Bacterial allergy symptoms. Characteristics of bacterial allergy

There is in nature and such a type of allergen as bacterial. These are all known bacteria, viruses, microbes. All our lives we have been fighting them, boiling them, irradiating them, sending them microbial eaters and all sorts of antibiotics. All in vain: they mutate, acquire stability and continue to tyrannize us. We have, however, achieved some things. We got rid of, for example, smallpox and do not die from pneumonia and tonsillitis. However, allergies to viruses and bacteria still exist.

It begins, as a rule, with a simple acute respiratory disease or some other typically infectious disease. The temperature rises, bronchitis, shortness of breath, cough appear, which does not go away for months. Then asthmatic bronchitis occurs, when wheezing, wheezing in the lungs, shortness of breath almost do not disappear. Naturally, a person begins to take medication intensively, including antibiotics. Such treatment, instead of the expected benefit, brings enormous harm to the body: there is an increased sensitivity to the antibiotic. And when both the microbe and the antibiotic begin to act simultaneously in the body, the increased sensitivity to them is formed even faster.

So what causes allergies? Maybe staph? Or pneumococcus? Or peacefully living in the intestines E. coli? Imagine yes. It is these harmless microbes, along with streptococcus, neiss series, proteus, hemophilus. But of the viruses, the most common cause of microbial allergies are, for example, influenza and parainfluenza viruses.

What contributes to the development of diseases caused by microbes? First of all, a focus of chronic infection, for example, purulent inflammation of the middle ear or an abscess (abscess) of the tooth. The microbes that caused this process secrete special substances to which hypersensitivity is formed in the body. Thus, a person with an ordinary carious tooth may also develop bronchial asthma. Carious teeth, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (for example, with sinusitis), gallbladder with cholecystitis and other foci of infection can cause bacterial allergies.
Diseases caused by microbes, fungi or viruses, in the development of which allergies play an important role, are called infectious-allergic diseases. These are, for example, tuberculosis, brucellosis and others.

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The role of allergy in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases

There are four degrees of participation of allergies in the mechanisms of development of infectious diseases.

I. The allergic mechanism is the leading one in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is this group of infectious diseases that is called infectious-allergic. These include a few acute infectious diseases based on hyperergic inflammation, and all hron infections: tuberculosis, brucellosis, tuberculoid leprosy, actinomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, hron, candidiasis, syphilis, yaws, rheumatism, etc. Not only virulent, but also opportunistic pathogens. Among them, the most common cause of sensitization are staphylococci, streptococci, Neisseria, Escherichia coli and other widespread microbes and fungi (Candida). As a rule, the disease develops on the basis of a sensitization by the microbes which are in hron, the inflammatory centers. Microbial etiology in these cases is confirmed not only by positive skin tests, but also by exacerbation of the disease after such tests.

Some acute infectious diseases, especially whooping cough, influenza, mycoplasmal pneumonia, can activate the microflora in the foci of hron, infection and cause an exacerbation or even the occurrence of infectious and allergic diseases - bronchial asthma, microbial rhinitis. The same complications are sometimes observed as a result of prophylactic vaccinations with live vaccines. The mechanism of their development can be different: adjuvant activity (see Adjuvants, adjuvant disease), increased sensitivity of the body to histamine, creating conditions for the reproduction of banal microflora.

Infectious agents can also cause the development of autoallergic or autoimmune diseases (see Autoallergic diseases).

II. The allergic component is not decisive in the pathogenesis acute infectious diseases, but it is easily revealed clinically by means of laboratory data and by results of gistol, researches. This includes almost all acute infectious diseases with a few exceptions of those morphol, which are based on pronounced hyperergic inflammation (scarlet fever, erysipelas, erysipeloid, tularemia). Allergic tests with them usually become positive at a time when the diagnosis is no longer in doubt.

III. Allergy does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis infectious diseases, because it does not have time to develop, for example, with botulism, cholera.

IV. Allergic reactions (drug allergy, serum sickness) are superimposed on the course of an infectious disease. These reactions are not directly related to the pathogenesis of the underlying disease, but can cause severe complications. For example, the frequency and severity of allergic reactions to antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases is increasing; application to lay down. sera is associated with the introduction of the strongest allergens (animal protein), the incidence of serum sickness in this case reaches 20-30%.

Some features of infectious-allergic diseases.

Infectious-allergic diseases are characterized by a number of common features:

1. At the heart of morfol, changes is the formation of cellular infiltrates (granulomas).

2. Neither previous diseases nor prophylactic vaccination with live vaccines provide reliable lifelong immunity.

3. The causative agent has a tendency to intracellular location, which determines the development of delayed-type PC (eg, with toxoplasmosis, visceral leishmaniasis, histoplasmosis, leprosy, brucellosis, etc.). Perhaps, in this case, the formation of L-forms of bacteria plays a primary role (see), which has already been proven in relation to brucellosis, tuberculosis.

4. Most infectious and allergic diseases have a chronic course (years, decades, and sometimes for life): tuberculosis, tuberculoid leprosy, actinomycosis, syphilis, yaws, etc.

5. Hron, infectious-allergic diseases differ in clinical polymorphism. Often they begin with some limited focus (tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, syphilis, tularemia, etc.), and sometimes this “primary affect” is not observed, generalization quickly sets in (brucellosis). In any case, in the future, a wide variety of lesions is possible in terms of prevalence and localization: septic and disseminated forms, isolated or multiple, acute or hron, lesions of the musculoskeletal system, internal organs, and nervous system are possible.

6. For most diseases, alternation of periods of relative wedge, well-being and exacerbations is characteristic; often undulating course, relapses after an imaginary cure.

7. The occurrence of latent forms, for example, tuberculosis, brucellosis, histoplasmosis, is characteristic, when, in the presence of a pathogen in the body, there is no clinic of the disease.

8. The state of unstable balance between the human body and the microbe leads to the fact that for hron, infections big influence nutritional conditions, vitamin deficiency, exposure to cold, overheating, trauma, pregnancy, etc.

The course of infectious-allergic diseases depends on the reactivity of the body.

The following reactivity options are possible, determined using skin tests and other research methods:

a) unresponsiveness and hyporeactivity: skin tests are negative or mild, intravenous administration of the vaccine causes a mild overall reaction; unresponsiveness most often occurs in the terminal stage of the disease; with hyporeactivity, the course of the disease is sluggish, without pronounced allergic lesions, but persistent, protracted, with prolonged subfebrile condition, pronounced functional changes in the nervous system;

b) "normoreactivity": skin tests are clearly expressed, in vitro tests well reveal the state of delayed-type PV; a wedge, a current rather favorable with various manifestations of allergic inflammatory defeats; vaccine therapy has a positive effect;

c) hyperreactivity: when setting skin tests, a severe general reaction with lymphangitis, fever, focal reactions; severe inflammatory, sometimes necrotic changes predominate locally; specific immunotherapy for hyperreactivity causes severe responses and is not indicated.

From infectious-allergic diseases, it is necessary to distinguish allergic diseases, which are caused by non-pathogenic microbes and their metabolic products and which do not cause an infectious process in people. They proceed like ordinary allergic diseases caused by allergens of non-microbial origin. An example is an allergy to antibiotics of microbial origin, which is referred to as a drug allergy. In a number of countries, widespread detergents with the addition of proteolytic enzymes derived from Bacillus subtilis; workers who manufacture detergents with these highly allergenic additives and those who use powders have been described to develop bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases.

Molds and their spores can cause asthma attacks as inhaled allergens. Yeast fungi in some cases play the role of a food allergen.

In the case of the “lung farmer” (see Pneumonia, exogenous allergic alveolitis), the cause of the disease is the inhalation of thermophilic actinomycetes contained in broken hay. At the same time, sensitization is observed according to the type of the Arthus phenomenon with a high level of precipitins in the blood.

Infectious allergy and immunity

Opinions regarding the relationship between delayed-type PV and immunity in infectious diseases are very controversial. In experiment, it is difficult to separate immunity from delayed-type PV, since various methods of immunization that do not lead to the formation of delayed-type PV do not give sufficiently pronounced immunity. With the experimental parenteral administration of microbes labeled with radioactive isotopes, it was found that the delayed-type IF significantly slows down the spread of the pathogen. At acute infections this fact is not of great importance, since dissemination occurs faster than the delayed-type IF develops. However, when infected with minimal doses of a pathogen that lingers for a long time in the lymph nodes, delayed-type PV can slow down its further spread. At hron. infections with prolonged existence of the pathogen in individual foci (tuberculosis, brucellosis), delayed-type PV can prevent the secondary generalization of the infection. Besides, at suppression of hCh of the slowed-down type by antilymphocytic serum the digestive ability of macrophages in relation to the causative agent is oppressed, that is the basic mechanism of immunity suffers (see).

At the same time, the wedge, manifestations hron, infections are based on allergic inflammation.

and more severe forms pulmonary tuberculosis, brucellosis lesions of c. n. N of page, joints, liver, heart, toxoplasmosis eye lesions, manifestations of tuberculoid leprosy and others develop as a response inflammatory reaction of a sensitized organism to the presence of a pathogen. The transition from generalized forms of infection to its localization coincides with an increase in sensitization. Hyporeactive forms that occur with insufficient sensitization are extremely persistent and difficult to treat. With latent forms, completely clinically compensated, sensitization is pronounced.

Thus, delayed-type PV is useful as one of the mechanisms of immunity, helping to limit and localize the infection, preventing its repeated generalizations. At the same time, it largely determines the entire wedge, a picture of hron, infectious diseases. For each individual patient, it is necessary to establish whether the state of delayed-type PV brings him benefit or harm, is an indicator of immunity, or causes severe wedge phenomena, i.e. whether it is necessary to strive for desensitization.

In a different way it is necessary to evaluate the role of I. a. with local infectious processes. The threat of generalization of staphylococcus aureus, neisseria and other microbes from the foci of hron, infection is small, therefore, the protective role of the delayed-type PC is secondary, and its pathogenetic significance is undoubted.

etc., with ankylostomidosis, the primary penetration of larvae through the skin does not cause a local reaction, invasion develops. With re-infection, there is local inflammation and the hookworm larvae die. However, it is not known whether the death of the larvae is due to allergic inflammation or other mechanisms of immunity. At the same time, the most severe manifestations of inflammation around helminths localized in tissues, urticaria, Quincke's edema, attacks of bronchial asthma, of course, are harmful to them.

With toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, a pronounced HF of a delayed type develops, leading to the appearance of hron, inflammatory process around the foci of localization of the pathogen; skin tests with the corresponding allergens are positive.

For helminthiases, an immediate-type PV is characteristic, but with some of them, delayed-type PV can also be observed simultaneously (schistosomatosis, echinococcosis, trichinosis). The severity of sensitization and the role of allergic reactions in their pathogenesis are different.

In acute opisthorchiasis, eosinophilia in the blood reaches very high numbers, but the general wedge, allergy manifestations are rare.

Methods for determining infectious allergies

Diagnosis I. a. possible with the help of various allergens (see Allergens, preparations). Viral allergens are prepared from the allantoic fluid of chicken embryos containing the virus ( tick-borne encephalitis, flu, epidemic, mumps), from the tissue of the affected organs (venous lymphogranuloma) with maximum purification from substrate antigens. Various bacterial allergens are used: suspensions of microbial cells (tularin, brucella corpuscular antigen), filtrates of broth cultures (alttuberculin, histoplasmin, actinomycin), thermostable fractions according to Ando-Verzhikovsky, allergens obtained by destroying cells with ultrasound, purified protein fractions (tuberculin-PPD), polysaccharide-polypeptide complexes (pestin), alkaline protein extracts, etc. In all preparations, the main active principle is microbial cell proteins.

Skin tests are most often used to identify PC (see). With their help, it is possible to simultaneously detect an immediate-type IF (after 20-30 minutes) and a delayed-type IF (after 24-48 hours). The specificity of skin tests is relative, since different types of microbes within the same genus have a pronounced commonality of allergens, so cross-reactions are obtained, for example, with different types Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with different types of Brucella, etc. There are common allergens in different genera of microbes, for example, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, in different genera of fungi, in the entire group of enterobacteria. At the same time, skin tests are specific for detecting sensitization to this species or genus of microbes or fungi; they are not positive in healthy people and in infectious diseases caused by other pathogens.

A positive result of a skin test does not exclude any other etiology of lesions, since skin tests reveal only a state of sensitization to the microbe from which this allergen is obtained. For example, a positive test with toxoplasmin does not exclude tuberculosis, brucellosis and other etiologies of the lesion. The development of a focal reaction is most convincing after a skin test or after an additional injection of an allergen subcutaneously in a higher dose in doubtful cases.

When diagnosing allergic diseases, positive results of skin tests with allergens of widespread microbes are not always sufficiently indicative. In healthy people, samples with allergens of staphylococcus, candida and other allergens are positive in a significant percentage of cases. In this regard, with etiol, the diagnosis of allergic diseases is necessary along with skin provocative tests (see). At bronchial asthma a provocative test is considered positive and confirms the role of the microbe in the development of the disease if inhalation of the corresponding allergen causes bronchospasm; with infectious-allergic rhinitis, the application of an allergen to the nasal mucosa causes an exacerbation; in allergic dermatoses, skin testing leads to increased inflammation in the foci. One of the varieties of provocative tests is the intravenous administration of allergens. In the practice of diagnosing and treating infectious diseases, it is used only for brucellosis and reveals more sensitized patients than a skin test. In the experiment, with the help of intravenous administration of lysed microbial allergens, an immediate-type PV to microbial allergens (anaphylactic shock) is detected, and with the introduction of corpuscular allergens, a delayed-type PV is detected.

For identification And. and. for various diseases, a set of in vitro tests has been developed: to determine the delayed-type IF, the reaction of blastotransformation of lymphocytes (see), the migration inhibition reaction is used, to determine the IF of the immediate type, the passive degranulation reaction of mast cells is used. For each reaction, it is necessary to select an allergen, work out its optimal doses.

A positive result of skin tests convincingly proves the presence of I. a., but says nothing about the activity of the disease. Sharply positive tests are characteristic of completely compensated and latent cases of an illness and can remain for years after bacterial, recovery. In addition, sensitization may be the result of a latent form of infection, preventive vaccinations.

Requires caution and evaluation of the results of in vitro tests. They are less reliable than skin and challenge tests and have a certain diagnostic value only when comprehensive examination sick. A positive reaction of blastotransformation of lymphocytes speaks more about the activity of the infectious process than about the degree of I. a.; neutrophil damage reaction reflects the level of antibodies in the blood serum.

Treatment

Treatment of manifestations And. and. It is aimed at eliminating the pathogen, since after the elimination of the infection, while maintaining the state of sensitization, antigens are not formed in the body, and allergic reactions do not occur. Antibiotics used for this purpose prevent the development of sensitization only when they are prescribed at a very early stage of the disease, by reducing the number of microbes. Antibiotics do not affect the already developed PV of the delayed type.

The state of the delayed-type PC can be maintained for decades after bacterial recovery, possibly due to the transition of microbes to L-forms of sludge and due to the fact that the life span of T-lymphocytes reaches 20 years. In the absence of a pathogen in the body, this has no pathogenetic significance, and attempts at hyposensitization can only bring harm.

In some infectious-allergic diseases, when a sufficient effect of antibacterial drugs has not been obtained, appropriate drugs are used for the purpose of hyposensitization: tuberculin for tuberculosis, vaccines for brucellosis, actinomycosis, candidiasis, etc. In case of delayed type PCh, intravenous administration to patients should be treated. vaccines in increasing doses leads only to a short-term moderate decrease in HR - after 1-2 months. the previous slow-type IF level is restored or even becomes higher. The similar phenomenon is observed at the infectious and allergic diseases caused by a sensitization by the microbes which are in the centers hron, an infection - efficiency of a hyposensitization at infectious and allergic bronchial asthma is much lower, than at its atopic forms.

Due to the fact that the introduction of the allergen causes focal, and sometimes severe general reactions, hyposensitization is contraindicated in lesions of c. n. N of page, eyes, at diffusive changes in a liver, kidneys, at disturbances of cordial activity, pregnancy. To suppress excessively strong inflammatory reactions, sometimes life-threatening, corticosteroid hormones are most effective, used in sufficiently large doses, possibly for a shorter course, and necessarily with iodine protection of antibiotics, since corticosteroids simultaneously suppress the immune system to a large extent.

Antihistamines can have a certain effect only in the immediate type of PV, for example, in helminthiasis, urticaria of microbial etiology. They reduce a wedge, manifestations of an allergy of immediate type, but do not eliminate the reason, and after the termination of their reception symptoms, as a rule, renew.

Prevention of infectious allergies by eliminating contact with the agent that caused its development is possible only in rare cases (detergents with microbial enzymes, antibiotics of microbial origin). The prevention of development I. and. with infections is reduced to their prevention. In a patient with a developed infection, prevention of sensitization does not make sense, since delayed-type HR should be considered as one of the mechanisms of immunity. At patients with tendency to allergic diseases for the prevention of their development careful and intensive treatment of acute respiratory diseases, the centers hron, an infection is necessary.

Some features of infectious allergy under the action of bacterial toxins. The beginning of studying I. and. to bacterial toxins were studies by I. L. Krichevsky and N. V. Galanova (1934), who found that the cells of the smooth muscles of the uterus of guinea pigs infected with B. abortus react more actively to the endotoxin of this microorganism than the same cells of intact animals .

Subsequently, Soviet scientists studied the reaction of various body cells to endo- and exotoxins of bacteria - the causative agents of brucellosis, tuberculosis, glanders, diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, anaerobic infections and various viruses.

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bacterial allergy, due to increased sensitivity to bacterial allergens, usually develops in the presence of foci of chronic infection in the body, which can be localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, accessory cavities of the nose, in the bronchopulmonary apparatus, intestines, biliary system. bacterial allergy It is formed for a long time, for several years, so it is extremely rare before the age of three. Under influence bacterial allergens infectious-allergic diseases are formed: infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis, infectious-allergic urticaria. In the specific diagnosis of bacterial allergies, standard bacterial allergens produced by the Kazan Research Institute of Medicine are used: hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus, proteus mirabilis and vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus, E. coli, group pneumococcus, neisseria.
The first step in diagnosing a bacterial allergy is an allergy history. Characteristic anamnestic signs of bacterial allergy are the seasonality of exacerbation (during the wet cold season), the relationship of exacerbation of the disease with hypothermia due to exacerbation of foci of chronic infection. An exacerbation of an infectious-allergic disease is often accompanied by a febrile or subfebrile temperature, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, and antibiotic therapy is effective in the treatment. Acute inflammatory processes in children with atopic diseases are often mistaken for infectious-allergic diseases, especially in patients with atopic bronchial asthma. As a result, anamnestic overdiagnosis of infectious-allergic diseases often takes place. Table 2.15 shows that bacterial positive medical history (BCA) correlates with a complex of other tests in 67.16% of patients, of which 45.10% had provocative ones. In 1/3 of cases with a positive history, all other tests were negative, that is, bacterial sensitization was not detected. Thus, in more than half of the patients, the bacterial etiology of the disease, suspected by anamnesis, is not confirmed by a comprehensive allergological examination. With negative history data, 13.00% of children have bacterial allergies, mostly subclinical. It follows from this that the history of bacterial allergies is not always reliable.
Skin testing with bacterial allergens is also not specific enough. Table 2.15 shows that only in 38.33% of cases positive the result of intradermal tests (ICT) correlates with a complex of other tests and in 9.45% with a provocative one, and in 61.67% all other tests were negative, i.e. bacterial sensitization was not detected. This indicates a lack of specificity for a positive skin test result with bacterial allergens. At the same time, their negative result is highly reliable, in which only 0.07% revealed subclinical bacterial allergy.
Other authors also point out the nonspecificity of skin tests with bacterial allergens. So, in the observations of T. S. Sokolova, V. A. Fradkin (1978), 50% of healthy children received positive VKP with bacterial allergens. This indicates the need (to clarify the role of the allergen in the disease) in the diagnosis of bacterial allergy, in addition to history and skin tests, other tests - provocative and laboratory. Among the latter, RLL is highly informative, positive the result of which coincides with a complex of other tests in 84.76%, but only in 13.36% with provocative ones, that is, it reveals a rarely manifest, but mostly subclinical allergy, and in some cases (15.24%) is false positive. Its negative result is reliable. At the same time, the coincidence of positive PPN reactions with other tests is observed only in 56.52, and with provocative ones in 2.17% of cases. Bacterial allergy not installed. However, a negative PPN result is highly reliable. It should be noted that the intensity of the ECP and laboratory tests does not reflect the degree of hypersensitivity of the patient to the allergen (Fig. 2.9). Even sharply and very sharply positive. their results reflect both overt and subclinical allergies and false positives. In other words, skin and laboratory tests do not allow to differentiate manifest and subclinical forms of bacterial allergy, which require a different therapeutic approach.

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About bacterial allergies

Bacterial allergy is a certain type of allergy, in which an allergic reaction develops to bacteria that are in the body, usually in the form of chronic foci of infection. Such chronic foci are most often localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, paranasal sinuses nose, in the bronchopulmonary tree, as well as in the intestines and kidneys. At the same time, a bacterial allergy is formed for a long time, sometimes it takes years, so it most often occurs in adults or older children.

Bacterial allergy is that under the influence of bacterial agents and antigens that enter the human body, infectious and allergic diseases are formed, for example, such as:

• Bronchial asthma;
• Allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis;
• Infectious-allergic urticaria.

The above diseases are difficult to tolerate by patients, require long-term and high-quality treatment. However, the sooner the patient detects allergy symptoms and seeks qualified medical help, the sooner the specific treatment prescribed by doctors will work, and such a patient will be able to forget about bacterial allergies forever.

Symptoms of a bacterial allergy

The symptoms of a bacterial allergy depend on on the type of bacteria that contribute to the development of an allergic reaction, as well as on the state of the human immune system. So, the following symptoms of a bacterial allergy are distinguished:

1. Respiratory symptoms:
   • Cough and difficulty breathing due to the sensation of a lump in the throat;
   • Paroxysmal sneezing;
   • Itching in the nose and throat;
   • Clear, mucous discharge from the nose;
   • Nasal congestion;
   • Violation of the sense of smell;
2. Symptoms of damage to the organ of vision:
   • Redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
   • lacrimation;
   • Itchy eyes;
3. In some cases, join skin symptoms as:
   • Rashes and redness on the skin, which are also accompanied by itching;
4. Symptoms that indicate a violation of the functioning of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract:
   • Pain in the stomach;
   • Vomit;
   • Diarrhea.

In the most severe cases, symptoms of anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema develop, the relief of which is possible only with the help of qualified medical professionals providing emergency medical care.

Causes of bacterial allergies

The causes of bacterial allergies are reduced to the fact that in the body there are chronic foci of infection associated with untreated colds bacterial diseases(for example, pneumonia, sinusitis, etc.). And under certain conditions, for example, hypothermia and a decrease in immunity, these foci are activated, which triggers the course of a bacterial allergic reaction. Therefore, in order to fundamentally prevent the development of bacterial allergies, it is always necessary to completely eliminate the disease and not run it into a chronic form.

Bacterial allergies in children

Bacterial allergy in children is usually detected not earlier than 3 years of age, because it develops against the background of chronic foci of infection in the body. Symptoms in children are the same as in adults, but sometimes they are more pronounced and pronounced, which is associated with the immaturity of the children's immune system. Bacterial allergy in children needs qualified and specialized treatment, which is aimed not only at relieving allergy symptoms, but also at eliminating and sanitizing chronic foci of infection.

Treatment of bacterial allergies in children the doctors of our clinic "Lor-Asthma" are engaged in, offering only safe, reliable and most effective methods. Remember, the sooner you consult a doctor, the sooner he establishes the type of allergy and determines the specific type of allergen, the sooner you can start treating your baby, and the sooner he will get rid of severe and unpleasant symptoms of bacterial allergies.

Treat your child using only high-quality and effective methods of treatment! Namely, such doctors offer treatment methods for bacterial allergies clinic "Lor-Asthma!

Treatment of bacterial allergies

Treatment of bacterial allergies in our clinic"Lor-Asthma" is always carried out at the highest level! We treat both adults and children, relieving them of bacterial allergies, while always selecting treatment regimens individually.

Treatment of bacterial allergies should be started with quality diagnostics. This is where our doctors start. The first stage is the collection of an allergic anamnesis, which the attending physician finds out from the patient himself or from the child's parents. Then, having carried out literally several diagnostic procedures and based on the patient's medical history, the doctor determines the type of allergy, and also determines the degree of its development.

After determining the type of allergen and determining the state of the patient's immunity, allergy treatment begins. As a treatment for bacterial allergies our specialists offer only proven, effective and high-quality methods, for example, such as:

1. Phytoapitherapy;
2. Apitherapy;
3. Lipidotherapy;
4. ultrasound therapy;
5. Capillarotherapy.

Purpose of bacterial allergy treatment- this is not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also to strengthen the immune system as a whole, as well as to eliminate chronic foci of bacterial infection, which in the future helps prevent the development of allergy relapses!

Book a bacterial allergy consultation

Questions from users on our website about bacterial allergies

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Word "microbe" traditionally associated with the idea of ​​something disease-causing. But allergenic properties are possessed primarily by microorganisms that are almost or completely harmless to humans, their natural cohabitants - for example, some staphylococci that live on the skin and Escherichia coli.

In addition to single-celled organisms of a bacterial, plant or animal nature, viruses can also be allergenic, primarily respirators of o-influenza, influenza and parainfluenza viruses. There is no need to talk about pathogenicity or its absence here: the very nature of the virus is such that, by definition, it is pathogenic for any living creature into whose DNA it has integrated.

According to one of the most popular theories in modern allergology, an allergy to viruses is initially formed, and then - as if on a beaten track - an increased sensitivity to microbes is developed. This usually happens during childhood.

Extremely interesting for theorists and nasty for practitioners is the question - what are the allergens of microbes and viruses. In principle, the situation is more or less clear; a virus is, roughly speaking, a naked genetic apparatus (DNA or RNA in complex with proteins), and its allergens are either direct products of its genes, or some of the proteins that form the mentioned complex. Well, a microbe is a single-celled creature, which has a lot of diverse proteins, so there is plenty to choose from. But the problem is different. Any infectious agent has antigens against which the human immune system produces antibodies - this is understandable. And now it turns out that some infectious agents also have allergens. Are these the same proteins or different ones? Let's say that the antigen of the influenza virus and its allergen are the same protein or are they different?

It seems to be logical to assume that they are different, since different antibodies are usually produced in response to their presence: for allergens - mainly IgE, for antigens - all the rest (this scheme, of course, is extremely simplified). But look at how a microbial or viral allergy develops.

At first, a sick child now and then suffers from acute respiratory infections or the flu, and even tonsillitis or bronchitis. It’s as if everything is going according to schedule: a strong fever, cough, runny nose, etc., etc. - intensive antibiotic therapy is carried out - the fever goes away, a runny nose and cough too - convalescence sets in (medics call this bushy phrase the recovery phase). However, later, typical bronchitis is suddenly complicated by severe shortness of breath, prolonged obsessive cough for many months ... The patient does not seem to stop getting sick. And gradually shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing and wheezing in the lungs become companions of his life. There are no signs of infection, but the listed symptoms are. This means that a microbial or viral allergy has developed in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.

It turns out that the disease (or treatment for it?) Easily flows into an allergy to its pathogen! Perhaps, after all, its antigens and allergens are the same substances. And what is important, in such cases, it is completely useless and even harmful to continue pumping the child with antibiotics: an allergy to the medicine can also develop along the way! It has been proven that with a combination of the action of an antibiotic and a microbe (or virus) on the body, heightened sensitivity to both of them is formed faster than separately.

As for allergies to E. coli and other invisible and gentle symbionts (cohabitants) of a person, these creatures should not have any antigens, which means that painful sensitivity to them is a classic version of the “immunity error”.

As a rule, allergic reactions to microbes and viruses proceed in a delayed manner. Immediate - for example, pneumococcus, streptococcus, neisseria, the same E. coli - are rarely observed.

What can be advised to the public in order to avoid microbial and viral allergies? Is there only one thing: get sick less, temper like steel, do not disdain general strengthening procedures, do not be lazy to do exercises in the morning, and if you have already picked up the flu, acute respiratory infections or another infection, deign to be healed until complete recovery. There is evidence that the development of allergic diseases caused by microbes and viruses is promoted by foci of chronic infection in the tonsils, uterine appendages, gallbladder, intestines, in a word, in any organs. Why is there a gallbladder - a holey tooth, not sealed in time, can cause bronchial asthma! After all, caries is also caused by microbes. And during influenza epidemics, which regularly shake our capital and other Russian cities, it is necessary to strictly observe all the rules of hygiene and individual protection.

In addition, please note that proteases and proteinases (enzymes that degrade proteins) that are now widely used in the production of washing powders have been isolated from some bacteria. Not always a bacterial allergen is a protease or proteinase, but still, patients with hypersensitivity to bacteria are advised to carefully handle washing powders: inhaling their air suspension can cause an asthma attack, and washing clothes with bare hands and even wearing clothes washed with such a powder are unsafe for the skin.

• household allergies
• Allergy to chicken protein
• Types of allergies
• eye allergy
• Allergy to chicken eggs

diagnostichouse.com

Delayed-type allergic reactions are reactions that occur only a few hours or even days after exposure to the allergen. The most characteristic example of this group of allergic manifestations turned out to be tuberculin reactions, therefore, sometimes the entire group of delayed-type allergic reactions is called tuberculin-type reactions. Delayed allergies include bacterial allergies, contact type allergic reactions (contact dermatitis), autoallergic diseases, transplant rejection reactions, etc.

bacterial allergy

Delayed bacterial allergy can occur with preventive vaccinations and with some infectious diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, brucellosis, coccal, viral and fungal infections). If an allergen is applied to a sensitized or infected animal on the scarified skin (or administered intradermally), then the response begins no earlier than 6 hours later and reaches a maximum after 24-48 hours. At the site of contact with the allergen, hyperemia, induration and sometimes skin necrosis occur. Necrosis appears as a result of the death of a significant number of histiocytes and parenchymal cells. With the injection of small doses of the allergen, necrosis is absent. Histologically, as with all types of delayed-type allergic reactions, bacterial allergy is characterized by mononuclear infiltration (monocytes and large, medium and small lymphocytes). In clinical practice, skin delayed reactions of Pirquet, Mantoux, Burne, and others are used to determine the degree of sensitization of the body in a particular infection.

Delayed allergic reactions can also be obtained in other organs, for example, in the cornea, bronchi. Inhalation of tuberculin aerosol to BCG-sensitized guinea pigs causes severe shortness of breath, histologically infiltration is observed. lung tissue polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells that are located around the bronchioles. If tuberculous bacteria are introduced into the lungs of sensitized animals, a strong cellular reaction occurs with caseous decay and the formation of cavities (Koch's phenomenon).

contact allergy

Contact allergies (contact dermatitis) are caused by a variety of low molecular weight substances (dinitrochlorobenzene, picrylic acid, phenols, etc.), industrial chemicals, paints (ursol is the active substance of poison ivy), detergents, metals (platinum compounds), cosmetics, etc. Molecular the weight of most of these substances does not exceed 1000, i.e. they are haptens (incomplete antigens). In the skin, they combine with proteins, probably through a covalent bond with free amino and sulfhydryl groups of proteins, and acquire allergenic properties. The ability to combine with protein is directly proportional to the allergenic activity of these substances.

The local reaction of the sensitized organism to the contact allergen also appears after about 6 hours and reaches a maximum after 24-48 hours. The reaction develops superficially, mononuclear infiltration of the epidermis occurs and the formation of small cavities in the epidermis containing mononuclear cells. The cells of the epidermis degenerate, the structure of the basement membrane is disturbed and the epidermis detaches. Changes in the deep layers of the skin are much weaker than with other types of local reactions of delayed type a.

Autoallergy

Delayed-type allergic reactions also include a large group of reactions and diseases resulting from damage to cells and tissues by so-called autoallergens, i.e., allergens that have arisen in the body itself. The nature and mechanism of formation of autoallergens are different.

Some autoallergens are found in the body in finished form (endoallergens). Some tissues of the body (for example, tissues of the lens, thyroid gland, testicles, gray matter of the brain) in the process of phylogenesis turned out to be isolated from the apparatus of immunogenesis, due to which they are perceived by immunocompetent cells as foreign. Their antigenic structure is an irritant for the apparatus of immunogenesis and antibodies are produced against them.

Of great importance are secondary or acquired autoallergens, which are formed in the body from its own proteins as a result of the action of any damaging environmental factors (for example, cold, high temperature, ionizing radiation). These autoallergens and antibodies formed against them play a certain role in the pathogenesis of radiation, burn disease, etc.

When exposed to the own antigenic components of the human or animal body with bacterial allergens, infectious autoallergens are formed. In this case, complex allergens may arise that retain the antigenic properties of the constituent parts of the complex (human or animal tissue + bacteria) and intermediate allergens with completely new antigenic properties. The formation of intermediate allergens is very clearly seen in some neuroviral infections. The relationship of viruses with the cells they infect is characterized by the fact that the nucleoproteins of the virus in the process of its reproduction interact extremely closely with the nucleoproteins of the cell. The virus at a certain stage of its reproduction, as it were, fuses with the cell. This creates especially favorable conditions for the formation of large-molecular antigenic substances - products of the interaction of the virus and the cell, which are intermediate allergens (according to A.D. Ado).

The mechanisms of occurrence of autoallergic diseases are quite complex. Some diseases develop, apparently, as a result of a violation of the physiological vascular tissue barrier and the release of natural or primary autoallergens from tissues, to which there is no immunological tolerance in the body. These diseases include allergic thyroiditis, orchitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, etc. But for the most part, autoallergic diseases are caused by antigens of the body's own tissues, altered under the influence of physical, chemical, bacterial and other agents (acquired or secondary autoallergens). For example, autoantibodies against one's own tissues (antibodies such as cytotoxins) appear in the blood and tissue fluids of animals and humans during radiation sickness. In this case, apparently, the products of water ionization (active radicals) and other products of tissue breakdown lead to protein denaturation, turning them into self-allergens. Against the latter, antibodies are produced.

Autoallergic lesions are also known, which develop due to the commonality of antigenic determinants of the tissue's own components with those of exoallergens. Common antigenic determinants have been found in the heart muscle and some strains of streptococcus, lung tissues and some saprophytic bacteria living in the bronchi, etc. The immunological reaction caused by an exoallergen, due to its cross antigenic properties, can be directed against its own tissues. In this way, some cases of allergic myocarditis, an infectious form of bronchial asthma, etc. may occur. systemic lupus erythematosus, acquired hemolytic anemia, etc.

A special group of lesions, close in mechanism to autoallergic reactions, are experimental diseases caused by cytotoxic sera. A typical example of such lesions is nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotoxic serum can be obtained, for example, after repeated subcutaneous administration of an emulsion of crushed rabbit kidney to guinea pigs. If guinea pig serum containing a sufficient amount of antirenal cytotoxins is injected into a healthy rabbit, they develop glomerulonephritis (proteinuria and death of animals from uremia). Depending on the dose of antiserum administered, glomerulonephritis appears soon (24-48 hours) after serum administration or 5-11 days later. Using the method of fluorescent antibodies, it was established that, according to these terms, foreign gamma globulin appears in the glomeruli of the kidneys in the early stages, and after 5-7 days, autologous gamma globulin. The reaction of such antibodies with a foreign protein fixed in the kidneys is the cause of late glomerulonephritis.

Homograft rejection reaction

As is known, true engraftment of a transplanted tissue or organ is possible only with autotransplantation or homotransplantation in identical twins. In all other cases, the transplanted tissue or organ is rejected. Transplant rejection is the result of a delayed-type allergic reaction. As early as 7-10 days after tissue transplantation, and especially abruptly after transplant rejection, a typical delayed reaction to intradermal administration of donor tissue antigens can be obtained. In the development of the body's response to the transplant, lymphoid cells are of decisive importance. When tissue is transplanted into an organ with a poorly developed drainage lymphatic system (the anterior chamber of the eye, the brain), the process of destruction of the transplanted tissue slows down. Lymphocytosis is an early sign of incipient rejection, and the imposition of a fistula of the thoracic lymphatic duct in the recipient, which allows to some extent to reduce the number of lymphocytes in the body, prolongs the life of the homotransplant.

The mechanism of transplant rejection can be represented as follows: as a result of transplantation of a foreign tissue, the recipient's lymphocytes become sensitized (become carriers of a transfer factor or cellular antibodies). These immune lymphocytes then migrate to the transplant, where they are destroyed and release an antibody that causes the destruction of the transplanted tissue. Upon contact of immune lymphocytes with graft cells, intracellular proteases are also released, which cause further metabolic disorder in the graft. The introduction of tissue protease inhibitors (for example, s-aminocaproic acid) to the recipient promotes engraftment of transplanted tissues. Suppression of the function of lymphocytes by physical (ionizing irradiation of the lymph nodes) or chemical (special immunosuppressive agents) effects also prolongs the functioning of transplanted tissues or organs.

Mechanisms of delayed-type allergic reactions

All allergic reactions of the delayed type develop according to the general plan: in the initial stage of sensitization (shortly after the introduction of the allergen into the body), a large number of pyroninophilic cells appear in the regional lymph nodes, from which, apparently, immune (sensitized) lymphocytes are formed. The latter become carriers of antibodies (or the so-called "transfer factor"), enter the blood, partly they circulate in the blood, partly settle in the endothelium of blood capillaries, skin, mucous membranes and other tissues. Upon subsequent contact with the allergen, they cause the formation of an allergen-antibody immune complex and subsequent tissue damage.

The nature of the antibodies involved in the mechanisms of delayed allergy is not fully understood. It is known that the passive transfer of a delayed allergy to another animal is possible only with the help of cell suspensions. With blood serum, such a transfer is practically impossible; at least a small amount of cellular elements must be added. Among the cells involved in delayed allergy, cells of the lymphoid series seem to be of particular importance. So, with the help of lymph node cells, blood lymphocytes, it is possible to passively endure hypersensitivity to tuberculin, picryl chloride and other allergens. Contact sensitivity can be transmitted passively with the cells of the spleen, thymus, thoracic lymphatic duct. In people with various forms of insufficiency of the lymphoid apparatus (for example, lymphogranulomatosis), delayed-type allergic reactions do not develop. In the experiment, irradiation of animals with X-rays before the onset of lymphopenia causes suppression of tuberculin allergy, contact dermatitis, homograft rejection, and other delayed-type allergic reactions. The introduction of cortisone in animals at doses that reduce the content of lymphocytes, as well as the removal of regional lymph nodes, suppresses the development of delayed allergies. Thus, it is lymphocytes that are the main carriers and carriers of antibodies in delayed allergies. The presence of such antibodies on lymphocytes is also evidenced by the fact that lymphocytes with delayed allergies are able to fix the allergen on themselves. As a result of the interaction of sensitized cells with the allergen, biologically active substances are released, which can be considered as delayed-type allergy mediators. The most important of them are the following:

• 1. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor. It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 4000-6000. It inhibits the movement of macrophages in tissue culture. When administered intradermally to a healthy animal (guinea pig), it causes a delayed-type allergic reaction. Found in humans and animals.
• 2. lymphotoxin- a protein with a molecular weight of 70,000-90,000. Causes the destruction or inhibition of growth and proliferation of lymphocytes. Suppresses DNA synthesis. Found in humans and animals
• 3. Blastogenic factor- protein. Causes the transformation of lymphocytes into lymphoblasts; promotes the absorption of thymidine by lymphocytes and activates the division of lymphocytes. Found in humans and animals.
• 4. In guinea pigs, mice, rats, other factors have also been found as mediators of delayed-type allergic reactions that have not yet been isolated in humans, for example, skin reactivity factor causing inflammation of the skin chemotactic factor and some others that are also proteins with different molecular weights.

Circulating antibodies can appear in some cases with delayed-type allergic reactions in liquid tissue media of the body. They can be detected using an agar precipitation test or a complement fixation test. However, these antibodies are not responsible for the essence of delayed-type sensitization and do not participate in the process of damage and destruction of tissues of a sensitized organism during autoallergic processes, bacterial allergies, rheumatism, etc. According to their significance for the body, they can be classified as witness antibodies (but classification of antibodies A. D. Ado).

Effect of thymus on allergic reactions

The thymus influences the formation of delayed allergies. Early thymectomy in animals causes a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes, involution of lymphoid tissue and suppresses the development of delayed allergy to proteins, tuberculin, disrupts the development of transplantation immunity, but has little effect on contact allergy to dinitrochlorobenzene. Insufficiency of the thymus function affects primarily the state of the paracortical layer of the lymph nodes, that is, the layer where pyroninophilic cells are formed from small lymphocytes during delayed allergy. With early thymectomy, it is from this area that lymphocytes begin to disappear, which leads to atrophy of the lymphoid tissue.

The effect of thymectomy on delayed allergy appears only if the thymus is removed early in the life of the animal. Thymectomy performed in animals a few days after birth or in adult animals does not affect the engraftment of the homograft.

Allergic reactions of the immediate type are also under the control of the thymus, but the influence of the thymus on these reactions is less pronounced. Early thymectomy does not affect the formation of plasma cells and the synthesis of gamma globulin. Thymectomy is accompanied by inhibition of circulating antibodies not to all, but only to some types of antigens.

Viral allergy is a disease that occurs during various infectious infections. The reaction can occur in people of any age. Its manifestation depends on the type of allergen and the individual characteristics of the body.

A viral or bacterial allergy is the body's response to the development of an incompletely cured infectious disease.

Allergy occurs when a person is infected with these microorganisms. Also, particles of infected cells can become the cause of the reaction. Most often, chronic diseases contribute to the development of infectious allergies.

People with the following diseases are most at risk:

• dysentery;
• syphilis and gonorrhea;
• tuberculosis;
• plague and anthrax;
• mycosis;
• brucellosis.

An infectious allergy can develop both in an adult and in a child. Sometimes it appears as a result of taking samples for the presence of an infection in the body.

Symptoms in children and adults

The main signs of an allergy caused by infections are practically no different from the general symptoms of various allergic reactions:

• rash, redness and itching of the skin;
• sneezing, swelling and nasal congestion;
• cough, respiratory disorders;
• tearing, redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
• disruption of work digestive systems s, diarrhea, nausea.

Redness and tearing of the eyes - a symptom of a viral allergy

Allergy to infection in children often occurs after respiratory diseases. The course of the disease is accompanied by:

• runny nose;
• high body temperature;
• difficulty breathing;
• cough;
• lack of appetite.

There may also be pain in the arms, legs, and abdomen. Sometimes an allergic reaction in an acute respiratory viral infection leads to the development of asthma.

Sneezing, swelling and nasal congestion are typical manifestations of a viral allergy.

It is very important to identify allergies in time and start treatment, as an exacerbation of the disease can lead to complications. In some cases, anaphylactic shock is possible.

The reaction that occurs when taking samples to the presence of an infection in the body can appear immediately. At the injection site, itching is felt, redness and swelling of the skin are visible.

Diagnostics

In order to assign proper treatment identify the type of allergen that is causing the reaction. Initially, a complete history is taken, according to which a possible allergen is previously clarified. All infectious diseases are taken into account.

Identification of the exact pathogen is carried out by skin tests with possible allergen. If there is hypersensitivity to a particular microorganism, then a characteristic redness appears at the injection site.

An accurate diagnosis is made after complete examination.

Treatment

Infectious allergies are dangerous disease, the development of which can lead to the death of the patient. Therefore, when the first signs appear, you should consult a doctor.

The main principle of treatment is the identification and destruction of the allergen, which can be bacteria, microscopic fungi or viruses. Each type of pathogen is treated with certain drugs.

Treatment of allergies caused by viruses

If, after the diagnosis, it is confirmed that the reaction in the body is caused by viral infections, then the treatment is carried out with such drugs:

• "Remantadine" - a drug with a pronounced antiviral activity;
• "Zanamivir" is an antiviral agent that neutralizes viruses of groups A and B.

Remantadine is a drug with a pronounced antiviral activity;

Therapy also includes drugs that include the human immune protein - interferon:

• "Grippferon";
• "Viferon".

Sometimes drugs are used that contribute to the production of their own interferon in the patient's body. These include:

• "Amixin";
• "Cycloferon"
• "Derinat";
• "Neovir".

To relieve symptoms of respiratory diseases, various cough medicines, inhalers to eliminate inflammation in the throat, and nasal drops are used.

Treatment of bacterial allergies

To destroy the bacteria that caused the allergic reaction, bactericidal antibiotics are used:

• "Amoxicillin";
• "Ceftriaxone";
• "Aztryon";
• "Ampicillin";
• "Lorakarbef";
• "Nafcillin".

To interrupt the development of bacteria and stop their reproduction, bacteriostatic antibiotics are used:

• "Erythromycin";
• "Minocycline";
• "Azithromycin";
• "Tetracycline";
• "Dirithromycin";
• "Doxycycline";
• "Clarithromycin".

These antibacterial drugs are not used for prolonged and acute forms infections, as they can only stop the development of microorganisms. Severe bacterial allergies are treated only with bactericidal antibiotics.

Fungal Allergy Treatment

If the culprit of the disease was a fungus, which in turn caused an allergic reaction, then the treatment is carried out with antifungal drugs:

• "Nystatin";
• "Fluconazole";
• "Bifonazole";
• "Candicidin";
• "Hamicin";
• "Oxyconazole";
• "Rimocidin";
• "Amorolfine".

Therapeutic actions should be aimed at the complete elimination of the allergen. An incompletely cured disease can lead to a repeated allergic reaction, which can bring serious complications.

Elimination of symptoms caused by an allergic reaction

Allergies caused by various types of infections have similar symptoms. To eliminate the accompanying symptoms, antihistamines are used:

• "Suprastin";
• "Claritin";
• "Dimedrol";
• "Zyrtec";
• Telfast.

If necessary, use anti-inflammatory, healing, antihistamine ointments and creams that relieve irritation on the skin, eliminate itching and swelling.

Zyrtec is a second generation antihistamine.

Prevention of viral and bacterial allergies

To prevent the occurrence of an infectious allergic reaction, you must follow some rules:

• when infected with an infectious disease, do not self-medicate;
• at the first signs of infection entering the body, consult a doctor and begin treatment;
• take preventive measures during epidemics of viral diseases;
• adhere to a healthy lifestyle - go in for sports, take walks in the fresh air, eat right.

Allergy prevention is aimed at increasing immunity and protecting the body from infection with any infections.

A viral or bacterial allergy that occurs when the body is infected with an infection of a different nature is a serious but treatable disease. The main thing is to identify the problem in time and seek help from a doctor who will prescribe the correct treatment.

Allergy is a pathological reaction of the human immune system to certain substances. It can occur due to contact of the body with pollen, wool, aggressive chemical compounds, certain types of medications, etc. There is also an infectious allergy. In this case, pathogens of various diseases act as allergens.

Kinds

Depending on the allergen, it can be of different types:

• viral allergy;
• bacterial allergy;
• fungal allergy.

All of them are caused by the presence of an infection in the body.

Causes of viral allergies

Such an immune reaction can appear in both children and adults. It can be caused by serious illnesses. Such as:

tuberculosis;

• brucellosis;

  anthrax;

  mycoses of the skin and other organs;

  tularemia;

  dysentery;

Viral and bacterial allergies in children and adults occur under the following conditions:

intracellular location of the infection;

long course of the listed diseases;

the presence of a focus of chronic infection in the body.

Such an allergy can occur not only by itself, but also as a result of a test in the presence of an infection in the body. For tuberculosis, this is the Mantoux test, for chronic dysentery, the Tsuverkalov test, for brucellosis, the Burne test, for gonorrhea, the test with gonovaccine, for anthrax, the test with anthraxin, for tularemia, the test with tularemine.

Children can also develop allergies due to the presence of a less serious infection in the body. Often it manifests itself after a long course of colds. In this case, ARI turns into an infectious allergy in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.
So, we can conclude that viral and bacterial allergies in children can be caused by such an infection:

• Pneumococcus;

  staphylococcus;

  streptococcus;

  coli.

Infectious allergies in children develop for the following reasons:

severe diseases listed above;

long course of acute respiratory diseases;

increased sensitivity of the body to the waste products of microorganisms that cause any disease (including influenza, etc.);

Also, an allergy to the waste products of viruses, bacteria and fungi can occur in adults and children due to a prolonged chronic inflammatory process. It can be chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis and even caries.

Symptoms of Allergy to Infection

This kind immune response in adults and children is accompanied by such signs:

redness or rash on the skin;

allergic rhinitis;

redness and tearing of the eyes;

disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach pain, diarrhea);

difficulty breathing;

swollen lymph nodes;

in especially severe cases - anaphylactic shock.

If an allergy occurs after Mantoux or other tests for the presence of an infection in the body, then local symptoms are added to the above signs:

pain and swelling at the injection site;

severe itching;

swelling and redness at the site of the infection test.

Allergy after a long course of acute respiratory diseases in children is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• elevated temperature;

• wheezing in the lungs;

  wheezing.

Symptoms: rash and redness

Such symptoms may also be present in adults if they have severely triggered bronchitis or other respiratory diseases.
If children or adults have symptoms of an acute infectious allergy, you should not try to treat yourself, as there is a high probability of developing anaphylactic shock, which in most cases leads to lethal outcome. Therefore, in the event of signs of an immune reaction to the waste products of viruses, bacteria or fungi, you should immediately consult an allergist. He will prescribe the right treatment that will help get rid of the symptoms and prevent the recurrence of the disease.
Allergies after a long course of acute respiratory diseases can also cause complications if you do not immediately consult a doctor. It could be a chronic disease respiratory system, as well as the appearance of immune reactions to other allergens that were previously perceived by the body as normal (for example, pollen, dust, wool, etc.). In this case, children in contact with these allergens will develop an asthma attack.

Treatment of allergies caused by viruses

First of all, the treatment of such an immune reaction involves getting rid of the infection that caused it.
Respiratory diseases are treated with antiviral drugs. It could be:

Zanamivir;

Remantadin.

Drugs containing interferon (a human immune protein that helps fight infection) are also used. These are the following medicines:

• Grippferon and others.

Viferon

Drugs that do not contain ready-made protein can also be used, but stimulate the body to produce its own interferon. Such drugs are considered the most effective in the fight against acute respiratory diseases. After them come preparations containing ready-made interferon. However, they are less effective, since sooner or later the body begins to block the foreign protein, producing antibodies to it. The following medicines are aimed at stimulating the production of their own interferon:

Cycloferon;

Drugs are also used to relieve the main symptoms of acute respiratory diseases. These can be nose drops, sprays to eliminate redness and sore throat, cough syrups, etc.

Treatment of bacterial allergies

An immune reaction that occurs after a long course of diseases caused by bacteria is treated primarily by eliminating the underlying ailments.
For this, antibiotics are used. There are two types of these drugs: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The former kill microorganisms, while the latter only inhibit their growth and reproduction.
Bactericidal antibiotics include:

Aztrione;

Loracarbef;

Amoxicillin;

Ampicillin;

Nafcillin;

cephalosporin antibiotics (Ceftriaxone, Cefadroxil, Ceftazidime, Cefixime, Cefazolin, etc.).

Bacteriostatic antibiotics include the following drugs:

Tetracycline;

minocycline;

doxycycline;

Dalfopristin;

Clarithromycin;

Erythromycin;

Azithromycin;

Dirithromycin.

Erythromycin

In advanced and chronic infections, bactericidal drugs are most often used, since bacteriostatic drugs in such cases only stop the disease for a while, and after stopping their use, microorganisms begin to multiply again, as a result of which a relapse of the underlying disease and an allergic reaction is possible along with it.

Treatment of an infectious allergy caused by a fungus

It is primarily aimed at eliminating the underlying infection. Allergy symptoms are also eliminated, for which antihistamines are used. After the complete cure of the underlying disease, the symptoms of the immune reaction no longer return, however, if the mycosis is still not cured, a relapse of the allergy is possible.

Bacteria allergens, bacterial allergies, we often hear these words. But what do they mean: when bacterial allergens are helpers, and when are enemies, whether bacterial allergies are treated, why bacterial allergens are activated, and so on. Let's figure it out.

bacterial allergy

This is a type of allergy in which the activation of allergens is not due to food, dust or something like that, but due to bacteria located in the nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys, and so on. It does not come to light abruptly, but over time, because it is formed against the background of colds that have not been treated more often, for example, sinusitis. The fire of the disease does not seem to manifest itself outwardly, but smolders quietly inside and develops over the years into allergies in the form of bronchial asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and urticaria. All these are serious illnesses that require serious treatment. But do not be afraid, when contacting a competent specialist and following all his recommendations, such an allergy goes away forever. The following types of therapy are usually offered: phyto-, api-, lipido-, UZIS and capillary-. Symptoms of a bacterial allergy are: breathing problems (including cough, congestion, persistent runny nose, itching), frequent sneezing, tears, redness in the eyes, gastrointestinal tract may respond with pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Unfortunately, anaphylactic shock and angioedema also occur. In a child, the situation in terms of symptoms is the same as with adults. It should be noted that earlier than three years it is almost impossible to replace a bacterial allergy due to the long process of its development.

Bacterial allergens: types

Such allergens are classically divided into two groups. Group 1. Antigens, the activation of which is associated with pathogens of infectious diseases. Tuberculin (INN, international non-proprietary name - allergens of tuberculosis bacteria recombinant). From the name it is immediately clear that its activation is associated with tuberculosis diseases, and it is used to detect them. This allergen is recombinant. It includes lipids that increase the effectiveness of the drug and determine the time of its action. We are sure that everyone is familiar with the Mantoux test used to detect tuberculosis. Group 2. Antigens whose activation is associated with opportunistic bacteria. Lepromin. To a greater extent, lepromin consists of protein. Lepromin is not a new allergen, but it is still used to diagnose, treat, and determine the body's reactions to leprosy (leprosy).

Bacterial allergens for diagnosis

As we mentioned above, the allergens of bacteria of both groups modern medicine detection of diseases (lepromin, tuberculin) are used. Skin tests are used. For example, to detect a tuberculosis disease, a recombinant allergen is taken and Mantoux or Pirquet tests are performed. Preparations, the INN of which are allergens of tuberculosis bacteria recombinant (its trade name is tuberculin), can only be used by prepared medical specialists. They give very accurate answers to the question - is there tuberculosis. The reaction of the body is watched after three days. The same situation with lepromin. It is impossible to order an appropriate drug somewhere on the Internet and independently conduct a diagnosis at home. This is possible only in the clinic, since the activation of the body for lepromin does not indicate a disease, only a doctor can correctly decipher the result of the analysis.

0.1 ml of lepromin is injected under the skin. Two days later, the Fernandez reaction is observed - an early reaction to lepromine. It appears as a papule. A few weeks later look at Mitsuda's reaction, a late reaction to lepromine. Outwardly, this is already a tubercle or node.

Bacterial allergens cannot be classified as obligate. Obligate are those allergens that most often cause an inadequate reaction of the body, among them: chocolate, oranges, honey, fish, strawberries, and so on. Most often, such an allergy occurs in a child, his parents should transfer him to diet food that exclude these products. With age, the reaction to obligate allergens may go away. In conclusion, we note that despite the fact that the use of bacterial allergens (both tuberculin and lepromin and others) for diagnosing diseases is more than 100 years old, this method is still effective. According to how and in what terms the activation to the antigen occurs, it is possible either to determine the disease, or to identify the data necessary for treatment.

About bacterial allergies, leading, among other things, to asthma, we emphasize that it is sometimes treated even better than the usual food. With the right approach, the internal forces of the body are activated (after all, allergies are associated with low immunity), and the cause of the allergy is destroyed so effectively that you can forget about it forever.

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Allergy. Causes, symptoms, development, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of allergies

An allergy is an increased sensitivity of the body to the effects of certain environmental factors.

Allergy often manifests itself during the flowering of herbs, in contact with pets or inhalation of dye fumes. An allergic reaction can be caused by drugs and even ordinary dust.

In some cases, certain foods, synthetic compounds, chemical detergents, cosmetics, etc. are intolerable.

Allergy due to environmental pollution becomes especially dangerous. More and more people are suffering from it.

Allergy its causes and symptoms

The main signs of allergies:

skin redness,

Inflammation of the mucous membranes - the appearance of a runny nose and tears,

Attacks of coughing.

Sometimes the rhythm of the heartbeat can be disturbed and a general malaise develops. And edema of the larynx, lungs are life-threatening. Anaphylactic shock caused by allergies can also be fatal.

The main factor on which the manifestation of an allergic reaction depends is the immune system. The immune system is designed to protect the body from elements that can have a harmful effect on it. The danger can come from microbes, foreign proteins, various chemicals, and even from the body's own cells if they tend to degenerate into malignant cells that develop into cancerous tumors.

Antigens are called elements that interfere with the normal functioning of the body, carrying a certain danger to its existence. These can be various enzymes, toxins, foreign proteins and other substances that enter the body with microbes, plant pollen, drugs, in particular sera. Antigens are counteracted by special blood proteins - antibodies, otherwise called immunoglobulins. They are produced by some cells of the lymphatic system in the presence of antigens.

Immunoglobulins are highly sensitive to the presence of foreign substances. They are designed to bind and block antigen cells. And subsequently, together with them, they are destroyed by special cells (phagocytes) and excreted from the body.

In the process of interaction between antigens and antibodies, substances that have a negative effect on the body can be produced. They play an important role in the occurrence of allergic reactions.

The body usually secretes the necessary amount of antibodies to fight antigens. But if for some reason the immune system malfunctions and produces more than necessary, the number of immunoglobulins, the latter can have a destructive effect on the body, causing allergic reactions that are dangerous to health and even to life itself. An inadequate response of the body to exposure to foreign substances is an allergy.

Certain types of antibodies oppose various antigens. In total, there are only five classes of immunoglobulins, each of which must protect the body from certain antigens.

Class A - immunoglobulins that counteract various harmful microbes, toxins, viruses and protect mainly the mucous membranes. This type of antibody also includes those that play an important role in the body's reaction to cold and in protection against certain allergens. Class A immunoglobulins are involved in the mechanism of occurrence of rheumatic allergic diseases.

Class D is represented by immunoglobulins that are released during inflammation of the bone marrow, i.e., osteomyelitis, and are involved in a number of skin allergic reactions.

Class G are the most common immunoglobulins. Within this group, there are several varieties of antibodies designed to combat certain types of toxins, microbes and viruses. But the immunoglobulins themselves of this class can cause a number of severe allergic diseases. In particular, hemolytic disease of infants (developing as a result of the production of antibodies in the blood of the mother against the Rh factor present in the blood of the fetus), neurodermatitis, eczema and some others.

Class E - the most active immunoglobulins in the development of allergies. They are the first to react to the appearance of allergens, although they are not directly involved in their destruction. They also contribute to the formation of a special allergic mood of the immune system. The content of antibodies of this type in the body depends, in particular, on age - the largest number is produced by 7-14 years of age.

The presence of a more or less significant proportion of class E immunoglobulins also varies with geographic location and climatic conditions the country in which the person lives.

Class M is another immunoglobulin. These antibodies are involved in the fight against intestinal infections and rheumatic diseases. They bind bacteria that enter the body; destroy red blood cells of incompatible blood groups.

Among themselves, the immunoglobulins of the five classes mentioned differ not only in their role in resisting antigens, but also in molecular weight and specific proportion in the total number of antibodies.

Involved in the process of recognition and destruction of foreign cells are various cells of the immune system, which are scattered throughout the body. They are called lymphocytes and are formed through the transformation of stem cells.

The task of recognizing antigens is assigned to those cells that first come into contact with foreign elements. These are macrophages and monocytes, as well as some cells of the liver and nervous system. Then lymphocytes act against antigens. They, in turn, are divided into several categories depending on the functions performed. Part of the lymphocytes is involved in blocking foreign elements, part - in the production of the necessary antibodies.

Cytokines - substances secreted by lymphocytes, contribute to the activation of antigen-destroying cells, play an important role in the destruction of cells formed in the body dangerous tumors. In the case of a clear work of the immune system, they are also eliminated in the future. But, if the body is prone to an inadequate reaction, an excessive amount of these biologically active substances is produced. And not all cytokines are destroyed after getting rid of antigens. Some of them oppose completely healthy cells of their own body, cause inflammation, and begin to destroy organs. This is the mechanism for the development of an allergic reaction. It should be noted that the secretion of histamine and a number of other chemical substances that are characterized by increased activity is of particular importance in this case.

It is in cases where the immune system is overly sensitive to the effects of antigens on the body that allergic reactions occur.

Pseudo-allergy and true allergy: how do they differ

In addition to the described true allergy, the so-called pseudo-allergy or false allergy is known. A true allergy is manifested due to a violation of the immune system. The mechanism of occurrence of pseudo-allergy is different. The latter differs from a true allergy in that antibodies do not participate in the process of its occurrence. In this case, the active substances - histamine, tyramine, serotonin, etc., are released into the body as a result of the direct effect of antigens on cells. Manifestations of true and false allergies are very similar. Indeed, in both cases, the reaction is caused by the same substances - histamine.

If there is an increase in the amount of histamine in the blood, there are signs characteristic of allergies, such as fever, urticaria, an increase or decrease in blood pressure, headache and dizziness, and suffocation. These symptoms are manifested in both true allergies and pseudo-allergies.

Difficulties in diagnosis lies in the fact that many allergy tests show a negative result, because immunoglobulins do not come into conflict with antigens. It is possible to recognize the presence of an ailment only by the experience of repeated contacts with the allergen. The release of biologically active substances can occur when eating certain foods, such as eggs, fish, as well as as a result of cell damage during irradiation, contact with acids or alkalis, the action of certain drugs, in extreme cold or heat.

A completely healthy body is able to independently neutralize a large amount of histamine, reduce the activity of this substance to a safe level. But with diseases such as tuberculosis, dysbacteriosis or cirrhosis of the liver, the countermeasure mechanism is violated. Inadequately reacts to the presence of histamine and the body is allergic. Therefore, the food rich in proteins, can cause a pseudo-allergic reaction. The composition of proteins includes amino acids, the derivatives of which are biologically active substances - such as histamine and tyramine.

Some signs allow to distinguish a true allergy from a false one. True allergy is accompanied by an increased content of class E immunoglobulins in the blood. Also an important indicator is the relationship between the amount of the allergen and the strength of the reaction caused by it. With pseudo-allergy, including food intolerance, the reaction intensifies if the amount of food intolerable to the body, flowering plants, household chemicals, etc. increases. This type of pseudo-allergy, such as food intolerance, manifests itself much more often than true allergy, which is violation of the mechanisms of the immune system. And a true allergic reaction is caused even by a minimal dose of an allergen-containing substance, for example, a drug, plant pollen. In addition, the reaction associated with the failure of immunity often manifests itself in certain seasons, for example, during the flowering of certain plants.

Allergy caused by the pollen of various plants

Of the truly allergic diseases, diseases caused by pollen were identified and investigated earlier than others. various plants. Their name - hay fever - comes from the Latin word "pollen". Then new experiments and studies were carried out. A compatriot of the East, Blackley, managed to artificially cause various manifestations of allergies when plant pollen contacts damaged areas of the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. The tests developed by this researcher began to be used later in the diagnosis of allergic diseases and contributed to their successful treatment. As the results of subsequent experiments showed, pollinosis is caused by small pollen that can penetrate into the bronchioles. In most cases, this category includes the pollen of those plants that are pollinated with the help of wind. In addition, it must be sufficiently volatile and remain viable for a long time. Humid environments tend to enhance the effect of such an allergen. Usually grass pollen is more active than shrub or tree pollen.

The vast majority of pollinosis also occurs when exposed to pollen from the most common plants in the area. In the regions of Central Europe, this category includes timothy, fescue, cocksfoot, wormwood, quinoa, poplar, elm, and linden. In the southern strip, the main allergen is ragweed pollen. Therefore, for allergy sufferers, flowering periods of these plants are dangerous, especially in the morning, when a lot of pollen is thrown out.

An allergy is manifested, caused by the ingestion of allergens through the respiratory tract, usually attacks - suffocation, cough, runny nose.

In some cases, pollinosis is combined with other forms of allergies that develop as a result of the action of infections, chemical and medicinal substances, and certain foods.

The ability of foods to cause allergies depends on their chemical composition and some other factors. Those that have a more complex protein composition are especially allergenic. These include primarily milk and products made from it, as well as chocolate, eggs, meat, fish, as well as some fruits, vegetables and berries.

Allergy caused by food intolerance

A pseudo-allergy caused by certain foods is called a food intolerance. It may be associated with the substances contained in the products: preservatives, dyes, etc. People who are hypersensitive to nitrates are advised to limit the use of black radish, celery, beets, bacon, salted fish.

Intolerance to dairy products or allergies provoked by the latter are more common in people suffering from diseases of the digestive system - gastritis and gastroduodenitis, cholecystitis, dysbacteriosis. The lack of vitamins also leads to the development of negative reactions.

Usually, in the case of food allergies, there are violations of the digestive system, as well as hives and fever. Dyes, turpentine, mineral oils and other chemicals, in contact with the skin, can cause allergies in the form of dermatitis.

infectious allergy

Infectious allergies can accompany diseases such as tuberculosis and typhoid fever. Sometimes allergens are produced in the body itself due to exposure to very high or very low temperatures or due to some mechanical damage.

Factors affecting the development of allergies:

hereditary predisposition,

certain environmental conditions,

Relaxation of the nervous system

Weakness of the body's immune system (due to stress, overload, previous diseases),

Irrational nutrition,

Smoking;

Abuse alcoholic drinks

Repeated contact with the allergen (at the first, an inadequate reaction to the allergen does not occur).

Substances that cause hypersensitivity in allergic people are easily tolerated by healthy people.

Also, the development of an allergic reaction may be due to the inability of the body to protect itself from the effects of the allergen that has appeared.

Allergic diseases that are transmitted from parents to children are called atonic. An inherited allergy is called atopy. The likelihood of developing the disease in a person whose parents suffered from allergies is high.

The reaction of his body to the appearance of an allergen, as a rule, turns out to be fast and very strong. But if the gene responsible for allergy is inherited from one of the parents, the painful reaction will be less pronounced, and may even be completely absent. But repeated exposure to any antigen can cause a malfunction of the immune system even in an organism that is not prone to allergies.

Allergies affect different tissues and organs of the body in different ways. Sometimes substances arising from the interaction of "own" and "foreign" cells cause bronchospasm. In other cases, the vessels of the skin or the muscles of the intestine are primarily affected. And the permeability of capillaries or the mechanism of action of enzymes may be impaired.

Therefore, as a result of allergies develop various diseases affecting certain organs. These diseases include bronchial asthma, rheumatism, inflammation of the kidneys.

If, due to cholecystitis or other diseases, the amount of bile entering the duodenum is significantly reduced, the digestion process is disrupted. The body does not absorb fats and certain vitamins well. As a result, favorable conditions for life are created. pathogenic bacteria.

There is a violation of the balance of microorganisms that existed before. Dysbacteriosis develops. The consequence of dysbacteriosis is a change in the permeability of the intestinal walls. They cease to restrain the penetration into the blood of various microbes and the toxins they release. As a result, antibodies are produced and allergic reactions occur. Manifestations of allergies can be different, such as asthma attacks, skin rashes. Further poisoning with microbial waste products leads to a general weakening of the body, to damage to the central nervous system. In this case, the patient's mood and appetite worsens, vitality decreases.

To prevent diseases caused by allergies, it is very important to timely and consistent treatment of diseases of the digestive system, such as cholecystitis and gastroduodenitis, and the fight against microbes penetrating the intestines.

Development of allergic reactions

Allergic reactions differ in the speed of their development. According to this principle, they are divided into two categories:

delayed reactions,

Reactions of immediate type.

For human life and health, the most dangerous are those that appear especially quickly. This is within one hour of exposure to the allergen.

Immediate reactions

Slow allergic reactions are not so dangerous. But they can also cause serious illnesses that occur for a long time and shorten the life of the patient.

There are several types of allergy manifestations, depending on the immunoglobulins involved in the reaction and the affected organ.

The first type includes allergic reactions occurring especially quickly. They develop within minutes or hours after exposure to the allergen. It is the reactions of the immediate type that sometimes create life-threatening situations.

Among the allergic manifestations of this type include:

Anaphylactic shock,

swelling of the larynx,

attacks of bronchial asthma,

swelling of the subcutaneous tissue,

Conjunctivitis,

Hives.

The tissues of the disease-prone organism are affected by histamine released from the cells and some other biologically active substances. Allergic reactions are caused by class E immunoglobulins.

Reactions of the cytotoxic type

The second type of allergic reactions is called cytotoxic. The manifestation of this type can be noticeably delayed in time from exposure to the allergen. In this case, cells are damaged by components of the so-called complement - a special protein substance present in the blood, or cytotoxic lymphocytes.

Antibodies of classes C and M are also involved in the process. As a result of allergic reactions of the second type, blood cells are destroyed, kidneys and lungs are damaged, hemolytic anemia develops, and transplanted organs are rejected.

Reactions leading to the development of immune complex diseases

The third type of allergy leads to the development of immune complex diseases.

This is in particular for:

alveolitis,

lupus erythematosus,

serum sickness,

Inflammation of the kidneys, and resulting from infections.

Various allergens can be involved in the reaction: bacterial, medicinal, pollen and opposing immunoglobulins, which in most cases belong to classes C and M. Antigens and antibodies combined into complexes are retained in the blood, attracting leukocytes to themselves and activating the release of enzymes from cells. As a result of these processes, those organs and tissues that are associated with the immune system are affected.

Delayed reactions

The last fourth type of allergy develops due to a delayed type of hypersensitivity. It is characterized by the fact that the reaction to the penetration of the antigen into the body appears only after a day. There are foci of inflammation, and next to them - accumulations of macrophage cells and lymphocytes. The process ends with the formation of granules, scars, necrosis of some tissue areas.

In some cases, several types of allergic reactions appear at the same time. This situation, in particular, occurs with serum sickness or with severe skin lesions.

Sometimes an allergic reaction affects blood clotting or the production of adrenaline.

Types of allergies

Allergic reactions are provoked, they can be various substances that exist in the outside world.

Medications make up a significant group of allergens. Any pharmacological drug under certain conditions can be an irritant. The decisive role here is played by the frequency and doses of taking a particular substance.

Allergens among drugs in most cases are antibiotics, sulfonamides, aspirin, insulin, quinine.

Infectious or biological allergens are various microbes and viruses, fungi and worms. The same category includes sera introduced into the body and vaccines containing a foreign protein.

Any food consumed by a person can act as food allergens.

The next category of allergens is plant pollen (usually wind pollinated). Among the "record holders" in terms of the number of allergic reactions they cause are the most common plants in one or another band. In various natural zones, ragweed, birch, poplar, wheat, cotton, sycamore, maple, alder, mallow, etc. can play such a role.

Industrial allergens include dyes, turpentine, lead, nickel and many other substances. Allergies can also be caused by mechanical stress, cold or heat.

Household allergens are mainly represented by ordinary house dust, animal hair, cleaning products and other household chemicals. They mainly affect the upper respiratory tract.

Depending on the substance that caused the reaction, and on the way the allergen enters the body, the following types of allergies are determined:

Like medicinal

bacterial,

food,

respiratory,

Skin, etc.

There are various manifestations of drug allergies. The features of the course of the disease are associated with such factors as the state of the body's immune system, the dose of the taken substance containing the allergen, etc.

Drug allergies are divided into several types:

Subacute

Protracted.

Acute manifests itself within an hour after penetration into the body of the allergen and can cause edema, urticaria, anemia and anaphylactic shock.

In subacute allergies, fever develops within 24 hours of exposure to the allergen. There may be some other consequences as well.

A prolonged type of allergy causes serum sickness, arthritis, myocarditis, hepatitis, etc. The manifestation of these diseases from the moment of interaction with the allergen can be separated by a rather long period of time, up to several weeks.

Occupational allergies occur upon contact with paints, synthetic resins, chromium and nickel, and refined products. Its most common manifestations are dermatitis and eczema.

From allergies caused by chemicals present in mineral fertilizers, as well as physical irritants - prolonged exposure to sunlight, extreme cold or heat, rural residents are more likely to suffer. Under the influence of these factors, Occupational Illness skin - dermatitis. Contributes to the development of occupational allergic diseases, the general weakening of the body, caused by disruption of the endocrine, central nervous and digestive systems. At the same time, minor cracks or scratches on the skin are far from safe.

Allergies in children

Allergic diathesis is characterized by increased permeability of the mucous membranes, which contributes to the penetration of allergens. As a result, there is an increased tendency to allergies. Allergic diathesis observed in the youngest children and, in most cases, is inherited. Subsequently, allergic diathesis can be replaced by diseases inherent in older people, such as asthma, urticaria, dermatitis and eczema.

The main manifestations of the disease:

Intertrigo and other types of rashes on the skin,

Increased irritability and excitability,

Loss of appetite.

There are also changes in the biliary tract, an increase in the size of some internal organs, and dysbacteriosis.

A predisposition to diathesis can be identified even before the birth of a child, therefore, according to the presence of allergic diseases in his parents, preventive measures should be taken even during the mother's pregnancy. They consist in the exclusion of the use of products containing allergens by a woman, the timely treatment of infections, the careful use of medicinal substances. Similar measures of protection against allergies are also necessary for the baby - they give him complementary foods later and more carefully, only in the absence of manifestations of diathesis do vaccinations are mandatory for children.

Eczema in children downstream has certain features. Often the disease occurs under the influence of a hereditary predisposition, and food products act as the allergens that cause it. Children who are formula-fed or who start complementary foods early are more at risk. In the future, eczema may be a reaction to environmental factors - odors, dust, wool, plant pollen, etc. Usually the face is affected first. It swells, the skin is covered with small bubbles filled with liquid. Developing, the disease is able to capture all new areas of the skin.

Eczema in most cases completely subsides before children reach school age. But sometimes there is a relapse, which leads to permanent changes in the color and oiliness of the skin and hair.

The development of bronchial asthma at an early age also has certain features, and in the event of an attack in children, it is strictly forbidden to use steam inhalations and products containing mustard, since this can enhance the reaction. But infusions or decoctions of medicinal plants have a positive effect.

Allergy diagnostics

Diagnosis of allergies involves two main stages:

The first stage is the determination of the organ that has undergone allergic inflammation;

The second stage is the identification of the allergen that provoked an inadequate reaction.

Special tests have been developed for the reliable determination of allergens. One can judge the reaction of the body to the effect of a particular element by changing the pulse, inflammation on the skin, the level of immunoglobulins E in the blood serum, and some other indicators.

The simplest tool used to determine allergic substances, includes a pulse test. It is carried out in this way - if any food or drug causes concern, half an hour after taking it, you need to measure the pulse. The increase in heart rate, compared with the indicators obtained before, can be considered as evidence of intolerance to this substance. Its reception is canceled for several days, and then resumed in small doses, always with a control measurement of the pulse.

The elimination method consists in the complete cessation of the use of the product that is suspected of being allergenic. Changes or lack thereof in the patient's well-being should confirm or refute the validity of the assumption.

More complex studies are used in medical institutions. Perform skin tests. For their implementation, special solutions containing one or another allergen are used. These drugs are produced by the pharmaceutical industry. If there is suspicion of intolerance to any substance, then the antigens contained in it can be injected under the skin of the patient using such a solution. In the case of the production of appropriate antibodies, an allergic reaction occurs, as evidenced by inflammation developing on the skin.

But this method sometimes fails. It may, for example, turn out that a person is really allergic to food or plant pollen and the effect of the allergen is manifested in the intestines or bronchi. And skin tests show a negative result, since such a reaction does not affect her. In other cases, on the contrary, after the introduction of the antigen, the skin may become inflamed. However, in the future it turns out that this is simply the result of irritation, and not evidence of an allergy at all.

Sometimes, during skin tests, an allergic reaction can be much stronger than expected, up to serious edema, bronchospasm, and even anaphylactic shock.

In cases where there is no specially manufactured preparation, a test for intolerance to any product can be carried out differently. To do this, it is enough to put a small amount of a substance suspected of allergenicity under the tongue. The validity of such fears should be confirmed by the reaction that develops in the future.

Another method for detecting a tendency to allergies is a blood serum test. An increase in the amount of immunoglobulins E may indicate such a reaction.

With more complex studies, it is possible to establish against which antigen protective antibodies are produced.

Provocative tests, which were widely used before, are very risky. Their essence is as follows: a person who is suspected of having an allergic disease is injected with the blood serum of a known allergic person. This is followed by a provocation with exactly the allergen from which the known patient suffered. As a result, the same allergic reaction may occur, manifested in the form of asthma attacks, edema, skin rash or anaphylactic shock. This allows you to easily and with sufficient accuracy to determine the diagnosis. But the method itself, capable of causing a strong manifestation of the reaction, is too dangerous. Therefore, nowadays it is rarely used, moreover, only in a hospital setting, where there are all the means to provide emergency care.

In some cases, the degree of sensitivity of the body to a particular substance can be determined in the simplest way outside of medical institutions. For example, a small amount of perm, blush, or lipstick can be applied to the skin of the arm and left on for several hours. If itching, redness and other signs of allergic skin irritation are not noted, the tested drug is considered safe and suitable for use.

Allergy treatment

It provides for the treatment of allergies by a system of measures, which, in addition to a healthy lifestyle, include immunotherapy, diet, and pharmacological preparations.

Currently, pharmacological drugs play a paramount role. New medicines are constantly being developed and put into practice. The pharmaceutical industry provides medical institutions with various tablets and ointments, drops and injections.

The most commonly used to relieve a painful condition caused by allergies are the well-known drugs suprastin, fenistil, claritin.

Until recently, Dimedrol, which is distinguished by its low price, has been very popular, and therefore the most affordable. It is available in tablets (for oral administration) and in ampoules (for injection under the skin). However, the use of this drug has a serious side effect that negatively affects the general well-being of the patient. Thus, the drowsiness caused by this reduces the reaction on the roads, worsens the ability to work. The use of this substance is incompatible with significant physical and mental stress. An overdose of diphenhydramine can cause especially severe consequences. Therefore, the sale of this drug is now made exclusively by prescription.

To relieve an allergic reaction and the serious condition caused by it, in some cases, in addition to antihistamines, adrenaline, ephedrine and other drugs are used. For allergic conjunctivitis and dermatitis, hydrocortisone ointment is applied externally. Allergic rhinitis is treated with a mixture of solutions of boric acid, silver nitrate and adrenaline hydrochloride. Special medicines are designed to combat diseases of allergic origin - bronchial asthma, rheumatism, etc.

If the development of allergies is associated with factors such as brain injury, deterioration of the adrenal glands, stress, disruption of the endocrine and nervous systems, general weakening of the body. Therefore, sedatives and restorative agents are also applicable for the treatment of allergic diseases.

Anaphylactic shock and its treatment

The most severe manifestation of an allergic reaction is anaphylactic shock. It can be caused by the repeated introduction of an antigen contained in any drug into the body, regardless of the amount of the substance that provoked the reaction. Usually, injections of a vaccine or serum, novocaine, antibiotics and some other substances lead to such serious consequences. Less often, anaphylactic shock may be associated with other factors. So, in particular, cases of the occurrence of this reaction to an insect bite were recorded.

Some food products also act as allergens that cause shock. These include fresh strawberries and strawberry jam. Children usually suffer from reactions provoked by such substances.

Manifestations of anaphylactic shock are extremely severe. Within a few minutes after contact with the substance that caused the allergy, a sharp deterioration in the patient's well-being is observed, associated with the inhibition of the most important body systems.

The main symptoms are a sharp drop in blood pressure, dizziness, difficulty breathing, noises in the lungs, nausea, pain in the abdomen, skin rash and swelling. Convulsions and fever may occur. There is a blackout or even loss of consciousness. Sometimes the picture of what is happening is not so obvious, only bronchospasm is noted, without any other manifestations of allergy. In this case, it is much more difficult to quickly and correctly determine the diagnosis. Usually, only indications of a previous anaphylactic shock or an already occurring allergic reaction to the same antigen help the doctor to correctly assess the situation.

If a person in a state of anaphylactic shock is not provided with timely medical assistance, death from suffocation or heart failure may occur. Therefore, allergen testing rooms should be equipped with the necessary facilities for emergency care.

To save the life of an anaphylactic patient, the first thing to do is the urgent administration of adrenaline. In the future, some other drugs and measures to restore impaired breathing may be required. If anaphylactic shock occurs outside of a medical facility, a doctor should be called immediately. With the ability, you can independently inject the patient with adrenaline.

Measures to prevent anaphylaxis include caution when introducing into the body substances containing foreign protein and other likely allergens (in particular, sera), fixing previous cases of an allergic reaction and accurately identifying the substances that caused them.

Anaphylactic shock is an immediate, extreme manifestation of an allergy that is not so common.

Serum sickness

Serums and other drugs can provoke other forms of allergic diseases. There are similar causes of serum sickness to anaphylaxis. The degree of its development and the presence of complications depend on the frequency and intensity of the introduction of certain drugs into the body.

Usually, obvious symptoms of the disease are observed after an incubation period lasting from several hours to several weeks, most often about 10 days. The patient begins to feel fever and chills, strong headache. These phenomena may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, soreness of the joints and lymph nodes, and life-threatening edema. As blood pressure falls, the heart rate increases. There is also a rash on the skin. The result of the patient's blood and urine tests, and ECG data show certain abnormalities, indicating the presence of serum sickness.

Doctors, having made a diagnosis, prescribe the appropriate course of treatment. Antihistamines are among the drugs needed to combat the disease. In case of laryngeal edema, adrenaline and ephedrine are also used. Sometimes hydrocortisone is needed.

Serum sickness usually occurs from several days to three weeks. If there are no complications, in the future, in most cases, a full recovery occurs. Physicians can only take preventive measures in order to prevent the resumption of such a reaction in the future. However, serum sickness can cause very dangerous complications affecting the heart, liver, kidneys and other internal organs. As a result, encephalitis, hepatitis, myocarditis can develop.

To prevent such complications, the patient, along with other drugs, should be administered glucocorticoid hormones for 1-2 weeks.

Dermatitis

The use of pharmacological drugs can cause other manifestations of allergic reactions. For example, dermatitis, characterized by rashes on the skin, is usually accompanied by damage to internal organs and disruption of the central nervous system. Contributes to the development of dermatitis the presence of certain diseases - influenza, rheumatism, all kinds of chronic infections. Risk factors also include severe stress, disruption of the endocrine system, improper metabolism, repeated and prolonged contact with potential allergens.

Dermatitis is most often provoked by antibiotics, hormones, anesthetics and some vitamins, as well as sulfa drugs. They can come into contact with the body through injection, ingestion or external use.

A skin rash is not the only manifestation of drug dermatitis. In addition, there is also a feeling of itching and burning of the skin, increased irritability, sleep disturbance, and the temperature rises.

The duration and severity of the disease are related to the rate of detection of the drug that caused the allergy.

To relieve the symptoms of dermatitis, sometimes it is enough to stop taking the drug, to which hypersensitivity has been found.

But a more complex course of the disease requires the intake of substances that alleviate the patient's condition. These include, in particular, calcium chloride and sodium hyposulfite, antihistamines. Rashed skin is treated with hydrocortisone ointment. In the vast majority of cases, the patient recovers completely, although the disease, under adverse circumstances, can drag on for several weeks.

Hives

The range of allergens contributing to the development of acute urticaria and extensive allergic edema is much wider. This disease can be caused by contact with plant pollen, taking any food or medicine, ultraviolet radiation, penetration of helminths or bacteria into the body, insect venom, etc. The presence of a tumor also increases the likelihood of urticaria.

The action of histamine, released by the body during the penetration of the allergen, leads to a change in the degree of permeability of the vascular wall. As a result, reddening of the skin occurs with the formation of blisters of various shapes and sizes, or significant allergic edema occurs, painful and dense. Symptoms of the disease are itching, nausea and vomiting, fever and chills. Edema can affect the face and other parts of the body, leading to difficulty in swallowing and breathing. The most dangerous are those that affect the larynx, brain, esophagus or intestines. Such edema in some cases endanger the life of the patient. However, they usually disappear gradually.

Violation of the permeability of the walls caused by allergies can cover not only the vessels of the skin, but also the vessels of the internal organs. Therefore, urticaria can be accompanied by myocarditis and some kidney diseases. It also contributes to the occurrence of arthritis affecting the joints. Features of the treatment of urticaria depend on the nature of the allergen that caused it and on the degree of development of the reaction. In any case, it is necessary to remove allergen-containing substances from the body as soon as possible.

In these diseases, the pharmacological agents used include, in particular, antihistamines, sodium chloride, adrenaline and ephedrine, hydrocortisone and some other substances. Special measures are taken to prevent complications.

Patients with urticaria, among other means, are prescribed a milk-vegetarian diet and a temporary refusal to use table salt. Strengthening the body's defenses can contribute to the daily intake of ascorbic acid.

Pollinosis or hay fever

Another fairly common allergic disease is pollinosis or hay fever. It mainly affects the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory organs, and may also be accompanied by a skin rash. The development of pollinosis is observed during the flowering period of plants. The danger of this disease lies in the likelihood of subsequent development of bronchial asthma on its basis. Other complications are possible, such as sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, or bacterial conjunctivitis.

A characteristic feature of hay fever is its dependence on the seasons. An outbreak of diseases of this type occurs in the spring period of tree flowering, in the middle of summer, the time of flowering of cereals, and at the end of summer - the beginning of autumn, the time of flowering of weeds.

There may be manifestations of pollinosis in various combinations of conjunctivitis, rhinitis and attacks of asthma-type dyspnea. In some cases, they are joined by neurodermatitis or urticaria. With an exacerbation of hay fever, there is increased sneezing, a runny nose, swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose and difficulty breathing, a burning sensation or pain in the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, redness of the mucous membranes of the eyes, lacrimation and photophobia. There may be attacks of suffocation such as asthmatic, especially in the evening. In some cases, rashes appear on the skin. Rarely, the course of the disease is accompanied by fever, general weakening of the body and other manifestations of intoxication caused by pollen: headache, insomnia, profuse sweating, etc.

Studies conducted in medical institutions reveal the presence of changes in the composition of the patient's blood. Often x-rays show swelling in the maxillary sinuses.

The degree of development of the disease can be different - from minor and harmless manifestations of conjunctivitis or rhinitis to severe asthma attacks.

Often, hay fever manifests itself in a similar way to illnesses such as influenza, bronchitis, or conjunctivitis. This can mislead the doctor when making a diagnosis. But with repeated seasonal exacerbations, the essence of what is happening becomes obvious.

Allergic reactions in hay fever are observed only during the period of distribution of pollen of the plants causing the disease. Even after the rain has knocked down the pollen carried by the wind, the symptoms of pollinosis are weakening.

Outside of the flowering period, the disease may not appear at all or be slightly reminded of itself by short-term symptoms caused by the use of products associated with the allergenic plant, such as nuts or birch sap.

Exacerbations and severe complications, including anaphylactic shock, in a patient with hay fever can also be caused by improper use of pharmacological agents, primarily antibiotics. In this case, the development of an allergy to new substances, hypersensitivity to which has not been previously noted, is not ruled out.

As with other allergic diseases, with hay fever, the first step is to stop contact with the allergen. For this purpose, even moving to another area for the period of flowering of dangerous plants is not ruled out. In extreme cases, you can limit yourself to staying within the walls of the house, go out less, where the effect of pollen carried by the wind can affect. If it is not possible to avoid being outside, you should rinse your nose and take a shower after returning home.

A special role belongs to the diet. It is necessary to exclude from the diet those foods that are potential allergens.

To combat pollinosis, which manifests itself in inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes, antihistamines are used. Conjunctivitis caused by hay fever is treated with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone. In some cases, ephedrine and adrenaline are used. If the disease has spread to the bronchi, and attacks of shortness of breath occur, the same drugs that are prescribed for patients with bronchial asthma come to the fore.

With swelling of the larynx, not removed by other methods, can be applied surgical intervention.

Strengthening the immune system as a method of treating allergies

A special role in recovery belongs to strengthening the immune system.

Immunity is the body's defenses, its resistance to various infections or foreign substances. There is resistance to the effects of bacteria, viruses or toxins through a system of adaptations and reactions, some of which are inherited, and some are acquired later.

Innate immunity protects a person from all those diseases that affect only animals. The degree of his strength varies from absolute to relative immunity.

Acquired immunity is divided into two types:

Active,

Passive.

Active is produced as a result of the introduction of a vaccine or develops after a certain infection.

Passive is associated with obtaining antibodies against any infectious agent. This happens when serum is injected. Such immunity is unstable, and it can only last for a few months.

It is thanks to the action of the immune system that control over the maintenance of the stability of the antigenic and cellular composition is carried out. But the immune system can fail due to intoxication of the body due to the action of infections, all kinds of toxins and a number of other adverse factors.

The occurrence of allergic reactions is closely related to the state of the immune and central nervous systems. Therefore, among the measures to prevent allergies, a special role should be given to those aimed at strengthening the body's defenses.

It helps to increase the body's resistance by taking infusions of certain medicinal plants that relieve fatigue and increase overall tone.

The most famous and effective of them is ginseng, which grows in the Far East. Its roots are especially valuable. Tinctures and powders used in medicine are made from them. These healing agents relieve fatigue, increase cardiac activity and are especially beneficial for an organism weakened by an illness. But there are a number of contraindications to its use.

Also extracts of roots and leaves of Eleutherococcus can have a tonic effect. If you take this remedy for more than 2 weeks, positive changes such as increased mood, performance, improved vision and hearing will become apparent. Therefore, Eleutherococcus is taken in case of exhaustion and hypotension - low blood pressure.

With a number of diseases, alcohol tinctures of Schisandra chinensis seeds will have a beneficial effect. In the homeland of the mentioned plant, the Far East, decoctions and infusions from lianas, leaves and fruits of magnolia vine are also widely used. The use of this remedy helps not only relieve fatigue and improve performance, but also promotes the outflow of bile, and therefore is used for cholecystitis. The drug is also effective in hypotension. The ability to increase immunity and improve the functioning of the nervous system makes it possible to include lemongrass in the number of drugs designed to resist cancer.

Aralia Manchurian, Leuzea safflower-like and zamaniha are also among the immunity-enhancing drugs. Alcohol tincture from young aralia roots stimulates the activity of the central nervous system, increases blood pressure, relieves fatigue and strengthens the body weakened by the disease. A tincture of dried rhizomes of zamaniha is used to treat depression, hypotension, and some forms of diabetes. The same remedy is a general tonic, contributing to the restoration of strength after serious illnesses or tedious work. Many diseases can heal a Leuzea. This plant has been used in folk medicine since time immemorial. At present, the pharmaceutical industry produces a drug known as "liquid leuzea extract". It also serves to relieve overwork, improve working capacity, increase blood pressure. The drug based on Leuzea promotes the speedy recovery of patients who have undergone a major operation.

Rhodiola rosea can be mentioned among the toning medicinal plants. From its root, which has a golden hue, infusions, decoctions and extracts have long been made.

In addition to improving working capacity and relieving fatigue, Rhodiola can help treat diseases of the central nervous system and heal injuries. It neutralizes to some extent the dangerous effects of radioactive substances and metal dust harmful to health.

Allergy: prevention of allergic diseases

Prevention of allergic diseases includes a number of measures.

Since a variety of factors are capable of provoking an inadequate response of the body:

Food,

plant pollen,

pharmacological preparations,

household chemicals,

animal fur,

Cold, etc.

Therefore, preventive measures should be aimed at general strengthening organism and removing those factors that increase the risk the most.

The main conditions for getting rid of allergic diseases:

1. healthy lifestyle,

2. moderate exercise,

3. rational mode of work and rest,

4. properly organized nutrition,

5. creation of a favorable ecological environment.

Self-medication should be abandoned and pharmacological preparations should be used only as directed by a doctor to prevent drug allergies. It is important to note those drugs that have already caused intolerance in the past, and in no case should they be taken again. It is undesirable to start taking several new drugs at the same time, since in the case of an allergy it will be difficult to identify the substance that caused the reaction.

Improving the functioning of the immune system also plays an important role in preventing drug allergies and other types of this disease. Here, hardening, accustoming the body to endure cold or heat, a sharp fluctuation in ambient temperature, will provide invaluable help. Hardening exercises begin from a very early age, of course, taking into account the state of health and the individual characteristics of the child. In order to train the thermoregulatory apparatus, various methods can be applied, for example, wet rubbing, massage, bathing and air baths. But when hardening children, it is necessary to increase the load gradually, in proportionate doses. Too long and intense exposure to hardening factors (cold water, sunlight) should be avoided, as this can cause the opposite of the desired result.

They are used to strengthen the body, increase its resistance to disease and exercise. But if moderate physical activity promotes health, then intense training, on the contrary, can have a negative effect. Also unfavorable and overwork during physical or mental work.

Try to avoid nervous breakdowns. After all, as you know, difficult experiences can exacerbate an existing allergic disease or even cause a new one, in particular, bronchial asthma and some types of skin lesions.

Positive emotions, good mood reduce the likelihood of allergies. Therefore, it is necessary to learn to control your feelings and manage your emotional mood even if difficult life situations arise. Favorite books, classical music, embroidery or knitting, communication with four-legged friends, pleasant walks, etc. will help in this. At home and at work, it is necessary to create, as far as possible, a healthy environment.

In order to avoid the accumulation of dust in the room, it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning after 2-3 days. Carpets, sofas, curtains need to be vacuumed. We should not forget about the need to remove dust from books, paintings, televisions, computers. Special air purifiers will also help create a favorable environment. In the kitchen, it is desirable to install an exhaust device that removes products of incomplete combustion of gas and other harmful substances from the room. And of course, a necessary condition for maintaining a good microclimate is the rejection of active or passive smoking.

If in production you have to work with harmful substances capable of causing dermatitis. In this case, it is necessary to especially carefully care for the skin of the hands, in a timely manner to wash off dyes and solvents that pollute it, cause irritation. Sometimes the use of skin-protecting gloves helps. Some nourishing creams are used as an emollient. Even small cracks and scratches should be treated with an iodine solution, since their presence facilitates the penetration of allergens. Oily substances should not be heavily sprayed or splashed, protective screens are installed to limit their contact with the skin.

Particularly serious safety measures are provided for in the case of work in production with radioactive preparations, which, among other things, can cause allergic diseases. Workers must be provided with special protective clothing, the premises are equipped with exhaust ventilation. For the storage and transportation of radioactive materials, hermetic containers are provided, the reliability of which must be controlled.

Caution requires the use of such substances necessary in the household as dyes and solvents, glues "Moment", "Octopus", kerosene and gasoline. After their application, the room should be well ventilated.

Allergies are often caused by various lotions, shampoos, deodorants, creams, blush and lipsticks, colognes and perfumes, washing powders and other cleaning products.

It is necessary to select perfumery or household chemicals with great care. And if signs of intolerance appear (shortness of breath, skin rashes, etc.), immediately stop using. Drinking water is best filtered.

For the prevention of bacterial allergies, it is important to timely eliminate the foci of infection present in the body (in particular, the treatment or removal of teeth affected by caries).

If you suspect an allergy or if allergic diseases have already been identified, you will have to resort to more drastic measures. For example, replace feather pillows with synthetic ones, do not wear clothes made of wool or natural fur, remove items that accumulate dust (carpets, etc.). It is even better to clean boots and boots with cream outside the apartment (on the balcony or on the landing).

In the presence of diseases of the digestive system main danger represents food allergy. To prevent it, you will have to avoid eating spicy, smoked, salty and pickled foods. It is advisable to limit the intake of chocolate, coffee and chicken eggs, and use boiled or condensed milk.

The main allergens that cause allergies

Some allergens have already been considered, but we will dwell on them in more detail.

Air allergens (aeroallergens) are substances that cause an allergic reaction (sensitization) in the body, getting into the respiratory tract.

In order for the air allergen to have a pathogenic effect, it must be contained in the air in a significant amount, its particles must be relatively small and remain suspended for a long time. Air allergens are plant pollen, spores of fungi, including molds, animal products (parts of the vital activity of mammals, insects, mites), dust (organic and inorganic nature), and occasionally algae.

In the external environment, many airborne allergens, such as plant pollen or fungal spores, appear only at certain times of the year for each of them. Separately, they meet sporadically. During the period of abundant flowering, the concentration of pollen can be high. It is influenced by air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction. As the temperature rises, that is, usually in the middle of the day, the release of pollen by plants and spores by fungi increases. Also, the concentration of spores of many fungi and pollen of some plant species (for example, ragweed) increases in the air at high humidity. Typically, the concentration of aeroallergens increases at a wind speed of about 24 km/h. With a further increase in wind speed, the concentration of the allergen decreases. The smaller the aerosol particles containing the allergen, the longer they remain in suspension. The shape of the grains also affects the stability of the aerosol with pollen.

Plants are a very common cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. From plants, grasses, weeds and trees can cause allergies. However, plants do not cause allergies on their own, but because they produce pollen during the flowering period. Pollen is transported in many ways: with the help of insects, animals or wind. Pollen often causes allergy symptoms, but this does not mean that there is an allergy to the plants themselves. For example, if there is an allergy to oak pollen, then it is not to the tree itself. You can not be afraid to step on oak parquet and safely use oak furniture.

In general, a very small percentage of all herbs produce pollen that provokes allergies or asthma. Basically, these allergenic species are forage or lawn. Pollen from about 50 species of flowering plants are known to cause allergies. These include cereals (rye, meadow timothy, fescue, foxtail, bluegrass) and plants of the Compositae family (dandelion). Allergies can occur to the pollen of many other plants: wormwood, quinoa, sorrel. Moreover, an allergic reaction to the pollen of one of these plants indicates hypersensitivity to the rest.

Much more often than other plants, the cause of allergies and asthma attacks is ragweed. Many allergy sufferers who are sensitive to ragweed are also affected by chaff, a weed that grows in flax crops. The flowering period of ragweed usually begins in mid-August and ends in October and / or before the first frost. Ambrosia releases most of its pollen between 6 and 11 o'clock in the morning. In hot and humid weather, pollen is usually less.

Tree pollen is smaller than grass pollen. The flowering period of trees that produce allergenic pollen usually lasts from late winter or early spring to early summer. As a result, the risk of suffering from tree pollen is lower than from grass pollen.

Trees that produce the most allergenic pollen include elm, willow, poplar, birch, beech, oak, chestnut, maple, boxwood, ash, and some types of cedar. Coniferous trees (spruce, pine, fir) are wind pollinated. Although there is a significant amount of pollen around them, it rarely causes allergies. Many allergy sufferers believe that poplar fluff is the cause of their disease. In fact, they are more likely to be affected by grasses whose pollen peak coincides with the dispersal of poplar seeds. Poplar pollen causes allergies much less often than it is credited with.

The flowers produce a heavy and sticky pollen that is carried by sticking to the body of insects and animals. Therefore, flowers, as a rule, do not cause allergies. In most cases, when an allergic disease is associated with the flowering of roses or other flowers, in fact it is caused by the pollen of nearby grasses and trees. Allergies to flowers can rarely develop in people who have close contact with them, such as employees of flower greenhouses or shops.

Sometimes the cause of an allergic reaction in the oral cavity is the result of a cross-reaction to pollen and certain foods. By itself, the reaction of the oral cavity is manifested by swelling, itching of the oral mucosa in contact with food - lips, tongue, pharynx, palate. Those suffering from such a reaction should not eat raw foods, especially during the flowering season of plants whose pollen causes them allergies. If you are allergic to birch pollen, it is not recommended to eat apples, pears, celery, carrots, potatoes, kiwi, hazelnuts; if you are allergic to ragweed pollen, it is not recommended to eat watermelons, melons, cucumbers; if you are allergic to tree and grass pollen, it is not recommended to eat apples, peaches, oranges, pears, cherries, cherries, tomatoes, carrots, hazelnuts, etc.

As a rule, allergy to the fruits of trees, on the pollen of which signs of allergy are noted, the allergy does not develop.

In general, in order for an allergic reaction to plant pollen to occur, contact with it is necessary for at least one flowering season. In infants, such a reaction, as a rule, is not observed, as a result of which they do not develop allergies.

To avoid exposure to pollen allergens, it is recommended:

Avoid prolonged exposure to the open air, especially in the early morning and late evening hours, when the concentration of pollen in the air is maximum;

If you still need to work outdoors, you need to wear a mask or, even better, a respirator;

Do not go outside on warm windy days and afternoons when the concentration of pollen in the air is especially high;

Since grass pollen is released into the air mainly at the end of the day, it is best to stay indoors at this time;

While at home, close windows and doors tightly and use an air purifier;

Wash your hair before bed to prevent allergens that have settled on your hair from getting into the pillow;

Dry your laundry indoors, as outdoors can act as a pollen trap, introducing a huge amount of "fresh" allergens into your home.

Mold can also cause an attack of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Mold spores are present outdoors and indoors. The danger of mold spores is that their concentration in the air is much higher than the concentration of plant pollen. Unlike plant pollen, which is seasonal, fungal spores are present in the air almost all year round. The peak concentration of fungal spores falls on summer period. Because molds grow indoors, they attack the immune system all year round. Outdoors, mold grows on fields planted with corn or wheat, on compost, hay, fallen leaves, cut grass, as well as on certain foods - tomatoes, corn, pumpkin, bananas, bread, etc. Not all fungi cause allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Fungi that produce "dangerous" pollen include Cladosporum and Alternaria. Cladosporum spores are found everywhere in huge numbers, except for the North and South Poles, and Alternaria grows only outdoors. They are the most common cause of allergies.

As a result of scientific research, it has been established that in children with allergies resulting from contact with fungi of the genus Aspergillus, an asthma attack develops immediately when particles (spores) of fungi enter the lungs. Inhalation of spores of this type of fungus contributes to the development of not only asthma, but allergic pneumonitis and severe bronchopulmonary disease - allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group, widely used in the treatment of various infections, are produced by fungi of the genus Penicillinum. However, they do not cross-react with the spores of these fungi. Allergic people sensitive to fungi of the genus Penicillinum can safely use antibiotics.

Even when mowing the lawn or during activities of this kind, asthma or other allergic diseases are often exacerbated. This is usually caused by mold spores. Patients who are allergic to fungi of the genus Penicillinum may develop oral allergies when eating Roquefort or Camembert cheeses, since molds of this genus are present in the thickness and on their surface.

You can suspect that molds are the cause of allergies by the following signs:

Allergic rhinitis bothers most of the year, and not just in a certain period;

If allergy symptoms worsen during the summer months - especially near untidy arable fields or while working in the garden.

To avoid contact with the fungal allergen, the following recommendations should be followed: do not rake leaves, mow lawns, shovel compost heaps, do agricultural work, do not go to the forest; where contact with mold is possible, wear a mask or respirator; fight dampness in living quarters, periodically wash damp places with bleach to destroy molds and prevent their growth. A solution of lime dissolved in three parts of water is usually effective.

In addition to mold, one has to face indoors indoors, an extremely dangerous allergen is house dust. In addition to mold particles and their spores, it contains micromites, insect excretions, particles of animal wool and dander, particles of various fibers such as acrylic, viscose, nylon, cotton, etc., particles of wood and paper, particles of hair and skin, tobacco ash , plant pollen. House dust is not dirt or the result of poor cleaning. It is always present in any room, even never visited.

The house micromite is the strongest allergen of house dust. The allergenicity of household micromites is 10-100 times higher than the allergenicity of house dust in general. These eight-legged arachnids are ubiquitous. They can only be seen with a microscope. They feed on particles of the epidermis of humans and animals, fungi and waste that form house dust. Especially a lot of micromites in mattresses, pillows, carpets, furniture upholstery, soft toys. As a rule, one has to deal with the products of their vital activity and their decaying remains. The mattresses on which they sleep contain up to several million house mites. This explains the fact that asthma and other allergic diseases worsen at night.

The second most common allergen present in house dust is pet dander. It often causes allergic rhinitis and asthma attacks. This allergen is present even in homes where there is no cat or dog, getting there through the hands and clothes of pet owners visiting the house. In addition to pet dander, the cause of allergic reactions is the urine of mice and rats. Scientific observations have shown that the waste products of cockroaches are also powerful allergens that contribute to the occurrence of asthma attacks, especially in children.

Latex can be an airborne allergen indoors. Latex particles are present in large quantities in the air of hospital rooms. The main source is rubber gloves, which are used by medical staff. In urban areas close to freeways, allergy sufferers are at risk because the latex is found in the rubber microparticles of airborne tires.

food products indoors can also be a source of airborne allergens. Very often, an allergic reaction occurs as a result of inhaling allergens when cooking fish and seafood. Allergic rhinitis and baker's asthma have also been observed from flour inhalation.

Airborne allergens can cause occupational allergic diseases. Occupational asthma is caused by more than 250 industrial substances.

In addition, perfumes, perfumes usually have an irritating odor, which can exacerbate both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.

Strong odors such as petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, etc.), organic solvents, diesel exhaust, and heated cooking oils cause allergies and asthma.

Smoking can also cause bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. It has now been proven that active and passive smoking can cause bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. Tobacco smoke is a major residential air pollutant. Passive smoking, inhalation of air filled with tobacco smoke, increase the manifestation of allergic respiratory diseases.

Another substance present in indoor air is formaldehyde, which enters it from particle boards and furniture, tobacco smoke, gas stoves, foam insulating materials, carbon paper. Its concentration is especially high in industrial enclosed spaces. Lots of irritants in poorly ventilated areas. They accumulate: hydrocarbons, ammonia, acetic acid from the copying equipment, insecticides, carpet cleaners, combustion products, tobacco smoke. Sometimes contaminants enter the room from the outside. For example, air entering a building's ventilation system from a street with heavy truck traffic leads to an increase in indoor ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels.

There are a number of symptoms that indicate exposure to indoor air allergens. So, allergic symptoms appear during cleaning, making the bed or changing blankets and bed linen. In addition, allergy symptoms are disturbing throughout the year, and not periodically. Exacerbations occur more often indoors than outdoors, on waking or during sleep.

Sometimes there is a syndrome of "sick house" in people living or working in homes where poor ventilation and air exchange occurs slowly. Pollutants, reaching high concentrations, enter the human body during breathing. The most common complaints in this syndrome are irritation of the conjunctiva and respiratory tract.

The main pollutants are present in the atmospheric air. The main air pollutants several decades ago were sulfur dioxide and soot particles that entered the atmosphere as a result of burning coal. Now the role of these pollutants in the whole world has significantly decreased, excluding natural sources of these pollutions, such as volcanoes, but at the same time, an increase in the number of cars has led to increased concentrations of ozone, nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter in the atmospheric air. Elevated ozone sometimes contributes to the development of an asthma attack, and nitrogen oxides and ozone increase the reaction to an allergen in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma.

The first, most practical and effective way to deal with allergies is to limit exposure to the allergen. If we exclude or reduce the degree of exposure to substances that surround us and cause an allergic reaction, then the symptoms of allergies are weakened or disappear altogether.

About a third of a person's life is spent in bed. The main and most aggressive allergen of house dust is a micro mite, therefore, all efforts should first of all be directed to combating it. Although it is almost impossible to completely eradicate them (females lay 20 to 50 eggs every three weeks), it is possible to minimize their detrimental effect.

Measures that will significantly reduce the frequency of exacerbations, the severity of asthmatic and allergic symptoms, and reduce the need for medications.

1. Cleaning - clean the room with a vacuum cleaner at least once a week. It is advisable to use a washing vacuum cleaner. If you suffer from asthma or allergies, wear a dust mask while cleaning.

2. Carpets and Draperies - Get rid of rugs and thick rugs. If all carpets cannot be removed, they must be treated with substances that deactivate dust mite allergens. In addition, it is advisable to replace heavy draperies and blinds with easy-washable curtains and curtains.

3. Bed - put on all pillows, blankets special anti-allergic covers (pillowcases and duvet covers). Wash bedding every two weeks in hot water (at least 70°C), use pillows, blankets and bedspreads only made of synthetic materials. Discard feather (down) blankets and pillows; place your bed in the driest place in your home, use an air purifier and/or dehumidifier if possible to keep the humidity at least 50%.

4. Furniture - use furniture made of wood, vinyl, plastic, leather, but without fabric upholstery.

5. Try not to clutter up the room so that dust does not accumulate and the room is easier to clean. Do not hang pictures, photographs on the walls, do not use large pillows. Limit blankets, books, and other personal items that can collect dust.

6. If your child has allergies or asthma, try to reduce the amount soft toys up to several suitable for machine washing.

The source of allergens are all living things that live in your house (cat or dog). With dandruff and saliva, they secrete proteins - proteins that are powerful allergens. Dead skin cells not only of humans, but also of your pets serve as food for dust mites. Individuals with asthma or allergies should not adopt a cat or dog. But if they already live with you, it is extremely difficult to part with them. Therefore, if you do not want to look for new owners for your pets, you should apply the following measures: increase your pet's stay outside the home; if the previous recommendation is not feasible, keep the animal out of the allergy sufferer's room and bed; warn all family members, after petting the animal, to wash their hands thoroughly before interacting with an allergic person; be sure to wash your pet once a week.

Outdoor mold spores enter the home through an open window or door and ventilation. Indoors, mold can grow all year round, preferring dark, damp places like basements and bathrooms. Molds grow under carpets, pillows, mattresses, air conditioners, trash cans and refrigerators. Limiting the action of mold is an extremely important measure:

Avoid damp places in the house, such as a room with a leaky ceiling; use a desiccant to reduce moisture in these areas;

Turn the clothes dryer so that moist air goes towards the window or door, and not into the depths of the dwelling;

Ventilate the bathroom well after a shower or bath;

Use special products to clean surfaces where moisture usually accumulates, around the toilet, sink, shower, bathtub, washing machine, refrigerator, etc.;

Remove any visible mold on ceilings, walls, floors with special means;

Take out the trash can in time and wash it regularly so that the mold does not grow;

Dry shoes and clothes, but do not hang them outside, where fungal spores can settle on them;

Limit the number of houseplants as mold can grow in their soil;

If you suffer from asthma or allergies, remove any plants around the house; you let it "breathe" and reduce the humidity inside.

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Household allergies in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention + photo

Often, children may develop various rashes on the body. Redness, peeling, rash - all this can scare parents. In some cases, for example, in the first months of life, these signs may be a variant of the norm. But what if it's a household allergy?

What is a household allergy in children

Household allergies in children are a reaction to external factors. It can be either hereditary or acquired. If the relatives of the child suffered from an allergic reaction to any surrounding elements, then the likelihood of its development in the baby is high.

Children suffering from chronic colds tend to develop household allergies. During illness, immunity decreases, and the mucous membranes of the body become inflamed and become the most vulnerable. Through them, various kinds of household allergens easily penetrate into the body.

It should be noted that not only the disease itself can be inherited, but also the mechanism of its development. Since the main way allergens enter the human body are the respiratory tract, the most common household allergies manifest themselves as respiratory diseases: bronchitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, laryngitis.

Causes and symptoms of the disease

Itchy skin, sneezing and a runny nose are the most common signs of household allergies.

As a rule, allergies are accompanied by several symptoms. The most common are skin reactions and nasal congestion. The specific manifestations of an allergic reaction depend on the underlying cause of its occurrence.

Manifestations of household allergies - table

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is made by a doctor based on symptoms and history taken. Sometimes you have to pay extra general analysis blood to check the number of eosinophils. Their increase may be one of the signs of an allergic reaction. Other studies may also sometimes be required.

Allergy tests are not effective in children under three years of age.

Auxiliary diagnostics is carried out in the following cases:

1. Determining the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment.
2. Therapeutic treatment did not bring results.
3. After a severe allergic reaction to something (for example, anaphylactic shock).

Diagnostic methods:

1. Allergy tests. Contraindicated in children under three years of age.
2. immunological analyses. They are considered absolutely safe at any age.
3. inhalation test. Suitable for children from 4-5 years old. Contains allergens of some plants, dust mites, pet hair.

Treatment

Allergy treatment should begin with the elimination of its source or limiting contact with it.

The main directions of treatment:

1. Use of antihistamines and vasoconstrictors.
2. The use of ointments, creams and other preparations for external use.
3. Hormonal therapy (for example, in atopic dermatitis).
4. Antibacterial therapy.
5. Physiotherapy procedures.
6. Stimulation of the immune system.

Medical

The main group of medicines used for household allergies are antihistamines. But often an allergic reaction is accompanied by a viral or bacterial infection. In the first case, it is recommended to take immunostimulating agents, and in the second - antibacterial ones.

While taking medications, the gastrointestinal flora suffers. Therefore, in parallel with drug therapy, enterosorbents are indicated.

Hormonal ointments(corticosteroids) are very effective in the treatment of atopic (allergic) dermatitis in children. It is important to consult a doctor in time and get the appropriate appointments.

Medicines for the treatment of allergies - table

Photo gallery of medicines

Polyoxidonium enhances immunity and increases the body's defenses Polysorb is safe from the first days of a child's life Cefotaxime is recommended for bacterial infections that accompany allergies Hydrocortisone is indicated for atopic dermatitis Zyrtec is an effective antihistamine for itching and redness Tavegil is recommended by the manufacturer for various manifestations allergic reaction

Allergy medicines - video by Dr. Komarovsky

Physiotherapy procedures

Physiotherapy methods help restore the body's strength, so they are recommended at the very beginning of the disease or at the end, but not in any way. acute period illness.

The most common of them:

1. Electrophoresis of drugs. One of the most effective physiotherapy methods. As a rule, it is applied to the collar zone or chest area. A contraindication is intolerance to the drug.
2. Darsonvalization. Impact on the body with the help of pulsed high-frequency currents. It is used for diseases of the tissue and mucous membranes (including allergies). Contraindications are tumors, epilepsy, cardioarrhythmia, thrombophlebitis, pulmonary tuberculosis.
3. Phytotherapy. Treatment with folk remedies in conjunction with drugs can give a very tangible result. For example, a chamomile therapeutic bath: 4 tbsp. l. dry flowers pour a liter of water and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer for 15 minutes. Then cool, strain and add to the bath. Contraindication is individual intolerance to herbs.
4. Halotherapy or speleotherapy. It is used with a decrease in immunity, as well as with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The patient is placed in a room where the air is saturated with salt ions. Contraindications are tuberculosis, exacerbations of chronic diseases, bleeding of any origin and localization, mental illness.

Physiotherapy methods in the photo

Darsonvalization is recommended to increase the body's defenses Halotherapy is especially effective for dust allergies Electrophoresis expands the possibilities of using many medicines

Features of the disease in newborns and infants

First of all, you need to know if it is really an allergy.

The main causes of rashes:

1. Hormonal flowering.
2. Insufficient hygiene (total: diaper dermatitis and prickly heat).
3. Milia.
4. Allergic reaction.

In the first months of life, the baby may develop the so-called neonatal acne. It is often mistaken for an allergy. If the rash appeared in the form of red pimples with a white head, then this is the result of that same hormonal flowering of the baby. It does not need to be treated.

It is also important to distinguish an allergic reaction from prickly heat. The latter appears in the form of small red spots. It is necessary to observe careful hygiene of the baby in order to avoid the appearance of prickly heat. A similar problem is diaper dermatitis, which manifests itself in the form of redness, dry skin. Basically, such a reaction can be seen under the diaper. In this case, the hygiene of the baby is also important. Sometimes doctors prescribe appropriate creams and ointments. Miliaria can be both in newborns and in older children.

In the first weeks of a child's life, milia can be observed. These are small white bubbles that are located on the cheeks and face. Pass on their own.

If the child has flaky skin, redness, sleep disturbances and anxiety, then you should consult a doctor to find out the cause.

Signs of an allergic reaction in a newborn:

1. Frequent regurgitation, colic, loose stools, flatulence (one symptom or all in combination).
2. Sleep disturbance, anxiety.
3. Redness and peeling of the skin, itching.
4. Frequent sneezing.
5. Red or pink spots on the skin.

As children age, regurgitation occurs less and less. With an allergic reaction, digestive disorders are often observed, manifested in frequent regurgitation, green stools and colic. Sneezing, copious nasal discharge and nasal congestion can also accompany allergies. It is important to follow preventive measures in order to prevent the appearance of symptoms that greatly complicate the life of the child.

Prevention

First of all, you need to follow a few simple rules:

• frequent walks;
• air humidification;
• frequent wet cleaning;
• plentiful drink.

Table: preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of household allergies

Household allergies may manifest slightly, but they can also cause complications, for example, lead to the development of anaphylactic shock. Therefore, it is important to take preventive measures to avoid such a reaction, as well as to show the child to the doctor in time to receive recommendations and prescribe appropriate treatment.

babyzzz.ru

Bacterial eczema in children: why it occurs, main symptoms and treatments

Bacterial eczema in children is serious illness skin, by the name of which it is easy to guess the nature of its origin. Therefore, the disease is often also called microbial dermatosis. However, this concept is broader, implying also the category of mycotic skin ailments that provoke fungal threads.

The causative agent of bacterial eczema in patients of the pediatric age group is often staph infection, in more rare cases - microorganisms that cause gonorrhea and meningitis. The mechanism of development of the inflammatory process of the epidermis is triggered, as a rule, when its integrity is violated in a child.

Because the causes of bacterial eczema in children, as a rule, are hidden in damage to the skin. As a consequence of a violation of the protective layer, the occurrence of dermatosis in babies is associated with the following factors:

• skin injury (wounds, abrasions, open fractures, etc.);
• the occurrence of trophic ulcers, pustules;
• furunculosis;
• burn;
• non-compliance with the rules of hygiene and body care.

However, one can quite rightly object here, because bacterial eczema does not appear in all children with lesions on the epidermis. Indeed, to start the pathological process, the "lever" of which are wounds and abrasions, an appropriate favorable background is needed. In this sense, the causes of bacterial eczema in a child may be hidden in the following:

• the presence of infectious processes occurring in the body (caries, diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory organs);
• allergic reactions, manifested by skin rashes, diathesis;
• frequent respiratory and colds;
• weakening immune protection;
• stressful situations, nervous shocks in a child;
• pathology of the digestive system, abdominal cavity, kidneys;
• diabetes;
• failures in the metabolic processes of the body.

It is quite difficult to single out a risk group for a disease among children of a certain age. The microbial form of dermatosis is often found in infants, but often the peak incidence occurs in adolescents. The cause of eczema in this case is most often hormonal changes in the body.

Weak immunity can provoke the development of eczema in a child.

How the disease manifests itself, signs and features

Symptoms of bacterial eczema in a child are often predetermined by its localization. Since childhood is characterized by increased activity, it is almost impossible for a baby to avoid injuries on the arms and legs. According to the frequency of diagnosing microbial dermatosis, the most common pathology can be called, located on the palms. Since the epidermis on the hands is always in contact with infected surfaces, a minimal abrasion or a small burn can be a serious problem.

On the legs, bacterial eczema also occurs quite often in children. Incorrectly selected tight and uncomfortable shoes rub blisters, while the child's legs begin to sweat intensely. With the appearance of open wounds for infection, there is practically no difficulty in getting inside.

Symptoms of microbial eczema in a baby appear sequentially:

1. The first signs of dermatosis will be redness, the formation of a pronounced inflammatory focus.
2. Then note the increase in cyanosis, the appearance of small nodules.
3. There is an increase in papules in size and pouring with exudative fluid, the formation of more noticeable blisters - vesicles.
4. Bursting vesicular formation, constant release of serous-purulent fluid in the affected areas of tissue.
5. Drying of weeping erosions, formation of crusty crusts.
6. Exfoliation of the stratum corneum, skin regeneration.

In addition, the symptoms of bacterial eczema in children cannot be characterized, not to mention the constant itching, burning and swelling of the tissues. Even an adult is often difficult to cope with such unpleasant manifestations diseases that have a negative impact on full-fledged life, working capacity. In children, the symptoms, as a rule, do not leave a chance for sound sleep, rest and comfortable pastime.

Unlike the true or allergic form of dermatosis, microbial lesions are characterized by large lesions, which often merge, forming large-scale asymmetric areas.

Often, childhood eczema becomes chronic. Most often this happens in the absence of treatment or its untimely start. The maximum that parents can do for their baby in this case is not just to achieve a lull in the disease, but to do everything to ensure that its duration becomes maximum. The period of remission is characterized by peeling and slight swelling of the epidermis, complete recovery of the skin in chronic microbial dermatosis does not occur.

Without treatment, eczema can become chronic.

How to get rid of microbial dermatosis: drugs for treatment

The treatment of bacterial eczema in children is practically no different from the treatment of this disease in adults. The only difference will be increased caution in choosing suitable medicines or traditional medicines.

Since microbial varieties of dermatosis are not treated without antibacterial drugs, when selecting the latter, the doctor must take into account the age of the child, his general state health, susceptibility to certain diseases. Antibiotics are the basis of the treatment of bacterial eczema, but since this drug group of drugs is fraught with side effects, the responsibility for prescribing one or another remedy lies entirely with the doctor.

Antibiotics for microbial dermatosis are prescribed for external use, and in severe cases, for oral administration. Combined preparations are especially effective, in which you can find not only antibacterial components, but also corticosteroids that have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Often, doctors prescribe an ointment for bacterial eczema in children from the list below:

• Pimafukort;
• Hyoxysone;
• Oxycort;
• Baneocin;
• Levomekol;
• Celestoderm;
• Synthomycin;
• Tetracycline ointment.

Hormonal and non-hormonal ointments for children's dermatosis

In parallel, doctors recommend using anti-inflammatory drugs to start tissue healing processes. Hormonal treatment bacterial eczema in a child has a number of contraindications and features, meanwhile, often only steroid ointments can direct the course of the disease in the right direction of recovery.

Most often, such ointments and creams are prescribed for bacterial eczema in children:

• Hydrocortisone ointment;
• Prednisolone ointment;
• Afloderm;
• Triderm;
• Locoid;
• Elocom;
• Advantan;
• Flucinar.

As soon as the peak of the disease passes, the doctor must necessarily review the therapeutic regimen. It is impossible to prescribe hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs for more than 7-10 days for a small patient, so safer non-hormonal ointments will become an alternative to them.

Hydrocortisone ointment is prescribed for bacterial eczema.

The most popular external agents that are prescribed for children are:

• Skin Cap;
• La Cree;
• Magnipsor;
• Zinc ointment;
• Ichthyol ointment;
• Vishnevsky ointment;
• Panthenol;
• Radevit;
• Protopic.

Complementary medicines to treat microbial eczema in a child

Sick babies, in addition to ointments and creams, are also prescribed tablets. Antiallergic medicines help get rid of bacterial eczema in children. Preparations of this spectrum of action remove itching, relieve inflammation.

Infants are usually prescribed antihistamines in the form of syrups or drops:

• Fenistil;
• Ketotifen;
• Claritin;
• Aerius;
• Zyrtec;
• Xyzal;
• Erius;
• Desal;
• Zodak.

To strengthen local immunity, babies may be prescribed subcutaneous injections of Histoglobulin. In order to achieve a long-term remission, it is extremely important to cure all internal diseases, eliminate infectious foci and take measures to restore the protective functions of the body.

Traditional medicine to help: treatment of bacterial dermatosis in children

Supporters of alternative therapy also know how to cure bacterial eczema in children. Doctors themselves recommend using some recipes for home remedies to achieve positive dynamics as soon as possible. At the same time, it should be remembered that it is impossible to independently apply certain compositions, even if they seem absolutely safe for the baby. Alternative treatment of bacterial eczema in children requires the constant intervention of a specialist in the therapeutic process and its observation.

Baths with chamomile and string will help cure eczema.

So, you can overcome dermatosis in a baby provoked by microbes using the following recipes:

• A decoction of viburnum. For cooking, you will need both berries and leaves of the tree. Before you put the mass filled with water, the viburnum fruits should be lightly pressed down with a fork. For a glass of plant mass, 1 liter of water is needed. Then put on the stove and boil for 10-15 minutes. Cleaned and cooled broth wipe the affected areas on the skin of the baby several times a day.
• Salt solution. For a glass of boiled water, slightly warmer than room temperature, you need 1 tsp. sea ​​salt. The solution is also used for regular rubbing, the remedy helps relieve itching and reduce inflammation.
• Aloe. To prepare a therapeutic compress, you will need an agave leaf, peeled from the top film, 1 tbsp. l. honey. To cure dermatosis with such folk remedies, a gruel is prepared from aloe, honey is added to it, mixed thoroughly and applied to diseased areas of the skin for a couple of hours. But do not forget: the agave and its juice are allergenic components.
• Baths with chamomile and string. With extensive lesions, as well as for the prevention of recurrence of bacterial eczema, babies are bathed at least 2 times a week in a therapeutic bath. The broth, which must be added to the bathroom, is prepared in a ratio of 4 tbsp. l. herbal collection per 1 liter of water.
• Soda solution. It is prepared by analogy with saline, also has no contraindications, has an antiseptic effect and helps speed up the healing process. The resulting composition wipes the diseased areas on the skin.

In most cases, parents simply have no idea what to do if a child suddenly has bacterial eczema. Therefore, at the first symptoms of the disease, you should take the baby to a doctor who can prescribe adequate treatment.

But, in addition to drug therapy, for children suffering from a skin disease, it is extremely important to follow the following recommendations:

1. Pay attention to the child's nutrition and diet. The menu of a patient with dermatosis should be balanced, and for the period of exacerbations - strictly dietary, not include fatty, fried, smoked foods, as well as allergenic foods: citrus fruits, chocolate, nuts, whole cow's milk etc.
2. With eczema in a baby, a nursing mother should reconsider her diet according to the above principle.
3. Monitor the temperature of the body and air in the room, prevent excessive sweating in the child.
4. Choose clothes made from natural fabrics and safe materials.
5. In case of damage to the skin in the form of abrasions, scratches, wounds, treat with antiseptic solutions, apply bandages.
6. Timely treat concomitant diseases, prevent the manifestation of allergic reactions.
7. Do not allow the baby to comb the wounds, constantly monitor body hygiene, clean hands and feet.

The best way to cure a child of eczema is to strengthen their immune system. Vitamins, proper rest, clean ecology - all this will positively affect the health of the baby and allow you to forget about such a problem as bacterial eczema for a long time, and ideally - forever.

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