among the endocrine cells of the pancreas (in the islets of Langerhans). Somatostatin is also synthesized by the cells of the hypothalamus. Under the action of somatostatin, not only the synthesis of CCK is reduced. Under the action of somatostatin, the synthesis and release of other hormones decreases: gastrin, insulin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, somatotropin-releasing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormones, and others.
Reduces gastric, bile and pancreatic secretion, peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract Peptide YY. Peptide YY is synthesized by L-cells, which are located in the mucosa of the large intestine and in the final part of the small intestine - in the ileum. When the chyme reaches the ileum, the fats, carbohydrates, and bile acids of the chyme act on L-cell receptors. L-cells begin to synthesize and secrete the YY peptide into the blood. As a result, the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract slows down, gastric, bile and pancreatic secretion decreases. The phenomenon of slowing down the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract after reaching the ileum by the chyme is called the ileal brake. YY peptide secretion is also stimulated by gastrin-releasing peptide.
D1(H)-cells, which are located mainly in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and, to a lesser extent, in the stomach, in the colon and in the small intestine, synthesize and secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) into the blood. VIP has a pronounced relaxing effect on the smooth muscle cells of the stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, and also the vessels of the gastrointestinal tract. Under the influence of VIP, the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract increases. Under the influence of VIP, the secretion of pepsinogen, intestinal enzymes, pancreatic enzymes, the content of bicarbonates in the pancreatic juice increases, and the secretion of hydrochloric acid decreases.
The secretion of the pancreas increases under the action of gastrin, serotonin, insulin. They also stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice of bile salts. Reduce the secretion of the pancreas glucagon, somatostatin, vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin.
The endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) function of the gastrointestinal tract include the hormone Motilin. Motilin is synthesized and secreted into the blood by enterochromaffin cells of the mucous membrane 12 b.c. and jejunum. Bile acids are a stimulant for the synthesis and release of motilin into the blood. Motilin stimulates the peristalsis of the stomach, small and large intestine 5 times stronger than the parasympathetic ANS mediator acetylcholine. Motilin, together with cholecystokinin, controls the contractile function of the gallbladder.
Endocrine regulators of the motor (motor) and secretory function of the intestine include the hormone Serotonin, which is synthesized by intestinal cells. Under the influence of this serotonin, peristalsis and secretory activity of the intestine increase. In addition, intestinal serotonin is a growth factor for some types of symbiotic intestinal microflora. At the same time, the symbiotic microflora takes part in the synthesis of intestinal serotonin by decarboxylating tryptophan, which is the source and raw material for the synthesis of serotonin. With dysbacteriosis and some other intestinal diseases, the synthesis of intestinal serotonin decreases.
From the small intestine, chyme in portions (about 15 ml) enters the large intestine. This flow is regulated by the ileocecal sphincter (Bauhin's valve). The opening of the sphincter occurs reflexively: the peristalsis of the ileum (the final part of the small intestine) increases the pressure on the sphincter from the side of the small intestine, the sphincter relaxes (opens), the chyme enters the caecum (the initial section of the large intestine). When the caecum is filled and stretched, the sphincter closes, and the chyme does not return back to the small intestine.
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