How many people live with active CMV. What is dangerous cytomegalovirus

It is unlikely that you can meet a person who would never be sick in his life. Sometimes it’s difficult to determine the cause of feeling unwell. Under the common cold, the causative agents of a variety of ailments are masked, including CMV (cytomegaloviruses).

Cytomegalovirus (cytomegalovirus) is part of the family of human herpes viruses. Many are familiar with the disgusting "fever" on the lips. It is called simplexvirus, a cousin of CMV. A distinctive feature of CMV from brothers is that   it affects the internal organs of a person - the kidneys, heart, and liver.

A person can be a carrier of the virus for a long time without realizing it. It would seem that if there is no reason for concern, then why is the CMV under such close attention of scientists? And the thing is that the susceptibility to the virus is different for everyone. If for some people the causative agent of cytomegalovirus infection is just an uninvited guest, then he can lead others to disability and even death.

Who is he?

So, the “culprit” of cytomegalovirus infection is human CMV from the herpes virus family. It spreads throughout the body, but still   the main refuge of the pathogen is the salivary glands.

The geography of the virus is vast: it was found in absolutely all regions of our planet. Carriers can be people of any socio-economic group. But still, the virus is more common among people of low social status, as well as living in poor developing countries.

Cytomegalovirus has a complex structure and refers to human herpesvirus type 5

According to statistics, from 50% to 100% of people (depending on the region) are infected with CMV. This is indicated by antibodies found in the blood of terrestrial inhabitants. The virus can enter the human body at any period of its life. People with reduced immunity are especially susceptible to infection:

•   -infected;
• Taking medications that weaken the immune response;
• Bone marrow or internal organs transplant.

Cytomegalovirus can be both a consequence and a cause of a decrease in immunity.

A more dangerous form of CMV infection is intrauterine.

Possible methods for transmitting CMV

CMV infection is not very contagious. To get the virus, you need numerous contacts or long close communication with the virus carrier. Nevertheless, most people on Earth are infected with it.

The main ways of infection:

1. Sexual. The virus concentrates in semen, vaginal and cervical mucus.
2. Airborne. It is transmitted by coughing, sneezing, talking, kissing.
3. Transfusion of blood or its components that contain white blood cells.
4. Organ transplantation from infected donors.
5. To the fetus from an infected mother.

We are all in a society of our own kind, who cough and sneeze, are born from infected women, have several sexual partners, receive blood and organs from donors, or become such themselves. Therefore, 90 percent can be assumed to be likely to detect CMV in a smear, blood, breast milk, saliva, etc.

What is important is not the detection of the virus in general, but the detection of its active form. A sleeping dog is not dangerous until woken up. The pathogen “wakes up” only when conditions favorable for it appear in the body.

Options for the development of infection

1) In people with normal immunity

"Uninvited guests" can go unnoticed for a long time. Sometimes symptoms resembling SARS are observed. The first signs of the disease appear after 20-60 days from the introduction of the virus into the body. But there is a global difference between CMVI and respiratory disease: if acute respiratory viral infections passes in the worst case in a week, then a cytomegalovirus infection can remind itself of a month or more. And the symptoms, at first glance, are very similar:

• Runny nose
• Fever;
• Weakness;
• Swollen lymph nodes;
• Headache;
• Chills;
• Joint inflammation;
• Enlarged liver and spleen;
• The appearance of a rash on the skin.

It should be emphasized that all these manifestations are a normal immune response to CMV activity. After all, elevated temperature is fatal for the virus. And places of inflammation - this is the last refuge of particles of DNA. If you completely get rid of the symptoms, the disease goes into a protracted form. To deal with the consequences of infection is necessary only in case of their dangerous development.

Good immunity promotes the formation of antiviral antibodies in the blood, which leads to a quick recovery. However, for a long time, viruses are detected in human biological fluids. For many years, pathogenic pathogens are inactive in the body. Their sudden disappearance is also possible.

2) In people with a weak immune system

Weak immunity is a haven for a "sleeping" virus. In such an organism, he creates whatever he wants. The disease in patients with reduced immunity can occur with varying degrees of severity. Possible complications in the form of:

1. Pleurisy;
2. Pneumonia;
3. Arthritis
4. Lesions of the internal organs;
5. Myocarditis;
6. Encephalitis
7. Vegetative Vascular Disorders.

Sometimes it can be observed:

• Eye diseases
• Inflammatory processes of the brain (up to a fatal outcome);
• Paralysis.

In women, the disease is manifested by erosion of the cervix, inflammation of the genitourinary system. If a woman is pregnant, then there is a real threat to the fetus.   In men, the urethra, testicular tissue can be affected.

But all these complications appear rarely - mainly in people with a lowered immune response.

3) Congenital CMV infection

If during pregnancy (in the first trimester) the fetus becomes infected, a miscarriage may occur. At later stages, cytomegaly develops. It manifests itself in prematurity, pneumonia, enlarged liver, kidney, spleen. Delayed development, impaired hearing and vision, tooth abnormalities may occur.

Diagnostic methods

To diagnose CMVI, patient complaints, signs of the disease, and laboratory analysis are studied. To make a diagnosis, several laboratory tests are performed simultaneously. Investigated:

1. Saliva;
2. Liquor;
3. Flushing water obtained as a result of lavage of the bronchi and lungs;
4. Biopsy specimens;
5. Urine;
6. Breast milk;
7. Blood;

It is important that no more than four hours pass from the fence to the start of the study.

The main research methods:

• Detection of antibodies to cytomegalovirus ().

The most affordable laboratory technique is sowing. It does not require sophisticated equipment. Using the method of sowing, not only the presence of a pathogenic pathogen is determined, but also its type, degree of aggressiveness, shape. A very useful addition to the study is the test of drugs directly on the colony of the resulting culture. After all, each case of infection is individual.

The most sensitive method is PCR (polymerase chain reaction). It even detects a small patch of DNA.

The advantage of the PCR method is to detect infection:

1. Early;
2. Persistent;
3. Latent.

The disadvantages of the method:

1. Low prognostic value;
2. Low specificity.

Lately often used ELISA  (enzyme immunoassay). With its help, CMV antigen is detected, as well. If, as a result of a blood test, class M antibodies were detected, then a conclusion is made about the primary infection. With intrauterine infection, IgM antibodies are detected in the first 2 weeks of a child's life. Subsequent positive analysis indicates acquired infection.

The appearance of IgG antibodies indicates a past illness. What is the norm for this indicator? The presence of an IgG titer in the blood is already the norm, since almost all people sooner or later encounter such a virus. In addition, the presence of antibodies indicates a good immune response - the body reacted to the introduction of the virus and defended itself.

Algorithm of ELISA studies for suspected CMV

More accurate is quantitative analysis.. Caution should be taken to increase the titer of IgG, which may indicate the progression of pathology. It is important to diagnose the infection as quickly as possible, to identify the stage of the disease, its form and the duration of the infection process.

It is worth noting that antibodies of M and G classes are not always detected. They may not be found in the blood of patients with reduced immunity.

How to treat CMVI?

Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely destroy viruses in the body. Yes and no need. 95% of earthlings have causative agents of CMVI, and many people simply do not notice them. They do not notice while the CMV is "sleeping." And in order to “wake them up”, one must try very hard - to reach the extreme degree of vitamin deficiency, protein starvation, or to catch HIV.

Treatment of cytomegalovirus infection is required with its active form. But it consists, first of all, in the correction of the immune system. Indeed, it is in people with a weakened immune response that CMV “wakes up” and begins to destroy the body.

In what cases is treatment prescribed?

• With primary infection with pronounced symptoms of pathology;
• If an immunodeficiency state is detected;
• Pregnant or planning a pregnancy at the initial infection or in case of exacerbation of the disease.

It is necessary to treat CMV infection strictly according to indications. Detection of the virus in the body cannot be the basis for drug therapy. Self-medication is unacceptable!

Antiviral drugs, such as   ganciclovir, foscarnet, famciclovir. However, they have a hepatotoxic effect and are poorly tolerated by patients. They can not be assigned to infants and pregnant women. Therefore, agents from the group of interferons are more actively used: oroferon, intron A, viferon.

To prevent relapse, they are prescribed   panavir  and neovir.

In the treatment of CMVI, immunoglobulin enriched with antibodies to this pathogen can be prescribed. These drugs include   cytotect, neo-cytotect.

In severe symptoms - pneumonia, encephalitis - a complex of therapeutic measures is carried out aimed at eliminating these symptoms.

Video: cytomegalovirus in the program “Live healthy!”

The specifics of the development of CMVI in children

Most often, the first meeting of a person with CMV occurs in childhood. This does not always happen during fetal development. The child grows among numerous virus carriers, communicates with children and adults. It is almost impossible to avoid infection under such conditions.

But it’s even good. Toddlers, having encountered pathogenic factors in early childhood, acquire immunity to them.

Only 15% of healthy children show symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection. Various signs of malaise may be noted.

How to determine the infection in newborns?

Often a child is born outwardly healthy, without any symptoms of infection. Sometimes there are some temporary signs that pass safely.

Manifestations and complications of CMVI and in general in newborns

Temporary symptoms include:

1. Reduced body weight;
2. Pathological changes in the spleen;
3. Bluish skin rash;
4. Damage to the liver;
5. Jaundice;
6. Lung diseases.

However, a small number of newborns have more persistent disorders that can remain for life.

Among the persistent symptoms of CMV are:

• Visual impairment;
• Mental retardation;
• Small head;
• Poor coordination of movement;
• Hearing impairment.

Sometimes persistent symptoms of CMV appear after a few years.

In newborns, the disease goes a little differently than in older children and adults. Severe symptoms appear in less than 20% of infants. And only a quarter of them require therapeutic treatment.

Any of the manifestations is an occasion to visit a pediatric doctor. Symptoms usually go away without treatment, but complications occur, albeit rarely.

What is dangerous CMVI for children?

The most vulnerable categories for CMVI are newborns with immature immunity, as well as children with immunodeficiency.

The most serious consequences of infection in such children:

1. The defeat of the central nervous system. Signs of encephalitis appear: convulsions, increased drowsiness. Hearing damage is possible (before deafness).
2. Chorioretinitis is an inflammatory eye disease. The retina is primarily affected. May lead to blindness.
3. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia. She is considered the main cause of death in immunocompromised patients.
4. Severely occurring encephalitis can lead to the death of a child.

The virus poses a threat to children with leukemia and other cancer, as well as preparing for organ transplantation. Such children must be diagnosed with CMVI. Especially the study is necessary for exacerbation of symptoms of infection.

How to prevent the development of CMV infection in children?

After reading this article, no need to run to a pharmacy for antiviral drugs to parents of healthy children!  CMV should be protected only in infants with a low immune response. If the mother was diagnosed with primary infection, then she should take the immunoglobulins. And breast milk transports them into the baby’s body.

But still nothing better has been invented than the development and maintenance of their own immunity in children through hardening, physical activity, eating vegetables and fruits. For children leading a healthy lifestyle, a pathogenic pathogen that has got into the body is not terrible.

Video: pediatrician about cytomegalovirus infection

What else complicates the situation with diseases transmitted through sexual contact? The fact is that such diseases are sometimes completely asymptomatic. However, even if there are quite clear symptoms that something in the body is going wrong, the person decides to leave the problem for later. That is why the main advice that can be given is: if there is a malaise and suspicion of improper functioning of the body, especially the genitals, you should immediately consult a specialist.

Sexually transmitted blood diseases; sexually transmitted skin diseases (HIV infection) - all this can greatly complicate a person’s life. What diseases do STDs represent?

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): List

1. Five sexually transmitted diseases. The etiology of such diseases is bacterial. They are represented by syphilis, donovanosis, gonorrhea, inguinal lymphogranulomatosis, soft chancre;
2. Infections of a viral nature. They are able to be transmitted in other ways than sexual. These infections tend to cause significant damage to human organs and systems. It:
   1. Cytomegalovirus. The virus is transmitted mainly through sexual contact, however, if a person stays close to the infected person for a long time, the likelihood of transmission of the infection through the household route increases significantly;
   2. Hepatitis B and C. viruses. The transmission of this infection occurs through the bloodstream, as well as through sexual contact. When infected, a serious liver lesion occurs;
   3. Human papillomavirus. A distinctive feature of such a virus is a large number of its varieties. If a person becomes infected with this infection, their reproductive function is impaired and the onset of degeneration of malignant cells is possible;
   4. Herpes virus of the second type. It is otherwise called genital herpes. Such an infection is very dangerous during pregnancy, since it can lead to impaired fetal development. Penetration through the placenta of this virus occurs unhindered, which is why pregnant women donate blood to detect this infection;
   5. HIV The symptomatology of the infection is diverse, but it is not worth talking about the course of the disease, since it is individual in each individual case.
3. Protozoal infection. It is represented by trichomoniasis and a fungus from the genus Candida. Trichomoniasis often occurs in women and its main symptom is considered to be burning and itching of the mucous membranes of the external genital organs. As for candidiasis, otherwise it is popularly called thrush. This problem also affects women rather than men. However, with a diagnosed infection in a woman, the partner must also undergo appropriate treatment;
4. New infections with a bacterial nature. These include mycoplasmosis and ureaplasma, as well as chlamydia. The first two of these infections are transmitted only through sexual contact, but are also dangerous during pregnancy. Chlamydia often affects the female genital organs than the male and entails the multiplication and development of other infections in the body;
5. Representatives of protozoal type infections. These are phthyriasis and scabies. Ftyriasis is not common in the modern world. Scabies can be avoided by following basic hygiene rules.

Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Of course, for each disease, the clinical picture will be different. However, in order to suspect the occurrence of such infections, it is necessary to know the general features of their manifestation. “Genitals without STDs in men are photos,” “infected with STDs (reviews,” “sexually transmitted diseases (photos)” - these are exactly the kind of queries that can be found on the network. They are usually entered by people who try to understand if they got these infections or No, we’ll list the general symptoms for the above infections:

1. The appearance of ulcers and pus on the external genitalia;
2. Weakness and fatigue, which has not been observed in humans before;
3. Clouding of urine;
4. An increase in the size of the lymph nodes in the groin;
5. Itching and burning in the genital area;
6. Isolation of mucus or pus from the urethra;
7. Pain in the lower abdomen;
8. Pain during urination and intercourse.

Sexually transmitted gynecological diseases

When do I need to be tested for STDs? Online forums are ready to answer this question. Typically, the presence of gynecological diseases that a woman has contracted through sexual contact is indicated by the following symptoms:

1. Feeling of unpleasant dryness during sexual intercourse;
2. Irritation on the anus;
3. Rapid urination, which is accompanied by pain;
4. Disturbed menstrual cycle;
5. Itching in the perineum;
6. Vaginal discharge uncharacteristic for a woman.

In which case should a man beware?

1. The appearance of blood in semen;
2. A rash on the glans penis, on the penis and on the area around it;
3. Violations of normal ejaculation;
4. Pain during urination and its frequency.

STD prices: how much does analysis cost?

Naturally, if you take an analysis for a specific infection, it will cost the patient much cheaper than taking the entire complex. Blood testing for all genital infections in a paid clinic costs about three thousand rubles. But it must be remembered that a similar procedure can be done at the state polyclinic. In this case, it all depends on the personal preferences of the patient. If he is set up for a paid medical institution, you must first study about him the available patient reviews and information regarding the rating of the medical institution.

What is the incubation period of such diseases?

The incubation period of STDs

The incubation period of sexually transmitted diseases is the time interval between the apparent infection of a person and the first manifestations of this infection, which are noticeable to the patient himself. The problem of the incubation period is that it is impossible to suspect it and often this time is not dangerous for sexual partners.

As for the duration of the period, it varies depending on the disease that takes place. Immunodeficiency virus and syphilis, for example, appear six months after infection.

STD: incubation period (table)

There is a special table in which the incubation period for all types of sexually transmitted diseases is detailed. Such a table also clearly illustrates the symptoms of these diseases.

For example, for mycoplasmosis, the period will be from three to five weeks. Clinical symptoms are considered transparent discharge for men and a burning sensation with pain during urination for women.

If we consider chlamydia, its incubation period will range from two weeks to two months. But often it’s ten or twelve days. Clinical manifestations are pain during urination and in the lower abdomen.

How does this period appear in men?

The incubation period for STDs in men will be shorter because they have weaker local immunity. However, in general, it is more difficult for men to contract sexually transmitted diseases than for women, due to the structure of the genitourinary system.

If a man has been diagnosed with prostatitis in the past or there is damage to the skin of the penis, then the incubation period tends to be reduced even more.

Characterization of the incubation period in women

The incubation period of STDs in women is directly dependent on the day of the menstrual cycle. The incubation time will be drastically reduced if sexual contact occurs during menstruation. This is due to a violation of the local microflora of the organs of the reproductive system of women and a change in intravaginal acidity during menstruation.

If sexual contact occurred at a different time, the situation changes. On the remaining days of the cycle, the vagina has an environment that adversely affects various kinds of microorganisms.

The incubation period may also be reduced during menopause or pregnancy. This is due to sharp fluctuations in the hormonal background of a woman.

What else do you need to know about the incubation period?

Incubation period: STDs occur at different times. In addition to gender, it depends on the age of the person, his immunity. It is also able to influence the intake of certain medications. In addition, the existing chronic diseases in humans and the ongoing inflammatory processes in the body, if any, have an effect.

There are three phases in the incubation period: the phase of adaptation, reproduction and distribution.

For what reasons does a person become infected with sexually transmitted diseases and what can accelerate this process?

Causes of STDs

The causes of STDs are fairly obvious and most often they are presented by one that has the most significant effect - sexual intercourse. It does not matter what kind of sexual contact took place to be - oral, anal or genital.

In order for infection to occur, it is enough to get the pathogen onto the genital mucosa. Conditionally pathogenic infections are able to penetrate the human body and remain inactive for a certain time. When exposed to negative factors, they begin to show their activity.

There is a classification of infections transmitted through sexual contact.

Classification

The classification of STDs below is based on the provisions of the World Health Organization.

What are STDs: types

1. Traditional sexually transmitted diseases. They are represented by syphilis, gonorrhea, venereal granuloma, inguinal lymphogranulomatosis, chancroid. What are the most common STD infections in this group? Of course, this is gonorrhea and syphilis;
2. The second group shows which infectious diseases are sexually transmitted and negatively affect mainly the genitourinary system. These are genital herpes, genital warts, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and trichomoniasis. In addition, this list includes gardnerellosis vaginitis, pubic lice, scabies, urogenital shigellosis (they are infected only by homosexuals), candida balanoposthitis and vulvovaginitis, genital molluscum contagiosum;
3. The third group demonstrates which sexually transmitted diseases are sexually transmitted and have a negative effect mainly on other organs and systems of a person. These are giardiasis, cytomegaly, hepatitis B, AIDS, sepsis (characteristic of newborns), amoebiasis (homosexuals become infected).

This list of sexually transmitted diseases can be expanded due to the emergence of new, much more rare infections.

Domestic transmission of STDs

What STDs are transmitted through domestic use? The household path involves the use of common hygiene items with an infected person (for example, towels, razors, washcloths and clothes). Another way is to contact the mucous membranes, that is, the infection can be transmitted through saliva or through a kiss.

So, what diseases can be transmitted in this way?

Primary and secondary syphilis. The causative agent appears in the skin of a person, as a result of which a characteristic rash appears. Infection may be possible when using general hygiene items and when transmitting saliva;

Human papillomavirus. The virus can be transmitted to a healthy person by using one razor for intimate hygiene;

Ureaplasmosis, chlamydia and mycoplasmosis. Such infections are transmitted from patient to healthy through the sharing of personal hygiene items;

Genital herpes. Infection is likely with mucosal contact of appropriate localization.

But it should be borne in mind that the likelihood of contracting these infections through the household route is significantly lower than through sexual contact.

What diseases are sexually transmitted?

Almost all of these diseases are transmitted through sexual contact. The pathogen penetrates through the reproductive system of a man or a woman into their bodies. Infection can only be transmitted through sexual contact, which is not protected.

Types of STDs in women: what are they?

Diseases transmitted through sexual contact lead to the development of inflammation in the female body. Such inflammations of the doctor are conditionally divided into two types:

1. Nonspecific. Such processes arise due to activity in the body of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms (for example, candidiasis);
2. Specific. These processes are caused precisely by diseases transmitted through sexual contact (venereal diseases).

In addition, sexually transmitted diseases are also classified according to the origin of the pathogen, as mentioned above.

For women, the most common STDs are considered to be:

1. Mycoplasmosis (ureaplasmosis);
2. Genital mycosis and genital herpes;
3. Chlamydia;
4. Trichomoniasis;
5. Human papillomavirus;
6. Bacterial vaginosis.

Viral diseases that are sexually transmitted to women should be recognized in time and undergo therapy.

Major sexually transmitted diseases in men

In addition to the classification based on the causative agent, the most common sexually transmitted infections in men can be identified. They are presented:

1. Chlamydia;
2. Syphilis;
3. Gonorrhea;
4. Genital herpes;
5. Trichomoniasis.

Rare diseases transmitted through sexual contact

The following diseases are quite rare, but they must be mentioned.

1. Contagious mollusk. This disease is a type of smallpox. You can become infected by contacting a person who is infected. The disease has a negative effect on the mucous membranes of the body and skin. A large number of small acne appears on the genitals;
2. Kaposi's sarcoma. This infection (herpes type 8) is transmitted not only through sexual contact. This infection, among other things, contributes to the terminal stage of the human immunodeficiency virus. Due to the disease, malignant neoplasms appear on the mucous membrane, bringing a lot of inconvenience to the patient.

What STDs are considered to be the most common, regardless of the sex of the patient?

1. Ureaplasmosis. Seventy percent of sexually active men and women are considered to be asymptomatic carriers of this disease. Complications for men can be prostatitis, for women - ectopic pregnancy and problems with the onset of pregnancy;
2. Human papillomavirus. In some cases, for women, the disease can be considered the precursor of uterine cervix cancer;
3. Genital herpes. The most serious complication is represented by damage to the nervous system;
4. Gonorrhea. Symptoms of the disease are similar in women and men: it is itching and burning of the genital organs, secretion of mucus and pus;
5. Chlamydia. More common in women;
6. Urogenital trichomoniasis. A dangerous complication of the disease is its spread to the lungs, ocular conjunctiva and tonsils;
7. Cytomegalovirus infection. Unfortunately, the disease cannot be completely cured;
8. Syphilis. The disease is quite dangerous. Without treatment, death can occur;
9. Hiv The disease leads to a sustained decrease in human immunity;
10. Venereal lymphogranulomatosis. Caused by a variety of chlamydia.

In order to recognize a disease, it is necessary to have an idea of ​​its main symptoms.

What .

Symptoms of STDs

Symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases are different for women and men and for each individual disease of this type.

Signs of sexually transmitted diseases (men)

“What are the symptoms of STDs in men (photos)”, “the first signs of STDs in men (photos)” - such requests can be found on the Internet. Indeed, various photos of the manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases help in determining the disease itself, if a man suspects it in his room. However, it will be necessary to test for STDs and visit a doctor for consultation so that an accurate diagnosis can be made and effective treatment of the disease prescribed.

An STD without symptoms in men occurs only during the incubation period. That is, the disease is already present in the body due to the presence of the pathogen, but so far has not manifested itself.

What signs may indicate the presence of an STD in a man?

1. Characteristic smell. This manifestation is considered to be a symptom of STDs. The fact is that with such diseases in the body begins an extensive inflammatory process, which is accompanied by the release of pus. Gonorrhea and other infections of a bacterial nature, penetrating the male body through sexual contact, lead to the release of pus in the prostate gland and urethra, which begins to stand out during urination, and you can feel a characteristic unpleasant odor;
2. Rash on the skin. They mainly appear on the pubis, the skin of the penis and the area around it. For example, acne on the penis occurs in diseases caused by treponema pallidum;
3. Burning and itching in the intimate area. This is the sign that you need to pay attention in the first place, because the likelihood that the patient is dealing with STDs with this symptom is very high. Burning in the groin arises from the inflammatory process in the urogenital tract and inside the genitals. With candidiasis, this symptom is also possible. The fungus of this genus prefers to multiply just in wet places with high temperatures. If the pathogen has settled in the urogenital tract, there will be a burning sensation at the time of urination;
4. The defeat of the oral mucosa. This symptom is not one of the most common, but it is worth paying attention to. It can be observed tonsillitis, mucous membranes acquire a yellowish tint. With herpes, a rash appears on the lips;
5. Painful sensations. The location of the painful sensations mostly coincides with the focus of infection. Extensive tissue edema leads to irritation of the nerve endings in a specific area;
6. Discomfort during sex. Unpleasant sensations are also possible in the process of ejaculation and urination.

STD symptoms in men: after what time do they appear? It is important to note that if a patient is dealing with a latent infection, its symptoms will be similar to those listed above. At the same time, their severity will be much lower, that is, there is a high probability that a man simply will not notice them. The time of manifestation of infections transmitted through sexual intercourse in a man depends on how he is affected by the disease. Some may appear in a couple of weeks, and some only after six months.

Symptoms of STDs in women

“STD: symptoms in women (photo)”, “first signs of STD in women (photo)” - these questions are asked online to see how a particular disease looks in practice. Just because a woman will not be interested in this, such questions arise only if you suspect a particular disease.

STD diseases (symptoms): photo - is this way of recognizing diseases effective? Yes, but for some people the course of the disease may vary. That is why a more effective way is a consultation with a specialist.

The first symptoms of STDs in women: how soon do they become apparent? There is no clear answer to this question, since the incubation period is different for different diseases. The main symptoms in women are considered to be the following:

1. Pain in the lower abdomen and groin;
2. Burning and itching of the external genitalia;
3. Uncharacteristic discharge from the female genital tract. They can have green, yellow, gray color, and also be mucous or foamy secretions. In addition, such secretions usually have a strong and repulsive odor;
4. Discomfort in the vagina during sexual intercourse;
5. Failure of the menstrual cycle. This symptom cannot be considered absolute, since sometimes such faults may indicate a completely different pathology. Between menstruation bloody discharge may occur;
6. Rash on the mucous membrane of the mouth and genitals;
7. Swollen lymph nodes in size;
8. Uncontrolled hair loss;
9. Irritation and swelling of the vulva;
10. Education around the anus (often represented by warts);
11. Increasing body temperature for no apparent reason to thirty-seven degrees;
12. Pain in the rectum;
13. Pain when urinating;
14. Discomfort in the throat, expressed in the form of tickling.

Localization through which the infection occurred is of great importance. It can be oral, anal or vaginal. The fact is that the infection takes root precisely at the point of entry and there will be maximum discomfort.

If you find the above symptoms, an urgent appeal to the doctor is shown! Otherwise, such consequences as:

1. Inflammation in the uterus, ovaries and urinary tract;
2. Infertility. If a woman with the disease manages to become pregnant, the probability of a premature termination of pregnancy increases;
3. Immunity during infection with such diseases increases, which leads to infections by other diseases;
4. If a woman manages to bear a child, there are numerous defects in his development.

Complex diagnosis is necessary for making a diagnosis.

Diagnosis of STDs

Methods for detecting sexually transmitted diseases are different. Conventionally, they can be divided into four groups:

1. Microscopic methods. This method explores secretions from the epithelial vaginal wall, urethra, urethra and mucus plug of the cervical canal. Otherwise it is called a stroke. Using this method in a smear, it is possible to identify such pathogens as chlamydia, gardnerella, ureaplasma, gonococcus and trichomonads. Other pathogens usually cannot be detected by microscopy. This method is fast, its cost is low. Its minus is considered to be insufficient information. The effectiveness of the method depends on the qualifications of the laboratory doctor;
2. Giving blood tests. The cost of such analyzes is usually high, but at the same time they demonstrate accurate results, which are prepared fairly quickly. In this case, the diagnosis should not begin with this method. This is due to the fact that antibodies and antigens in the blood are not immediately, but only after some time after infection. In addition, a small amount of the pathogen in the blood at the beginning of the penetration of the pathogen is not detected by means of tests. The patient receives a negative result, although in fact the pathogen may be present in the body;
3. Crops or cultural methods. The essence of the study is that the scraping of the urethra or intravaginal discharge are placed on a nutrient-friendly microorganism environment. At the end of the day, a colony of the pathogen grows at this place, the color and specific characteristics of which determine the disease. The method is not one hundred percent accurate. The method is capable of giving valuable information if the results of a specific treatment are considered ineffective. The research results are quite long, and the cost of research is quite high;
4. DNA diagnostics. Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases, carried out in this way, is based on the detection of the pathogen's DNA in the test material. PCR diagnostics of STDs (excretions) is the most common method in this group. This abbreviation stands for polymerase chain reaction. The use of reagents leads to an increase in the DNA of the pathogen to such a size that it can be determined by its disease. The accuracy of this diagnostic method reaches up to ninety-seven percent, which makes it the most effective way to identify the pathogen.

You can also buy home rapid tests for the diagnosis of STDs.

STD diagnostics: timing - what can be said about this aspect of the study? The time needed to get a result on STDs, and, accordingly, information about their presence or absence, are different for each individual diagnostic method. The deadlines for providing results will be significantly reduced when contacting a paid medical institution.

Diagnosis of STDs in men

The first stage is a visual examination of the patient by a doctor of the appropriate profile. After that, the doctor gives the patient directions for necessary research. Methods for diagnosing STDs, which are the most effective, are PCR diagnostics and ELISA techniques for studying the patient's venous blood. Also used bacterioscopy, the purpose of which is to identify gonokokkov and Trichomonas, and checking scraping for the detection of antibodies to STDs.

In order to identify and investigate the functional and anatomical changes in the male genital organs, the doctor may give him directions on:

1. Ultrasound of the testes and appendages;
2. Ultrasound of the prostate gland;
3. Sperm analysis. Otherwise, this study is called semen. According to the results of these studies, a diagnosis is made and effective therapy is prescribed.

In which case, discharge may indicate an STD in men? Highlight white or white-yellow color, with the appearance of which you feel pain and burning, may indicate the presence of STDs. If a man is dealing with gonorrhea, the first sign of the disease is burning and itching, then redness of the glans penis and its swelling appear. The next stage is the separation of pus through the urethra. White discharge in STDs can be accompanied by painful sensations. Male excretion can help detect the disease:

1. Sticky purulent discharge, having a yellowish or green color, as well as having a thick texture, often indicate the presence of gonorrhea in the patient;
2. If the discharge from the urethra is transparent and viscous, this indicates an increased content of leukocytes in them and indicates diseases such as chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis;
3. Discharges containing mucus and pus, wearing a kind of translucent liquid, indicate the presence of trichomoniasis, chlamydia or ureaplasmosis at the acute stage.

Diagnosis of STDs in women

Laboratory diagnosis of STDs in women includes PCR, ELISA, and smear tests. It is necessary to remember about the appropriate preparation, which must necessarily be present before passing such analyzes. It includes:

1. Elimination of bad habits from lifestyle;
2. Refusal to take antibiotics that may distort research results;
3. The elimination of daily stress from severe stress.

What kind of discharge for STDs in women? First, an STD without discharge is a real situation, and this is possible during the incubation period.

1. Yellow and yellowish-yellow discharge is characteristic of gonorrhea and chlamydia;
2. Greenish or yellowish putrid discharge indicate trichomoniasis;
3. Grayish-white discharge is characteristic of bacterial vaginosis;
4. Brown discharge and STDs are not compatible;
5. Frothy discharge often also indicates an STD.

It is necessary to discuss in more detail testing for STDs.

Analysis of STDs

STDs: what tests to take? Taking STD tests involves the following:

1. Blood test for STDs. This test identifies hepatitis, HIV and syphilis;
2. Analysis of urine;
3. Blood test for ELISA;
4. Smears. For women, this is delivery of a smear from the vagina, uterine cervix and urethra, and for men it is a smear from the urethral canal;
5. Tests for STDs;
6. PCR method;
7. Comprehensive analysis for the detection of STDs.

Blood test for STDs

It should be noted that the delivery of this analysis is shown to everyone: from pregnant women to young people who pass a medical examination as part of the military enlistment office. However, this analysis is not able to identify all types of STDs, but only a few of them.

Urinalysis for STDs

Such an analysis can detect chlamydia, thrush, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis. The essence of the study is as follows: when passing through the urethra, a number of leukocytes and microbes are washed off with the urine. The analysis helps in identifying the causative agent of the disease, determining the stage of the disease, as well as how the infectious process has spread in the body. If the disease is hidden, the method will be ineffective.

Blood test for ELISA

This analysis involves the detection of antibodies in the blood to certain microorganisms. He is able to give the most accurate result even with a hidden course of the disease or the course of the disease, not like the classic one. Waiting for results usually takes several days.

Rapid test for STDs

This test allows you to see the result at home and is not difficult for independent use. Such a test is relevant when a person suspects an infection, but hesitates to contact a hospital. A prescription from a doctor for the purchase of such a test is not needed. It must be remembered that the test can not guarantee absolute certainty.

PCR analysis

This analysis is used to examine biological fluids. In addition, you can use this method to investigate venous blood. The result is provided to the patient on the third day after the biomaterial is submitted.

PCR analysis on STDs: price - what are the characteristics of this aspect of the procedure? The average price for an STI check is about five hundred rubles, but it can vary depending on the location of the procedure.

Comprehensive STD Analysis

This study has a very high information content in comparison with other diagnostic methods. This analysis can reveal twelve different types of pathogens. Many clinics provide this service today.

Where to get STD tests for men and women?

Of course, if the doctor after the examination suspects a patient with a sexually transmitted infection, he will give him a referral to take the appropriate analysis in a public medical institution.

However, the patient at his own request may apply to a paid medical institution. The reasons for such treatment may be a higher quality of services provided, speed in providing the result.

Analyzes for STDs in Invitro - what is it? Invitro is a reliable medical laboratory, which is available in many Russian cities. In the network you can find many positive reviews about this company.

STD-analyzes (Moscow) - what can be said about the cost of such an analysis in the capital? Bacterioscopy smear will cost approximately five hundred rubles for both men and women. If we talk about PCR for six indicators, its average cost will be one and a half thousand rubles.

Recommendations for preparing for STD testing for men and women

1. Three days before the smear is collected, it is necessary to refrain from sex;
2. For the implementation of a smear from the oral cavity can not eat and drink for six hours before the study;
3. Two weeks before taking the test for genital infections, you need to stop taking medications. Antibiotics can especially distort the picture;
4. A day before a smear is taken, douching is contraindicated for women, and instillation is not recommended for men;
5. If a blood test is to be taken, you can’t eat the procedure at least eight hours later. It is necessary to donate blood on an empty stomach. Not precluded a small amount of water before the procedure. Fatty foods before giving blood for STDs are absolutely contraindicated. Alcohol and smoking are also prohibited for twelve hours before donating blood, as they can have a negative impact on the result. Emotional overload and stressful situations are also harmful before taking a blood test. Sometimes there are additional steps to prepare for a blood test, which a specialist may mention the day before.

Implementation of the procedure for taking analyzes

Before the procedure, the patient will need to wash their hands. The doctor takes the biomaterial from the necessary places using a special probe.

Blood sampling is performed in a specially designated for this treatment room.

To pass a urine test to a patient, a separate vessel and the place where the biomaterial can be collected is allocated.

After what time can I test for STDs?

After how many tests for STDs for women? It is recommended to take tests for STDs after unprotected sex after about two weeks. In this case, it will be necessary to carry out diagnostics by PCR and ELISA.

What else do doctors recommend after unprotected sex? It is necessary to use emergency antimicrobial agents. This can help in suppressing the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, if they have already managed to enter the body.

Thus, testing for STDs is a rather complicated process. Identification of pathogenic microorganisms using such tests will allow the doctor to make an accurate diagnosis. This will facilitate the prescription of the current treatment. The earlier an STD is detected, the more effective the prescribed therapy will be. What methods of treatment of such serious diseases exist today and which of them are the most effective?

STD Treatment

Treatment of sexually transmitted diseases should be carried out strictly under medical supervision and supervision. Independent attempts to cure such complex diseases can fail and exacerbate the status quo. Methods of treatment of such diseases are different and the most optimal of them for each particular patient is chosen by the doctor.

1. Antibacterial therapy. In this case, antibiotics are used to treat STDs. This is the most effective way of treating these diseases compared to the others. Such therapy, however, is contraindicated in serious liver diseases and allergic reactions to some components of antibiotics. Genital infections have different sensitivity to antibiotics.
2. Immunomodulatory treatment. Since the ecology and lifestyle today leaves much to be desired, the immunity of a modern person is often reduced compared to the norm. Normal, stable immunity of the body prevents the entry of foreign microorganisms into it, or at least fights them, if they have managed to penetrate inside. Stimulation of the body's immunity allows for more impressive results in therapy. However, such stimulation should also be carried out strictly under medical supervision;
3. Local treatment. Such treatment involves the removal of foreign microorganisms from the patient's genital tract surface. For men, treatment involves washing the urethra, which is otherwise called instillation. For women, the same procedure involves flushing the bladder and performing vaginal reorganization. Local treatment allows to eliminate most of the pathogens that have settled in the patient's genital tract. Such treatment is usually a mandatory component of getting rid of STDs and is not capable of causing any harm to the patient. But in the case of female patients, sanation can disrupt the natural vaginal microflora. That is why moderation is necessary in this procedure.

How to treat STDs in men: drugs

The treatment of STDs in men is usually a complex approach. Therapy is divided into two types: etiotropic and pathogenetic. The first type of therapy is aimed at eliminating pathogenic microorganisms, and the second - at improving the health of the urogenital tract structures.

Treatment of STDs in men (drugs) by the etiotropic method involves the use of antibiotics. This may be therapy with semi-synthetic penicillins, which are called amoxicillin. Such antibiotics are effective in eliminating pathogens of syphilis and gonor (pale treponema and gonococci). Similar components of treatment are cephalosporins. However, fewer bacteria are resistant to this drug. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhea and syphilis in the chronic stage.

In addition, macrolides are used to treat chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis, since this type of antibiotic is effective against intracellular bacterial forms.

Tetracyclines also exhibit fairly high activity relative to intracellular bacteria. But at the same time they have higher toxicity.

If the male STD was caused by simple single-cell microorganisms, antiprotozoal treatment is indicated.

STDs: treatment (drugs for women)

In this case, macrolides, penicillins and tetracyclines are also used. Treatment with antibiotics is contraindicated for STDs such as genital herpes, hepatitis B and C, candidiasis, gardnerellez, trichomoniasis, HIV and genital warts.

Treatment of STDs in women with drugs: a scheme - what can be said about this aspect of treatment? The treatment plan for STDs in women should be chosen only by a doctor, since this is a very important undertaking.

What else can help with the treatment of STDs in women, other than the use of antibiotics?

1. Enzymes;
2. Multivitamins;
3. Preparations for the protection of the liver;
4. Antifungal agents;
5. Local therapy in the form of baths, washing the urethra and the use of tampons;
6. Immunomodulators (should be used for viral infections).

You can also mention traditional medicine as a means of treatment. It is not a panacea, but some patients prefer to use it as an adjuvant.

STD treatment: candles

This method of treatment is relevant as a rule for women. For example, suppositories such as Betadine are used to treat bacterial vaginosis. In addition, these candles are recommended as a prophylactic agent that will protect a woman from STDs. The earlier the remedy is used after unprotected sexual intercourse, the fewer antibiotics will be required to treat a disease that has been transmitted through sexual contact.

Treatment of STDs anonymously

When does such a thought become relevant? As a rule, this happens when there is a suspicion of the presence of such a disease in the body. Many people are embarrassed by such infections, which means they want unauthorized persons not to know about their treatment. To this end, it is recommended to contact a private medical institution, where qualified medical assistance will be provided and complete anonymity guaranteed.

"Clinic: treatment of STDs (reviews)" - such a request is usually recruited by those patients who want to undergo therapy in a particular medical facility. Testimonials are really ways to present an opinion about a particular medical center and prevent mistakes in choosing a place for treatment. If there is a lot of negative feedback about a certain center, it is hardly worth contacting it. This can only aggravate the situation. You also need to pay attention to the skill level of doctors who work in the center or clinic.

If everything is clear with the ways of treatment, then the next question is how to transmit genital infections. How to prevent it and what you need to know about the main ways of transmission of pathogens? This will be discussed below.

Ways To Get STDs

There are several ways to infect these diseases, each of which has its own characteristics and characteristics. Venereology identifies five ways of STD infection:

1. Infection through sexual intercourse;
2. Contact-household method;
3. Parenteral transmission of infections, that is, directly through the blood;
4. Intrauterine infection;
5. Other ways.

Infection through sexual intercourse

Sexual intercourse in this case is considered in a broad sense. The transfer of pathogens in this case may become probable through:

1. Vaginal intercourse. Otherwise referred to as the classic way of transmitting STDs;
2. Oral sex;
3. Anal contact;
4. Group sex.

Thus, the answer to the question “can an STD be acquired through oral sex?” Is clearly positive. It is this kind of sex that should be paid close attention, because often there is a lot of misunderstanding and myths around it. Are STDs Oral Sex Transmitted? Of course, the uninfected side is more at risk.

An STD with oral contact is possible as with any other. The likelihood of contracting an STD through oral sex involves infection with the following diseases:

1. Gonorrhea. The causative agent of this disease is particularly mobile. For this reason, in addition to the traditional disease, it is possible to pick up such STDs for blowjob and other oral caresses, such as gonorrheal stomatitis, pharyngitis and conjunctivitis;
2. Herpes is divided into two types: on the lips (labial) and on the genitals (genital). This virus can easily be transferred from the lips to the genitals. Rashes are possible both in the first and in the second types. The probability of transmitting STDs during oral sex, especially herpes, from the lips to the genitals and vice versa increases dramatically;
3. Chlamydia. Oral sex contributes to this pathogen in the tonsils and the sky. All this can even lead to chlamydial pneumonia;
4. Syphilis. The risk of contracting an STD for oral sex, especially for this disease, may also be a syphil formation on the lips, cheeks and tonsils;
5. Hiv This virus is contained in the vaginal fluid, semen and saliva, but there are fewer pathogens. The probability of infection with it increases significantly with small cracks in the mouth, inflammation and bleeding gums.

Is it possible to get STDs through a blowjob? STDs transmitted by blowjob and other oral weasels can be suspected if you have the following symptoms: pain in the mouth, similar to pharyngitis, or more prolonged pain similar to tonsillitis. In addition, plaque appears on the tonsils and enlarged submandibular lymph nodes.

As for anal sex, to prevent infection, you must follow basic hygienic rules. The most important of them is that it is impossible to transfer pathogenic microflora from the anus to the vagina, that is, after anal sex, you must wear a condom before traditional sex.

Group sex is dangerous in terms of infection by using one condom for sexual contact with several partners.

Contact-household route of infection

Pathways for STDs are also presented. Microorganisms tend to live long on wet towels and washcloths, and when used quickly transferred to a second, healthy person from the patient. In order to become infected with this method, a very long contact with an infected person or extremely weak immunity is necessary.

Genital infections can be transmitted when kissing. In addition, you need to have your own slippers, towels and other hygiene items. It is from these considerations that it is impossible to lie in a sauna on an uncovered shelf.

Chlamydia also have the ability to penetrate the eye mucosa in the pool. It may even be in those institutions where sanitary norms of water are observed. It must be remembered that people visiting the pools, usually do not require a certificate of the absence of sexually transmitted diseases.

Transmission of genital infections through blood

Each organism has a protective mechanism that protects it from the entry of foreign bacteria. But sometimes such a mechanism does not work properly due to certain reasons. The transmission of infections through the blood is possible if:

1. Health facilities do not comply with health standards;
2. One syringe is used for several people;
3. During blood transfusions or dialysis, sanitation standards are also absent.

The parenteral route of infection tends to transmit not only classic sexually transmitted infections, but also those that have emerged relatively recently, for example, chlamydia.

The pathogen is also able to penetrate the human body through skin lesions, but this happens much less frequently.

Infection of the fetus in the womb

Sexually transmitted infections can be transmitted from mother to child through the placenta. Infection can also occur immediately at the time of delivery. As the newborn passes through the maternal genitals, it can get all the genital infections that it has. This method of transmission of diseases is called vertical. Already in the first weeks of a child's life, these diseases can be identified.

Between eleven and fifty percent of newborns born to women with chlamydia begin to suffer from conjunctivitis in the first few days of life. Chlamydial pneumonia tends to occur in the first months of life of children who were born from infected mothers (approximately three to sixteen percent of children).

Other methods of transmission of genital infections

Above were listed the main ways through which sexually transmitted infections are transmitted. They are the most common and everyone should know about them. However, this list does not end there. Infections can also be transmitted through saliva, tears and breast milk.

What are the complications of STDs?

Complications of STDs

The consequences of STDs mainly boil down to the development of diseases of the urogenital system, which are represented by:

1. Prostatitis in men, as well as a decrease in potency;
2. Female and male infertility;
3. Urethritis and cystitis;
4. For women, congenital malformations of the child and premature termination of pregnancy are also possible.

However, STD complications affect not only the reproductive and urinary tract, but also other human organs.

For example, the chronic course of syphilis can provoke pathological disorders of the human nervous system. Vision and hearing can be affected, and the patient’s mental health is impaired.

With HIV, the body is not able to resist any type of microorganism present. This can lead to massive skin lesions as one of the serious pathologies resulting from the course of the disease.

Hepatitis B and C can lead to serious liver dysfunction. In the most severe case, hepatic cirrhosis appears.

What needs to be done to protect against sexually transmitted infections? What precautions and preventive measures exist today and what can medicine offer?

STD Prevention

There are quite a number of ways that can help protect against sexually transmitted infections. However, not everyone is aware of such methods. They can be classified into several groups.

Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: individual measures

1. Timely setting of vaccines against such infections as hepatitis;
2. Compliance with the standards of personal hygiene, which involves the rejection of the use of personal belongings together;
3. Rejection of promiscuous sex;
4. Correctly chosen contraception, which should be used at every sexual contact;
5. Regular consultations at the urologist for the man and at the gynecologist for the woman;
6. The use of local bactericidal agents.

Mechanical means of protecting against STDs

Barrier contraceptives are not able to provide one hundred percent safety during sexual contact. Why it happens? As a rule, they protect only from unplanned pregnancy. The risk of STDs in this case drops to about eighty percent. Why?

1. The structure of the latex is porous. The pore size of the product exceeds the size of the virus at times;
2. The infection can be on those parts of the body that are not covered by a condom;
3. Common hygiene products or sex toys can also contribute to the transmission of various kinds of genital infections;
4. Spermicidal grease that condoms are treated with does not protect against STDs.

Considering all of the above, one should not neglect the use of a condom for different types of sex: anal, vaginal and oral.

Drug prevention of STDs in women and men

About seventy percent of chemicals help protect against infection with genital infections.

1. Spermicides These funds have different forms of release: tablets, gels, ointments and suppositories. Their key goal, however, is to inhibit sperm activity. The effect of protection against genital infections is present, but does not apply to all types of such infections. For example, spermicides themselves can cause thrush in a woman because they violate the vaginal microflora. If a woman is pregnant, she should not use these tools, because it increases the likelihood that the fetus will have various malformations. The most common means in this category is considered to be Pharmatex (produced in the form of tablets, suppositories, creams and tampons), Sterilin and Contraceptin-T. The main disadvantage of spermicides is a burning sensation during their use, plus the preservation of all sensations during sexual contact;
2. Emergency STD prophylaxis after accidental communication: the drugs in this category are mainly antiseptics. Preparations for the prevention of STDs include the following drugs: Miramistin, Chlorhexidine, Betadine, Gibitan. These means it is customary to treat the genital area and the pubis after casual sexual contact.
3. Antiseptics must be injected directly into the urethra, first go to the toilet and diluted with water twice. In this case, three to four weeks after the act, an STD check is required by means of testing. The pros and cons of antiseptics are not considered because of their urgency.
4. Miramistin: Preventing STDs after unprotected sex - what can you say about this drug? It is advisable to use the tool no later than two hours after the "incident". This will enhance the protective effect of the drug. When used after four to five hours, the effectiveness can be greatly reduced. First you need to make a toilet of the genitals, and only after that process them with Miramistin.
5. Chlorhexidine for the prevention of STDs - what is this drug? Just as in the case of Miramistin, it is advisable to use the remedy a maximum of two hours after sexual contact. This markedly reduces the chance that a person will catch a venereal disease. The remedy also represents greater effectiveness in fighting fungal infections.
6. Drugs represented by antibiotics. Prevention of STDs (pills), presented in this group, should be carried out in a large dosage in the first twenty-four hours after sexual intercourse to exclude the likelihood of the greatest number of genital infections. However, there are no universal antibiotics that are needed for each individual should be selected on the basis of the results of the tests submitted. Anti-STD drugs for men and women in the form of antibiotics are not recommended for permanent use due to the fact that it disrupts the work of the human digestive system and is capable of greatly depressing its own immunity. Often used in this group is azithromycin (STD prevention in men and women), as well as safocid.

Prevention of STDs after casual communication for men and women: traditional medicine

No herbs can help protect against STDs. The only remedy that can be used for the prevention of STDs that can be offered by traditional medicine is to abstain from sexual intercourse. But, as you know, sexual intercourse is not the only method of transmission, therefore this advice cannot be taken as useful.

Are there any other emergency prevention measures?

1. Doctors recommend urinating after unprotected sex;
2. Wash hands, as well as external genitals, with soap and water;
3. Urgently contact a specialist for advice, on which assumptions can be made regarding the likelihood of sexual infection entering the body.

From independent measures before visiting the doctor, it is recommended that a large dose of antibiotic be taken and the genitals be treated with an antiseptic. No additional funds are needed.

Treatment of cytomegalovirus begins with confirmation of the diagnosis and determination of the attending physician in the specialized department. The basis of therapy is antiviral drugs, but also used symptomatic agents that alleviate the human condition.

Cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) - this infectious disease, which is referred to as viral pathologies, often develops in young people and middle-aged patients. It is possible to get rid of this disease only with an integrated approach to a person and selection of an individual diagnostic and treatment strategy.

Several specialists may be involved in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in adults at once:

• infectious diseases specialist;
• an immunologist;
• therapist.

Depending on the course of cytomegalovirus infection, narrow specialists such as a gastroenterologist, neuropathologist, and dermatovenereologist may also be involved in the treatment. The defeat of the genital organs during primary infection is extremely rare, however, it still occurs. In such cases, it is necessary to conduct differential diagnostics with sexually transmitted diseases.

The necessary conditions for the development of an active inflammatory process are a decrease in the reactivity of the immune system. Therefore, when detecting CMVI, an immunologist should undergo a mandatory consultation. Identification of comorbidities allows not only to correct the human condition, but also to prevent the development of relapses in the future.

An infectious diseases specialist and an immunologist should be treated together with an obstetrician-gynecologist who leads a woman during the entire period of childbearing.

Is cytomegalovirus treated? Treatment of exacerbation of cytomegalovirus. Antibiotics for cytomegalovirus

Features of treatment

The standard treatment for cytomegalovirus infection in adults is the administration of ganciclovir 2 times a day or valganciclovir 2 times a day. The duration of therapy depends on the form and manifestations of the disease and can be from 14 to 21 days. If you have after three weeks of therapy, the duration of treatment may be increased.

Maintenance therapy is based on taking valganciclovir for at least a month. "Valacyclovir" or "Valtrex" in the treatment regimen of cytomegalovirus infection is used less frequently. Valaciclovir has less activity against cytomegalovirus and can be used as an alternative to the main drugs in the development of side effects or allergic reactions to them.

People with immunosuppression, especially those infected with HIV, are extremely susceptible to cytomegalovirus infection and the development of severe generalized forms. For preventive treatment (therapy that prevents the development of the disease) use valganciclovir for a month or more.

In patients suffering from human immunodeficiency virus, treatment of CMVI is carried out only on the background of antiretroviral therapy.

Women with acute manifestations are advised to take therapy to prevent vertical infection of the fetus. For this purpose, in the conditions of a medical institution, a special preparation “Neocytotect” is used. It is administered intravenously, 6 times. The drug is used exclusively under the control of the DNA activity of the virus in the blood.

How to treat cytomegalovirus - details about drug therapy

Combined therapy of cytomegalovirus infection allows you to get rid of the manifestations of the disease in the acute phase. The basis of treatment are antiviral agents. Symptomatic therapy supplements them.

The scheme and method of treatment are selected individually for each patient. This takes into account not only the manifestations of the disease, but also the state of the human body, the presence or absence of chronic diseases. An important role in the selection of drugs and their dosages is played by the state of the human immune system and the possibility of the formation of immunodeficiency.

Antiviral drugs

For the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in adults, it is recommended to use 2 drugs - "Ganciclovir" and "Valganciclovir". They are also used for the secondary prevention and prevention of the manifestation of CMVI.

In the event of a manifest form of cytomegalovirus infection, treatment is carried out with ganciclovir. The drug is administered in the hospital intravenously - 2 times a day with an interval of 12 hours. The duration of treatment depends on the leading clinical symptom and severity of the disease.

The defeat of more than three body systems requires compulsory treatment and observation of medical personnel in the hospital.

There are several criteria for the effectiveness of the applied therapy:

• normalization of the patient's state of health;
• decrease in the number of cytomegalovirus DNA particles in the blood over time;
• positive dynamics according to the results of instrumental examinations;
• reduction of clinical manifestations of the disease.

Proven efficacy in the treatment of CMV are exclusively antiviral drugs. Immunocorrection drugs as well as interferon-medication were found to be ineffective.

In the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in children, the immunoglobulin drug Neocito-Tect is also used. With manifest form and CNS damage in children, ganciclovir is prescribed, despite its side effects. The absence of the appointment of a specific antiviral drug for CMVI can be fatal to the baby.

With a constant immunodeficiency state, a person and his family must be prepared for a permanent recurrence of CMVI. Such patients are recommended to perform laboratory tests to exclude relapses at least once every 3 months.

Even with the use of effective drugs that reduce the activity of the infectious process, the possible manifestation of side effects. Especially often this is observed with a complicated clinical history of the patient.

The main side effects of antiviral drugs are:

• nausea;
• headache;
• some weakness;
• fatigue;
• stool disorders;
• appetite disturbances;
• some increase in the activity of liver enzymes;
• redness of the skin - the appearance of a rash.

If negative effects occur, do not stop therapy immediately. It is necessary to try to correct the immunity, and prescribe symptomatic therapy. If the latter does not help, then replace the antiviral drug.

The answer of the immunologist to the patient's question about the treatment of cytomegalovirus

Symptomatic therapy

Cytomegalovirus infection is not only treated with antiviral drugs. An integrated approach also involves the use of drug symptomatic therapy. They help to fight the unpleasant manifestations of the disease, as well as help to improve the work of various organs and systems.

The cytomegalovirus treatment regimen includes:

1. Antiviral drugs for removing cytomegalovirus infection from the body.
2. Detoxification therapy - “Reosorbilact”.
3. "Leflunomid" - an immunomodulatory drug is indicated for the treatment of patients suffering from the active form of CMVI against the background of human immunodeficiency virus.
4. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - “Ibuprofen”, “Nimesil” - help to reduce the intensity of the inflammatory process and normalize body temperature.
5. Vitamins A, C, E - prevent the ingress of viral particles into healthy cells and prevent the destruction of already damaged structures. Ascorbic acid, AEvit and multivitamin complexes are used.

Depending on the manifestations of the disease, other drugs may also be added to the treatment regimen of cytomegalovirus infection. For example, if the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are affected, Omeprazole or Pantoprazole is also used to normalize acidity. And with the defeat of the respiratory system cytomegalovirus as a medicine inhalation of oxygen or expectorant.

The appointment of additional means of drug therapy for cytomegalovirus should be agreed with your doctor!

Is it possible to cure cytomegalovirus forever?

In order to cure cytomegalovirus infection, you will need to undergo a long course of therapy in the hospital. You can get rid of CMV only if you strictly follow the recommendations of the doctor.

It is possible to talk about the complete cure of the disease only when particles of the virus are not found in the internal organs, as well as in human blood. Unfortunately, biopsy of all organs is impossible. Therefore, a complete cure cytomegalovirus infection say in the absence of the virus in human blood.

The second factor that allows us to talk about cure CMVI is the absence of any clinical manifestations of the disease. The results of laboratory and instrumental examinations should not indicate an active inflammatory process.

Unfortunately, quite often during therapy, the activity of the virus is significantly suppressed, so that its particles are not detected in the blood and do not cause an active form of the disease. And in the presence of immunosuppression, the cytomegalovirus begins to actively divide and cause the development of relapses of the disease. Therefore, in immunosuppressed individuals, it is impossible to talk about curing the cytomegalovirus forever.

In the case of chronic immunodeficiency states, not only the duration of therapy increases, but also the dosage of drugs. In this case, the only reliable method for checking the excretion of a viral agent from the body is biopsy.

Urologist and dermatovenereologist about the treatment of cytomegalovirus

In what cases is the treatment really necessary?

Despite the fact that most diseases recommend treating from the moment the infectious agent enters the body, after infection with CMVI, a different approach is recommended. In particular, after ingestion and penetration of cellular structures, the virus is attacked by immune cells.

Not in all cases, treatment is necessary - tablets for cytomegalovirus pathology are used only in cases of the appearance of an active process. In such cases, cytomegalovirus treatment will be based on the specific symptoms and signs of organ damage.

1. The defeat of the central nervous system.
2. Involving multiple body systems.
3. Generalized form of cytomegalovirus infection should be treated exclusively in the hospital.
4. Children with congenital disease, regardless of its manifestations.
5. Isolation of the virus in the blood by PCR.
6. Children with severe malformations.

After infection with an infectious agent, treatment of CMVI in adults is not carried out. Only after confirming the development of the disease can drugs be prescribed.

Drug treatment is the basis of treatment for CMVI. No folk remedies can save a person from cytomegalovirus reproduction in the body. Using traditional methods instead of adequate drug therapy can lead to disease progression and death.

Finally

Treatment of cytomegalovirus infection is a long process that may require the involvement of several specialists from various fields of medicine. The basis of drug therapy is the use of antiviral agents that are susceptible to cytomegalovirus.

Even strict adherence to all the recommendations of the doctor and the reception of prescribed funds does not guarantee the absence of a relapse of the disease. Especially often the return of the disease is observed in persons with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. Therefore, the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection is carried out in conjunction with the correction of the basic condition of the sick person.
  Treatment of cytomegalovirus begins with confirmation of the diagnosis and determination of the attending physician in the specialized department. The basis of therapy is antiviral drugs, but also used symptomatic agents that alleviate the human condition.

Viruses upon entering the body do not detect themselves, which is caused by the stability of immunity. If a person gets sick or feels the approach of seasonal avitaminosis, then the hidden threats immediately undermine the once perfect health, give complications. Especially dangerous is cytomegalovirus - a relative of herpes.

Cytomegalovirus virus

This is a viable infection, equally penetrating into children's and adult organisms, matures asymptomatically for a long time. Without the harmful effects of pathogenic factors for many years can prevail in the stage of rest, remission. Cytomegalovirus infection replenishes the herpesvirus family, it can be diagnosed in the patient's biofluid by laboratory.

Even in the absence of symptoms, the virus carrier is dangerous to others, as it can infect with incurable disease. If it is interesting what cytomegalovirus is, you can always get more detailed information from your local GP. When the code with ICD-10 symbols is indicated in the medical record, its decoding is as follows: a cytomegalovirus infection in a patient.

How is cytomegalovirus transmitted

The carrier of the disease has become a man. Since the pest is found in high concentration in biological fluids, such samples become the main peddler of pathogenic flora. The answer to the question of how infected with cytomegalovirus, is obvious - through a kiss, during sexual contact, when sneezing and talking with the interlocutor. Also, do not exclude the risk of infection during blood transfusion, the transfer of infection to the fetus from a biological mother.

Symptoms

Known are those diagnoses that cannot be overcome by modern medicine. Along with the herpes virus and HIV, it is impossible to eradicate the cytomegalovirus forever - what it is is already clear. Microscopic infection penetrates the bloodstream and causes the body's immune resistance in the form of protein antibodies - lgg and lgm. As a result, suppression of the immune response takes place, the formation of a harmful flora. If cytomegalovirus infection is rapidly developing in the systemic circulation, the symptoms in the body are as follows:

• fever;
• muscle weakness;
• a sharp decline in performance;
• lymph node inflammation and pain;
• problems with hearing, sight, coordination of movement (in hard stage).

It is important to note that in the latent form of the disease, the disturbing symptoms do not bother, and the patient does not even know about the spread of the deadly infection in the body. One has only to get sick, and we are talking about chronic or inflammatory ailments not related to the immune system; how it becomes obvious what CMV is, how the disease behaves in the body, what threatens it.

Among women

It is already known what kind of infection causes the disease, but it is important to add that during pregnancy, the weaker sex against the background of unproductive immunity fall into the risk group. Otherwise, the symptoms of cytomegalovirus in women are similar to the symptoms of the disease in the male body. The presence of common symptoms of influenza can be noted. It:

• body temperature 37 degrees;
• body aches;
• joint pain;
• muscle weakness.

These are symptoms characteristic of the acute stage of the ailment, which further disappear. Cytomegalovirus also becomes chronic, prone to relapses, mainly when immunity is weakened. For an infected young lady, this is a particularly dangerous disease, since the planned pregnancy will not occur or will end in miscarriage.

During pregnancy

During prenatal development, the organism of the future mother is weakened, which is favorable conditions for infection and subsequent spread of the pathogen infection. Cytomegalovirus in pregnant women constitutes a serious threat to the mother and child, and the clinical outcome may be the most unpredictable. Complications for a woman’s health in an “interesting position” can be as follows:

• spontaneous abortion;
• birth bleedings;
• high water flow;
• pathology of the placenta;
• urogenital diseases;
• fetal stillbirth;
• not nursing pregnancy;
• problems in gynecology.

The consequences for the child, starting in the prenatal period, are as follows:

• congenital deafness;
• heart disease;
• hydrocephalus;
• diseases of the eyes and teeth;
• impaired mental development.

Cytomegalovirus in newborns

If the mother has become infected with an incurable infection while carrying the fetus, the baby is born with cytomegalovirus. When the pregnant woman during the conception period was already a carrier of the virus, the baby can be born healthy. If you discover a congenital cytomegalovirus, the microbe turns a new person into an invalid from the first days of life. Doctors strongly recommend with particular responsibility to approach the planning of pregnancy.

In men

The disease can also appear in the male body, while being masked for a long time under the classic symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections, affects physical activity, causes a breakdown. Genital cytomegalovirus is an asymptomatic ailment, but when immunity is weakened, the symptoms of the disease are as follows:

1. The main symptoms. This is a general intoxication of the body with acute malaise and a violation of subfebrile body temperature.
2. Secondary symptoms. Pathology of the urogenital sphere, when the pathological process extends to the urethra.
3. Clinical symptoms. Skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, nasal congestion, systematic migraine attacks, general weakness of the body.

Cytomegalovirus - diagnosis

The patient may have heard what a cytomegalovirus infection is, but it is difficult for him to imagine how to accurately diagnose the indicated ailment. The work will be taken already by medical workers who recommend a comprehensive examination, based on the study of the concentration and composition of biological fluids of the body. The following procedures are required:

• serological examination to determine the avidity of a pathogen infection;
• cytological analysis of tissues to identify the degree of damage to cellular structures;
• ELISA for simple and rapid detection of antibodies in the blood;
• light microscopy to determine the extent of damage to tissues and cells;
• dNA diagnostics for cellular modifications;
• PCR to find out where the disease has come from;
• urinalysis to determine additional pathological processes in the body.

Blood test

Laboratory studies help to study not only the concentration of infection in a biological fluid, but also the stage of its development. For example, during serological testing, cytomegalovirus indicators determine the activity of a characteristic disease. Alternatively, the jump of immunoglobulins M characterizes the stage of relapse, and the excess of the norm of immunoglobulins G is more suitable for the period of remission of this disease.

How to treat cytomegalovirus

What the doctors did not do already, what therapeutic measures were not carried out, they did not manage to achieve a full recovery of the clinical patient. Treatment of cytomegalovirus infection is aimed at strengthening the immune system, preventive measures and reducing the number of relapses of the underlying disease. Doctors know what CMV is, but they don’t even know how to cure it. The approach to the problem is complex, it involves taking the following drugs:

1. Antiviral drugs: Panavir, Ganciclovir, Forskanet.
2. Interferons: Viferon, Cycloferon, Leukinferon.
3. Immunoglobulins: Megalotect, Cytotect.
4. Symptomatic treatment: for medical reasons.

In children

If the child is sick, the choice of intensive care depends on his age group. Children under 6 years old can only eliminate cold symptoms by conservative methods, and older children should already take antiviral drugs to reduce the activity of a dangerous infection. In the latter case, it is important to recall that such drugs have a toxic effect, have side effects. Before curing cytomegalovirus medication, you need to consult with the local pediatrician.

Is Cytomegalovirus Dangerous?

A carrier of a dangerous infection can infect people with whom it contacts to one degree or another. He does not need to be treated if the immunity is strong. However, over time, the immune response noticeably weakens, and the cytomegalovirus gradually destroys the internal organs. The nervous system suffers. When a patient asks if a cytomegalovirus is dangerous, doctors always answer in the affirmative, and it does not matter if an adult is injured or a child.

Prevention

1. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is of great importance to prevent the activity of a pathogen infection in the body.
2. Timely treatment of viral and colds, preventive measures.
3. With the manifestation of cytomegalovirus, it is necessary to immediately be examined, find out and eliminate the cause of the pathology, determine the treatment regimen
4. If the smear is positive, the patient will have to be treated for a long time.
5. The best prevention of cytomegalovirus is the timely strengthening of immunity using medical and natural methods.

Video

Modern statistics show that every fifth child becomes infected with cytomegalovirus at 1 year of age. Among the ways of infection the most dangerous is intrauterine infection. Thus, from 5 to 7 percent of children become infected. About 30 percent of cases of transmission of the virus to the baby occur during breastfeeding. The rest of the children are infected in children's groups. In adolescence, the virus occurs in 15 percent of children. At the age of 35, more than 40 percent of the population faces the disease, and by the age of 50, 99 percent of people become infected with the virus.

In the United States of America, congenital infection is diagnosed in 3 percent of all newborns, of which 80 percent have clinical manifestations in the form of various pathologies. Mortality in congenital cytomegalovirus with complications at birth is 20 percent, ranging from 8,000 to 10,000 children annually. In the absence of complications at the time of birth, 15 percent of the children infected during the prenatal development of children subsequently develop various diseases. Between 3 and 5 percent of children worldwide contract the infection in the first 7 days of life.

Among pregnant women, about 2 percent of women are exposed to primary infection. The probability of transmission of the virus at the time of childbearing at the initial infection is from 30 to 50 percent. Such children are born with the following deviations - neurosensory disorders - from 5 to 13 percent; mental retardation - up to 13 percent; bilateral hearing loss - up to 8 percent.

Interesting facts about cytomegalovirus infection

One of the names of cytomegalovirus is the expression “disease of civilization”, which explains the widespread spread of this infection. Also such names as viral salivary gland disease, cytomegaly, a disease with inclusions are found. At the beginning of the 19th century, this disease bore the romantic name “Kiss Disease”, since at that time it was believed that infection with this virus occurs through saliva at the time of kisses. The true infectious agent was discovered by Margaret Gladys Smith in 1956. This scientist was able to isolate the virus from the urine of an infected child. A year later, Weller’s research team began to investigate the causative agent of the infection, and three years later the name “cytomegalovirus” was introduced.
  Despite the fact that by the age of 50 years, almost every person on the planet has experienced this disease, in no developed country in the world is it recommended to conduct a study on the detection of CMV in pregnant women in the usual way. In publications of the American College of Obstetricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics, it is said that diagnosing CMV infection in pregnant women and newborns is not advisable due to the lack of a vaccine and a specially developed treatment against this virus. Similar recommendations were published by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in the UK in 2003. According to representatives of this organization, diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women is not necessary, since it is not possible to predict which complications will develop in a child. Also in favor of this conclusion is the fact that today there is no adequate prevention of transmission from mother to fetus.

The findings of the colleges of America and the UK are reduced to the fact that a systematic examination for the determination of cytomegalovirus in pregnant women is not recommended because of the large number of unexplored factors of this disease. A mandatory recommendation to comply with is to provide all pregnant women with information that will allow them to observe precautionary measures and hygiene in the prevention of this disease.

What is cytomegalovirus?

Cytomegalovirus is one of the most common human pathogens. Once in the body, the virus can cause a clinically pronounced cytomegalovirus infection or remain in a dormant state throughout life. To date, there are no drugs that could remove the cytomegalovirus from the body.

Cytomegalovirus structure

  Cytomegalovirus - is one of the largest virus particles. Its diameter is 150 - 200 nanometers. Hence its name - translated from ancient Greek - “a large viral cell”.
  The adult mature cytomegalovirus virus particle is called the virion. Virion has a spherical shape. Its structure is complex and consists of several components.

The components of the cytomegalovirus virion are:

• virus genome;
• nucleocapsid;
• protein ( protein) matrix;
• supercapsid.

Virus genome
  The cytomegalovirus genome is concentrated in the nucleus ( core) virion. It is a bundle of tightly packed double stranded DNA helix ( deoxyribonucleic acid), which contains all the genetic information of the virus.

Nucleocapsid
  "Nucleocapsid" is translated from the ancient Greek language as "the shell of the nucleus." It is a protein layer that surrounds the genome of the virus. The nucleocapsid is formed from 162 capsomeres ( protein shell fragments). Capsomeres form a geometric shape with pentagonal and hexagonal faces arranged according to the type of cubic symmetry.

Protein Matrix
  The protein matrix occupies the entire space between the nucleocapsid and the outer shell of the virion. The proteins that make up the protein matrix are activated when the virus enters the host cell and participate in the reproduction of new viral units.

Supercapsid
  The outer shell of the virion is called supercapsid. It consists of a large number of glycoproteins ( complex protein structures containing carbohydrate components). Glycoproteins are located in a supercapsid unequally. Some of them protrude above the surface of the main layer of glycoproteins, forming small “spines”. With the help of these glycoproteins, the virion "feels" and analyzes the external environment. When a virus comes into contact with any cell of the human body, it attaches with the help of spines and penetrates it.

Properties of cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus has a number of important biological properties that determine its pathogenicity.

The main properties of cytomegalovirus are:

• low virulence ( degree of pathogenicity);
• latency;
• slow reproduction;
• pronounced cytopathic ( destructive cell) Effect;
• reactivation upon immunodepression of the host;
• instability in the external environment;
• low contagiousness ( ability to infect).

Low virulence
  More than 60–70 percent of the adult population under 50 and more than 95 percent of the population over 50 are infected with cytomegalovirus. However, most people do not even know that they are carriers of this virus. Most often, the virus is in a latent form or causes minimal clinical manifestations. This is due to its low virulence.

Latency
  Once in the human body, cytomegalovirus is stored in it for life. Thanks to the body’s immune defense, the virus can exist for a long time in a latent, dormant state, without causing any clinical manifestations of the disease.

With the help of glycoprotein spines, the virion recognizes and attaches to the shell of the desired cell. Gradually, the outer membrane of the virus fuses with the cell membrane and the nucleocapsid penetrates inside. Inside the host cell, the nucleocapsid inserts its DNA into the nucleus, leaving a protein matrix on the nuclear membrane. Using cell nucleus enzymes, viral DNA multiplies. The protein matrix of the virus, which remains outside the nucleus, synthesizes new capsid proteins. This process is the longest - takes an average of 15 hours. The synthesized proteins pass inside the nucleus and combine with new viral DNA, forming the nucleocapsid. Gradually synthesized proteins of the new matrix, which is attached to the nucleocapsid. The nucleocapsid leaves the cell nucleus, attaches itself to the inner surface of the cell membrane and is enveloped in it, creating a supercapsid for itself. Copies of the virion that have left the cell are ready for penetration into another healthy cell for further reproduction.

Reactivation of the host when immunodepressed
  For a long time, cytomegalovirus may be in a latent state in the human body. However, under the conditions of immunosuppression, when the human immune system is weakened or destroyed, the virus is activated and begins to enter the host cells for reproduction. As soon as the immune system returns to normal, the virus is suppressed and hibernates.

The main adverse environmental factors for cytomegalovirus are:

• high temperatures ( more than 40 - 50 degrees Celsius);
• freezing;
• liposolvents ( alcohol, ether, detergents).

Low contagiousness
With a single contact with a virus, it is almost impossible to become infected with a cytomegalovirus infection, thanks to a good immune system and the protective barriers of the human body. For virus infection requires prolonged continuous contact with the source of infection.

Methods of Infection with Cytomegalovirus

  Cytomegalovirus has a rather low contagiousness, therefore, for the infection it is necessary to have several favorable factors.

Favorable factors for cytomegalovirus infection are:

• constant, long and close contact with the source of infection;
• violation of the biological protective barrier - the presence of tissue damage ( cuts, wounds, microtraumas, erosiona) at the site of contact with the infection;
• disorders in the immune system of the body during hypothermia, stress, infection, various internal diseases.

  The only reservoir of cytomegalovirus infection is a sick person or latent carrier. Penetration of the virus into the body of a healthy person is possible in various ways.

Methods of Infection with Cytomegalovirus

Ways of transmission	Through what is transmitted	Entrance gate
Contact and household	objects and things that are constantly in contact with the patient or the virus carrier.	skin and mucous membranes.
Airborne	saliva; sputum; a tear.	skin and mucous membranes of the mouth; mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract ( nasopharynx, trachea).
Contact sexual	sperm; mucus from the cervical canal; vaginal secret.	skin and mucous membranes of the genitals and anus;
Oral	breast milk; infected products, objects, hands.	oral mucosa.
Transplacental	mother's blood; placenta.	respiratory tract mucosa; skin and mucous membranes.
Iatrogenic	blood transfusion from a virus carrier or patient; therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations with untreated medical instruments.	blood; skin and mucous membranes; tissues and organs.
Transplantation	infected organ, donor tissue.	blood; fabrics; organs.

Contact-household way

  Contact-household cytomegalovirus infection is more common in closed teams ( family, kindergarten, camp). Personal and personal hygiene items of a virus carrier or patient are infected with various body fluids ( saliva, urine, blood). With constant non-compliance with hygienic norms, cytomegalovirus infection is easily spread throughout the team.

Airborne path

Cytomegalovirus is excreted from the patient or carrier with sputum, saliva, tears. When coughing, sneezing, these fluids spread in the air in the form of microparticles. A healthy person becomes infected with a virus by inhaling these microparticles. The entrance gates are the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and the oral cavity.

Contact-sexual way

  One of the most common routes of transmission of cytomegalovirus infection is the contact-sexual way. Unprotected sexual intercourse with a patient or virus carrier leads to cytomegalovirus infection. The virus is secreted with sperm, mucus of the cervix and vagina and enters the body of a healthy partner through the mucous membranes of the genital organs. In unconventional sexual intercourse, the mucous membranes of the anus and the oral cavity can become the entrance gates.

Oral way

  In children, the most common route of infection with cytomegalovirus is the oral route. The virus enters the body through contaminated hands and objects that children constantly pull into the mouth.
  Infection can spread with saliva when kissing, which also applies to oral transmission.

Transplacental way

  When cytomegalovirus infection is activated in pregnant women against the background of reduced immunity, the child is infected. The virus can enter the body of the fetus with the blood of the mother through the umbilical artery, causing various pathologies of fetal development.
  Also, infection is possible during childbirth. With the mother's blood, the virus enters the skin and mucous membranes of the fetus. If their integrity is violated, then the virus enters the body of the newborn.

Iatrogenic way

  Infection of the body with cytomegalovirus can be as a result of blood transfusion ( blood transfusion) from an infected donor. A single blood transfusion usually does not lead to the spread of cytomegalovirus infection. The most vulnerable are patients in need of frequent or permanent blood transfusions. These include patients with various blood diseases. The body of these patients is weakened. Their immune system is suppressed by the underlying disease and cannot fight the virus. Permanent blood transfusions promote cytomegalovirus infection.

Cytomegalovirus can also enter the body through multiple use of unsterilized medical equipment.

Transplant path

Cytomegalovirus can persist for a long time in the organs and tissues of the donor. For organ transplants, patients are given immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection. Against the background of immunosuppression, cytomegalovirus is activated and spread throughout the body of the patient.

The spread of cytomegalovirus infection in the body proceeds in several stages.

The stages of the spread of cytomegalovirus infection are:

• local cell damage;
• distribution in regional lymph nodes;
• primary immune response;
• circulation in the circulatory and lymphatic systems;
• dissemination ( spreada) in organs and tissues;
• secondary immune response.

  When cytomegalovirus enters the body directly through the blood during blood transfusion or organ transplantation, the first two stages are absent.
  Cytomegalovirus infection in most cases enters the body through the skin or mucous membranes, in which integrity is violated.

At this time in the human body activates the immune system, which suppresses the spread of foreign particles in the blood and lymph. However, immunity is not able to completely destroy the infection. Cytomegalovirus can persist for a long time in a latent state in the lymph nodes.

In the case of immunosuppression, the body is not able to stop the multiplication of the virus. Cytomegalovirus enters the blood cells and spreads to all organs and tissues, affecting them.
  When the secondary immune response produces a large number of antibodies to the virus, which inhibit its further replication ( breeding). The patient recovers, but becomes a carrier ( virus persists in lymphoid cells).

Symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection in women

  Symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection in women depend on the form of the disease. In 90 percent of cases, women have a latent form of the disease without pronounced symptoms. In other cases, cytomegalovirus occurs with severe damage to internal organs.

After penetration of cytomegalovirus into the human body, an incubation period begins. In this period, the virus actively replicates in the body, but without the onset of any symptoms. With cytomegalovirus infection, this period lasts from 20 to 60 days. Next comes the acute phase of the disease. In women with strong immunity, this phase can occur with mild flu-like symptoms. Insignificant temperature may be observed ( 36.9 - 37.1 degrees Celsius), slight discomfort, weakness. As a rule, this period goes unnoticed. However, an increase in the antibody titer in her blood suggests the presence of cytomegalovirus in the woman’s body. If she makes a serological diagnosis during this period, then antibodies of the acute phase to this virus will be detected ( anti-CMV IgM).

The acute phase of cytomegalovirus lasts from 4 to 6 weeks. After that, the infection subsides and is activated only with a decrease in immunity. In this form, the infection can persist for life. Only with random or routine diagnostics can it be detected. In this case, in the blood of a woman or in a smear, if PCR-smearing is performed, antibodies of the chronic phase to cytomegalovirus are detected ( anti-CMV IgG).

It is estimated that 99 percent of the population is carriers of a latent cytomegalovirus infection, and these people show anti-CMV IgG. If the infection does not manifest itself, and the woman’s immunity is strong enough to keep the virus in an inactive form, then it becomes a virus carrier. As a rule, virus carrier is not dangerous. But at the same time, in women, latent cytomegalovirus infection can be the cause of miscarriages, the birth of dead children.

In women with a weakened immune system, the infection proceeds in an active form. In this case, there are two forms of the disease - acute mononucleosis-like and generalized form.

Acute form of cytomegalovirus infection

  This form of infection resembles infectious mononucleosis. It begins abruptly, with a rise in temperature and chills. The main characteristic of this period is generalized lymphadenopathy ( swollen lymph nodes). As with infectious mononucleosis, an increase in lymph nodes is observed from 0.5 to 3 centimeters. The nodes are painful, but not soldered to each other, but soft and elastic.

First, the cervical lymph nodes are enlarged. They can be very large and exceed 5 centimeters. Next, the submaxillary, axillary and inguinal nodes are enlarged. The internal lymph nodes are also enlarged. Lymphadenopathy appears the first of the symptoms and the last disappears.

Other symptoms of the acute phase are:

• malaise;
• enlarged liver ( hepatomegaly);
• increased white blood cells;
• appearance in the blood of atypical mononuclears.

Differences between cytomegalovirus and infectious mononucleosis
  Unlike infectious mononucleosis, no sore throat is observed with cytomegalovirus. Also extremely rarely is an increase in the occipital lymph nodes and spleen ( splenomegaly). In laboratory diagnosis, the Paul-Bunnel reaction, which is inherent in infectious mononucleosis, is negative.

Generalized form of cytomegalovirus infection

  This form of the disease is extremely rare and very difficult. As a rule, it develops in women with immunodeficiency or against other infections. Immunodeficiency conditions can be the result of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or HIV infection. In a generalized form, internal organs, vessels, nerves, and salivary glands can be affected.

The most frequent manifestations of generalized infection are:

• liver damage with the development of cytomegalovirus hepatitis;
• damage to the lungs with the development of pneumonia;
• retinal lesion with retinitis development;
• defeat of the salivary glands with the development of sialoadenitis;
• kidney damage with the development of nephritis;
• damage to the organs of the reproductive system.

Cytomegalovirus hepatitis
  When cytomegalovirus hepatitis is affected as hepatocytes ( liver cells), and the vessels of the liver. Inflammatory infiltration develops in the liver, the phenomenon of necrosis ( plots of death). At the same time, the dead cells exfoliate and fill the bile ducts. There is a stagnation of bile, resulting in jaundice. The color of the skin becomes yellowish. Such complaints appear as nausea, vomiting, weakness. The blood level increases bilirubin, hepatic transaminases. The liver at the same time increases, becomes painful. Hepatic failure develops.

The course of hepatitis can be acute, subacute and chronic. In the first case, the so-called fulminant hepatitis develops, often with a fatal outcome.

Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection is reduced to puncture biopsy. With the help of puncture a piece of liver tissue is taken for further histological examination. At research in fabric huge cytomegalic cells are found.

Cytomegalovirus pneumonia
  In cytomegalovirus, as a rule, interstitial pneumonia initially develops. In this type of pneumonia, it is not the alveoli that are affected, but their walls, capillaries, and tissue around the lymphatic vessels. This pneumonia is difficult to treat, resulting in a long-lasting.

Very often, such prolonged pneumonia is complicated by the addition of a bacterial infection. As a rule, staphylococcal flora joins with the development of purulent pneumonia. Body temperature rises to 39 degrees Celsius, fever and chills develop. The cough quickly becomes wet with a large amount of purulent sputum. Shortness of breath develops, pain in the chest appears.

In addition to pneumonia, cytomegalovirus infections can develop bronchitis, bronchiolitis. Also affects the lymph nodes of the lungs.

Cytomegalovirus retinitis
  When retinitis affects the retina. Retinitis usually occurs bilaterally and may be complicated by blindness.

Symptoms of retinitis are:

• photophobia;
• blurred vision;
• "Flies" before the eyes;
• the appearance of lightning and flashes before our eyes.

  Cytomegalovirus retinitis can occur along with damage to the choroid ( chorioretinitis). Such a course of the disease in 50 percent of cases occurs in people with HIV infection.

Cytomegalovirus sialadenitis
  Sialadenitis is characterized by lesions of the salivary glands. Very often the parotid glands are affected. In the acute course of sialoadenitis, the temperature rises, shooting pains appear in the gland area, salivation decreases and dryness is felt in the mouth ( dry mouth).

Very often, cytomegalovirus sialadenitis is characterized by a chronic course. In this case, there are periodic pain, slight swelling in the region of the parotid gland. The main symptom continues to be reduced salivation.

Kidney damage
  Very often in people with active cytomegalovirus infection, the kidneys are affected. In this case, inflammatory infiltration is found in the tubules of the kidney, in its capsule and in the glomeruli. In addition to the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder can be affected. The disease occurs with the rapid development of renal failure. In the urine appears sediment, which consists of epithelium and cytomegalovirus cells. Sometimes hematuria appears ( blood in the urine).

Damage to the reproductive organs
  In women, very often the infection occurs in the form of cervicitis, endometritis and salpingitis. As a rule, they occur chronically with periodic exacerbations. A woman may complain of recurrent, softly expressed pain in the lower abdomen, pain when urinating, or pain during intercourse. Sometimes there may be urination disorders.

Cytomegalovirus infection in women with AIDS

It is estimated that 9 out of 10 AIDS patients suffer from an active form of cytomegalovirus infection. In most cases, cytomegalovirus infection is the cause of death of patients. Studies have shown that cytomegalovirus is reactivated when the number of lymphocytes CD-4 becomes less than 50 per milliliter. Most often pneumonia and encephalitis develop.

Patients with AIDS develop bilateral pneumonia with diffuse lung tissue damage. Pneumonia is often protracted, with a painful cough and shortness of breath. Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death in HIV infection.

Also, patients with AIDS develop cytomegalovirus encephalitis. With encephalitis with encephalopathy, dementia develops rapidly ( dementia), which is manifested by a decrease in memory, attention, intelligence. One form of cytomegalovirus encephalitis is ventriculoencephalitis, in which the ventricles of the brain and the cranial nerves are affected. Patients complain of drowsiness, severe weakness, impaired visual acuity.
  The defeat of the nervous system during cytomegalovirus infection is sometimes accompanied by polyradiculopathy. At the same time, the nerve roots are multiply affected, which is accompanied by weakness and pain in the legs. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in women with HIV infection is often the cause of complete loss of vision.

Cytomegalovirus infection with AIDS is characterized by multiple lesions of the internal organs. In the last stages of the disease, multiorgan failure with damage to the heart, blood vessels, liver, and eyes is detected.

Pathologies that cause cytomegalovirus in women with immunodeficiency are:

• kidney damage  - acute and chronic nephritis ( kidney inflammation), foci of necrosis on the adrenal glands;
• liver disease  - Hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis ( inflammation and narrowing of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tractjaundice ( a disease in which the skin and mucous membranes are painted yellow), liver failure;
• pancreatic diseases  - pancreatitis ( pancreatic inflammation);
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract  - gastroenterocolitis ( joint inflammation of the small, large intestine and stomach), esophagitis ( damage to the mucosa of the esophagus) enterocolitis ( inflammatory processes in the small and large intestine), colitis ( colon inflammation);
• lung disease  - pneumonia ( pneumonia);
• eye diseases  - retinitis ( retinal disease), retinopathy ( non-inflammatory eyeball damage). Eye problems occur in 70 percent of patients with HIV infection. About one fifth of patients lose their sight;
• damage to the spinal cord and brain  - meningoencephalitis ( inflammation of the membranes and substances of the brain) encephalitis ( brain damage), myelitis ( spinal cord inflammation) polyradiculopathy ( damage to the nerve roots of the spinal cord), polyneuropathy of the lower extremities ( disturbances in the peripheral nervous system), cerebral cortex infarction;
• diseases of the genitourinary system  - cervical cancer, damage to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, endometrium.

Symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection in children

  In children, there are two forms of cytomegalovirus infection - congenital and acquired.

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in children

  Almost always, infection of children with cytomegalovirus occurs in utero. Through the placenta, the virus enters the child’s body from the mother’s blood. The mother may suffer from a primary cytomegalovirus infection, or she may be reactivated chronic.

Cytomegalovirus belongs to the group of TORCH infections, which lead to severe malformations. When a virus enters the child’s blood, a congenital infection does not always develop. According to various sources, from 5 to 10 percent of children whose virus has penetrated develop an active form of the infection. As a rule, these are the children of those mothers who had a primary cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy.
  With the reactivation of chronic infection during pregnancy, the degree of intrauterine infection does not exceed 1 - 2 percent. In the future, 20% of these children have serious pathologies.

The clinical manifestations of congenital cytomegalovirus infection are:

• malformations of the nervous system - microcephaly, hydrocephalus, meningitis; meningoencephalitis;
• dandy-Walker syndrome;
• heart defects - carditis, myocarditis, cardiomegaly, valvular defects;
• hearing impairment - congenital deafness;
• lesion of the visual apparatus - cataract, retinitis, chorioretinitis, keratoconjunctivitis;
• anomalies of tooth development.

Children born with acute cytomegalovirus infection are usually premature. They have multiple abnormalities in the development of internal organs, most often microcephaly. Already from the first hours of life they have a fever, hemorrhages appear on the skin and mucous membranes, jaundice develops. The rash is profuse, all over the body of the child and sometimes looks like a rash with rubella. Due to acute brain damage, tremors and convulsions are observed. The liver and spleen are sharply enlarged.

In the blood of these children there is an increase in liver enzymes, bilirubin, the number of platelets drops sharply ( thrombocytopenia). Mortality in this period is very high. The surviving children subsequently observed mental retardation, speech disorders. Most children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection are deaf, less often blindness.

Due to damage to the nervous system, paralysis, epilepsy, and intracranial hypertension syndrome develop. Subsequently, these children lag behind not only in mental but also in physical development.

A separate variant of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is Dandy-Walker syndrome. In this syndrome, there are various cerebellar abnormalities and ventricular dilatation. Mortality in this case ranges from 30 to 50 percent.

The frequency of symptoms in intrauterine CMV infection in children is as follows:

• skin rash - from 60 to 80 percent;
• hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes - 76 percent;
• jaundice - 67 percent;
• enlarged liver and spleen - 60 percent;
• decrease in the size of the skull and brain - 53 percent;
• disorders of the digestive system - 50 percent;
• prematurity - 34 percent;
• hepatitis — 20 percent;
• brain inflammation - 15 percent;
• inflammation of the blood vessels and retina - 12 percent.

  Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can occur in a latent form. In this case, the children also lag behind in development, their hearing is also reduced. A feature of latent infection in children is that many of them are prone to infectious diseases. In the first years of life, this is manifested by recurrent stomatitis, otitis media, bronchitis. The bacterial flora often joins the dormant infection.

Acquired cytomegalovirus infection in children

Acquired cytomegalovirus infection is the one with which the child becomes infected after birth. Infection with cytomegalovirus can occur both intrapartum and postnatally. Intranatal infection is one that occurs during childbirth. Infection with cytomegalovirus in this way occurs during the passage of the child through the genital tract. Postnatal ( after birtha) infection can occur during breastfeeding or household contact from other family members.

The nature of the effects of acquired cytomegalovirus infection depends on the age of the child and the state of his immune system. The most common consequence of the virus is acute respiratory disease ( Colds), which are accompanied by inflammation of the bronchi, pharynx and larynx. Often there is a defeat of the salivary glands, most often in the parotid areas. A characteristic complication of acquired infection are inflammatory processes in the connective tissues in the region of the pulmonary alveoli. Another manifestation of cytomegalovirus infection is hepatitis, which occurs in a subacute or chronic form. A rare complication of the virus is damage to the central nervous system such as encephalitis ( brain inflammation).

Symptoms of an acquired type of cytomegalovirus infection are:

• children under 1 year  - lag in physical development with impaired motor activity and frequent convulsions. Gastrointestinal lesions, vision problems, hemorrhages may occur;
• children from 1 year to 2 years  - most often the disease manifests itself with mononucleosis ( viral disease), the consequences of which are an increase in lymph nodes, swelling of the mucous throat, liver damage, changes in the composition of the blood;
• children from 2 to 5 years  - The immune system at this age is not able to adequately respond to the virus. The disease causes such complications as dyspnea, cyanosis ( bluish coloration of the skin), pneumonia.

The latent form of the infection can occur in two forms - a latent and subclinical form. In the first case, the child does not show any symptoms of infection. In the second case, the symptoms of the infection are erased and not pronounced. As in adults, the infection can subside and not manifest itself for a long time. Preschool children are becoming susceptible to colds. There is a slight increase in lymph nodes with mild subfebrile temperature. However, acquired cytomegalovirus infection, unlike congenital, is not accompanied by a lag in mental or physical development. It does not represent such danger as congenital. At the same time, the reactivation of the infection may be accompanied by the phenomenon of hepatitis, damage to the nervous system.

Acquired cytomegalovirus infection in children can also be a consequence of blood transfusions or transplantation of internal organs. In this case, the virus penetrates the body with donor blood or organs. Such an infection usually proceeds as a mononucleosis syndrome. This increases the temperature, there are nasal discharge and sore throat. At the same time in children lymph nodes increase. The main manifestation of post-transfusion cytomegalovirus infection is hepatitis.

Cytomegalovirus pneumonia develops in 20 percent of cases after organ transplantation. After kidney or heart transplantation, the virus causes hepatitis, retinitis and colitis.

In children with immunodeficiency ( for example sufferers of malignant diseases) cytomegalovirus infection is very difficult. As in adults, it leads to prolonged pneumonia, fulminant hepatitis, impaired vision. Reactivation of the virus begins with a rise in temperature and chills. Often, children develop a hemorrhagic rash that affects the entire body. Internal organs such as the liver, lungs, and central nervous system are involved in the pathological process.

Symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection in women during pregnancy

  Pregnant women are most vulnerable to the harmful effects of cytomegalovirus, since the immune system during the period of carrying a child is significantly weakened. Both the risk of primary infection and exacerbation of the virus increases if it is already in the patient's body. Complications can develop in both the woman and the fetus.

During the initial infection with the virus or its reactivation, a number of symptoms may occur in pregnant women, which can manifest themselves or in combination. Some women are diagnosed with increased uterine tone, which is not amenable to treatment.

Manifestations of CMV infection in pregnant women are:

• high water flow;
• premature aging or placental abruption;
• incorrect attachment of the placenta;
• large blood loss during childbirth;
• spontaneous miscarriages.

  Most often in pregnant women, cytomegalovirus infection is manifested by inflammatory processes in the urogenital system. The most characteristic symptoms in this case are painful sensations in the organs of the urogenital system and the appearance of bluish-white vaginal discharge.

Inflammatory processes in the urogenital system in pregnant women with CMV are:

• endometritis (inflammation of the uterus) - pain in the abdomen ( lower part). In some cases, the pain may be given to the back or sacrum. Also, patients complain of poor overall health, lack of appetite, headaches;
• cervicitis (cervical lesion) - discomfort during intimacy, itching in the genitals, aching pain in the perineum and lower abdomen;
• vaginitis (vaginal inflammation) - irritation of the genital organs, an increase in body temperature, discomfort during intercourse, pain of the whining character in the lower abdomen, redness and swelling of the external genital organs, frequent urination;
• oophoritis (ovarian inflammation) - feeling of pain in the pelvis and lower abdomen, bleeding that occurs after intercourse, discomfort in the lower abdomen, pain when intimacy with a man;
• cervical erosion  - the appearance of blood in the discharge after intimacy, abundant vaginal discharge, sometimes pain may be slightly pronounced during sexual intercourse.

  A distinctive feature of diseases caused by a virus is their chronic or subclinical course, whereas bacterial lesions most often occur in an acute or subacute form. Also, viral lesions of the organs of the urogenital system are often accompanied by such nonspecific complaints as pain in the joints, a rash on the skin, and an increase in lymph nodes in the parotid and submandibular zones. In some cases, the bacterial infection joins the virus, making it difficult to diagnose the disease.

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