In 1945, he ended in the very "bloody" war of the 20th century, which caused terrible destruction and claimed millions of lives. From our article, you can find out what losses they suffered the participating countries of the Second World War.
Common losses
In the most global military conflict of the 20th century 62 countries were involved, in 40 of which military actions were directly conducted. Their losses in World War II are primarily calculated by victims among military and civilians, which amounted to about 70 million.
The financial losses were significant (the price of lost property) of all parties to the conflict: about 2,600 billion dollars. 60% of their income of the country was spent on ensuring the army and maternity service. The total amount of expenses reached 4 trillion dollars.
The second world led to huge destruction (about 10 thousand large cities and settlements). Only in the USSR, more than 1,700 cities suffered from bombardments, 70 thousand villages, 32 thousand enterprises. About 96 thousand Soviet tanks and self-propelled artillery plants, 37 thousand units of armored vehicles were destroyed by opponents.
Historical facts show that it is the USSR from all participants of the anti-Hitler coalition suffered the most serious losses. To clarify the number of dead, special measures were taken. In 1959, a census was conducted (the first after the war). Then the figure of 20 million sacrifices sounded. To date, other specified data (26.6 million) voiced by the State Commission in 2011 are known. They coincided with the numbers were announced in 1990. Most of the dead amounted to civilians.
Fig. 1. Destroyed city of the Second World War.
Human sacrifices
Unfortunately, the exact number of victims is still not known. Objective causes (lack of official documentation) complicate the calculation, so many continue to be listed as missing.
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Before talking about the dead, we point out the number of people designed to serve as states whose participation in the war was key and affected during the fighting:
- Germany : 17,893 200 soldiers, of which: 5,435,000 wounded, 4,100,000 visited captivity;
- Japan : 9 058 811: 3 600 000: 1 644 614;
- Italy : 3 100 000: 350 thousand: 620 thousand;
- the USSR : 34 476 700: 15 685 593: about 5 million;
- Great Britain : 5,896,000: 280 thousand: 192 thousand;
- USA : 16 112 566: 671 846: 130 201;
- China : 17 250 521: 7 million: 750 thousand;
- France : 6 million: 280 thousand: 2 673 000
Fig. 2. Wounded soldiers of the Second World War.
For convenience, we give the table loss of countries in World War II. The number of those who died in it is indicated, taking into account all the causes of death approximately (average indicators between minimal and maximum):
|
Country |
The dead military |
Dried civilians |
|
Germany |
About 5 million |
About 3 million |
|
Great Britain |
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|
Australia |
||
|
Yugoslavia |
||
|
Finland |
||
|
Netherlands |
||
|
Bulgaria |
The losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War in relation to the losses of Germany amounted to 1: 5, 1:10, and then 1:14 is such a very common myth. Hence the conclusions about the "bolding of the corpses" and "not able to fight". In fact, the ratio of losses is completely different.
It is often necessary to hear that the ratio of the loss of the USSR and Germany with allies in World War II was 1: 5, 1:10, and then 1:14. Further, naturally, there is a conclusion about the "bolding of corpses", inept leadership, etc. However, mathematics science is accurate. The population of the Third Reich at the beginning of World War II - 85 million people, of these, men of a call age - more than 23 million people. The population of the USSR - 196.7 million people, of these, men of the draft age - 48.5 million people. So, even without knowing anything about the real figures of losses on both sides, it is easy to calculate that the victory by the complete mutuation of the male population of the draft age in the USSR and Germany (even if at the USSR, since this wonderful side will survive at least 100 thousand people) , achieved by the ratio of losses 48.4 / 23 \u003d 2.1, but not 10. By the way, here we do not take into account the allies of the Germans. If you add them to it 23 million, then the ratio of losses will become even less. At the same time, it is necessary to consider that at the very beginning of the war, the Soviet Union has lost large densely populated territories, so the real number of men of the cravival age was even less
However, if, indeed, for each killed German, the Soviet command would put 10 Soviet soldiers, after the Germans were killed 5 million people, the USSR would have killed 50 million - that is, more to fight us would be no one And in Germany there would still be 18 million men of recruiting age. And if you consider another allies of Germany, then even more. There remains only one option, in which the ratio of loss of 1:10 - Germany managed to lose even before she died 5 million, and the USSR had 50 million people. However, then this can only speak about the cowardice of the German troops and the prissthood of the German command, which could not take advantage of the fact that the Wehrmacht killed the enemy's more soldier than lost himself. It was hardly that the humiliation of the Military abilities of the Wehrmacht was part of the plans of those Russian belt, who speak about the loss of 1:10 and even 1:14, and even more so it does not correspond to reality - the Germans fought well.
However, we turn to scientific research related to the losses of the USSR and Germany in World War II.
Losses of the USSR
The main and most detailed source for losses in the Great Patriotic War is the book "Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century" under the general editors of the candidate of military sciences, Professor Avn General Colonel G. F. Krivosheev (M.: Olma-Press, 2001)
We give the table "The procedure for counting irretrievable losses" from this book. The table was prepared on the basis of the analysis of the total number of human losses, recorded by the headquarters of all instances and military medical institutions during the years of the Great Patriotic War, including the campaign in the Far East in 1945
Table 1. Procedure for counting irretrievable losses| № P.P. |
Types of loss | Total loss of thousand people. | Including | ||
| Red Army and Navy | Border troops* | Internal troops | |||
| 1 | Killed and died from the Russian Academy of Sciences at the stages of sanitary evacuation (for the reports of the troops)5226,8 | 5187,2 | 18,9 | 20,7 | |
| 1102,8 | 1100,3 | 2,5 | |||
| 6329,6 | 6287,5 | 18,9 | 23,2 | ||
| 2 | University losses: died of diseases, died as a result of incidents, sentenced to shooting (on the reports of troops, medical institutions, military tribunals)555,5 | 541,9 | 7,1 | 6,5 | |
| 3 | Disappeared, captured3396,4 | 3305,6 | 22,8 | 68,0 | |
| 1 162,6 | 1150,0 | 12,6 | |||
| 4559,0 | 4455,6 | 35,4 | 68,0 | ||
| Total loss of military personnel | 11444,1 | 11285,0 | 61,4 | 97,7 | |
| 4 | In addition, disappeared on the way in part of the military-service500,0** | ||||
| Excluded from the number of irretrievable losses (total) Of them: |
2775,7 | ||||
| - servicemen who were surrounded and taken into account at the beginning of the war as missing (reassigned to the army on the liberated territory) |
939,7 | ||||
| - Soviet servicemen who returned from captivity after the war (according to repatriation bodies) |
1836,0 | ||||
| Demographic loss of piston servicemen (the actual number of all the dead, dead and not returning from captivity) |
8668,4 | ||||
** included in the total loss of the population of the country (26.6 million people).
The irrevocable loss of the army includes not only the murdered and died from the Russian Academy of Sciences, but also in captivity. As can be seen from the table, their total number amounted to 11.44 million people. If we take into account returned and from the captivity and those who, after the liberation of the occupied territories, was re-called into the army, the actual number of all the dead, dead and not returned from captivity amounted to 8.668 million people. This number also includes 12 thousand people who died in the war with Japan. The number of killed on the battlefield and the dead from RAS - 6326.9 thousand.
However, this method of calculation has its critics. So, Igor Kurtukov notes that Krivosheev mixes the accounting and statistical method with the balance sheet. The first of them is to assess the losses based on the available credentials. The balance sheet is based on comparison of the number and age structure of the USSR population at the beginning and end of the war. Thus, mixing the total number of human losses, recorded by the headquarters of all instances, with data on the number of results called on the liberated territories and returned from the captivity - this is mixing two methods. In addition to all the reports themselves were not always accurate. Igor Jackets for the loss calculation proposes to use the balance sheet, based on the data given in the same labor Krivosheev.
Table 2. Balance of the use of human resources designed (mobilized) during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. (in thousand people)
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So, we know the number of troops on June 22, 1941 - 4901.8 thousand and on July 1, 1945 - 12839.8 thousand. It is known that the total number designed after June 22, 1941, minus re-designed - 29574.9 thousand. Thus, the general decline is: 4901.8 thousand + 29574.9 thousand - 12839.8 \u003d 21636.9 thousand. Deciphering this loss is shown in everything in the same table - these are commissioned by injury or illness, demobilized to work in Industry, condemned and sent to camps, etc. In total, 9,692,800 people are recruited. The remaining 11,944,100 people constitute the irrevocable loss of the army. Igor Kurtukov believes that precisely of this number is appropriate to subtract 1 836,562 people who returned from captivity, which gives us 10 107 500 people The dead and died during the service in the army and the fleet or captivity during the war. Thus, from the previously obtained digits of Krivosheev at 8,668,400, it differs by 1,439,100 people, or 16.6%. In order to calculate the number of those who died during the fighting, it is necessary to subtract the number of dead in captivity from the previously died of 10.1 million. Their number for different estimates ranges from 1.2 to 3.1 million people. The most reliable Igor Kurtukov considers the figure to 2.4. Million. Thus, the number of victims directly during hostilities and the dead from RAS can be assessed at 7.7 million. It is not very clear what to do with the troops of the NKVD - on the one hand, they are clearly not submitted to this table, on the other, in other Krivosheev tables, it includes the loss of NKVD troops among the total losses, highlighting them with a common line. We assume that in this case the losses of the NKVD troops are about 160 thousand. It is necessary to plus separately. It is also necessary to take into account the losses of the troops of the Polish, Romanian and other allied armies - about 76 thousand people. Total loss of the USSR and its allies directly on the battlefield amounted to 7936 thousand people.
It should be noted that the upper estimate of the number of those who died is the number of records of a generalized data bank (EUB) "Memorial", which contains information about the Soviet soldiers who have fallen, dead and missing during the Great Patriotic War. At the moment, the base contains more than 13.5 million records, but often several records refer to the same person - this is due to the receipt of data on the same fighter from different sources. Four-fold duplicates of records occur. Therefore, the data of the Memorial will be focused only after data duplication is eliminated.
Through the enemy's loss
The source will serve the same book Krivosheev. With the counting of the enemy's loss there are the following difficulties that are listed in the specified work:- Real data on losses in 1945, which were very significant, no. During this period, the boat mechanism of the Wehrmacht has lost the clarity in the work, the losses began to be determined approximately, most often based on information for previous months. Their systematic documentary accounting and reports have sharply violated.
- In the reporting documents on the number of human losses of the Armed Forces of Fascist Germany in World War II, the losses of the allies of Germany, as well as other foreign compounds and parts participating in the battles on the Soviet-German front, were not shown.
- Mixing losses of military personnel with losses of civilians. Therefore, in many states, the loss of armed forces are significantly reduced, as part of them is taken into account among the victims of the civilian population. This is characteristic not only for Germany, but also Hungary, and Romania (200 thousand people. Loss of servicemen, but 260 thousand - civilians). In Hungary, this ratio was 1: 2 (140 thousand - losses of military personnel and 280 thousand - the loss of civilians). All this significantly distorts statistics on the loss of troops of countries who fought on the Soviet-German front.
- If human losses of the SS troops are taken into account on the reports of the ground forces, then the loss of personnel of the security service, gestapovts and the SSS (from the Primestic number of members of the National Socialist Party), as well as police formations are essentially not taken into account. Meanwhile, it is known that on all captured territories of European states, including on the occupied part of the Soviet Union, a network of branches of the Gestapo and the Security Police (Zipovo), which constituted the basis of the military occupation administration were deployed. The losses of these organizations in the documents of the German military department are not fixed. It is known that the number of members of the SS in the war years (not counting the SS troops), hesitated from 257 thousand (1941) to 264 thousand people. (1945), and the number of police formations that performed the tasks in the interests of field troops in 1942-1944, ranged from 270 to 340 thousand people.
- Hilfwillider is not taken into account (Hilfwillider - Mes.- voluntary assistance) - people from among prisoners of war and civil living who have agreed to help the German army. They were used as an auxiliary personnel in the rear parts - turning in overs, utility workers in workshops and in kitchens. Their percentage in parts was different and depended on the need for service personnel (the presence of horse mill, other vehicles, etc.). Since in the Red Army, workers of field kitchens, soldiers who were in the oven were soldiers and losses among them were taken into account, like any other losses of the Red Army, then it is necessary to take into account the corresponding losses and in German troops. In June 1943, according to the report of the Chief of the General Staff of the Ground Forces of General Zeitler, "voluntary assistants" numbered 220 thousand people.
To draw up a table of enemy's loss team Krivosheev, documents of war periods stored in Soviet and German archives, as well as state communications published in Hungary, Italy, Romania, Finland, Slovakia and other countries, containing information about the number of troops participating in the Second World War War and their losses. Information about human losses of Hungary and Romania is refined based on materials obtained from the general headquarters of these states in 1988
Table 3. Irrevocable human losses of the armed forces of fascist Germany in the Soviet-German front from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945 (without the army of its allies)
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* Including Air Force and Air Defense - 117.8 thousand people, Navy - 15.7 thousand people., Saved losses - 162.7 thousand people, died from wounds in hospitals - 331.3 thousand people.
** Including Air Force and Air Defense - 181.4 thousand people, Navy - 52 thousand people, University losses - 25.9 thousand people, died from wounds in hospitals - 152.8 thousand people.
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* Number of irrevocable losses of Hungary and Romania include persons encouraged to the Hungarian army from Northern Transylvania, South Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine, and in the Romanian army - Moldovans.
** Including 27,800 Romanians and 14515 Moldovan were freed from the captivity directly by the fronts.
The combined data on the losses of Germany and its allies are reduced to the following table:
Table 5. The irrevocable human loss of the Armed Forces of Germany and the army of its allies on the Soviet-German front from 22.6.1941 to 9.5.1945 (thousand people)
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* Without prisoners of war of the USSR citizens who served in the Wehrmacht.
So, according to Krivosheev team, the common losses of Germany and its allies on the Soviet-German front amounted to 8649.3 thousand people, of which 4273.0 were killed and missing, and 4376.3 - prisoners. As for German studies in German losses, the most authoritative currently is the study of Ryudyger Overmans "Deutche Militärishe Verluste Im Zweiten Weltkrieg". Overmans made statistically reliable samples of two arrays of information - the list of fought parts (Wehrmacht, SS, Luftwaffe, Crygsmarine, etc. - more than 18 million entries) and those killed from the same categories. He calculated how much percent of each of the categories falls on losses, and already derived its approximate assessment of German irrevocable losses. That's what Igor Kurtukov writes about this study:
According to this study, in just 1939-1956. The German Armed Forces lost those killed, died and died in captivity 5,318,000 people. From this number, 2,743,000 was lost killed and dead troops on the Eastern Front within 1941-44. . In 1945, the full losses of the murdered and dead German armed forces amounted to 1,230,000 people, but their distribution on the fronts is unknown. In 1945, the share of losses on the Eastern Front was the same as in 1944 (that is 70%), the losses of the Eastern Front troops in 1945 would be 863,000, and the total losses in the East for the entire war - 3,606,000 people.The number of dead and deceased soldiers of the allies of Germany Overmans did not consider it, so you can take it from the work of Krivosheev. The corresponding number has already been given above - 668.2 thousand. Summing, we obtain that the general losses of the killed and dead Germany and its satelites are in the east, 4,274,200 people are obtained. That is, this value is only 800 people differ from the data given in Table 5.
Table 6. Loss ratio This table specifically does not take into account the dead in captivity, because This indicator says nothing about the military skills of the enemy, but only about the conditions for the detention of prisoners. At the same time, it is precisely the number of people who came to captivity themselves - until the end of the war, they are considered irrevocable losses, because Cannot accept participation in hostilities. As we see, no about the ratio of loss 1: 5, 1:10 speech does not go. It is not even about the ratio of 1: 2. Depending on the calculation technique, the ratio of losses on the battlefield ranges from 1.5 to 1.8, and if you consider the prisoners, the situation for the USSR is even better - 1.3-1.4. As already written above, it is not necessary to forget that in German losses are not taken into account by Hiwi, military police, gestapovtsy, etc. It is also necessary to take into account that the number of captured German troops could be much more - it is known that German parts have tried to surrender The Anglo-American troops and for this purpose specially fled from the Soviet parts to the West. That is, under other conditions, they could well get captured to the Red Army.
It is also interesting to calculate relative losses. So, according to Table 2, in just over the war years, it has been attracted to the army, for the fleet, the formation of other departments and to work in industry (taking into account the already serving the beginning of the war) 34.5 million people. The number of killed and captured at maximum estimates is 11.9 million. That is, in the percentage of losses amounted to 29%. According to Krivosheeva, in just over the years of the war, the Armed Forces of Fascist Germany is attracted to the armed forces of fascist Germany, taking into account those who served until March 1, 1939. 21.1 million people (excluding allies). Taking into account the fact that Germany began the war earlier than the USSR, we will take the share of German troops who fought on the Eastern Front, 75%. Total it turns out 15.8 million people. The losses of Germany on the Eastern Front, excluding allies, were based on the above data, 3.6 million killed + 3.5 million prisoners, totaling 7.1 million as a percentage of the fought - 45% more than that of the USSR.
Accounting of militias
Critics Krivosheeva often put him in blame that allegedly he does not take into account the losses among the divisions of the national militia (bottom), the total number of which was large enough. It is worth noting that, firstly, not always the militia entered into battle in the bottom. Thus, the military units formed in Moscow, they went not to the front, and the Mozhaisk Defense line was built in the rear, where they were engaged in combat training and construction of fortifications. In September, the division of the national militia in the states of ordinary small army rifle divisions. Secondly, all the bottom was subordinate to the army and they were reported. For example, the 2nd Division of Lano (Leningrad Militia) is still in the status of the bottom (before re-forming in 85 SD ordinary) reported on the lips of the Luzhsky combat site of the Northern Front. Therefore, losses among the divisions of the folk militia entered into those numbers that cause Krivosheev.
Successful and unsuccessful operations of the Red Army
Consider the specific operations of the Red Army, both successful and unsuccessful. Basically, operations will be affected by the operation of the most difficult 41 and 42 years, as well as one operation of 1944. And read in detail about how the Red Army fought in the summer of 1941, you can in Article Alexey Isaev
Hitler on December 11, 1941 in his speech in Reichstag stated that German losses from June 22 to December 1 amounted to only 195,648 killed and missing. The accounting department of OKM loss is less optimistic - 257,900 people. And now we will provide the word Major General of Wehrmacht B. Müller-Gillebrand, the author of a monumental study "The Ground Army of Germany. 1933-1945 ":
"In June 1941, the land forces were in the disposal, not believing from May 1, 1941 to the army of the reserve of the draft contingent of the birth of 1922, over 400 thousand people of the trained composition of the store, including the appeal contingent of birth 1921 ., Of which about 80 thousand people were trained in the field of field spare battalions of divisions, and the rest were in complete readiness as part of the reserve army. However, it became clear very soon that such prudency was insufficient. Large losses that were expected only at the beginning of the campaign, remained almost at the same time and in the summer months. Only in November 1941 they decreased, and even then only temporarily. Already in the first four weeks, field spare battalions of divisions transferred all their personal part of the current parts ... By the end of November 1941, the incomplete army in the East amounted to 340 thousand people. This meant that the infantry was on average lost about one quarter of its initial composition when heavy winter battles began. However, it is decided to prepare many hundreds of thousands of new replenishment to prepare many hundreds of thousands of people. "
So, the losses are minimal, the successes are fantastic, and nothing to fill the loss. The fact that with the German statistics of losses, there are problems, we have already written above, and now we will turn to the examples of our success and defeats of the 41st year and the price in which they cost. Thanks to a peculiar German method of counting their own losses, we can not always indicate their loss.
Belostok-Minsk battleAccording to the plan "Barbarossa", the Germans planned to surround and destroy the forces of the working and peasant red army in a number of border battles. And the Army Center under the command under the command of Feldmarshal Fedor, the background of the Boca, fulfill the tasks scheduled for the plan, almost managed. The task of the BOK background was reduced to applying flank strikes and creating boilers in which Soviet troops will be destroyed. On July 1, a Belostok boiler was closed. Two days earlier, German tanks broke into Minsk, another boiler was formed - Minsk. July 8 fights in this boiler stopped. Ahead was Smolensk and Moscow, behind - the capital of one of the Union republics and endless columns of 324 thousand Soviet prisoners of war.
The success of Germans contributed to the geography itself - the so-called Belostoksky protrusion, ideally suitable for surrounding operations, was reached into the depths of their territory. In addition, the Germans had almost two-time superiority in this direction. He contributed to German successes and actions of General Dmitry Pavlov, commander of the Western Special District, in particular, did not even bring the troops entrusted to him in the summer camp and in the first days of the war completely lost control of troops. June 30 was arrested, accused of conspiracy and sentenced to shooting.
But victory fanfares and brix marches sounded only in the programs of the Berlin Radio and the releases of the "German Military Review". German generals looked at the events that happened more soberly. Franz Galder, Head of the German General Staff, writes in his diary on June 24:
"It should be noted the perseverance of individual Russian compounds in battle. There were cases when the garrisons of women blew themselves together with Dotami, not wanting to give up. " Record from June 29: "Information from the front confirm that Russians are fighting everywhere until the last person.
And according to the German official data, the Brest Fortress, standing on the border, was taken only on June 30. With such an opponent, the Germans have not yet come across.
Losses of the Parties:Soviet:
341,073 irretrievable losses
76,717 Sanitary losses
German:
Approximately 200 thousand killed and wounded.
Kiev operation
At the end of July, our troops left Smolensk. The German General Staff and the command of the Army Group Center insisted on the offensive in Moscow. But the Army Group "South" could not defeat the Soviet South-West Front by that time, whose troops could strike at the Flang of the Coming Army Group Center. And on August 21, Hitler makes a directive, according to which most of the Center for the Center "Center" (2-tank Guderian's Tank Group and 2 Weix Army) must turn to the south to connect to Gerdt's troops von Runsted.
The Soviet command was confident that the Germans would continue the attack on Moscow and the beginning of the troop of troops to the other side of the Dnieper, when it was too late. By mid-September 1941, most of the troops of the South-Western Front found itself in a giant boiler. September 19, Soviet troops left Kiev. September 26, the boiler was eliminated. The Germans reported on the record number of prisoners - more than 665 thousand people (however, this figure is doubtful, because the entire number of troops of the South-Western Front to the beginning of the Kiev defensive operation was 627 thousand people.).
Nevertheless, during this time the Red Army managed to prepare for the defense of Moscow. The battle was played, but time was won for the defense of the capital.
Losses of the Parties:
Soviet:
killed and missing, captured - 616304,
wounded - 84240,
total - 700544 people
German: 128670 people killed and wounded
Vyazemical operation
By the end of September, the Germans in the central direction regrouped their strength and began the operation "Typhoon" - an offensive to Moscow. Their goal was the victorious completion of the autumn campaign and the war as a whole.
The Soviet command was preparing for German offensive, but incorrectly appreciated the direction of German strikes. Soviet troops were focused along the Smolensk-Vyazma Road, while the enemy came across the north on September 2 and south. As a result, on October 7, another boiler was formed - Vyazemsky. The fights in it lasted until October 13th. The surrounded troops focused 14 of 28 German divisions that were advised in the direction of Mozhaisk. As long as they held, the Soviet command managed to strengthen the Mozhaisk line of defense.
Losses of the Parties:Soviet:
110-130 thousand people
Losses in the Vyazemy Boiler can be defined only approximately - deducted from the general losses of the Western Front from September 30 to December 5, the loss of troops, defended Moscow (parts for which there are accurate statistics).
German:
There is no data
Tula defensive operation and battle for Moscow
On October 24, during the Typhoon Operation, the Germans began their offensive along the Eagle-Tula road. To Tula they went out six days later. Attempting to take the city in the forehead was not crowned with success. Further history of defense Tula is continuous battles, attacks, surroundings attempts. But the city, being in a semicircle, lasted until December 5, the day, when our counteroffensive under Moscow began.
Losses of PartyTula operation is an integral part of the battle for Moscow, so we give common losses in this battle:
Soviet:
1 806 123 people, of which 926,519 people are killed and German prisoners (according to official data):
581.9 thousand killed missing, wounded and patients evacuated from the jurisdiction zone of army groups. There is no number about the number of German prisoners.
Battle for Rostov-on-Don
The first successful countertime of the Red Army and the first defeat of the Wehrmacht is considered a counterattack near Moscow on December 5th. But by a half months earlier, our army held a successful countertime under Rostov-on-Don. This city after fierce fighting was busy on the Germans on November 21, 1941. But already on November 27, the troops of the Southern Front inflicted a blow from three directions on the enemy. Above the German troops hung the threat of the environment. November 29, the city was released. The Red Army continued to pursue the enemy to the Mius River, on the shores of which the Germans had to build a strengthenon. The attempt of the German troops to break through to the North Caucasus was torn. The front line has stabilized until July 1942.
Losses of the Parties:Soviet:
33,111 killed and wounded
German (according to official data):
20,000 killed and wounded
Defense Sevastopol
Sevastopol fell. But the enemy entered the city at the end of June 1942, and the battles on the approaches to the city were conducted from October 30, 1941. The garrison of the city for a long eight months was blown by major enemy forces, which could not be used in other front sites. The assault on this city was expensive to Germans even according to their official data.
Losses of the Parties:Soviet (on June 6, 1942):
Killed - 76 880
Captured - 80,000
Wounded 43 601.
Total - 200 481
German - up to 300 thousand killed and wounded.
Operation "Bagration"
In conclusion, I would like to give an example not just successful, but a triumphal operation of the final stage of war. We are talking about the operation of "Bagration" - operations, the beginning of which was dedicated by June 22 - the anniversary of the beginning of the German invasion. At the same time, it was conducted in the same place where the Germans achieved the greatest success in the summer of 41st years - we talked about our crushing defeat in the Belostok-Minsk battle above. Three years later, the Russian blitzkrieg was found in the same forests and swamps of Belarus. Much more crushing and efficient than Blitzkrieg German.
If in June 41nd, in the depths of the German territory, the so-called Belostoksky protrusion was given to the depth of the German territory, then in June 44th, the so-called Belarusian balcony was reached in the depth of Soviet territory (Vitebsk - Orsha - Mogilev - Zhlobin). At the same time, the Germans did not wait for the Soviet offensive precisely on this section of the front. They believed that the Russian offensive would begin in Ukraine - there will be a blow to enter the Baltic Sea and cut off the "Center" and South armies. To this blow and a German command was prepared. In response to the request of the command of the Center for the Center for the Center to align the front and take the troops to the more convenient positions followed the directive, declaring the cities of Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev and Zhlobin fortresses, which should take a circular defense. The best actions from the opponent could not come up with.
Preparation for the operation was carried out in the strictest mystery - the radio college was preserved, all the arrivals were carefully masked, even telephone conversations about the future were strictly prohibited.
The start of the operation was preceded by coordinated actions of almost 200 thousand partisans, practically paralyzed railway communication in the area of \u200b\u200bthe future crushing strike.
June 23 began an offensive. The offensive sudden for the enemy, adopted at first for the distracting blow. The scales of the disaster became obvious to the German command only a few days later. And it was the catastrophe - the Army Group Center ceased to exist. In German defense, there was a gigantic breech width of 900 kilometers and the Soviet troops rushed into this gap. For the summer of the 44th, they reached Warsaw to East Prussia, cutting off along and the Army Group North.
One of the outcomes of this operation was the famous "parade defeated" - on July 17 through the streets of Moscow, 57 thousand German prisoners led by generals were held. Before the parade of Victory remained a little less than a year.
Losses of the Parties:Soviet:
178 507 killed / disappeared
587 308 wounded
German (official):
381 thousand dead and missing
150 thousand wounded
158 480 Captive
Conclusion
Due to the lack of data on German losses, not for all operations, you can calculate the loss ratio of which so much was said in the first part of the article, however, for those operations for which such data is known, it is clear that the loss of 1:10 is not coming. During the defense of Sevastopol, which, although it fell on the most difficult period of war - 1941-1942 and ended in the city, German losses exceeded Soviet. Well, the Operation "Bagration" brightly demonstrates that it was not at all the "bumping of the corpses" was the method that was led by the Soviet Union to victory.
The Second World War of Dynam is rightly considered the most bloody conflict in the history of mankind, the victims of which are tens of millions of people in peace, and especially in Europe. The Soviet Union, as one of the largest powers of that time, suffered their huge losses during this war.
If you carefully search, you can find a wide variety of data on how many people have lost the Soviet Union. The fact is that even in our time of information technology and developed documentation, there is no possibility to calculate the number of victims of the war, and then it was quite difficult to calculate the population to accurately, not to mention the fact that a significant part of the information collected was never published. In 1946, Stalin spoke of 7 million killed citizens of the Soviet Union (both soldiers and civilians), and after a half decades, Khrushchev called a figure of 20 million. Nowadays, it is believed that the Soviet Union over the years of war lost about 27 million people, 8 million were Soviet soldiers, and the rest died due to the various reasons associated with the war.
But here to calculate the amount of losses even more complicated. The reasons preventing such a counting at least three. The first - it is not always possible to determine exactly who was by nationality, one or another deceased. The second - in the Soviet Union of the pre-war years, we were common to record Russian even citizens who were not Russian. Finally, the third, about which many Russian historians do not like to mention - this is the fact that the Russians fought not only for the Soviet Union, but also against him, and this is how the losses of opponents of the Soviet Union are extremely difficult to calculate, because the best way to destroy the enemy - Do not mention him.
In the most advanced opinion, over the years of World War II, more than 5.5 million Soviet soldiers of Russian nationality died. The German occupation did not touch the most part of Russia, so losses among civilians are somewhat lower here - for example, a significantly less in the population Ukraine has lost the same population only among civilians. As for the Russians, formerly opponents of the Soviet Union, they fought mainly in the so-called Russian liberation army, the number of which in Russian sources is usually aimed at both 120-130 thousand people, and the number of 600 thousand volunteers is mentioned.
The tragedy of the Great Patriotic War took many lives not only by the Soviet Union and countries in the Commonwealth, and the Nazi Germany. In the Great Patriotic War, which began on June 22, 1941 at 4 o'clock in Moscow time according to the USSR, 6 million 329 thousand military personnel died - numbers, taking into account the killed and missing. 555 thousand died not as a result of violent death, but from local diseases and incidents. 4 million 559 thousand people were captured to the enemy troops and are considered missing. 500 thousand people were mobilized, but not enrolled in official military troops. Of these, 1 thousand 784 people were captured.
The military losses of the Nazi Germany are two times less than: 3 million 604 thousand people died during hostilities, they are also ranked and missing soldiers. About 3 ml of 576 thousand soldiers were captured to the Soviet troops and 442 thousand. Of them died. On the first day of military operation, both sides suffered losses. The USSR lost 1,200 aircraft, 800 of which were blown right on the airfields before the start of the departures. After the first failures, the Government of the Soviet Union conducted an active military policy, as a result of which 120 thousand aircraft were produced, 870 units. military equipment, 90 thousand tanks, 300 thousand mortars and small artillery equipment.
For the entire period of hostilities, which lasted 6 years (taking into account the beginning of the war in European countries), 32 million people died, as well as 35 million were injured according to official data. Forty countries were involved during the war where military actions were directly conducted, and sixty allied countries. 1700 million people in the world population - such a population was covered during the war - it is 80% of percent of the total number of residents in the world indicators in those years. The Great Patriotic War covered the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory of 22 Miles. sq. kilometers.
Within four years of active hostilities in the USSR, 1,700 cities were resolved and about 70 villages, 32 plants and factories were destroyed, 98 thousand collective farms were cleared. By the number of funds spent on recovery, the USSR occupies a leading position: $ 260 billion it took to pay off military spending and restore destruction. If you compare with well-known countries in Europe and the Nazi Germany, the latter took 48 billion dollars to restore their country, France and Poland, approximately the same amount - 20 billion, England less than all - 6.9 billion dollars.
In 1990, there were alternative theories of how many people participated and died in the Great Patriotic War. The discrepancies with official data were recorded, referring to the fact that, allegedly, the country's board tried to hide the true scale of losses. B. Sokolov, Candidate of Sciences on history, believes that in six years of war (from 1939 to 1945), 26 million 400 thousand people died and 4 million was taken prisoner and are considered missing. In 2012, the doctor of Historical Sciences V. Zemskov published a job in which it describes that real losses do not exceed 12.55 million military and 4.5 million USSR citizens, but these data and so much higher than the official figuration.
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Losses during the Second World War may be evaluated differently, depending on how to obtain source data and calculation methods. In our country, data calculated by the research team operated under the guidance of the consultant from the Military Memorial Center of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were recognized in our country. In 2001, the data was clarified, and at the moment it is believed that 8.6 million Soviet soldiers died during the Great Patriotic War and 4.4 million more disappeared or captured. The general losses of the population, not only military, but civilians, amounted to 26.6 million people.
The losses of Germany in this war were slightly less - a little more than 4 million soldiers killed, including those who died in captivity are taken into account. The German countries of Germany lost 806 thousand soldiers killed, and 662.2 thousand military returned after the war from captivity.
Responding to the question of how many military personnel in World War II can be said that, according to official data, the irrevocable losses of the Soviet Union and Germany amounted to 11.5 million people on the one hand and 8.6 million people on the other, i.e . The ratio of the losses of the opposing parties was 1.3: 1.
Last years, completely different numbers were considered official data on the losses of the Soviet Union. So, until the end of the 80s of the 20th century, the study of losses during the war years did not actually be conducted. This information was not then publicly available. Official losses were considered the losses called in 1946 by Joseph Stalin, which were 7 million people. During the reign of Khrushchev, a figure of more than 20 million people were called.
And only in the late 1980s, a group of researchers was able to rely on archival documents and other materials, was able to evaluate the losses of the Soviet Union in various types of troops. The work also used the results of commissions of the Ministry of Defense held in 1966 and 1988, and a number of materials declassified in those years. For the first time, the figure obtained by this research group and now considered official, was made public in 1990 at the celebration of the 45th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War.
The losses of the Soviet Union significantly exceeded similar losses in the first world war or in a civil war. The overwhelming majority of the dead, naturally, accounted for the male population. After the end of the war, the number of women from 20 to 30 years old exceeded the number of men of the same age twice.
Foreign specialists generally agree with the Russian assessment. However, some of them suggest that this figure can only be the lower limit of real losses in 1941-1945. As the upper limit called the figure of 42.7 million people.
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