However, the development of an allergic reaction can cause and pathogenic microorganisms leading to various diseases. In this case, an infectious or viral allergy occurs in children.
General information
Viral allergy occurs as a result of penetration into the child's body various viruses.
The body's immune system produces an appropriate reaction, secretes an increased number of mast cells, which must fight pathogenic microflora.
With increased sensitivity of the body to this irritant (virus cells), mast cells are destroyed, as a result of which a substance is released into the body - histamine, which is toxic, and leads to the development of symptoms characteristic of allergies.
Moreover, this reaction can occur not only in the presence of the virus itself, but also in the waste products of this microorganism.
There is also such a thing as an infectious allergy, which occurs when not only virus cells, but also various kinds enter the child's body. bacteria, fungi.
This type of allergic reaction develops against the background of other diseases, the causative agents of which are one or another infection.
What is an allergen?
An infectious-viral allergy occurs in a child when his body comes into contact with:
Causes
The main cause of the development of the disease is the penetration into the body of the child causative infection.
In addition, it is necessary that the child's body is characterized by increased sensitivity to the microorganism and its metabolic products.
In order for the child to have an allergic reaction to viruses, bacteria and other pathogenic microflora, such factors are required. how:
Provoke the development of the disease can be such serious illness as: syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, plague, dysentery, typhoid, brucellosis, fungal infections of the skin and internal organs.
Even a small content of pathogens in the child's body can cause the development of an allergic reaction.
This situation occurs, for example, when certain infectious samples(such as the Mantoux reaction) when a small amount of a drug containing a virus or other infection is injected into a child's body to determine its susceptibility.
Can allergies in children have a cumulative effect? Learn about it from ours.
Classification and types
Depending on what caused the development of an allergic reaction, the following types of infectious allergies are distinguished:
- viral(developing as a result of the penetration of a pathogen into the child's body);
- bacterial(arising from contact with pathogenic bacteria);
- fungal(occurring with a fungal infection of the body, that is, skin, nails, internal organs).
Symptoms and signs
Viral allergy in a child - photo:
You can recognize the development of a viral allergy by the following characteristic manifestations this disease, such as:
- Redness of certain parts of the body, the formation of specific nodular or vesicular rashes on them.
- Severe itching of the skin.
- Nasal congestion, the appearance of clear discharge from the nasal cavity.
- Lacrimation, development of signs of conjunctivitis.
- Violation of the organs digestive systems s, manifested in the form pain in the abdomen, stool disorders, the appearance of vomiting.
- A strong dry cough, the attacks of which cause serious discomfort to the child.
- Difficulty breathing, the child has shortness of breath, breathing becomes heavy and noisy.
- Enlarged lymph nodes, most often located in the area where the virus enters the body.
- An increase in body temperature (sometimes hyperthermia occurs suddenly, temperature indicators reach high levels).
Diagnostics
The diagnosis begins with the collection of an anamnesis of the disease.
In particular, the doctor reveals the increased sensitivity of the child's body to allergic reactions, aggravated heredity, the conditions under which typical allergy symptoms(whether the child had any viral disease, the nature and duration of its course).
How often a child gets viral diseases is also important, since children most susceptible to developing them are more likely to develop the corresponding type of allergy.
Next, the patient is examined, identifying the characteristic symptoms of pathology. Necessary and conducting laboratory research in particular, a blood test to determine the number of mast cells and their rate of decay.
differential
When an allergic reaction occurs it is important to identify the cause this reaction of the child's body, that is, a specific pathogen.
Held differential diagnosis post-vaccination allergy. To do this, the child is prescribed various tests (skin or subcutaneous), for example, the Mantoux reaction.
After that, the doctor observes the reaction of the body of a small patient. In the presence of allergies after such tests the child develops the corresponding symptoms of the disease, in particular:
- redness of the skin at the injection site, the occurrence of a painful papular formation in this area;
- death of tissue cells in the area;
- deterioration in the general well-being of the child.
What is dangerous?
Viral allergies can lead to various kinds of complications associated with respiratory disorders (for example, the appearance of severe suffocation, which can lead to the death of a child), damage to the eyes, joints (infectious-allergic arthritis), significantly worsening the quality of life of a child.
When the internal organs are damaged, their functionality is significantly reduced, which also contributes to the development of certain health problems.
Treatment
The main method of treatment is taking medications prescribed by a doctor.
Allergies can be caused by various reasons (bacteria, viruses, fungi), so only a doctor should choose a medicine based on this reason.
So, antiviral drugs will not give any effect in case of bacterial or fungal allergies, while they cope with the viral variety of the disease quite effectively. Therefore, before starting treatment, need to identify the allergen, and only a doctor in a clinic can do this.
Medical
The child is prescribed medications of the following groups:
Traditional medicine
Time-tested traditional medicine will help relieve the unpleasant symptoms of allergies. For example, from rashes and itching, it helps well sea buckthorn oil or rosehip oil.
This remedy is needed several times a day. lubricate the affected areas of the skin. The oil has a calming, anti-inflammatory effect, promotes rapid regeneration of damaged skin. For the same purposes, you can use fresh sea buckthorn berries or rose hips.
Dandelion leaf infusion has a pronounced general strengthening effect, helps the child's body to better cope with pathogenic viruses.
To prepare the product, you need to take 2 tbsp. crushed leaves, pour them with a glass of boiling water.
Give the child half a glass 2 times a day.
other methods
If the child's body is prone to viral allergies, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen immunity. For this, a course of immunotherapy with drugs prescribed by a doctor is recommended.
In addition, it is important to adjust the baby's lifestyle, provide him with a long stay in the fresh air, adequate physical activity.
In some cases, the baby is prescribed the introduction of minimal doses of the allergen. This contributes to the restructuring of the child's immunity, the habituation of his body to the presence of the pathogen.
Prevention
For prevent the development of allergic attacks necessary:
An allergic reaction to infections and viruses is a very common phenomenon in children, especially in those who often suffer from various kinds of diseases of a viral or bacterial nature.
In order to get rid of the manifestations of allergies, causative agent needs to be identified. and only then proceed with treatment. The success of therapy largely depends on this.
You can learn about the causes of allergies in infectious diseases from the video:
We kindly ask you not to self-medicate. Sign up to see a doctor!
5274 0
AT last years in clinical allergology, the problems of bacterial allergy are practically supplanted by ideas about the leading role of atopy in the genesis of most allergic diseases.
At the same time, the connection between infection and allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma, is quite obvious.
The role of IgE-dependent processes in the pathogenesis of infectious allergy has been proven.
In this regard, there is currently an interest in the possibility of conducting SIT for infectious and allergic diseases, in particular for bronchial asthma. The development problem is promising effective vaccines for SIT. It should be noted that allergology has accumulated considerable experience in allergen-specific immunotherapy for patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma.
Despite this, in the defining modern document of the SIT, bacterial vaccination is called ineffective (WHO Position Paper. Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases (Allergy. 1998, v53. N 44 (Suppl). Nevertheless, it has been proven that in the presence of immediate type hypersensitivity to specific treatment for microbial allergens is very effective, as evidenced by the work of both domestic and foreign authors.
Probably, the inefficiency of individual works on SIT with bacterial allergens can be explained by the wrong selection of patients for treatment, the lack of appropriate skills in performing SIT by a doctor. In this regard, we devote a special section to the experience of conducting SIT for infectious allergies.
History of the bacterial allergy problem
The problem of allergic reactions in infectious diseases finds its origins in the works of the German physician R. Koch (R. Koch, 1843 - 1910), devoted to the study of tuberculosis. It is known that tuberculosis is one of the most severe infectious diseases, which, thanks to the observations of R. Koch and the work of other researchers, has played the role of the so-called classical model of bacterial allergy.In 1906, S. Pirguet reported on the importance of the scarification test in tuberculin diagnosis and introduced medical practice the term "allergy" (from the Greek "allos" - different, "ergos" - I act), denoting the altered reactivity of the body. Antibodies, which, as previously thought, are produced in the body under the influence of tuberculin, S. Pirguet called "ergins".
In Russia, the allergenic properties of bacteria were studied in the very first works on anaphylaxis and allergy.
P.F. Zdrodovsky on infectious paraallergy made a significant contribution to the doctrine of allergies in general and bacterial allergies in particular. The phenomenon of a generalized allergic reaction to vibrio cholerae endotoxin discovered by him, as A.D. Ado notes, is the first description of this type of reaction. Many terms, criteria and patterns of manifestation of allergic reactions were first established and firmly established in allergology precisely on the basis of the study of bacterial allergies. Following studies on the allergenic activity of the causative agent of tuberculosis, works began to appear very quickly that indicated the allergenic effect of other microorganisms.
Particular attention was paid to the allergenic properties of gram-positive cocci, in particular, hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus. Classical are the works of R. Lancefield on the antigenic and allergenic characteristics of hemolytic streptococci, which indicate that experimental studies have revealed the allergenic effect of their type-specific protein, the so-called M-substance of hemolytic streptococcus.
Extremely milestone development of research in the field of bacterial allergy opened the work of O. Swineford and his staff. In the late 40s, these researchers discovered allergenic properties in 14 species of various microorganisms, namely: hemolytic and viridescent streptococcus, staphylococcus, catarrhal micrococcus, Escherichia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, etc.
For the first time, the attention of researchers was drawn to the allergenic properties of those microbes, the commonwealth of which constituted the so-called normal microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tract.
The results of the assessment of hypersensitivity of patients with infectious-allergic BA to allergens of autogenous strains isolated from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of these patients are presented in Table. eight.
Table 7. Microflora of the pharynx, nose, bronchi in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma
Table 8. Skin and bronchial reactions to bacterial allergens in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma (according to V.N. Fedoseeva, 1980) 
Among the allergens of these crops (neisseria, pneumococcus, staphylococcus, klebsiella, streptococcus, sardine), neisseria and staphylococcus were the leading ones. Significant allergenic activity was noted in Klebsiella, however, the frequency of detection of this microbe in crops from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of patients does not exceed 10 - 15%. But in cases where the microbe was present in the crops, the patient's hypersensitivity to the allergens of this microorganism was pronounced.
Currently, in allergological practice, allergens (and vaccine forms) of pathogens of infectious diseases are widely used for specific diagnosis and therapy: tuberculin, malein, brucellin, lepromin, etc., as well as pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic representatives of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract of patients with respira -torno-allergic diseases: allergens and vaccines from streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, etc.
Considering the history of the problem of bacterial allergy, one can, on the one hand, emphasize the fact that it was in the study of infectious diseases that the very concept of “allergy” and such terms as “type of allergic reaction”, “reaction of a delayed and immediate type” first appeared. , "skin-allergic diagnostic tests", "tuberculin diagnostics", etc., which are firmly established in allergology and are currently used.
On the other hand, it should be noted that allergenic activity is inherent not only in pathogens of infectious diseases, but also in representatives of the so-called conditionally pathogenic microflora of the respiratory tract of patients with respiratory allergic diseases. In addition, it is quite obvious that bacterial allergy has features due to both the properties of the microorganism and the reactivity of the body of a patient with an infectious-allergic disease.
Khutueva S.Kh., Fedoseeva V.N.
Patients with atopic dermatitis are at increased risk of developing infectious complications skin. It has been established that various pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses) can act both as a cause of sensitization of the body and as a trigger that causes an exacerbation of an already existing atopic dermatitis.Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is found in 90% of patients with atopic dermatitis, while in healthy individuals it is sown only in 5% of cases. Colonization and infection of the skin with S. aureus is one of the common causes of exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. At the same time, acute exudative skin lesions can contain over 10 million S. aureus per square meter. cm, its level is also elevated in areas of normal skin in the nose.
aureus secretes superantigens on the surface of the skin - enterotoxin A and B, or toxic shock syndrome toxin. This may be due to increased production of their adhesins and decreased expression of antimicrobial peptides. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 64.2% of children with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis. Most high level bacterial colonization was noted in the group of children with proven allergic sensitization (71% compared with 49% in the group of children with non-allergic atopic dermatitis).
The appearance of clinical signs of atopic dermatitis after the application of staphylococcal exotoxin to the intact skin of a healthy person was confirmed. Specific IgE antibodies to staphylococcal toxins were found in the skin of 75% of patients with atopic dermatitis; a relationship was also found between the level of IgE to superantigens and the severity of atopic dermatitis. Superantigens activate a large number of T cells and thereby promote the massive secretion of cytokines, in particular IL-1, TNFa and IL-12 in epidermal macrophages or Langerhans cells. In addition, local production of these cytokines promotes increased CLA expression on T cells and activation of T cell homing in inflamed skin. In other words, bacterial exotoxins (which are proteins in nature and therefore can themselves act as allergens) in combination with common allergens worsen the eczematous process in the skin, inducing a T-cell response, enhancing and maintaining chronic skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis.
It is also suggested that bacterial superantigens play a role in the formation of resistance and worsening of the response to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Resistance to glucocorticoids develops as a result of increased expression of the glucocorticoid type b receptor, which acts as a potent inhibitor of corticosteroids.
Another explanation for the ineffectiveness of even highly active topical steroids is the effect of staphylococcal antigens on skin inflammation without the participation of superantigens. So, in a recently published study, it was shown that in 30-50% of patients with atopic dermatitis, two cationic staphylococcal proteins - NP- and p70, released from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients, activate Th2 cells and increase the secretion of cytokines.
Recently, much attention has been paid to the deficiency in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis of antimicrobial peptides - one of the components of innate immunity that protects the skin from bacteria, viruses and fungi. In general, the mechanism of skin colonization by staphylococcus aureus is not clear. It has recently been shown that staphylococci express receptors on their surface that recognize various extracellular proteins. As potential ligands that bind to these receptors, fibronectin and fibrinogen are considered, the production of which, possibly, is promoted by IL-4. It has been shown that intradermal testing with allergens from S. aureus and Candida albicans has no prognostic value in children with atopic dermatitis under the age of 9 years.
Due to the fact that S. aureus is the dominant microorganism detected in atopic dermatitis, it would be logical to expect a therapeutic effect from antibiotic therapy. Since some researchers find a correlation between the level of skin colonization by staphylococcus aureus and the severity of the disease, this explains the improvement in skin manifestations in patients with poorly controlled atopic dermatitis after antistaphylococcal therapy.
However, the effect of antibacterial drugs in atopic dermatitis has not been proven, although a number of studies have noted a positive effect of the use of combined antistaphylococcal agents and topical corticosteroids, even in patients without bacterial superinfection. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are also able to reduce the amount of S. aureus on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.
From the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, the effectiveness of a combination of antibacterial agents and topical corticosteroids in patients with atopic dermatitis has not been proven.
Due to hypersensitivity to bacterial allergens, it usually develops in the presence of foci of chronic infection in the body, which can be localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, accessory cavities of the nose, in the bronchopulmonary apparatus, intestines, and biliary system. Bacterial allergy is formed for a long time, over several years, so it is extremely rare before the age of three. Under influence bacterial allergens infectious-allergic diseases are formed: infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis, infectious-allergic urticaria. In the specific diagnosis of bacterial allergies, standard bacterial allergens produced by the Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology are used: hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Group pneumococcus, Neisseria.
The first step in diagnosing a bacterial allergy is an allergy history. Characteristic anamnestic signs of bacterial allergy are the seasonality of exacerbation (during the wet cold season), the relationship of exacerbation of the disease with hypothermia due to exacerbation of foci of chronic infection. An exacerbation of an infectious-allergic disease is often accompanied by a febrile or subfebrile temperature, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, and antibiotic therapy is effective in the treatment. Acute inflammatory processes in children with atopic diseases are often mistaken for infectious-allergic diseases, especially in patients with atopic bronchial asthma. As a result, anamnestic overdiagnosis of infectious-allergic diseases often takes place. Table 2.15 shows that a positive bacterial history (BCA) correlates with a complex of other tests in 67.16% of patients, of which 45.10% have provocative ones. In 1/3 of cases with a positive history, all other tests were negative, that is, bacterial sensitization was not detected. Thus, in more than half of the patients, the bacterial etiology of the disease, suspected by anamnesis, is not confirmed by a comprehensive allergological examination. With negative history data, 13.00% of children have bacterial allergies, mostly subclinical. It follows from this that the history of bacterial allergies is not always reliable.
Skin testing with bacterial allergens is also not specific enough. Table 2.15 shows that only in 38.33% of cases a positive result of intradermal tests (IDT) correlates with a complex of other tests and in 9.45% with a provocative one, and in 61.67% all other tests turned out to be negative, i.e. .Bacterial sensitization was not detected. This indicates a lack of specificity for a positive skin test result with bacterial allergens. At the same time, their negative result is highly reliable, in which only 0.07% revealed subclinical bacterial allergy.
| Test | Result | Number of studies | The result of a set of tests | |||||
| positive | negative | |||||||
| Total | including provocative | |||||||
| abs. | % | abs. | % | abs. | % | |||
| BkA | positive | 268 | 180 | 67.16±2.05 | 129 | 45,10 | 88 | 32,84 |
| negative | 539 | 70 | 13.00±1.38 | 7 | 1,30 | 469 | 97,00 | |
| VKP | positive | 1008 | 463 | 38.33±1.40 | 119 | 9,85 | 745 | 61,67 |
| negative | 3042 | 16 | 0.47±0.11 | 0 | 3386 | 99,53 | ||
| RLL | positive | 479 | 406 | 84.76±1.63 | 64 | 13,36 | 73 | 15,24 |
| negative | 480 | 56 | 11.67±1.43 | 2 | 0,42 | 424 | 88,33 | |
| PPN | positive | 46 | 26 | 56.52±7.30 | 1 | 2,17 | 20 | 43,48 |
| negative | 572 | 66 | 11.56±1.36 | 0 | 506 | 88,44 | ||
Other authors also point out the nonspecificity of skin tests with bacterial allergens. So, in the observations of T. S. Sokolova, V. A. Fradkin (1978), 50% of healthy children received positive VKP with bacterial allergens. This indicates the need (to clarify the role of the allergen in the disease) in the diagnosis of bacterial allergy, in addition to history and skin tests, other tests - provocative and laboratory. Among the latter, RLL is highly informative, the positive result of which coincides with a complex of other tests in 84.76%, but only in 13.36% with provocative ones, that is, it reveals a rarely manifest, but mostly subclinical allergy, and in some cases (15, 24%) is false positive. Its negative result is reliable. At the same time, the coincidence of positive PPN reactions with other tests is observed only in 56.52, and with provocative ones in 2.17% of cases. In 43.48% with a positive (mostly up to 0.15) result of PPN, bacterial allergy was not established. However, a negative PPN result is highly reliable. It should be noted that the intensity of the ECP and laboratory tests does not reflect the degree of hypersensitivity of the patient to the allergen (Fig. 2.9). Even sharply and very sharply positive. their results reflect both overt and subclinical allergies and false positives. In other words, skin and laboratory tests do not allow to differentiate manifest and subclinical forms of bacterial allergy, which require a different therapeutic approach.
Bacteria allergens, bacterial allergies, we often hear these words. But what do they mean: when bacterial allergens are helpers, and when are enemies, whether bacterial allergies are treated, why bacterial allergens are activated, and so on. Let's figure it out.
bacterial allergy
This is a type of allergy in which the activation of allergens is not due to food, dust or something like that, but due to bacteria located in the nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys, and so on. It does not come to light abruptly, but over time, because it is formed against the background of colds that have not been treated more often, for example, sinusitis. The fire of the disease does not seem to manifest itself outwardly, but smolders quietly inside and develops over the years into allergies in the form of bronchial asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and urticaria. All these are serious illnesses that require serious treatment. But do not be afraid, when contacting a competent specialist and following all his recommendations, such an allergy goes away forever. The following types of therapy are usually offered: phyto-, api-, lipido-, UZIS and capillary-. Symptoms of a bacterial allergy are: breathing problems (including cough, congestion, persistent runny nose, itching), frequent sneezing, tears, redness in the eyes, the gastrointestinal tract may react with pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Unfortunately, anaphylactic shock and angioedema also occur. In a child, the situation in terms of symptoms is the same as with adults. It should be noted that earlier than three years it is almost impossible to replace a bacterial allergy due to the long process of its development.
Bacterial allergens: types
Such allergens are classically divided into two groups. Group 1. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with pathogens of infectious diseases. Tuberculin (INN, international non-proprietary name - allergens of tuberculosis bacteria recombinant). From the name it is immediately clear that its activation is associated with tuberculosis diseases, and it is used to detect them. This allergen is recombinant. It includes lipids that increase the effectiveness of the drug and determine the time of its action. We are sure that everyone is familiar with the Mantoux test used to detect tuberculosis. Group 2. Antigens whose activation is associated with opportunistic bacteria. Lepromin. To a greater extent, lepromin consists of protein. Lepromin is not a new allergen, but it is still used to diagnose, treat, and determine the body's reactions to leprosy (leprosy).
Bacterial allergens for diagnosis
As we mentioned above, the allergens of bacteria of both groups are used by modern medicine to detect diseases (lepromin, tuberculin). Skin tests are used. For example, to detect tuberculosis disease, a recombinant allergen is taken and Mantoux or Pirquet tests are performed. Preparations, the INN of which are allergens of tuberculosis bacteria recombinant (its trade name is tuberculin), can only be used by prepared medical specialists. They give very accurate answers to the question - is there tuberculosis. The reaction of the body is watched after three days. The same situation with lepromin. It is impossible to order an appropriate drug somewhere on the Internet and independently conduct a diagnosis at home. This is possible only in the clinic, since the activation of the body for lepromin does not indicate a disease, only a doctor can correctly decipher the result of the analysis.
0.1 ml of lepromin is injected under the skin. Two days later, the Fernandez reaction is observed - an early reaction to lepromine. It appears as a papule. A few weeks later look at Mitsuda's reaction, a late reaction to lepromine. Outwardly, this is already a tubercle or node.
Bacterial allergens cannot be classified as obligate. Obligate are those allergens that most often cause an inadequate reaction of the body, among them: chocolate, oranges, honey, fish, strawberries, and so on. Most often, such an allergy occurs in a child, his parents should transfer him to a diet that excludes these products. With age, the reaction to obligate allergens may go away. In conclusion, we note that despite the fact that the use of bacterial allergens (both tuberculin and lepromin and others) for diagnosing diseases is more than 100 years old, this method is still effective. According to how and in what terms the activation to the antigen occurs, it is possible either to determine the disease, or to identify the data necessary for treatment.
About bacterial allergies, leading, among other things, to asthma, we emphasize that it is sometimes treated even better than the usual food. With the right approach, the internal forces of the body are activated (after all, allergies are associated with low immunity), and the cause of the allergy is destroyed so effectively that you can forget about it forever.
AlergiaHelp.com
Allergy. Causes, symptoms, development, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of allergies
An allergy is an increased sensitivity of the body to the effects of certain environmental factors.
Allergy often manifests itself during the flowering of herbs, in contact with pets or inhalation of dye fumes. An allergic reaction can be caused by drugs and even ordinary dust.
In some cases, certain foods, synthetic compounds, chemical detergents, cosmetics, etc. are intolerable.
Allergy due to environmental pollution becomes especially dangerous. More and more people are suffering from it.
Allergy its causes and symptoms
The main signs of allergies:
skin redness,
Inflammation of the mucous membranes - the appearance of a runny nose and tears,
Attacks of coughing.
Sometimes the rhythm of the heartbeat can be disturbed and a general malaise develops. And edema of the larynx, lungs are life-threatening. Anaphylactic shock caused by allergies can also be fatal.
The main factor on which the manifestation of an allergic reaction depends is the immune system. The immune system is designed to protect the body from elements that can have a harmful effect on it. The danger can come from microbes, foreign proteins, various chemicals, and even from the body's own cells if they tend to degenerate into malignant cells that develop in cancerous tumors.
Antigens are called elements that interfere with the normal functioning of the body, carrying a certain danger to its existence. These can be various enzymes, toxins, foreign proteins and other substances that enter the body with microbes, plant pollen, medicines, in particular sera. Antigens are counteracted by special blood proteins - antibodies, otherwise called immunoglobulins. They are produced by some cells lymphatic system in the presence of antigens.
Immunoglobulins are highly sensitive to the presence of foreign substances. They are designed to bind and block antigen cells. And subsequently, together with them, they are destroyed by special cells (phagocytes) and excreted from the body.
In the process of interaction of antigens and antibodies, substances that have a negative effect on the body can be produced. They play an important role in the occurrence of allergic reactions.
The body usually secretes the necessary amount of antibodies to fight antigens. But if for some reason the immune system malfunctions and produces more than necessary, the number of immunoglobulins, the latter can have a destructive effect on the body, causing allergic reactions that are dangerous to health and even to life itself. An inadequate response of the body to exposure to foreign substances is an allergy.
Certain types of antibodies oppose various antigens. In total, there are only five classes of immunoglobulins, each of which must protect the body from certain antigens.
Class A - immunoglobulins that counteract various harmful microbes, toxins, viruses and protect mainly the mucous membranes. This type of antibody also includes those that play an important role in the body's reaction to cold and in protection against certain allergens. Class A immunoglobulins are involved in the mechanism of occurrence of rheumatic allergic diseases.
Class D is represented by immunoglobulins that are released during inflammation of the bone marrow, i.e., osteomyelitis, and are involved in a number of skin allergic reactions.
Class G are the most common immunoglobulins. Within this group, there are several varieties of antibodies designed to combat certain types of toxins, microbes and viruses. But the immunoglobulins themselves of this class can cause a number of severe allergic diseases. In particular, hemolytic disease of infants (developing as a result of the production of antibodies in the blood of the mother against the Rh factor present in the blood of the fetus), neurodermatitis, eczema and some others.
Class E - the most active immunoglobulins in the development of allergies. They are the first to react to the appearance of allergens, although they are not directly involved in their destruction. They also contribute to the formation of a special allergic mood of the immune system. The content of antibodies of this type in the body depends, in particular, on age - the largest number is produced by 7-14 years of age.
The presence of a more or less significant proportion of class E immunoglobulins also varies depending on geographical location and climatic conditions of the country in which the person lives.
Class M is another immunoglobulin. These antibodies are involved in the fight against intestinal infections and rheumatic diseases. They bind bacteria that enter the body; destroy red blood cells of incompatible blood groups.
Among themselves, the immunoglobulins of the five classes mentioned differ not only in their role in resisting antigens, but also in molecular weight and specific proportion in the total number of antibodies.
Involved in the process of recognition and destruction of foreign cells are various cells of the immune system, which are scattered throughout the body. They are called lymphocytes and are formed through the transformation of stem cells.
The task of recognizing antigens is assigned to those cells that first come into contact with foreign elements. These are macrophages and monocytes, as well as some cells of the liver and nervous system. Then lymphocytes act against antigens. They, in turn, are divided into several categories depending on the functions performed. Part of the lymphocytes is involved in blocking foreign elements, part - in the production of the necessary antibodies.
Cytokines - substances secreted by lymphocytes, contribute to the activation of antigen-destroying cells, play an important role in the destruction of dangerous tumors formed in the body. In the case of a clear work of the immune system, they are also eliminated in the future. But, if the body is prone to an inadequate reaction, an excessive amount of these biologically active substances is produced. And not all cytokines are destroyed after getting rid of antigens. Some of them oppose completely healthy cells of their own body, cause inflammation, and begin to destroy organs. This is the mechanism for the development of an allergic reaction. It should be noted that the release of histamine and a number of other chemical substances that are characterized by increased activity by interacting cells is of particular importance.
It is in cases where the immune system is overly sensitive to the effects of antigens on the body that allergic reactions occur.
Pseudo-allergy and true allergy: how do they differ
In addition to the described true allergy, the so-called pseudo-allergy or false allergy is known. A true allergy is manifested due to a violation of the immune system. The mechanism of occurrence of pseudo-allergy is different. The latter differs from a true allergy in that antibodies do not participate in the process of its occurrence. In this case, the active substances - histamine, tyramine, serotonin, etc., are released into the body as a result of the direct effect of antigens on cells. Manifestations of true and false allergies are very similar. Indeed, in both cases, the reaction is caused by the same substances - histamine.
If there is an increase in the amount of histamine in the blood, there are signs characteristic of allergies, such as fever, urticaria, an increase or decrease in blood pressure, headache and dizziness, and suffocation. These symptoms are manifested in both true allergies and pseudo-allergies.
Difficulties in diagnosis lies in the fact that many allergy tests show a negative result, because immunoglobulins do not come into conflict with antigens. It is possible to recognize the presence of an ailment only by the experience of repeated contacts with the allergen. The release of biologically active substances can occur when eating certain foods, such as eggs, fish, as well as as a result of cell damage during irradiation, contact with acids or alkalis, the action of certain drugs, in extreme cold or heat.
Fully healthy body able to independently neutralize a large amount of histamine, reduce the activity of this substance to a safe level. But with diseases such as tuberculosis, dysbacteriosis or cirrhosis of the liver, the countermeasure mechanism is violated. Inadequately reacts to the presence of histamine and the body is allergic. Therefore, food rich in proteins can cause a pseudo-allergic reaction. The composition of proteins includes amino acids, the derivatives of which are biologically active substances - such as histamine and tyramine.
Some signs allow to distinguish a true allergy from a false one. True allergy is accompanied by an increased content of class E immunoglobulins in the blood. Also an important indicator is the relationship between the amount of the allergen and the strength of the reaction caused by it. With pseudo-allergy, including food intolerance, the reaction intensifies in case of an increase in the amount of food intolerable to the body, flowering plants, household chemicals, etc. This type of pseudo-allergy, such as food intolerance, manifests itself much more often than true allergy, which is associated with violation of the mechanisms of the immune system. And a true allergic reaction is caused even by a minimal dose of an allergen-containing substance, for example, a drug, plant pollen. In addition, the reaction associated with the failure of immunity often manifests itself in certain seasons, for example, during the flowering of certain plants.
Allergy caused by the pollen of various plants
Of the truly allergic diseases, diseases caused by the pollen of various plants were identified and investigated earlier than others. Their name - hay fever - comes from the Latin word "pollen". Then new experiments and studies were carried out. A compatriot of the East, Blackley, managed to artificially cause various manifestations of allergies when plant pollen contacts damaged areas of the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. The tests developed by this researcher began to be used later in the diagnosis of allergic diseases and contributed to their successful treatment. As the results of subsequent experiments showed, pollinosis is caused by small pollen that can penetrate into the bronchioles. In most cases, this category includes the pollen of those plants that are pollinated with the help of wind. In addition, it must be sufficiently volatile and remain viable for a long time. Humid environments tend to enhance the effect of such an allergen. Usually grass pollen is more active than shrub or tree pollen.
The vast majority of pollinosis also occurs when exposed to pollen from the most common plants in the area. In the regions of Central Europe, this category includes timothy, fescue, cocksfoot, wormwood, quinoa, poplar, elm, and linden. In the southern strip, the main allergen is ragweed pollen. Therefore, for allergy sufferers, flowering periods of these plants are dangerous, especially in the morning, when a lot of pollen is thrown out.
An allergy is manifested, caused by the ingestion of allergens through the respiratory tract, usually attacks - suffocation, cough, runny nose.
In some cases, pollinosis is combined with other forms of allergies that develop as a result of the action of infections, chemical and medicinal substances, and certain foods.
The ability of foods to cause allergies depends on their chemical composition and some other factors. Those that have a more complex protein composition are especially allergenic. These include primarily milk and products made from it, as well as chocolate, eggs, meat, fish, as well as some fruits, vegetables and berries.
Allergy caused by food intolerance
A pseudo-allergy caused by certain foods is called a food intolerance. It may be associated with the substances contained in the products: preservatives, dyes, etc. People who are hypersensitive to nitrates are advised to limit the use of black radish, celery, beets, bacon, salted fish.
Intolerance to dairy products or allergy provoked by the latter is more common in people suffering from diseases of the digestive system - gastritis and gastroduodenitis, cholecystitis, dysbacteriosis. The lack of vitamins also leads to the development of negative reactions.
Usually, in the case of food allergies, there are violations of the digestive system, as well as hives and fever. Dyes, turpentine, mineral oils and other chemicals, in contact with the skin, can cause allergies in the form of dermatitis.
infectious allergy
Infectious allergies can accompany diseases such as tuberculosis and typhoid fever. Sometimes allergens are produced in the body itself due to exposure to very high or very low temperatures or due to some mechanical damage.
Factors affecting the development of allergies:
hereditary predisposition,
certain environmental conditions,
Relaxation of the nervous system
Weakness of the body's immune system (due to stress, overload, previous diseases),
Irrational nutrition,
Smoking;
Abuse of alcoholic beverages
Repeated contact with the allergen (at the first, an inadequate reaction to the allergen does not occur).
Substances that cause hypersensitivity in allergic people are easily tolerated by healthy people.
Also, the development of an allergic reaction may be due to the inability of the body to protect itself from the effects of the allergen that has appeared.
Allergic diseases that are transmitted from parents to children are called atonic. An inherited allergy is called atopy. The likelihood of developing the disease in a person whose parents suffered from allergies is high.
The reaction of his body to the appearance of an allergen, as a rule, turns out to be fast and very strong. But if the gene responsible for allergy is inherited from one of the parents, the painful reaction will be less pronounced, and may even be completely absent. But repeated exposure to any antigen can cause a malfunction of the immune system even in an organism that is not prone to allergies.
Allergies affect different tissues and organs of the body in different ways. Sometimes substances arising from the interaction of "own" and "foreign" cells cause bronchospasm. In other cases, the vessels of the skin or the muscles of the intestine are primarily affected. And the permeability of capillaries or the mechanism of action of enzymes may be impaired.
Therefore, as a result of allergies, various diseases develop that affect certain organs. These diseases include bronchial asthma, rheumatism, inflammation of the kidneys.
If, due to cholecystitis or other diseases, the amount of incoming duodenum bile, the process of digestion is disturbed. The body does not absorb fats and certain vitamins well. As a result, favorable conditions are created for the vital activity of pathogenic bacteria.
There is a violation of the balance of microorganisms that existed before. Dysbacteriosis develops. The consequence of dysbacteriosis is a change in the permeability of the intestinal walls. They cease to restrain the penetration into the blood of various microbes and the toxins they release. As a result, antibodies are produced and allergic reactions occur. Manifestations of allergies can be different, such as asthma attacks, skin rashes. Further poisoning with microbial waste products leads to a general weakening of the body, to damage to the central nervous system. In this case, the patient's mood and appetite worsens, vitality decreases.
To prevent diseases caused by allergies, it is very important to timely and consistently treat diseases of the digestive system, such as cholecystitis and gastroduodenitis, to combat microbes penetrating the intestines.
Development of allergic reactions
Allergic reactions differ in the speed of their development. According to this principle, they are divided into two categories:
delayed reactions,
Reactions of immediate type.
For human life and health, the most dangerous are those that appear especially quickly. This is within one hour of exposure to the allergen.
Immediate reactions
Slow allergic reactions are not so dangerous. But they can also cause serious illness lasting for a long time and shortening the life of the patient.
There are several types of allergy manifestations, depending on the immunoglobulins involved in the reaction and the affected organ.
The first type includes allergic reactions occurring especially quickly. They develop within minutes or hours after exposure to the allergen. It is the reactions of the immediate type that sometimes create life-threatening situations.
Among the allergic manifestations of this type include:
Anaphylactic shock,
swelling of the larynx,
attacks of bronchial asthma,
swelling of the subcutaneous tissue,
Conjunctivitis,
Hives.
The tissues of the disease-prone organism are affected by histamine secreted from the cells and some other biologically active substances. Allergic reactions are caused by class E immunoglobulins.
Reactions of the cytotoxic type
The second type of allergic reactions is called cytotoxic. The manifestation of this type can be noticeably delayed in time from exposure to the allergen. In this case, cells are damaged by components of the so-called complement - a special protein substance present in the blood, or cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Antibodies of classes C and M also participate in the process. As a result of allergic reactions of the second type, blood cells are destroyed, the kidneys and lungs are damaged, and hemolytic anemia transplanted organs are rejected.
Reactions leading to the development of immune complex diseases
The third type of allergy leads to the development of immune complex diseases.
This is in particular for:
alveolitis,
lupus erythematosus,
serum sickness,
Inflammation of the kidneys, and resulting from infections.
Various allergens can be involved in the reaction: bacterial, medicinal, pollen and opposing immunoglobulins, which in most cases belong to classes C and M. Antigens and antibodies combined into complexes are retained in the blood, attracting leukocytes to themselves and activating the release of enzymes from cells. As a result of these processes, those organs and tissues that are associated with the immune system are affected.
Delayed reactions
The last fourth type of allergy develops due to a delayed type of hypersensitivity. It is characterized by the fact that the reaction to the penetration of the antigen into the body appears only after a day. There are foci of inflammation, and next to them - accumulations of macrophage cells and lymphocytes. The process ends with the formation of granules, scars, necrosis of some tissue areas.
In some cases, several types of allergic reactions appear at the same time. This situation, in particular, occurs with serum sickness or with severe skin lesions.
Sometimes an allergic reaction affects blood clotting or the production of adrenaline.
Types of allergies
Allergic reactions provoked, may be various substances that exist in the environment.
Medications make up a significant group of allergens. Any pharmacological drug under certain conditions can be an irritant. The decisive role here is played by the frequency and doses of taking a particular substance.
Allergens among drugs in most cases are antibiotics, sulfonamides, aspirin, insulin, quinine.
Infectious or biological allergens are various microbes and viruses, fungi and worms. The same category includes sera introduced into the body and vaccines containing a foreign protein.
Any food consumed by a person can act as food allergens.
The next category of allergens is plant pollen (usually wind pollinated). Among the "record holders" in terms of the number of allergic reactions they cause are the most common plants in one or another band. In various natural zones, ragweed, birch, poplar, wheat, cotton, sycamore, maple, alder, mallow, etc. can play such a role.
Industrial allergens include dyes, turpentine, lead, nickel and many other substances. Allergies can also be caused by mechanical stress, cold or heat.
Household allergens are mainly represented by ordinary house dust, animal hair, cleaning products and other household chemicals. They mainly affect the upper respiratory tract.
Depending on the substance that caused the reaction, and on the way the allergen enters the body, the following types of allergies are determined:
Like medicinal
bacterial,
food,
respiratory,
Skin, etc.
There are various manifestations drug allergy. The features of the course of the disease are associated with such factors as the state of the body's immune system, the dose of the taken substance containing the allergen, etc.
Drug allergies are divided into several types:
Subacute
Protracted.
Acute manifests itself within an hour after penetration into the body of the allergen and can cause edema, urticaria, anemia and anaphylactic shock.
In subacute allergies, fever develops within 24 hours of exposure to the allergen. There may be some other consequences as well.
A prolonged type of allergy causes serum sickness, arthritis, myocarditis, hepatitis, etc. The manifestation of these diseases from the moment of interaction with the allergen can be separated by a rather long period of time, up to several weeks.
Occupational allergies occur upon contact with paints, synthetic resins, chromium and nickel, and refined products. Its most common manifestations are dermatitis and eczema.
From allergies caused by those present in mineral fertilizers chemicals, as well as physical irritants - prolonged exposure to sunlight, extreme cold or heat, rural residents are more likely to suffer. Under the influence of these factors, an occupational skin disease develops - dermatitis. Contributes to the development of occupational allergic diseases, the general weakening of the body, caused by disruption of the endocrine, central nervous and digestive systems. At the same time, minor cracks or scratches on the skin are far from safe.
Allergies in children
Allergic diathesis is characterized by increased permeability of the mucous membranes, which contributes to the penetration of allergens. As a result, there is an increased tendency to allergies. Allergic diathesis observed in the youngest children and, in most cases, is inherited. Subsequently, allergic diathesis can be replaced by diseases inherent in older people, such as asthma, urticaria, dermatitis and eczema.
The main manifestations of the disease:
Intertrigo and other types of rashes on the skin,
Increased irritability and excitability,
Loss of appetite.
There are also changes in the biliary tract, an increase in the size of some internal organs, and dysbacteriosis.
A predisposition to diathesis can be identified even before the birth of a child, therefore, according to the presence of allergic diseases in his parents, preventive measures should be taken even during the mother's pregnancy. They consist in excluding the use by a woman of products containing allergens, timely treatment infections, careful use of drugs. Similar measures of protection against allergies are also necessary for the baby - they give him complementary foods later and more carefully, only in the absence of manifestations of diathesis do vaccinations are mandatory for children.
Eczema in children downstream has certain features. Often the disease occurs under the influence of a hereditary predisposition, and food products act as the allergens that cause it. Children who are formula-fed or who start complementary foods early are more at risk. In the future, eczema may be a reaction to environmental factors - odors, dust, wool, plant pollen, etc. Usually, the face is affected first. It swells, the skin is covered with small bubbles filled with liquid. Developing, the disease is able to capture all new areas of the skin.
Eczema usually resolves completely before children reach school age. But sometimes there is a relapse, which leads to permanent changes in the color and oiliness of the skin and hair.
The development of bronchial asthma at an early age also has certain features, and in the event of an attack in children, it is strictly forbidden to use steam inhalations and products containing mustard, since this can enhance the reaction. But infusions or decoctions have a positive effect. medicinal plants.
Allergy diagnostics
Diagnosis of allergies involves two main stages:
The first stage is the determination of the organ that has undergone allergic inflammation;
The second stage is the identification of the allergen that provoked an inadequate reaction.
Special tests have been developed for the reliable determination of allergens. One can judge the reaction of the body to the effect of a particular element by changing the pulse, inflammation on the skin, the level of immunoglobulins E in the blood serum, and some other indicators.
The simplest tool used to determine the allergy-causing substance is the pulse test. It is carried out in this way - if any food or drug causes concern, half an hour after taking it, you need to measure the pulse. The increase in heart rate, compared with the indicators obtained before, can be considered as evidence of intolerance to this substance. Its reception is canceled for several days, and then resumed in small doses, always with a control measurement of the pulse.
The elimination method consists in the complete cessation of the use of the product that is suspected of being allergenic. Changes or lack thereof in the patient's well-being should confirm or refute the validity of the assumption.
More complex studies are used in medical institutions. Perform skin tests. For their implementation, special solutions containing one or another allergen are used. These drugs are produced by the pharmaceutical industry. If there is suspicion of intolerance to any substance, then the antigens contained in it can be injected under the skin of the patient using such a solution. In the case of the production of appropriate antibodies, an allergic reaction occurs, as evidenced by inflammation developing on the skin.
But this method sometimes fails. It may, for example, turn out that a person is really allergic to food or plant pollen and the effect of the allergen is manifested in the intestines or bronchi. And skin tests show a negative result, since such a reaction does not affect her. In other cases, on the contrary, after the introduction of the antigen, the skin may become inflamed. However, in the future it turns out that this is simply the result of irritation, and not evidence of an allergy at all.
Sometimes, during skin tests, an allergic reaction can be much stronger than expected, up to severe swelling, bronchospasm, and even anaphylactic shock.
In cases where there is no specially manufactured preparation, a test for intolerance to any product can be carried out differently. To do this, it is enough to put a small amount of a substance suspected of allergenicity under the tongue. The validity of such fears should be confirmed by the reaction that develops in the future.
Another method for detecting a tendency to allergies is a blood serum test. An increase in the amount of immunoglobulins E may indicate such a reaction.
With more complex studies, it is possible to establish against which antigen protective antibodies are produced.
Very risky are the previously widely used provocative tests. Their essence is as follows: a person who is suspected of having an allergic disease is injected with the blood serum of a known allergic person. This is followed by a provocation with exactly the allergen from which the known patient suffered. As a result, the same allergic reaction may occur, manifested in the form of asthma attacks, edema, skin rash or anaphylactic shock. This allows you to easily and with sufficient accuracy to determine the diagnosis. But the method itself, capable of causing a strong manifestation of the reaction, is too dangerous. Therefore, nowadays it is rarely used, moreover, only in a hospital setting, where there are all the means to provide emergency care.
In some cases, the degree of sensitivity of the organism to a particular substance can be determined most in a simple way outside medical facilities. For example, a small amount of perm, blush, or lipstick can be applied to the skin of the arm and left on for several hours. If itching, redness and other signs of allergic skin irritation are not noted, the tested drug is considered safe and suitable for use.
Allergy treatment
It provides for the treatment of allergies by a system of measures, which, in addition to a healthy lifestyle, include immunotherapy, diet, and pharmacological preparations.
Currently, pharmacological drugs play a paramount role. New medicines are constantly being developed and put into practice. The pharmaceutical industry provides medical institutions with various tablets and ointments, drops and injections.
The most commonly used to relieve a painful condition caused by allergies are the well-known drugs suprastin, fenistil, claritin.
Until recently, Dimedrol, which is distinguished by its low price, has been very popular, and therefore the most affordable. It is available in tablets (for oral administration) and in ampoules (for injection under the skin). However, the use of this drug has a serious side effect that negatively affects the general well-being of the patient. Thus, the drowsiness caused by this reduces the reaction on the roads, worsens the ability to work. The use of this substance is incompatible with significant physical and mental stress. An overdose of diphenhydramine can cause especially severe consequences. Therefore, the sale of this drug is now made exclusively by prescription.
To relieve an allergic reaction and the serious condition caused by it, in some cases, in addition to antihistamines, adrenaline, ephedrine and other drugs are used. For allergic conjunctivitis and dermatitis, hydrocortisone ointment is applied externally. Allergic rhinitis is treated with a mixture of solutions of boric acid, silver nitrate and adrenaline hydrochloride. Special medicines are designed to combat diseases of allergic origin - bronchial asthma, rheumatism, etc.
If the development of allergies is associated with factors such as brain injury, deterioration of the adrenal glands, stress, disruption of the endocrine and nervous systems, general weakening of the body. Therefore, sedatives and restorative agents are also applicable for the treatment of allergic diseases.
Anaphylactic shock and its treatment
The most severe manifestation of an allergic reaction is anaphylactic shock. It can be caused by the repeated introduction of an antigen contained in any drug into the body, regardless of the amount of the substance that provoked the reaction. Usually, injections of a vaccine or serum, novocaine, antibiotics and some other substances lead to such serious consequences. Less often, anaphylactic shock may be associated with other factors. So, in particular, cases of the occurrence of this reaction to an insect bite were recorded.
Some food products also act as allergens that cause shock. These include fresh strawberries and strawberry jam. Children usually suffer from reactions provoked by such substances.
Manifestations of anaphylactic shock are extremely severe. Within a few minutes after contact with the substance that caused the allergy, a sharp deterioration in the patient's well-being is observed, associated with the inhibition of the most important body systems.
The main symptoms are a sharp drop in blood pressure, dizziness, difficulty breathing, noises in the lungs, nausea, pain in the abdomen, skin rash and swelling. Convulsions and fever may occur. There is a blackout or even loss of consciousness. Sometimes the picture of what is happening is not so obvious, only bronchospasm is noted, without any other manifestations of allergy. In this case, it is much more difficult to quickly and correctly determine the diagnosis. Usually, only indications of a previous anaphylactic shock or an already occurring allergic reaction to the same antigen help the doctor to correctly assess the situation.
If a person in a state of anaphylactic shock is not provided with timely medical assistance, death from suffocation or heart failure may occur. Therefore, allergen testing rooms should be equipped with the necessary facilities for emergency care.
To save the life of an anaphylactic patient, the first thing to do is the urgent administration of adrenaline. In the future, some other drugs and measures to restore impaired breathing may be required. If anaphylactic shock occurs outside of a medical facility, a doctor should be called immediately. With the ability, you can independently inject the patient with adrenaline.
Measures to prevent anaphylaxis include caution when introducing into the body substances containing foreign protein and other likely allergens (in particular, sera), fixing previous cases of an allergic reaction and accurately identifying the substances that caused them.
Anaphylactic shock is an immediate, extreme manifestation of an allergy that is not so common.
Serum sickness
Serums and other drugs can provoke other forms of allergic diseases. There are similar causes of serum sickness to anaphylaxis. The degree of its development and the presence of complications depend on the frequency and intensity of the introduction of certain drugs into the body.
Usually, obvious symptoms of the disease are observed after an incubation period lasting from several hours to several weeks, most often about 10 days. The patient begins to feel fever and chills, severe headache. These phenomena may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, soreness of the joints and lymph nodes, and life-threatening edema. As blood pressure falls, the heart rate increases. There is also a rash on the skin. The result of the patient's blood and urine tests, and ECG data show certain abnormalities, indicating the presence of serum sickness.
Doctors, having made a diagnosis, prescribe the appropriate course of treatment. Antihistamines are among the drugs needed to combat the disease. In case of laryngeal edema, adrenaline and ephedrine are also used. Sometimes hydrocortisone is needed.
Serum sickness usually occurs from several days to three weeks. If there are no complications, in the future, in most cases, a full recovery occurs. Physicians can only take preventive measures in order to prevent the resumption of such a reaction in the future. However, serum sickness can cause very dangerous complications affecting the heart, liver, kidneys and other internal organs. As a result, encephalitis, hepatitis, myocarditis can develop.
To prevent such complications, the patient, along with other drugs, should be administered glucocorticoid hormones for 1-2 weeks.
Dermatitis
The use of pharmacological drugs can cause other manifestations of allergic reactions. For example, dermatitis, characterized by rashes on the skin, is usually accompanied by damage to internal organs and disruption of the central nervous system. Contributes to the development of dermatitis the presence of certain diseases - influenza, rheumatism, all kinds of chronic infections. Risk factors also include severe stress, disruption of the endocrine system, improper metabolism, repeated and prolonged contact with potential allergens.
Dermatitis is most often provoked by antibiotics, hormones, anesthetics and some vitamins, as well as sulfa drugs. They can come into contact with the body through injection, ingestion or external use.
A skin rash is not the only manifestation of drug dermatitis. In addition, there is also a feeling of itching and burning of the skin, increased irritability, sleep disturbance, and the temperature rises.
The duration and severity of the disease are related to the rate of detection of the drug that caused the allergy.
To relieve the symptoms of dermatitis, sometimes it is enough to stop taking the drug, to which hypersensitivity has been found.
But a more complex course of the disease requires the intake of substances that alleviate the patient's condition. These include, in particular, calcium chloride and sodium hyposulfite, antihistamines. Rashed skin is treated with hydrocortisone ointment. In the vast majority of cases, the patient recovers completely, although the disease, under adverse circumstances, can drag on for several weeks.
Hives
The range of allergens contributing to the development of acute urticaria and extensive allergic edema is much wider. This disease can be caused by contact with plant pollen, ingestion of any food or medication, ultraviolet irradiation, penetration into the body of helminths or bacteria, insect venom, etc. The presence of a tumor also increases the likelihood of urticaria.
The action of histamine, released by the body during the penetration of the allergen, leads to a change in the degree of permeability of the vascular wall. As a result, reddening of the skin occurs with the formation of blisters of various shapes and sizes, or significant allergic edema occurs, painful and dense. Symptoms of the disease are itching, nausea and vomiting, fever and chills. Edema can affect the face and other parts of the body, leading to difficulty in swallowing and breathing. The most dangerous are those that affect the larynx, brain, esophagus or intestines. Such edema in some cases endanger the life of the patient. However, they usually disappear gradually.
Violation of the permeability of the walls caused by allergies can cover not only the vessels of the skin, but also the vessels of the internal organs. Therefore, urticaria can be accompanied by myocarditis and some kidney diseases. It also contributes to the occurrence of arthritis affecting the joints. Features of the treatment of urticaria depend on the nature of the allergen that caused it and on the degree of development of the reaction. In any case, it is necessary to remove allergen-containing substances from the body as soon as possible.
In these diseases, the pharmacological agents used include, in particular, antihistamines, sodium chloride, adrenaline and ephedrine, hydrocortisone and some other substances. Special measures are taken to prevent complications.
Patients with urticaria, among other means, are prescribed a milk-vegetarian diet and a temporary refusal to use table salt. Strengthening the body's defenses can contribute to the daily intake of ascorbic acid.
Pollinosis or hay fever
Another fairly common allergic disease is pollinosis or hay fever. It mainly affects the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory organs, and may also be accompanied by a skin rash. The development of pollinosis is observed during the flowering period of plants. The danger of this disease lies in the likelihood of subsequent development of bronchial asthma on its basis. Other complications are possible, such as sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, or bacterial conjunctivitis.
Feature hay fever - depending on the seasons. An outbreak of diseases of this type occurs in the spring period of tree flowering, in the middle of summer, the time of flowering of cereals, and at the end of summer - the beginning of autumn, the time of flowering of weeds.
There may be manifestations of pollinosis in various combinations of conjunctivitis, rhinitis and attacks of asthma-type dyspnea. In some cases, they are joined by neurodermatitis or urticaria. With an exacerbation of hay fever, there is increased sneezing, a runny nose, swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose and difficulty breathing, a burning sensation or pain in the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, redness of the mucous membranes of the eyes, lacrimation and photophobia. There may be attacks of suffocation such as asthmatic, especially in the evening. In some cases, rashes appear on the skin. Rarely, the course of the disease is accompanied by fever, general weakening of the body and other manifestations of intoxication caused by pollen: headache, insomnia, profuse sweating, etc.
Studies conducted in medical institutions reveal the presence of changes in the composition of the patient's blood. Often x-rays show swelling in the area maxillary sinuses.
The degree of development of the disease can be different - from minor and harmless manifestations of conjunctivitis or rhinitis to severe asthma attacks.
Often, hay fever manifests itself in a similar way to illnesses such as influenza, bronchitis, or conjunctivitis. This can mislead the doctor when making a diagnosis. But with repeated seasonal exacerbations, the essence of what is happening becomes obvious.
Allergic reactions in hay fever are observed only during the period of distribution of pollen of the plants causing the disease. Even after the rain has knocked down the pollen carried by the wind, the symptoms of pollinosis are weakening.
Outside of the flowering period, the disease may not appear at all or be slightly reminded of itself by short-term symptoms caused by the use of products associated with the allergenic plant, such as nuts or birch sap.
Exacerbations and severe complications, including anaphylactic shock, in a patient with hay fever can also be caused by improper use of pharmacological agents, primarily antibiotics. In this case, the development of an allergy to new substances, hypersensitivity to which has not been previously noted, is not ruled out.
As with other allergic diseases, with hay fever, the first step is to stop contact with the allergen. For this purpose, even moving to another area for the period of flowering of dangerous plants is not ruled out. In extreme cases, you can limit yourself to staying within the walls of the house, go out less, where the effect of pollen carried by the wind can affect. If it is not possible to avoid being outside, you should rinse your nose and take a shower after returning home.
A special role belongs to the diet. It is necessary to exclude from the diet those foods that are potential allergens.
To combat pollinosis, which manifests itself in inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes, antihistamines are used. Conjunctivitis caused by hay fever is treated with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone. In some cases, ephedrine and adrenaline are used. If the disease has spread to the bronchi, and attacks of shortness of breath occur, the same drugs that are prescribed for patients with bronchial asthma come to the fore.
With swelling of the larynx, not removed by other methods, can be applied surgical intervention.
Strengthening the immune system as a method of treating allergies
A special role in recovery belongs to strengthening the immune system.
Immunity is the body's defenses, its resistance to various infections or foreign substances. There is resistance to the effects of bacteria, viruses or toxins through a system of adaptations and reactions, some of which are inherited, and some are acquired later.
Innate immunity protects a person from all those diseases that affect only animals. The degree of his strength varies from absolute to relative immunity.
Acquired immunity is divided into two types:
Active,
Passive.
Active is produced as a result of the introduction of a vaccine or develops after a certain infectious disease has been transferred.
Passive is associated with obtaining antibodies against any infectious agent. This happens when serum is injected. Such immunity is unstable, and it can only last for a few months.
It is thanks to the action of the immune system that control over the maintenance of the stability of the antigenic and cellular composition is carried out. But the immune system can fail due to intoxication of the body due to the action of infections, all kinds of toxins and a number of others. adverse factors.
The occurrence of allergic reactions is closely related to the state of the immune and central nervous systems. Therefore, among the measures to prevent allergies, a special role should be given to those aimed at strengthening the body's defenses.
It helps to increase the body's resistance by taking infusions of certain medicinal plants that relieve fatigue and increase overall tone.
The most famous and effective of them is ginseng, which grows in the Far East. Its roots are especially valuable. Tinctures and powders used in medicine are made from them. These healing agents relieve fatigue, increase cardiac activity and are especially beneficial for an organism weakened by an illness. But there are a number of contraindications to its use.
Also extracts of roots and leaves of Eleutherococcus can have a tonic effect. If you take this remedy for more than 2 weeks, positive changes such as increased mood, performance, improved vision and hearing will become apparent. Therefore, Eleutherococcus is taken in case of exhaustion and hypotension - low blood pressure.
With a number of diseases, alcohol tinctures of Schisandra chinensis seeds will have a beneficial effect. In the homeland of the mentioned plant, the Far East, decoctions and infusions from lianas, leaves and fruits of magnolia vine are also widely used. The use of this remedy helps not only relieve fatigue and improve performance, but also promotes the outflow of bile, and therefore is used for cholecystitis. The drug is also effective in hypotension. The ability to increase immunity and improve the functioning of the nervous system makes it possible to include lemongrass in the number of drugs designed to resist cancer.
Aralia Manchurian, Leuzea safflower-like and zamaniha are also among the immunity-enhancing drugs. Alcohol tincture from young roots of aralia stimulates the activity of the central nervous system, increases blood pressure, relieves fatigue and strengthens the body weakened by the disease. A tincture of dried rhizomes of zamaniha is used to treat depression, hypotension, and some forms of diabetes. The same remedy is a general tonic, contributing to the restoration of strength after serious illnesses or tedious work. Many diseases can heal a Leuzea. This plant has been used in folk medicine since time immemorial. At present, the pharmaceutical industry produces a drug known as "liquid leuzea extract". It also serves to relieve overwork, improve working capacity, increase blood pressure. The drug based on Leuzea promotes the speedy recovery of patients who have undergone a major operation.
Rhodiola rosea can be mentioned among the toning medicinal plants. From its root, which has a golden hue, infusions, decoctions and extracts have long been made.
In addition to improving working capacity and relieving fatigue, Rhodiola can help treat diseases of the central nervous system and heal injuries. It neutralizes to some extent the dangerous effects of radioactive substances and metal dust harmful to health.
Allergy: prevention of allergic diseases
Prevention of allergic diseases includes a number of measures.
Since a variety of factors are capable of provoking an inadequate response of the body:
Food,
plant pollen,
pharmacological preparations,
household chemicals,
animal fur,
Cold, etc.
That and preventive measures should be aimed at the general strengthening of the body and the removal of those factors that increase the risk to the greatest extent.
The main conditions for getting rid of allergic diseases:
1. healthy lifestyle life,
2. moderate physical exercises,
3. rational mode of work and rest,
4. properly organized nutrition,
5. creation of a favorable ecological environment.
Self-medication should be abandoned and pharmacological preparations should be used only as directed by a doctor to prevent drug allergies. It is important to note those drugs that have already caused intolerance in the past, and in no case should they be taken again. It is undesirable to start taking several new drugs at the same time, since in the case of an allergy it will be difficult to identify the substance that caused the reaction.
Improving the functioning of the immune system also plays an important role in preventing drug allergies and other types of this disease. Here, hardening, accustoming the body to endure cold or heat, a sharp fluctuation in ambient temperature, will provide invaluable help. Hardening exercises begin from a very early age, of course, taking into account the state of health and the individual characteristics of the child. In order to train the thermoregulatory apparatus, various methods can be applied, for example, wet rubbing, massage, bathing and air baths. But when hardening children, it is necessary to increase the load gradually, in proportionate doses. Too long and intense exposure to hardening factors (cold water, sunlight) should be avoided, as this can cause the opposite of the desired result.
They are used to strengthen the body, increase its resistance to disease and exercise. But if moderate physical exercise promote health, intensive training, on the contrary, can have a negative effect. Also unfavorable and overwork during physical or mental work.
Try to avoid nervous breakdowns. After all, as you know, difficult experiences can increase an existing allergic disease or even cause a new one, in particular, bronchial asthma and some types of skin lesions.
Positive emotions, good mood reduce the likelihood of allergies. Therefore, it is necessary to learn to control your feelings and manage your emotional mood even if difficult life situations arise. Favorite books, classical music, embroidery or knitting, communication with four-legged friends, pleasant walks, etc. will help in this. At home and at work, it is necessary to create, as far as possible, a healthy environment.
In order to avoid the accumulation of dust in the room, it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning after 2-3 days. Carpets, sofas, curtains need to be vacuumed. We should not forget about the need to remove dust from books, paintings, televisions, computers. Create a favorable environment special air purifiers will help. In the kitchen, it is desirable to install an exhaust device that removes products of incomplete combustion of gas and other harmful substances from the room. And of course, a necessary condition for maintaining a good microclimate is the rejection of active or passive smoking.
If at work you have to work with harmful substances that can cause dermatitis. In this case, it is necessary to especially carefully care for the skin of the hands, in a timely manner to wash off dyes and solvents that pollute it, cause irritation. Sometimes the use of skin-protecting gloves helps. Some nourishing creams are used as an emollient. Even small cracks and scratches should be treated with an iodine solution, since their presence facilitates the penetration of allergens. Oily substances should not be heavily sprayed or splashed, protective screens are installed to limit their contact with the skin.
Particularly serious safety measures are provided for in the case of work in production with radioactive preparations, which, among other things, can cause allergic diseases. Workers must be provided with special protective clothing, the premises are equipped with exhaust ventilation. For the storage and transportation of radioactive materials, hermetic containers are provided, the reliability of which must be controlled.
Caution requires the use of such substances necessary in the household as dyes and solvents, glues "Moment", "Octopus", kerosene and gasoline. After their application, the room should be well ventilated.
Allergies are often caused by various lotions, shampoos, deodorants, creams, blush and lipsticks, colognes and perfumes, washing powders and other cleaning products.
It is necessary to select perfumery or household chemicals with great care. And if signs of intolerance appear (shortness of breath, skin rashes, etc.), immediately stop using. Drinking water is best filtered.
For the prevention of bacterial allergies, it is important to timely eliminate the foci of infection present in the body (in particular, the treatment or removal of teeth affected by caries).
If you suspect an allergy or if allergic diseases have already been identified, you will have to resort to more drastic measures. For example, replace feather pillows with synthetic ones, do not wear clothes made of wool or natural fur, remove items that accumulate dust (carpets, etc.). It is even better to clean boots and boots with cream outside the apartment (on the balcony or on the landing).
In the presence of diseases of the digestive system, the main danger is food allergies. To prevent it, you will have to avoid eating spicy, smoked, salty and pickled foods. It is advisable to limit the intake of chocolate, coffee and chicken eggs, and use boiled or condensed milk.
The main allergens that cause allergies
Some allergens have already been considered, but we will dwell on them in more detail.
Air allergens (aeroallergens) are substances that cause an allergic reaction (sensitization) in the body, getting into the respiratory tract.
In order for the air allergen to have a pathogenic effect, it must be contained in the air in a significant amount, its particles must be relatively small and remain suspended for a long time. Air allergens are plant pollen, spores of fungi, including molds, animal products (parts of the vital activity of mammals, insects, mites), dust (organic and inorganic nature), and occasionally algae.
In the external environment, many airborne allergens, such as plant pollen or fungal spores, appear only at certain times of the year for each of them. Separately, they meet sporadically. During the period of abundant flowering, the concentration of pollen can be high. It is affected by air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction. As the temperature rises, that is, usually in the middle of the day, the release of pollen by plants and spores by fungi increases. Also, the concentration of spores of many fungi and pollen of some plant species (for example, ragweed) increases in the air at high humidity. Typically, the concentration of aeroallergens increases at a wind speed of about 24 km/h. With a further increase in wind speed, the concentration of the allergen decreases. The smaller the aerosol particles containing the allergen, the longer they remain in suspension. The shape of the grains also affects the stability of the aerosol with pollen.
Highly common cause allergic rhinitis and asthma are plants. From plants, grasses, weeds and trees can cause allergies. However, plants do not cause allergies on their own, but because they produce pollen during the flowering period. Pollen is transported in many ways: with the help of insects, animals or wind. Pollen often causes allergy symptoms, but this does not mean that there is an allergy to the plants themselves. For example, if there is an allergy to oak pollen, then it is not to the tree itself. You can not be afraid to step on oak parquet and safely use oak furniture.
In general, a very small percentage of all herbs produce pollen that provokes allergies or asthma. Basically, these allergenic species are forage or lawn. Pollen from about 50 species of flowering plants are known to cause allergies. These include cereals (rye, meadow timothy, fescue, foxtail, bluegrass) and plants of the Compositae family (dandelion). Allergies can occur to the pollen of many other plants: wormwood, quinoa, sorrel. Moreover, an allergic reaction to the pollen of one of these plants indicates hypersensitivity to the rest.
Much more often than other plants, the cause of allergies and asthma attacks is ragweed. Many allergy sufferers who are sensitive to ragweed are also affected by chaff, a weed that grows in flax crops. The flowering period of ragweed usually begins in mid-August and ends in October and / or before the first frost. Ambrosia releases most of its pollen between 6 and 11 o'clock in the morning. In hot and humid weather, pollen is usually less.
Tree pollen is smaller than grass pollen. The flowering period of trees that produce allergenic pollen usually lasts from late winter or early spring to early summer. As a result, the risk of suffering from tree pollen is lower than from grass pollen.
Trees that produce the most allergenic pollen include elm, willow, poplar, birch, beech, oak, chestnut, maple, boxwood, ash, and some types of cedar. Coniferous trees (spruce, pine, fir) are wind pollinated. Although there is a significant amount of pollen around them, it rarely causes allergies. Many allergy sufferers believe that poplar fluff is the cause of their disease. In fact, they are more likely to be affected by grasses whose pollen peak coincides with the dispersal of poplar seeds. Poplar pollen causes allergies much less often than it is credited with.
The flowers produce a heavy and sticky pollen that is carried by sticking to the body of insects and animals. Therefore, flowers, as a rule, do not cause allergies. In most cases, when an allergic disease is associated with the flowering of roses or other flowers, in fact it is caused by the pollen of nearby grasses and trees. Allergies to flowers can rarely develop in people who have close contact with them, such as employees of flower greenhouses or shops.
Sometimes the cause of an allergic reaction in the oral cavity is the result of a cross-reaction between pollen and certain foods. By itself, the reaction of the oral cavity is manifested by swelling, itching of the oral mucosa in contact with food - lips, tongue, pharynx, palate. Those suffering from such a reaction should not eat raw foods, especially during the flowering season of plants whose pollen causes them allergies. If you are allergic to birch pollen, it is not recommended to eat apples, pears, celery, carrots, potatoes, kiwi, hazelnuts; if you are allergic to ragweed pollen, it is not recommended to eat watermelons, melons, cucumbers; if you are allergic to tree and grass pollen, it is not recommended to eat apples, peaches, oranges, pears, cherries, cherries, tomatoes, carrots, hazelnuts, etc.
As a rule, allergy to the fruits of trees, on the pollen of which signs of allergy are noted, the allergy does not develop.
In general, in order for an allergic reaction to plant pollen to occur, contact with it is necessary for at least one flowering season. In infants, such a reaction, as a rule, is not observed, as a result of which they do not develop allergies.
To avoid exposure to pollen allergens, it is recommended:
Avoid prolonged exposure to the open air, especially in the early morning and late evening hours, when the concentration of pollen in the air is maximum;
If you still need to work outdoors, you need to wear a mask or, even better, a respirator;
Do not go outside on warm windy days and afternoons when the concentration of pollen in the air is especially high;
Since grass pollen is released into the air mainly at the end of the day, it is best to stay indoors at this time;
While at home, close windows and doors tightly and use an air purifier;
Wash your hair before bed to prevent allergens that have settled on your hair from getting into the pillow;
Dry your laundry indoors, as outdoors can act as a pollen trap, introducing a huge amount of "fresh" allergens into your home.
Mold can also cause an attack of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mold spores are present outdoors and indoors. The danger of mold spores is that their concentration in the air is much higher than the concentration of plant pollen. Unlike plant pollen, which is seasonal, fungal spores are present in the air almost all year round. The peak concentration of fungal spores occurs in the summer. As molds grow indoors, they attack immune system all year round. Outdoors, mold grows on fields planted with corn or wheat, on compost, hay, fallen leaves, cut grass, as well as on certain foods - tomatoes, corn, pumpkin, bananas, bread, etc. Not all fungi cause allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Fungi that produce "dangerous" pollen include Cladosporum and Alternaria. Cladosporum spores are found everywhere in huge numbers, except for the North and South Poles, and Alternaria grows only outdoors. They are the most common cause of allergies.
As a result scientific research It has been established that in children with allergies resulting from contact with fungi of the genus Aspergillus, an asthma attack develops immediately when particles (spores) of fungi enter the lungs. Inhalation of spores of this type of fungus contributes to the development of not only asthma, but allergic pneumonitis and severe bronchopulmonary disease - allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group, widely used in the treatment of various infections, are produced by fungi of the genus Penicillinum. However, they do not cross-react with the spores of these fungi. Allergic people sensitive to fungi of the genus Penicillinum can safely use antibiotics.
Even when mowing the lawn or during activities of this kind, asthma or other allergic diseases are often exacerbated. This is usually caused by mold spores. Patients who are allergic to fungi of the genus Penicillinum may develop oral allergies when eating Roquefort or Camembert cheeses, since molds of this genus are present in the thickness and on their surface.
You can suspect that molds are the cause of allergies by the following signs:
Allergic rhinitis bothers most of the year, and not just in a certain period;
If allergy symptoms worsen during the summer months - especially near untidy arable fields or while working in the garden.
To avoid contact with the fungal allergen, the following recommendations should be followed: do not rake leaves, mow lawns, shovel compost heaps, do agricultural work, do not go to the forest; where contact with mold is possible, wear a mask or respirator; fight dampness in living quarters, periodically wash damp places with bleach to destroy molds and prevent their growth. A solution of lime dissolved in three parts of water is usually effective.
In addition to mold, one has to face indoors indoors, an extremely dangerous allergen is house dust. In addition to mold particles and their spores, it contains micromites, insect excretions, particles of animal wool and dander, particles of various fibers such as acrylic, viscose, nylon, cotton, etc., particles of wood and paper, particles of hair and skin, tobacco ash , plant pollen. House dust is not dirt or the result of poor cleaning. It is always present in any room, even never visited.
The house micromite is the strongest allergen of house dust. The allergenicity of household micromites is 10-100 times higher than the allergenicity of house dust in general. These eight-legged arachnids are ubiquitous. They can only be seen with a microscope. They feed on particles of the epidermis of humans and animals, fungi and waste that form house dust. Especially a lot of micromites in mattresses, pillows, carpets, furniture upholstery, soft toys. As a rule, one has to deal with the products of their vital activity and their decaying remains. The mattresses on which they sleep contain up to several million house mites. This explains the fact that asthma and other allergic diseases worsen at night.
The second most common allergen present in house dust is pet dander. It often causes allergic rhinitis and asthma attacks. This allergen is present even in homes where there is no cat or dog, getting there through the hands and clothes of pet owners visiting the house. In addition to pet dander, the cause of allergic reactions is the urine of mice and rats. Scientific observations have shown that the waste products of cockroaches are also powerful allergens that contribute to the occurrence of asthma attacks, especially in children.
Latex can be an airborne allergen indoors. Latex particles in in large numbers are present in the air of hospital rooms. The main source is rubber gloves, which are used by medical staff. Allergy sufferers are at risk in urban areas close to freeways because the latex is found in microparticles in the rubber of airborne tires.
Indoor foods can also be a source of airborne allergens. Very often, an allergic reaction occurs as a result of inhaling allergens when cooking fish and seafood. Allergic rhinitis and baker's asthma have also been observed from flour inhalation.
Airborne allergens can cause occupational allergic diseases. Occupational asthma is caused by more than 250 industrial substances.
In addition, perfumes, perfumes usually have an irritating odor, which can exacerbate both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.
Strong odors such as petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, etc.), organic solvents, diesel exhaust, and heated cooking oils cause allergies and asthma.
Smoking can also cause bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. It has now been proven that active and passive smoking can cause bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. Tobacco smoke is a major residential air pollutant. Passive smoking, inhalation of air filled with tobacco smoke, increase the manifestation of allergic respiratory diseases.
Another substance present in indoor air is formaldehyde, which enters it from particle boards and furniture, tobacco smoke, gas stoves, foam insulating materials, carbon paper. Its concentration is especially high in industrial enclosed spaces. Lots of irritants in poorly ventilated areas. They accumulate: hydrocarbons, ammonia, acetic acid from the copying equipment, insecticides, carpet cleaners, combustion products, tobacco smoke. Sometimes contaminants enter the room from the outside. For example, air entering a building's ventilation system from a street with heavy truck traffic leads to an increase in indoor ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels.
There are a number of symptoms that indicate exposure to indoor air allergens. So, allergic symptoms appear during cleaning, making the bed or changing blankets and bed linen. In addition, allergy symptoms are disturbing throughout the year, and not periodically. Exacerbations occur more often indoors than outdoors, on waking or during sleep.
Sometimes there is a syndrome of "sick house" in people living or working in homes where poor ventilation and air exchange occurs slowly. Pollutants reaching high concentration, enter the human body during respiration. The most common complaints in this syndrome are irritation of the conjunctiva and respiratory tract.
The main pollutants are present in the atmospheric air. The main air pollutants a few decades ago were sulfur dioxide and soot particles, which entered the atmosphere as a result of burning coal. Now the role of these pollutants in the whole world has significantly decreased, excluding natural sources of these pollutions, such as volcanoes, but at the same time, an increase in the number of cars has led to increased concentrations of ozone, nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter in the atmospheric air. Elevated ozone sometimes contributes to the development of an asthma attack, and nitrogen oxides and ozone increase the reaction to an allergen in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma.
The first, most practical and efficient way Allergy control is the limitation of exposure to an allergen. If we exclude or reduce the degree of exposure to substances that surround us and cause an allergic reaction, then the symptoms of allergies are weakened or disappear altogether.
About a third of a person's life is spent in bed. The main and most aggressive allergen of house dust is a micro mite, therefore, all efforts should first of all be directed to combating it. Although it is almost impossible to completely eradicate them (females lay 20 to 50 eggs every three weeks), it is possible to minimize their detrimental effect.
Measures that will significantly reduce the frequency of exacerbations, the severity of asthmatic and allergic symptoms, and reduce the need for medications.
1. Cleaning - clean the room with a vacuum cleaner at least once a week. It is advisable to use a washing vacuum cleaner. If you suffer from asthma or allergies, wear a dust mask while cleaning.
2. Carpets and Draperies - Get rid of rugs and thick rugs. If all carpets cannot be removed, they must be treated with substances that deactivate dust mite allergens. In addition, it is advisable to replace heavy draperies and blinds with easy-washable curtains and curtains.
3. Bed - put on all pillows, blankets special anti-allergic covers (pillowcases and duvet covers). Wash bedding every two weeks in hot water (at least 70°C), use pillows, blankets and bedspreads only made of synthetic materials. Discard feather (down) blankets and pillows; place your bed in the driest place in your home, use an air purifier and/or dehumidifier if possible to keep the humidity at least 50%.
4. Furniture - use furniture made of wood, vinyl, plastic, leather, but without fabric upholstery.
5. Try not to clutter up the room so that dust does not accumulate and the room is easier to clean. Do not hang pictures, photographs on the walls, do not use large pillows. Limit blankets, books, and other personal items that can collect dust.
6. If your child has allergies or asthma, try to limit the number of soft toys to a few that are machine washable.
The source of allergens are all living things that live in your house (cat or dog). With dandruff and saliva, they secrete proteins - proteins that are powerful allergens. Dead skin cells not only of humans, but also of your pets serve as food for dust mites. Individuals with asthma or allergies should not adopt a cat or dog. But if they already live with you, it is extremely difficult to part with them. Therefore, if you do not want to look for new owners for your pets, the following measures should be applied: increase the stay of your pet outside the living quarters; if the previous recommendation is not feasible, keep the animal out of the allergy sufferer's room and bed; warn all family members, after petting the animal, to wash their hands thoroughly before interacting with an allergic person; be sure to wash your pet once a week.
Outdoor mold spores enter the home through open window or doors and ventilation. Indoors, mold can grow all year round, preferring dark, damp places like basements and bathrooms. Molds grow under carpets, pillows, mattresses, air conditioners, trash cans and refrigerators. Limiting the action of mold is an extremely important measure:
Avoid damp places in the house, such as a room with a leaky ceiling; use a desiccant to reduce moisture in these areas;
Turn the clothes dryer so that moist air goes towards the window or door, and not into the depths of the dwelling;
Ventilate the bathroom well after a shower or bath;
Use special products to clean surfaces where moisture usually accumulates, around the toilet, sink, shower, bathtub, washing machine, refrigerator, etc.;
Remove any visible mold on ceilings, walls, floors with special products;
Take out the trash can in time and wash it regularly so that the mold does not grow;
Dry shoes and clothes, but do not hang them outside, where fungal spores can settle on them;
Limit the number of houseplants as mold can grow in their soil;
If you suffer from asthma or allergies, remove any plants around the house; you let it "breathe" and reduce the humidity inside.
leadernews.com
Household allergies in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention + photo
Often, children may develop various rashes on the body. Redness, peeling, rash - all this can scare parents. In some cases, for example, in the first months of life, these signs may be a variant of the norm. But what if it's a household allergy?
What is a household allergy in children
Household allergies in children are a reaction to external factors. It can be either hereditary or acquired. If the relatives of the child suffered from an allergic reaction to any surrounding elements, then the likelihood of its development in the baby is high.
Children suffering from chronic colds tend to develop household allergies. During illness, immunity decreases, and the mucous membranes of the body become inflamed and become the most vulnerable. Through them, various kinds of household allergens easily penetrate into the body.
It should be noted that not only the disease itself can be inherited, but also the mechanism of its development. Since the main way allergens enter the human body are the respiratory tract, the most common household allergies manifest themselves as respiratory diseases: bronchitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, laryngitis.
Causes and symptoms of the disease
Itchy skin, sneezing and a runny nose are the most common signs of household allergies.
As a rule, allergies are accompanied by several symptoms. The most common are skin reactions and nasal congestion. The specific manifestations of an allergic reaction depend on the underlying cause of its occurrence.
Manifestations of household allergies - table
Diagnostics
Diagnosis is made by a doctor based on symptoms and history taken. Sometimes you have to additionally take a complete blood count to check the number of eosinophils. Their increase may be one of the signs of an allergic reaction. Other studies may also sometimes be required.
Allergy tests are not effective in children under three years of age.
Auxiliary diagnostics is carried out in the following cases:
- Determining the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment.
- Therapeutic treatment did not bring results.
- After a severe allergic reaction to something (for example, anaphylactic shock).
Diagnostic methods:
- Allergy tests. Contraindicated in children under three years of age.
- immunological analyses. They are considered absolutely safe at any age.
- inhalation test. Suitable for children from 4-5 years old. Contains allergens of some plants, dust mites, pet hair.
Treatment
Allergy treatment should begin with the elimination of its source or limiting contact with it.
The main directions of treatment:
- Use of antihistamines and vasoconstrictors.
- The use of ointments, creams and other preparations for external use.
- Hormonal therapy (for example, in atopic dermatitis).
- Antibacterial therapy.
- Physiotherapy procedures.
- Stimulation of the immune system.
Medical
The main group of medicines used for household allergies are antihistamines. But often an allergic reaction is accompanied by a viral or bacterial infection. In the first case, it is recommended to take immunostimulating agents, and in the second - antibacterial ones.
While taking medications, the gastrointestinal flora suffers. Therefore, in parallel with drug therapy shows the intake of enterosorbents.
Hormonal ointments (corticosteroids) are very effective in the treatment of atopic (allergic) dermatitis in children. It is important to consult a doctor in time and get the appropriate appointments.
Medicines for the treatment of allergies - table
Photo gallery of medicines
Polyoxidonium enhances immunity and increases the body's defenses Polysorb is safe from the first days of a child's life Cefotaxime is recommended for bacterial infections that accompany allergies Hydrocortisone is indicated for atopic dermatitis Zirtek is effective antihistamine with itching and redness, Tavegil is recommended by the manufacturer for various manifestations allergic reactionAllergy medicines - video by Dr. Komarovsky
Physiotherapy procedures
Physiotherapy methods help restore the body's strength, so they are recommended at the very beginning of the disease or at the end, but not in the acute period of the disease.
The most common of them:
- Electrophoresis of drugs. One of the most effective physiotherapy methods. As a rule, it is applied to the collar zone or chest area. A contraindication is intolerance to the drug.
- Darsonvalization. Impact on the body with the help of pulsed high-frequency currents. It is used for diseases of the tissue and mucous membranes (including allergies). Contraindications are tumors, epilepsy, cardioarrhythmia, thrombophlebitis, pulmonary tuberculosis.
- Phytotherapy. Treatment folk remedies in conjunction with drugs can give a very tangible result. For example, a chamomile therapeutic bath: 4 tbsp. l. dry flowers pour a liter of water and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer for 15 minutes. Then cool, strain and add to the bath. Contraindication is individual intolerance to herbs.
- Halotherapy or speleotherapy. It is used with a decrease in immunity, as well as with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The patient is placed in a room where the air is saturated with salt ions. Contraindications are tuberculosis, exacerbations of chronic diseases, bleeding of any origin and localization, mental illness.
Physiotherapy methods in the photo
Darsonvalization is recommended to increase the body's defenses Halotherapy is especially effective for dust allergies Electrophoresis expands the possibilities of using many medicinesFeatures of the disease in newborns and infants
First of all, you need to know if it is really an allergy.
The main causes of rashes:
- Hormonal flowering.
- Insufficient hygiene (result: diaper dermatitis and prickly heat).
- Milia.
- Allergic reaction.
In the first months of life, the baby may develop the so-called neonatal acne. It is often mistaken for an allergy. If the rash appeared in the form of red pimples with a white head, then this is the result of that same hormonal flowering of the baby. It does not need to be treated.
It is also important to distinguish an allergic reaction from prickly heat. The latter appears in the form of small red spots. It is necessary to observe careful hygiene of the baby in order to avoid the appearance of prickly heat. A similar problem is diaper dermatitis, which manifests itself in the form of redness, dry skin. Basically, such a reaction can be seen under the diaper. In this case, the hygiene of the baby is also important. Sometimes doctors prescribe appropriate creams and ointments. Miliaria can be both in newborns and in older children.
In the first weeks of a child's life, milia can be observed. These are small white bubbles that are located on the cheeks and face. Pass on their own.
If the child has flaky skin, redness, sleep disturbances and anxiety, then you should consult a doctor to find out the cause.
Signs of an allergic reaction in a newborn:
- Frequent regurgitation, colic, loose stools, flatulence (one symptom or all in combination).
- Sleep disturbance, anxiety.
- Redness and peeling of the skin, itching.
- Frequent sneezing.
- Red or pink spots on the skin.
As children age, regurgitation occurs less and less. With an allergic reaction, digestive disorders are often observed, manifested in frequent regurgitation, green stools and colic. sneezing, copious discharge from the nose and its congestion can also accompany allergies. It is important to follow preventive measures in order to prevent the appearance of symptoms that greatly complicate the life of the child.
Prevention
First of all, you need to follow a few simple rules:
- frequent walks;
- air humidification;
- frequent wet cleaning;
- plentiful drink.
Table: preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of household allergies
Household allergies may manifest slightly, but they can also cause complications, for example, lead to the development of anaphylactic shock. Therefore, it is important to take preventive measures to avoid such a reaction, as well as to show the child to the doctor in time for recommendations and appropriate treatment.
babyzzz.ru
Bacterial eczema in children: why it occurs, main symptoms and treatments
Bacterial eczema in children is a serious skin disease, by the name of which it is easy to guess the nature of its origin. Therefore, the disease is often also called microbial dermatosis. However, this concept is broader, implying also the category of mycotic skin ailments that provoke fungal threads.
The causative agent of bacterial eczema in patients of the pediatric age group is often a staphylococcal infection, in more rare cases, microorganisms that cause gonorrhea and meningitis. The mechanism of development of the inflammatory process of the epidermis is triggered, as a rule, when its integrity is violated in a child.
Because the causes of bacterial eczema in children, as a rule, are hidden in damage to the skin. As a consequence of a violation of the protective layer, the occurrence of dermatosis in babies is associated with the following factors:
- skin injury (wounds, abrasions, open fractures, etc.);
- the occurrence of trophic ulcers, pustules;
- furunculosis;
- burn;
- non-compliance with the rules of hygiene and body care.
However, one can quite rightly object here, because bacterial eczema does not appear in all children with lesions on the epidermis. Indeed, to start the pathological process, the "lever" of which are wounds and abrasions, an appropriate favorable background is needed. In this sense, the causes of bacterial eczema in a child may be hidden in the following:
- the presence of infectious processes occurring in the body (caries, diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory organs);
- allergic reactions, manifested by skin rashes, diathesis;
- frequent respiratory and colds;
- weakening of the immune defense;
- stressful situations, nervous shocks in a child;
- pathology of the digestive system, abdominal cavity, kidneys;
- diabetes;
- failures in the metabolic processes of the body.
It is quite difficult to single out a risk group for a disease among children of a certain age. The microbial form of dermatosis is often found in infants, but often the peak incidence occurs in adolescents. The cause of eczema in this case is most often hormonal changes in the body.
Weak immunity can provoke the development of eczema in a child.
How the disease manifests itself, signs and features
Symptoms of bacterial eczema in a child are often predetermined by its localization. Because for childhood increased activity is characteristic, it is almost impossible for a baby to avoid injuries on the arms and legs. According to the frequency of diagnosing microbial dermatosis, the most common pathology can be called, located on the palms. Since the epidermis on the hands is always in contact with infected surfaces, a minimal abrasion or a small burn can be a serious problem.
On the legs, bacterial eczema also occurs quite often in children. Incorrectly selected tight and uncomfortable shoes rub blisters, while the child's legs begin to sweat intensely. With the appearance of open wounds for infection, there is practically no difficulty in getting inside.
Symptoms of microbial eczema in a baby appear sequentially:
- The first signs of dermatosis will be redness, the formation of a pronounced inflammatory focus.
- Then note the increase in cyanosis, the appearance of small nodules.
- There is an increase in papules in size and pouring with exudative fluid, the formation of more noticeable blisters - vesicles.
- Bursting vesicular formation, constant release of serous-purulent fluid in the affected areas of tissue.
- Drying of weeping erosions, formation of crusty crusts.
- Exfoliation of the stratum corneum, skin regeneration.
In addition, the symptoms of bacterial eczema in children cannot be characterized, not to mention the constant itching, burning and swelling of the tissues. Even an adult is often not easy to cope with such unpleasant manifestations of the disease, which have a negative impact on full-fledged life, working capacity. In children, the symptoms, as a rule, do not leave a chance for sound sleep, rest and comfortable pastime.
Unlike the true or allergic form of dermatosis, microbial lesions are characterized by large lesions, which often merge, forming large-scale asymmetric areas.
Often, childhood eczema turns into chronic form. Most often this happens in the absence of treatment or its untimely start. The maximum that parents can do for their baby in this case is not just to achieve a calm of the disease, but to do everything to ensure that its duration becomes maximum. The period of remission is characterized by peeling and slight swelling of the epidermis, complete recovery of the skin in chronic microbial dermatosis does not occur.
Without treatment, eczema can become chronic.
How to get rid of microbial dermatosis: drugs for treatment
The treatment of bacterial eczema in children is practically no different from the treatment of this disease in adults. The only difference will be increased caution in choosing suitable medicines or traditional medicines.
Since microbial varieties of dermatosis are not treated without antibacterial drugs, when selecting the latter, the doctor must take into account the age of the child, his general state health, susceptibility to certain diseases. Antibiotics are the basis of the treatment of bacterial eczema, but since this drug group of drugs is fraught with side effects, the responsibility for prescribing one or another remedy lies entirely with the doctor.
Antibiotics for microbial dermatosis are prescribed for external use, and in severe cases, for oral administration. Combined preparations are especially effective, in which you can find not only antibacterial components, but also corticosteroids that have an anti-inflammatory effect.
Often, doctors prescribe an ointment for bacterial eczema in children from the list below:
- Pimafukort;
- Hyoxysone;
- Oxycort;
- Baneocin;
- Levomekol;
- Celestoderm;
- Synthomycin;
- Tetracycline ointment.
Hormonal and non-hormonal ointments for children's dermatosis
In parallel, doctors recommend using anti-inflammatory drugs to start tissue healing processes. Hormonal treatment bacterial eczema in a child has a number of contraindications and features, meanwhile, often only steroid ointments can direct the course of the disease in right direction convalescence.
Most often, such ointments and creams are prescribed for bacterial eczema in children:
- Hydrocortisone ointment;
- Prednisolone ointment;
- Afloderm;
- Triderm;
- Locoid;
- Elocom;
- Advantan;
- Flucinar.
As soon as the peak diseases will pass, the doctor must necessarily revise the therapeutic regimen. It is impossible to prescribe hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs for more than 7-10 days for a small patient, so safer non-hormonal ointments will become an alternative to them.
Hydrocortisone ointment is prescribed for bacterial eczema.
The most popular external agents that are prescribed for children are:
- Skin Cap;
- La Cree;
- Magnipsor;
- Zinc ointment;
- Ichthyol ointment;
- Vishnevsky ointment;
- Panthenol;
- Radevit;
- Protopic.
Complementary medicines to treat microbial eczema in a child
Sick babies, in addition to ointments and creams, are also prescribed tablets. Antiallergic medicines help get rid of bacterial eczema in children. Preparations of this spectrum of action remove itching, relieve inflammation.
Infants are usually prescribed antihistamine medicines in the form of syrups or drops:
- Fenistil;
- Ketotifen;
- Claritin;
- Aerius;
- Zyrtec;
- Xyzal;
- Erius;
- Desal;
- Zodak.
To strengthen local immunity, babies may be prescribed subcutaneous injections of Histoglobulin. In order to achieve a long-term remission, it is extremely important to cure all internal diseases, eliminate infectious foci and take measures to restore the protective functions of the body.
Traditional medicine to help: treatment of bacterial dermatosis in children
Supporters of alternative therapy also know how to cure bacterial eczema in children. Doctors themselves recommend using some recipes for home remedies to achieve positive dynamics as soon as possible. At the same time, it should be remembered that it is impossible to independently apply certain compositions, even if they seem absolutely safe for the baby. Alternative treatment bacterial eczema in children requires the constant intervention of a specialist in the therapeutic process and its monitoring.
Baths with chamomile and string will help cure eczema.
So, you can overcome dermatosis in a baby provoked by microbes using the following recipes:
- A decoction of viburnum. For cooking, you will need both berries and leaves of the tree. Before you put the mass filled with water, the viburnum fruits should be lightly pressed down with a fork. For a glass of plant mass, 1 liter of water is needed. Then put on the stove and boil for 10-15 minutes. Cleaned and cooled broth wipe the affected areas on the skin of the baby several times a day.
- Salt solution. For a glass of boiled water, slightly warmer than room temperature, you need 1 tsp. sea salt. The solution is also used for regular rubbing, the remedy helps relieve itching and reduce inflammation.
- Aloe. To prepare a therapeutic compress, you will need an agave leaf, peeled from the top film, 1 tbsp. l. honey. To cure dermatosis with such folk remedies, a gruel is prepared from aloe, honey is added to it, mixed thoroughly and applied to diseased skin for a couple of hours. But do not forget: the agave and its juice are allergenic components.
- Baths with chamomile and string. With extensive lesions, as well as for the prevention of recurrence of bacterial eczema, babies are bathed at least 2 times a week in medicinal bath. The broth, which must be added to the bathroom, is prepared in a ratio of 4 tbsp. l. herbal collection per 1 liter of water.
- Soda solution. It is prepared by analogy with saline, also has no contraindications, has an antiseptic effect and helps speed up the healing process. The resulting composition wipes the diseased areas on the skin.
In most cases, parents simply have no idea what to do if a child suddenly has bacterial eczema. Therefore, at the first symptoms of the disease, you should take the baby to a doctor who can prescribe adequate treatment.
But, in addition to drug therapy, for children suffering from skin disease It is extremely important that the following recommendations are followed:
- Pay attention to the child's nutrition and diet. The menu of a patient with dermatosis should be balanced, and for the period of exacerbations - strictly dietary, not include fatty, fried, smoked foods, as well as allergenic foods: citrus fruits, chocolate, nuts, whole cow's milk etc.
- With eczema in a baby, a nursing mother should reconsider her diet according to the above principle.
- Monitor the temperature of the body and air in the room, prevent excessive sweating in the child.
- Choose clothes made from natural fabrics and safe materials.
- In case of damage to the skin in the form of abrasions, scratches, wounds, treat with antiseptic solutions, apply bandages.
- Timely treat concomitant diseases, prevent the manifestation of allergic reactions.
- Do not allow the baby to comb the wounds, constantly monitor body hygiene, clean hands and feet.
The best way to cure a child of eczema is to strengthen their immune system. Vitamins, proper rest, clean ecology - all this will positively affect the health of the baby and allow you to forget about such a problem as bacterial eczema for a long time, and ideally - forever.
If you find a mistake in the text, be sure to let us know about it. To do this, just select the text with the error and press Shift + Enter or just click here. Thanks a lot!
Thank you for notifying us of the error. In the near future we will fix everything and the site will become even better!
Notifications How it all began
The conscript's father spoke about the monstrous conditions of his son's service in the Russian Guard
Criteria for admission to the National Guard
Eurasian Economic Union: composition and chronology Social aspect of integration
The history of the creation of the Renault emblem What does the Renault emblem mean