MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION (MPC) OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES is the maximum concentration of a pollutant that certain time impact does not affect human health and its offspring, as well as the components of the ecosystem and the natural community as a whole.
The atmosphere receives a lot of impurities from various industries and vehicles. To control their content in the air, well-defined standardized environmental standards are needed, and therefore the concept of the maximum permissible concentration was introduced. MPC values for air are measured in mg/m 3 . MPCs have been developed not only for air, but also for food products, water (drinking water, water of reservoirs, sewage), soil.
The maximum concentration for the working area is considered to be such a concentration of a harmful substance that, during daily work during the entire working period, cannot cause disease during work or in the long-term life of this and subsequent generations.
Limit concentrations for atmospheric air are measured in settlements and refer to a certain period of time. For air, a maximum single dose and an average daily dose are distinguished.
Depending on the MPC value, chemicals in the air are classified according to the degree of danger. For extremely hazardous substances(mercury vapor, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine) MPC in the air of the working area should not exceed 0.1 mg/m 3 . If the MPC is more than 10 mg/m 3, then the substance is considered to be of low hazard. Examples of such substances include ammonia.
| Table 1. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS some gaseous substances in the atmospheric air and the air of industrial premises | ||
| Substance | MPC in atmospheric air, mg / m 3 | MPC in the air prod. rooms, mg / m 3 |
| nitrogen dioxide | Maximum single 0.085 Average daily 0.04 |
2,0 |
| sulphur dioxide | Maximum single 0.5 Average daily 0.05 |
10,0 |
| carbon monoxide | Maximum single 5.0 Average daily 3.0 |
During the working day 20.0 Within 60 min.* 50.0 Within 30 minutes* 100.0 Within 15 min.* 200.0 |
| Hydrogen fluoride | Maximum single 0.02 Average daily 0.005 |
0,05 |
| * Repeated work in conditions of high CO content in the air of the working area can be carried out with a break of at least 2 hours | ||
MPCs are set for the average person, however, weakened by disease and other factors, people may feel uncomfortable at concentrations harmful substances, lower MPC. This, for example, applies to heavy smokers.
The values of the maximum permissible concentrations of certain substances in a number of countries differ significantly. Thus, the MPC of hydrogen sulfide in the atmospheric air with a 24-hour exposure in Spain is 0.004 mg/m 3, and in Hungary - 0.15 mg/m 3 (in Russia - 0.008 mg/m 3).
In our country, the standards for the maximum permissible concentration are developed and approved by the sanitary and epidemiological service and state bodies in the field of protection environment. Environmental quality standards are the same for the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the natural and climatic features, as well as the increased social value of individual territories, maximum allowable concentration standards can be established for them, reflecting special conditions.
With the simultaneous presence in the atmosphere of several harmful substances of unidirectional action, the sum of the ratios of their concentrations to the MPC should not exceed one, but this is far from always the case. According to some estimates, 67% of the Russian population lives in regions where the content of harmful substances in the air is above the established maximum permissible concentration. In 2000, the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere in 40 cities with a total population of about 23 million people from time to time exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by more than ten times.
When assessing the risk of pollution, studies carried out in biosphere reserves serve as a comparison model. But in major cities the natural environment is far from ideal. So, according to the content of harmful substances, the Moscow River within the city is considered a “dirty river” and a “very dirty river”. At the exit of the Moskva River from Moscow, the content of oil products is 20 times higher than the maximum permissible concentrations, iron - 5 times, phosphates - 6 times, copper - 40 times, ammonium nitrogen - 10 times. The content of silver, zinc, bismuth, vanadium, nickel, boron, mercury and arsenic in the bottom sediments of the Moskva River exceeds the norm by 10–100 times. Heavy metals and others toxic substances from the water they enter the soil (for example, during floods), plants, fish, agricultural products, drinking water, both in Moscow and downstream in the Moscow region.
Chemical methods for assessing the quality of the environment are very important, but they do not provide direct information about the biological hazard of pollutants - this is the task of biological methods. Maximum allowable concentrations are certain standards for the sparing effect of pollutants on human health and the natural environment.
Elena Savinkina
PEEP - the maximum permissible concentration of a substance in the water of a reservoir for drinking and domestic water use, mg / l. This concentration should not have a direct or indirect effect on the human body throughout life, as well as on the health of subsequent generations, and should not impair hygiene conditions water use. PEEP.r. - The maximum permissible concentration of a substance in the water of a reservoir used for fishery purposes, mg/l.
The assessment of the quality of aquatic ecosystems is based on normative and directive documents using direct hydrogeochemical assessments. In table. 2.4, as an example, the criteria for assessing the chemical pollution of surface waters are given.
For water, maximum allowable concentrations of more than 960 chemical compounds, which are combined into three groups according to the following limiting indicators of harmfulness (LPV): sanitary-toxicological (s.-t.); general sanitary (gen.); organoleptic (org.).
MPC of some harmful substances in the aquatic environment are presented in Table. 2.1.4.
The highest requirements are placed on drinking water. The state standard for water used for drinking and in the food industry (SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01) determines the organoleptic indicators of water that are favorable for humans: taste, smell, color, transparency, and also its harmlessness. chemical composition and epidemiological safety.
Table 2.1.4
MPC of harmful substances in water bodies of domestic and drinking
cultural and household water use, mg/l
(GN 2.1.5.689-98)
| Substances | LPV | MPC |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| />Bor | S.-t. | 0,5 |
| Bromine | S.-t. | 0,2 |
| Bismuth | S.-t. | 0,1 |
| Hexachlorobenzene | S.-t. | 0,05 |
| Dimethylamine | S.-t. | 0,1 |
| Difluorodichloromethane (freon) | S.-t. | 10 |
| diethyl ether | Org. | 0,3 |
| Iron | Org. | 0,3 |
| Isoprene | Org. | 0,005 |
| Cadmium | S.-t. | 0,001 |
| Karbofos | Org. | 0,05 |
| Kerosene: | | |
| oxidized | Org. | 0,01 |
| Lighting (GOST 4753-68) | Org. | 0,05 |
| Technical | Org. | 0,001 |
| Acid: | | |
| benzoic | Tot. | 0,6 |
| Diphenylacetic | Tot. | 0,5 |
| oily | Tot. | 0,7 |
| Formic | Tot. | 3,5 |
| Acetic | Tot. | 1,2 |
| Synthetic fatty acids | Tot. | 0,1 |
| C5-C20 | | |
| Manganese | Org. | 0,1 |
| Copper | Org. | 1 |
| methanol | St. | 3 |
| Molybdenum | St. | 0,25 |
| Urea | Tot. | 1 |
| Naphthalene | Org. | 0,01 |
| Oil: | | |
| polysulphurous | Org. | 0,1 |
| durable | Org. | 0,3 |
| Nitrates for: | | |
| NO3- | St. | 45 |
| NO2- | St. | 3,3 |
| Polyethyleneamine | St. | 0,1 |
| Thiocyanates | St. | 0,1 |
| Mercury | St. | 0,0005 |
| Lead | St. | 0,03 |
| carbon disulfide | Org. | 1 |
| Turpentine | Org. | 0,2 |
| Sulfides | Tot. | Absence |
| Tetraethyl lead | St. | Absence |
| Tributyl Phosphate | Tot. | 0,01 |
Drinking water at any time of the year should not contain less than 4 g / m of oxygen, and the presence of mineral impurities (mg / l) in it should not exceed: sulfates (SO4 -) - 500; chlorides (Cl -) - 350; iron (Fe2+ + Fe3+) - 0.3; manganese (Mn2+) - 0.1; copper (Cu2+) - 1.0; zinc (Zn2+) - 5.0; aluminum (Al) - 0.5; metaphosphates (PO3 ") - 3.5; phosphates (PO4
3") - 3.5; dry residue - 1000. Thus, water is suitable for drinking if its total mineral content does not exceed 1000 mg / l. Very low mineral content of water (below 1000 mg / l) also worsens its taste, and water , generally devoid of salts (distilled), is harmful to health, since its use disrupts digestion and the activity of endocrine glands.Sometimes, in agreement with the sanitary and epidemiological service, a dry residue content of up to 1500 mg / l is allowed.
Indicators characterizing the pollution of reservoirs and drinking water with substances classified as hazard classes 3 and 4, as well as physicochemical characteristics and organoleptic characteristics of water are additional. They are used to confirm the degree of intensity of anthropogenic pollution of water sources, established by priority indicators.
The application of different criteria for assessing water quality should be based on the advantage of the requirements of the water use whose criteria are more stringent. For example, if a water body simultaneously serves drinking and fisheries purposes, then more stringent requirements (environmental and fisheries) may be imposed on the assessment of water quality.
PCP-10 (indicator of chemical pollution). This indicator is especially important for areas where chemical pollution is observed for several substances at once, each of which many times exceeds the MPC. It is calculated only when identifying areas of environmental emergency and areas of environmental disaster.
The calculation is carried out for ten compounds that maximally exceed the MPC, according to the formula:
PKhZ-10 = C1 / MPC1 + C2 / MPC2 + C3 / MPC3 + ... C10 / MPC10,
where Cb C2, C3 ... Cb - concentration of chemicals in water: MPC - fisheries.
When determining PCP-10 for chemicals for which there is no relatively satisfactory value of water pollution, the C/MAC ratio is conditionally taken equal to 1.
To establish PCP-10, it is recommended to analyze water according to the maximum possible number of indicators.
Additional indicators include generally accepted physicochemical and biological characteristics that give general idea on the composition and quality of water. These indicators are used to additionally characterize the processes occurring in water bodies. In addition, additional characteristics include indicators that take into account the ability of pollutants to accumulate in bottom sediments and hydrobionts.
The coefficient of bottom accumulation of CDA is calculated by the formula:
KDA \u003d Sd.o. / Sv,
where Sd. about. and Sv - the concentration of pollutants in bottom sediments and water, respectively.
Accumulation coefficient in hydrobionts:
Kn \u003d Sg / Sv,
where Cr is the concentration of pollutants in hydrobionts.
Critical concentrations of chemicals (CC) are determined according to the methodology for determining the critical concentrations of pollutants developed by the State Committee for Hydrometeorology in 1983.
The average CC values of some pollutants are, mg/l: copper - 0.001 ... 0.003; cadmium - 0.008 ... 0.020; zinc - 0.05...0.10; PCB - 0.005; benzo(a)pyrene - 0.005.
When assessing the state of aquatic ecosystems, sufficiently reliable indicators are the characteristics of the state and development of all ecological groups of the aquatic community.
When identifying the zones under consideration, indicators are used for bacterio-, phyto-, and zooplankton, as well as for ichthyofauna. In addition, to determine the degree of toxicity of waters, an integral indicator is used - biotesting (for lower crustaceans). In this case, the corresponding toxicity of the water mass should be observed in all main phases of the hydrological cycle.
The main indicators for phyto- and zooplankton, as well as for zoobenthos, were adopted on the basis of data from regional hydrobiological control services that characterize the degree of ecological degradation of freshwater ecosystems.
The parameters of the indicators proposed for the allocation of zones in a given territory should be formed on the basis of sufficiently long-term observations (at least three years).
It should be borne in mind that the indicator values of species may be different in different climatic zones.
When assessing the state of aquatic ecosystems, indicators of ichthyofauna are important, especially for unique, specially protected water bodies and reservoirs of the first and highest fishery category.
BOD - biological oxygen demand - the amount of oxygen used during biochemical processes oxidation of organic substances (excluding nitrification processes) for a certain time of sample incubation (2, 5, 20, 120 days), mg O2 /l of water (BODp - for 20 days, BOD5 - for 5 days).
The oxidative process under these conditions is carried out by microorganisms that use organic components as food. The BOD method is as follows. The investigated waste water after two hours of settling is diluted clean water, taken in such an amount that the oxygen contained in it is sufficient for the complete oxidation of all organic substances in the wastewater. Having determined the content of dissolved oxygen in the resulting mixture, it is left in a closed bottle for 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 days, determining the oxygen content after each of the listed time periods (incubation period). The decrease in the amount of oxygen in water shows how much of it was spent during this time on the oxidation of organic substances in the wastewater. This amount, related to 1 liter of wastewater, is an indicator of the biochemical oxygen consumption of wastewater for a given period of time (BOD2, BODz, BOD5, BODw, BOD15).
It should be noted that biochemical oxygen consumption does not include its consumption for nitrification. Therefore, a complete BOD should be carried out before the start of nitrification, which usually begins after 15-20 days. The BOD of wastewater is calculated using the formula:
BOD = [(a1 ~ b1) ~ (a2 ~ b2)] X 1000
V'
where ai is the oxygen concentration in the sample prepared for determination at the beginning of incubation (on the “zero day”), mg/l; а2 - oxygen concentration in the diluting water at the beginning of incubation, mg/l; b1 - oxygen concentration in the sample at the end of incubation, mg/l; b2 is the oxygen concentration in the dilution water at the end of incubation, mg/l; V is the volume of waste water contained in 1 liter of the sample after all dilutions, ml.
COD is the chemical oxygen demand determined by the bichromate method, i.e. the amount of oxygen equivalent to the amount of consumed oxidant required for the oxidation of all reducing agents contained in water, mg O2/l of water.
Chemical oxygen consumption, expressed as the number of milligrams of oxygen per 1 liter of wastewater, is calculated by the formula:
HPC - 8(a - b)x N1000
V'
where a is the volume of Mohr's salt solution used for titration in a blank experiment, ml; b is the volume of the same solution used for sample titration, ml; N is the normality of the titrated solution of Mohr's salt; V is the volume of analyzed waste water, ml; 8 - oxygen equivalent.
In relation to BODp/COD, the efficiency of biochemical oxidation of substances is judged.
Harmful elements are established by state regulations. Failure to comply with the limit values specified in it is an offense for which offenders are held liable in accordance with the law. The MPC standard in water gives instructions on those limit values of pollutants, the content of which does not entail damage to human health or life.
The main sources of toxic elements are numerous functioning enterprises of the industrial complex. Their emissions are strong enough to soil and water. Chemical elements, which have a negative impact on the environment around us, it is customary to divide into groups depending on the degree of their danger to humans. These include hazardous substances:
emergency;
high;
Moderate.
There is also a group of hazardous elements.
MPCs in various waters are reflected in specially designed tables. There are also various formulas, the use of which allows the calculation of the maximum tolerance of toxins. They are used by specialists to carry out control measures for water used by humans. Such actions can be carried out by any of us. To do this, it is enough to analyze the state of drinking water in your home and compare it with acceptable standards finding different elements in it. For example, the content in milligrams per liter should not be higher than:
Dry residue - 1000;
Sulphates - 500;
Chlorides - 350;
Zinc - 5;
Iron - 0.3;
Manganese - 0.1;
Residual polyphosphates - 3.5.
The total should not exceed seven milligrams per liter.
Great importance also has control over the condition of the soil. It is the earth that serves as an accumulator and filter for various connections. MPCs that are constantly discharged into the soil must also comply with the standards, since constant migration in its upper layers pollutes the entire environment quite strongly.
According to sanitary and hygienic standards, no more than:
0.02 mg/kg benzapyrene;
3 mg/kg copper;
130 mg/kg nitrates;
0.3 mg/kg toluene;
23 mg/kg zinc.
If the MPC in water is exceeded, the authorities involved in monitoring the state of the environment will determine the cause of this phenomenon. Quite often, the increase in the amount of chemicals in nature is influenced by ordinary household waste. Currently, the problem of cleaning water bodies from phosphate and nitrogen compounds is especially acute. Three different approaches can be used to solve this problem:
Chemical;
Biological;
A combination of the first two methods.
Bringing up normative value MPC in water using chemical treatment involves the formation of metal phosphates, which, being insoluble, settle at the bottom of a special container. This process occurs with the help of reagents. Using the chemical cleaning method finds wide application at industrial enterprises. This work may only be carried out by specially trained personnel.
If phosphorus or P-bacteria are used in water purification, then this method is biological. This is a modern natural approach to preventing excess of MPC. Special zones of treatment tanks are supplied alternately with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. This method is used in biofilters, septic tanks and aeration tanks.
The combination of biological and chemical methods used in treatment systems, where there is a need to accelerate and enhance the reactions of decomposition of sewage.
Significant amounts of sulfates are dispersed on the surface of Baikal and the river basins flowing into Baikal by air emissions from industrial enterprises, thermal power plants, and boiler houses. In local areas along the coast, sulfate ion can be an informative indicator of anthropogenic pollution brought by rivers, groundwater and direct discharge into Baikal of insufficiently treated industrial (using sulfuric acid and its derivatives), agricultural and domestic wastewater (from organic waste containing sulfur ).
The sanitary norm for the content of sulfates in drinking water (maximum permissible concentrations) is not more than 500 mg / dm 3 according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 (M.: Goskomsanepidnadzor, 2001), MPC for fishery production - 100 mg / dm 3, MPC for water Baikal - 10 mg / dm 3, background values for Baikal - 5.5 mg / dm 3. The degree of harmfulness of sulfates according to SanPiN is the 4th hazard class (moderately dangerous in terms of organoleptic characteristics).
Maximum allowable concentrations of chlorides in drinking water according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 - no more than 350 mg / dm 3, MPC for fishery production - 300 mg / dm 3, MPC for Baikal waters - 30 mg / dm 3, background values for Baikal - 0.4 mg / dm 3. The degree of harmfulness of chlorides according to SanPiN is the 4th hazard class (moderately dangerous on an organoleptic basis).
It occurs in natural waters in very low concentrations, often inaccessible to existing mass methods of analysis (hundredths of mg / dm 3). An increase in the concentration of ammonium and ammonia ions can be observed in the autumn-winter periods of dying aquatic organisms especially in areas where they accumulate. A decrease in the concentration of these substances occurs in spring and summer as a result of their intensive assimilation by plants during photosynthesis. A progressive increase in the concentration of ammonium ion in the water indicates a deterioration in the sanitary condition of the reservoir.
The norm of ammonia content in water (maximum permissible concentrations) - no more than 2 mg / dm 3 for nitrogen (maximum concentration limit and approximate safe levels of exposure to harmful substances in the water of water bodies for drinking and domestic water use, Ministry of Health, 1983), ammonium maximum concentration limit -ion for fishery production - 0.5 mg / dm 3, MPC for Baikal waters - 0.04 mg / dm 3, background values \u200b\u200bfor Baikal - 0.02 mg / dm 3.
Nitrates according to the classification of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 belong to the 3rd hazard class (dangerous by organoleptic characteristics).
The sanitary standard for the content of nitrates in drinking water (MPC) is not more than 45 mg / dm 3 according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01, the MPC for Baikal waters is 5 mg / dm 3, the background values \u200b\u200bfor Baikal are 0.1 mg / dm 3.
Phosphate ion, like sulfate ion, is an informative indicator of anthropogenic pollution, which is facilitated by the widespread use of phosphate fertilizers (superphosphate, etc.) and polyphosphates (as detergents). Phosphorus compounds enter the reservoir during biological wastewater treatment.
According to SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01, phosphates are assigned to the 3rd hazard class (dangerous on an organoleptic basis). The sanitary norm for the content of phosphates in drinking water (MPC) is not more than 3.5 mg/dm 3 , MPC for fishery production is 0.2 mg/dm 3 , MPC for Baikal waters is 0.04 mg/dm 3 , background values for Baikal - 0.015 mg / dm 3.
Note: MPCs for Baikal waters are given according to the document "Norms for permissible impacts on the ecological system of Lake Baikal (for the period 1987-1995). Basic requirements", which currently has no legal force.
This document was approved by the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Academician G.I. Marchuk, Minister of Land Reclamation and Water Resources of the USSR N.F. Vasiliev, Minister of Health of the USSR, Academician E.I. Chazov, Chairman of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control, corresponding member USSR Academy of Sciences Yu.A.Izrael, Minister of Fisheries of the USSR N.I.Kotlyar.
Drinking water quality standards SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. Drinking water. (WHO, EU, USEPA). drinking water packaged in containers (according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1116 - 02), vodka indicators (according to PTR 10-12292-99 with changes 1,2,3), water for the production of beer and non-alcoholic products , network and make-up water for hot water boilers (according to RD 24.031.120-91), feed water for boilers (according to GOST 20995-75), distilled water (according to GOST 6709-96), water for electronic equipment (according to OST 11.029.003-80, ASTM D-5127-90), for electroplating industries (according to GOST 9.314-90 ), for hemodialysis (according to GOST 52556-2006), purified water (according to FS 42-2619-97 and EP IV 2002), water for injection (according to FS 42-2620-97 and EP IV 2002), water for irrigation of greenhouse crops .
This section provides the main indicators of water quality standards for various industries.
Quite reliable data of an excellent and respected company in the field of water treatment and water treatment "Altir" from Vladimir
| Indicators | SanPiN2.1.4.1074-01 | WHO | USEPA | EU | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit measurements | MPC standards, no more | Harm factor | Hazard Class | ||||
| Hydrogen indicator | units pH | within 6-9 | - | - | - | 6,5-8,5 | 6,5-8,5 |
| General mineralization (dry residue) | mg/l | 1000 (1500) | - | - | 1000 | 500 | 1500 |
| General hardness | mg-eq/l | 7,0 (10) | - | - | - | - | 1,2 |
| Oxidability permanganate | mg O2/l | 5,0 | - | - | - | - | 5,0 |
| Oil products, total | mg/l | 0,1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Surfactants (surfactants), anionic | mg/l | 0,5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Phenolic index | mg/l | 0,25 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Alkalinity | mg HCO3-/l | 0,25 | - | - | - | - | 30 |
| inorganic substances | |||||||
| Aluminum (Al3+) | mg/l | 0,5 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 |
| Ammonia nitrogen | mg/l | 2,0 | s.-t. | 3 | 1,5 | - | 0,5 |
| Asbestos | mln per curl/l | - | - | - | - | 7,0 | - |
| Barium (Ba 2+) | mg/l | 0,1 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,7 | 2,0 | 0,1 |
| Beryllium(Be 2+) | mg/l | 0,0002 | s.-t. | 1 | - | 0,004 | - |
| Boron (V, total) | mg/l | 0,5 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,3 | - | 1,0 |
| Vanadium (V) | mg/l | 0,1 | s.-t. | 3 | 0,1 | - | - |
| Bismuth (Bi) | mg/l | 0,1 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,1 | - | - |
| Iron (Fe, total) | mg/l | 0,3 (1,0) | org. | 3 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 0,2 |
| Cadmium (Cd, total) | mg/l | 0,001 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,003 | 0,005 | 0,005 |
| Potassium (K+) | mg/l | - | - | - | - | - | 12,0 |
| Calcium (Ca 2+) | mg/l | - | - | - | - | - | 100,0 |
| Cobalt (Co) | mg/l | 0,1 | s.-t. | 2 | - | - | - |
| Silicon (Si) | mg/l | 10,0 | s.-t. | 2 | - | - | - |
| Magnesium (Mg2+) | mg/l | - | s.-t. | - | - | - | 50,0 |
| Manganese (Mn, total) | mg/l | 0,1 (0,5) | org. | 3 | 0,5 (0,1) | 0,05 | 0,05 |
| Copper (Cu, total) | mg/l | 1,0 | org. | 3 | 2,0 (1,0) | 1,0-1,3 | 2,0 |
| Molybdenum (Mo, total) | mg/l | 0,25 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,07 | - | - |
| Arsenic (As, total) | mg/l | 0,05 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,01 | 0,05 | 0,01 |
| Nickel (Ni, total) | mg/l | 0,01 | s.-t. | 3 | - | - | - |
| Nitrates (by NO 3-) | mg/l | 45 | s.-t. | 3 | 50,0 | 44,0 | 50,0 |
| Nitrites (by NO 2-) | mg/l | 3,0 | - | 2 | 3,0 | 3,5 | 0,5 |
| Mercury (Hg, total) | mg/l | 0,0005 | s.-t. | 1 | 0,001 | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Lead (Pb, total) | mg/l | 0,03 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,01 | 0,015 | 0,01 |
| Selenium (Se, total) | mg/l | 0,01 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,01 | 0,05 | 0,01 |
| Silver (Ag+) | mg/l | 0,05 | - | 2 | - | 0,1 | 0,01 |
| Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) | mg/l | 0,03 | org. | 4 | 0,05 | - | - |
| Strontium (Sr 2+) | mg/l | 7,0 | org. | 2 | - | - | - |
| Sulphates (SO 4 2-) | mg/l | 500 | org. | 4 | 250,0 | 250,0 | 250,0 |
| Fluorides (F) for climatic regions I and II | mg/l | 1,51,2 | s.-t | 22 | 1,5 | 2,0-4,0 | 1,5 |
| Chlorides (Cl-) | mg/l | 350 | org. | 4 | 250,0 | 250,0 | 250,0 |
| Chromium (Cr 3+) | mg/l | 0,5 | s.-t. | 3 | - | 0.1 (total) | - |
| Chromium (Cr 6+) | mg/l | 0,05 | s.-t. | 3 | 0,05 | 0,05 | |
| Cyanides (CN-) | mg/l | 0,035 | s.-t. | 2 | 0,07 | 0,2 | 0,05 |
| Zinc (Zn2+) | mg/l | 5,0 | org. | 3 | 3,0 | 5,0 | 5,0 |
s.-t. - sanitary and toxicological
org. - organoleptic
The value indicated in brackets in all tables can be set at the direction of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor.
| Indicators | Units | Regulations |
|---|---|---|
| thermotolerant coliform bacteria | Number of bacteria in 100 ml | Absence |
| Common coliform bacteria | Number of bacteria in 100 ml | Absence |
| Total microbial count | The number of colony-forming bacteria in 1 ml | No more than 50 |
| coliphages | The number of plaque forming units (PFU) in 100 ml | Absence |
| Spores of sulphur-reducing clostridia | Number of spores in 20 ml | Absence |
| Giardia cysts | Number of cysts in 50 ml | Absence |
| SanPiN 2.1.4.1116 - 02 Drinking water. Hygiene requirements to the quality of water packaged in containers. Quality control. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | Unit rev. | highest category | First category |
| Smell at 20 degrees. With | score | absence | absence |
| Smell at 60 degrees. With | score | 0 | 1,0 |
| Chroma | degree | 5,0 | 5,0 |
| Turbidity | mg/l | < 0,5 | < 1,0 |
| pH | units | 6,5 - 8,5 | 6,5 - 8,5 |
| Dry residue | mg/l | 200 - 500 | 1000 |
| Permanganate oxidizability | mgO 2 /l | 2,0 | 3,0 |
| General hardness | mg-eq/l | 1,5 - 7,0 | 7,0 |
| Iron | mg/l | 0,3 | 0,3 |
| Manganese | mg/l | 0,05 | 0,05 |
| Sodium | mg/l | 20,0 | 200 |
| Bicarbonates | mg-eq/l | 30 - 400 | 400 |
| sulfates | mg/l | < 150 | < 250 |
| chlorides | mg/l | < 150 | < 250 |
| Nitrates | mg/l | < 5 | < 20 |
| Nitrites | mg/l | 0,005 | 0,5 |
| Fluorides | mg/l | 0,6-1,2 | 1,5 |
| Oil products | mg/l | 0,01 | 0,05 |
| Ammonia | mg/l | 0,05 | 0,1 |
| hydrogen sulfide | mg/l | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Silicon | mg/l | 10,0 | 10,0 |
| Bor | mg/l | 0,3 | 0,5 |
| Lead | mg/l | 0,005 | 0,01 |
| Cadmium | mg/l | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Nickel | mg/l | 0,02 | 0,02 |
| Mercury | mg/l | 0,0002 | 0,0005 |
| These health regulations do not apply to mineral water(medical, medical - table, table). | |||
3. The optimal value of the physicochemical and microelement indicators of vodkas (according to PTR 10-12292-99 with changes 1,2,3)
| Normalized indicators | For process water with hardness, mol / m 3 (maximum allowable value) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-0,02 | 0,21-0,40 | 0,41-0,60 | 0,61-0,80 | 0,81-1,00 | |
| Alkalinity, volume of hydrochloric acid concentration c (HCl) \u003d 0.1 mol / dm 3 used for titration of 100 cm 3 of water, cm 3 Hydrogen index (pH) |
2,5 | 1,5 | 1,0 | 0,4 | 0,3 |
| Mass concentration, mg / dm 3 - calcium - magnesium - iron - sulfates - chlorides - silicon - hydrocarbonates - sodium + potassium - manganese - aluminum - copper - phosphates - nitrates |
1,6 0,5 0,15 18,0 18,0 3,0 75 60 0,06 0,10 0,10 0,10 2,5 |
4,0 1,0 0,12 15,0 15,0 2,5 60 50 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5 |
5,0 1,5 0,10 12,0 12,0 2,0 40 50 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5 |
4,0 1,2 0,04 15,0 9,0 1,2 25 25 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5 |
5,0 1,5 0,02 6,0 6,0 0,6 15 12 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5 |
| Normalized indicators | Minimum allowable value |
|---|---|
| Hardness, mol / m 3 | 0,01 |
| Alkalinity, the volume of hydrochloric acid concentration c (HCl) \u003d 0.1 mol / dm 3 used for titration of 100 cm 3 of water, cm 3 | 0 |
| Oxidability, O 2 / dm 3 | 0,2 |
| Hydrogen index (pH) | 5,5 |
| Mass concentration, mg / dm 3 | |
| - calcium | 0,12 |
| - magnesium | 0,04 |
| - iron | 0,01 |
| - sulfates | 2,0 |
| - chlorides | 2,0 |
| - silicon | 0,2 |
| - hydrocarbonates | 0 |
| Name | Requirements according to TI 10-5031536-73-10 for water for production: | |
|---|---|---|
| beer | soft drinks | |
| pH | 6-6,5 | 3-6 |
| Cl-, mg/l | 100-150 | 100-150 |
| SO 4 2-, mg/l | 100-150 | 100-150 |
| Mg 2+ , mg/l | traces | |
| Ca 2+ , mg/l | 40-80 | |
| K ++ Na + , mg/l | ||
| Alkalinity, mg-eq/l | 0,5-1,5 | 1,0 |
| Dry residue, mg/l | 500 | 500 |
| Nitrites, mg/l | 0 | traces |
| Nitrates, mg/l | 10 | 10 |
| Phosphates, mg/l | ||
| Aluminum, mg/l | 0,5 | 0,1 |
| Copper, mg/l | 0,5 | 1,0 |
| Silicates, mg/l | 2,0 | 2,0 |
| Iron, mg/l | 0,1 | 0,2 |
| Manganese, mg/l | 0,1 | 0,1 |
| Oxidability, mg O 2 /l | 2,0 | |
| Hardness, mg-eq/l | < 4 | 0,7 |
| Turbidity, mg/l | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Color, deg. | 10 | 10 |
| Heating system | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | open | closed | ||||
| Temperature of network water, ° С | ||||||
| 115 | 150 | 200 | 115 | 150 | 200 | |
| Font transparency, cm, not less than | 40 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Carbonate hardness, mcg-eq/kg: | ||||||
| at pH not more than 8.5 | 800/700 | 750/600 | 375/300 | 800/700 | 750/600 | 375/300 |
| at pH more than 8.5 | Not allowed | |||||
| Dissolved oxygen content, µg/kg | 50 | 30 | 20 | 50 | 30 | 20 |
| The content of iron compounds (in terms of Fe), µg/kg | 300 | 300/250 | 250/200 | 600/500 | 500/400 | 375/300 |
| pH value at 25°C | 7.0 to 8.5 | 7.0 to 11.0 | ||||
| Free carbon dioxide, mg/kg | Should be absent or be within the range to maintain a pH of at least 7.0 | |||||
| Content of oil products, mg/kg | 1,0 | |||||
Notes:
- The numerator indicates the values for solid fuel boilers, the denominator - for liquid and gaseous.
- For heating networks in which hot water boilers operate in parallel with boilers having brass tubes, the upper pH limit of the network water should not exceed 9.5.
- The content of dissolved oxygen is indicated for network water; for make-up water, it should not exceed 50 µg/kg.
| Name of indicator | Norm for boilers with absolute pressure, MPa (kgf / cm 2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| up to 1.4 (14) inclusive | 2,4 (24) | 3,9 (40) | |
| General hardness, µmol / dm 3 (mcg-eq / dm 3) | 15 * /20(15 * /20) | 10 * /15(10 * /15) | 5 * /10(5 * /10) |
| The content of iron compounds (in terms of Fe), μg / dm 3) | 300 Not standardized | 100 * /200 | 50 * /100 |
| The content of copper compounds (in terms of Cu), μg / dm 3 | Not standardized | 10 * Not standardized | |
| The content of dissolved oxygen, μg / dm 3 | 30 * /50 | 20 * /50 | 20 * /30 |
| pH value (at t = 25 ° C) | 8,5-9,5 ** | ||
| The content of nitrites (in terms of NO 2 -), μg / dm 3 | Not standardized | 20 | |
| The content of oil products, mg / dm 3 | 3 | 3 | 0,5 |
* The numerator indicates the values for boilers operating on liquid fuel with a local heat flow of more than 350 kW/m 2 , and in the denominator - for boilers operating on other types of fuel with a local heat flow up to 350 kW/m 2 inclusive.
** If there is a preliminary liming or soda liming phase in the make-up water treatment system of industrial and heating boilers, as well as if the carbonate hardness of the source water is more than 3.5 mg-eq / dm 3 and if one of the water treatment phases (sodium-cationization or ammonium - sodium - cationization) it is allowed to increase the upper limit of the pH value to 10.5.
When operating vacuum deaerators, it is allowed to lower the lower limit of the pH value to 7.0.
| Name of indicator | Norm |
|---|---|
| Mass concentration of the residue after evaporation, mg/dm 3 , no more | 5 |
| Mass concentration of ammonia and ammonium salts (NH 4), mg / dm 3, no more | 0,02 |
| Mass concentration of nitrates (NO 3), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,2 |
| Mass concentration of sulfates (SO 4), mg / dm 3, no more | 0,5 |
| Mass concentration of chlorides (Сl), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,02 |
| Mass concentration of aluminum (Al), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,05 |
| Mass concentration of iron (Fe), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,05 |
| Mass concentration of calcium (Сa), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,8 |
| Mass concentration of copper (Сu), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,02 |
| Mass concentration of lead (Рb), %, no more | 0,05 |
| Mass concentration of zinc (Zn), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,2 |
| Mass concentration of substances reducing KMnO 4 (O), mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,08 |
| water pH | 5,4 - 6,6 |
| Specific electrical conductivity at 20 ° С, Siemens/m, no more | 5*10 -4 |
| Water parameters | Water grade according to OST 11.029.003-80 | Water grade according to ASTM D-5127-90 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BUT | B | AT | E-1 | E-2 | E-3 | E-4 | |
| Resistivity at a temperature of 20 0 С, MOhm/cm | 18 | 10 | 1 | 18 | 17,5 | 12 | 0,5 |
| The content of organic substances (oxidizability), mg O 2 /l, not more than | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,5 | ||||
| Total organic carbon, µg/l, no more | 25 | 50 | 300 | 1000 | |||
| The content of silicic acid (in terms of SiO 3 -2), mg / l, no more | 0,01 | 0,05 | 0,2 | 0,005 | 0,01 | 0,05 | 1,0 |
| Iron content, mg/l, no more | 0,015 | 0,02 | 0,03 | ||||
| Copper content, mg/l, no more | 0,005 | 0,005 | 0,005 | 0,001 | 0,001 | 0,002 | 0,5 |
| The content of microparticles with a size of 1-5 microns, pieces / l, no more | 20 | 50 | Not a regulation | ||||
| The content of microorganisms, colonies / ml, no more | 2 | 8 | Not a regulation | 0,001 | 0,01 | 10 | 100 |
| Chlorides, mcg/l, no more | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 100 | |||
| Nickel, mcg/l, no more | 0,1 | 1,0 | 2 | 500 | |||
| Nitrates, mg/l, no more | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1000 | |||
| Phosphates, mg/l, no more | 1 | 1 | 5 | 500 | |||
| Sulphate, mg/l, no more | 1 | 1 | 5 | 500 | |||
| Potassium, mcg/l, no more | 2 | 2 | 5 | 500 | |||
| Sodium, mcg/l, no more | 0,5 | 1 | 5 | 500 | |||
| Zinc, mcg/l, no more | 0,5 | 1 | 5 | 500 | |||
9. Water quality standards for galvanic production (according to GOST 9.314-90)
| Name of indicator | Norm for the category | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| pH value | 6,0 - 9,0 | 6,5 - 8,5 | 5,4 - 6,6 |
| Dry residue, mg/dm 3 , no more | 1000 | 400 | 5,0 * |
| Hardness total, mg-eq/dm 3 , no more | 7,0 | 6,0 | 0,35 * |
| Turbidity according to the standard scale, mg/dm 3 , no more | 2,0 | 1,5 | - |
| Sulfates (SO 4 2-), mg / dm 3, no more | 500 | 50 | 0,5 * |
| Chlorides (Сl -), mg/dm 3 , no more | 350 | 35 | 0,02 * |
| Nitrates (NO 3 -), mg/dm 3 , no more | 45 | 15 | 0,2 * |
| Phosphates (PO 4 3-), mg / dm 3, no more | 30 | 3,5 | 1,0 |
| Ammonia, mg/dm 3 , no more | 10 | 5,0 | 0,02 * |
| Oil products, mg/dm 3 , no more | 0,5 | 0,3 | - |
| Chemical oxygen demand, mg/dm 3 , no more | 150 | 60 | - |
| Residual chlorine, mg/dm 3 , no more | 1,7 | 1,7 | - |
| Surfactants (sum of anionic and nonionic), mg/dm 3 , not more than | 5,0 | 1,0 | - |
| Ions of heavy metals, mg/dm 3 , no more | 15 | 5,0 | 0,4 |
| Iron | 0,3 | 0,1 | 0,05 |
| Copper | 1,0 | 0,3 | 0,02 |
| nickel | 5,0 | 1,0 | - |
| zinc | 5,0 | 1,5 | 0,2 * |
| chromium trivalent | 5,0 | 0,5 | - |
| 15. Specific electrical conductivity at 20 ° С, S/m, no more | 2x10 -3 | 1x10 -3 | 5x10 -4 |
* The norms of ingredients for water of the 3rd category are determined according to GOST 6709.
Note. In water reuse systems, the content of harmful ingredients in purified water is allowed higher than in Table 1, but not higher than the permissible values in the washing bath after the washing operation (Table 2).
| Name of the electrolyte component or ion | The name of the operation before which flushing is carried out | The name of the electrolyte before which flushing is carried out | Permissible concentration of the main component in water after the washing operation with d, mg / dm 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total alkalinity in terms of caustic soda | - | Alkaline Sour or cyanide |
800 100 |
| Anodic oxidation of aluminum and its alloys | - | 50 | |
| Dyes (for coloring An. Oks coatings) | - | 5 | |
| Acid in terms of sulfuric | - | Alkaline Sour cyanide |
100 50 10 |
| Filling and impregnation of coatings, drying | - | 10 | |
| CN - total, Sn 2+ , Sn 4+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 6+ , Pb 2+ | Interoperational washing, drying | - | 10 |
| CNS - , Cd 2+ | Interoperational washing, drying | - | 15 |
| Cu2+, Cu+ | nickel plating Drying |
- | 2 10 |
| Ni2+ | copper plating Chrome plating, drying |
- | 20 10 |
| Fe2+ | Drying | - | 30 |
| Salts of precious metals in terms of metal | Drying | - | 1 |
Notes:
- The main component (ion) of a given solution or electrolyte is taken to be the one for which the washing criterion is the largest.
- When washing products that are subject to particularly high requirements, the permissible concentrations of the main component can be established empirically.
The concentrations of the main ingredients in water at the outlet of the galvanic production are given in Table 3.
1.3. In the electroplating industry, water reuse systems should be used to ensure
| Name of indicator | Indicator value |
|---|---|
| Mass concentration of aluminum, mg / cu. dm, no more | 0,0100 |
| Mass concentration of antimony, mg / cu. dm, no more | 0,0060 |
| Mass concentration of arsenic, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,0050 |
| Mass concentration of barium, mg / cu. dm, no more | 0,1000 |
| Mass concentration of beryllium, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,0004 |
| Mass concentration of cadmium, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,0010 |
| Mass concentration of calcium, mg / cu. dm, no more | 2,0 |
| Mass concentration of chloramine, mg / cu. dm, no more | 0,1000 |
| Mass concentration of chromium, mg / cu. dm, no more | 0,0140 |
| Mass concentration of copper, mg / cu. dm, no more | 0,1000 |
| Mass concentration of cyanides, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,0200 |
| Mass concentration of fluorides, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,2000 |
| Mass concentration of free residual chlorine, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,5000 |
| Mass concentration of lead, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,0050 |
| Mass concentration of magnesium, mg/cu. dm, no more | 2,0 |
| Mass concentration of mercury, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,0002 |
| Mass concentration of nitrates, mg / cu. dm, no more | 2,000 |
| Mass concentration of potassium, mg / cu. dm, no more | 2,0 |
| Mass concentration of selenium, mg / cu. dm, no more | 0,0050 |
| Mass concentration of sodium, mg/cu. dm, no more | 50 |
| Mass concentration of sulfates, mg / cu. dm, no more | 100 |
| Mass concentration of tin, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,1000 |
| Mass concentration of zinc, mg/cu. dm, no more | 0,1000 |
| Specific electrical conductivity, μS/m, not more than | 5,0 |
| Indicators | FS 42-2619-97 | EP IV ed. 2002 |
|---|---|---|
| Acquisition Methods | Distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis or others suitable methods | Distillation, ion exchange or other suitable methods |
| Description | Colorless transparent liquid, odorless and tasteless | |
| Raw water quality | - | |
| pH | 5.0-7.0 | - |
| Dry residue | ≤0.001% | - |
| Reducing agents | Absence | Alternative TOC ≤0.1ml 0.02 KMnO 4 / 100 ml |
| Carbon dioxide | Absence | - |
| Nitrates, nitrites | Absence | ≤0.2 mg/l (nitrates) |
| Ammonia | ≤0.00002% | - |
| chlorides | Absence | - |
| sulfates | Absence | - |
| Calcium | Absence | - |
| Heavy metals | Absence | ≤0.1mg/l |
| Acidity/alkalinity | - | - |
| Aluminum | - | ≤10µg/L (for hemodialysis) |
| Total organic carbon (TOC) | - | ≤0.5mg/l |
| Electrical Conductivity (EC) | - | ≤4.3 µS/cm (20°C) |
| Microbiological purity | ≤100 m.o./ml | |
| - | ≤0.25 EU/ml for hemodialysis | |
| Marking | The label indicates that the water can be used to prepare dialysis solutions. |
| Indicators | FS 42-2620-97 | EP IV ed. 2002 |
|---|---|---|
| Acquisition Methods | Distillation, reverse osmosis | Distillation |
| Raw water quality | - | Water, resp. drinking water requirements of the European Union |
| Microbiological purity | ≤100 m.o./ml in the absence of Enterobacteriaceae Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ≤10CFU/ 100ml |
| Pyrogenicity | Apyrogenic (biological method) | - |
| Bacterial endotoxins (BE) | ≤0.25EU/ml (change #1), | ≤ 0.25 EU/ml |
| Electrical conductivity | - | ≤1.1 µS/cm (20°C) |
| OOU | - | ≤0.5mg/l |
| Use and storage | Use freshly prepared or store at a temperature of 5 ° C to 10 ° C or from 80 ° C to 95 ° C in closed containers made of materials that do not change the properties of water, protecting water from mechanical impurities and microbiological contamination, but not more than 24 hours | Stored and distributed under conditions that prevent the growth of microorganisms and the ingress of other types of contaminants. |
| Marking | Containers for collecting and storing water for injection must be labeled “not sterilized” | - |
| Indicator | Unit measurements | cucumber (ground) | tomato (ground) | small culture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen index (pH) | units pH | 6.0 - 7.0 | 6.0 - 7.0 | 6.0 - 7.0 |
| Dry residue | mg/l | less than 500 | less than 1000 | 500 - 700 |
| total alkalinity | mg-eq/l | less than 7.0 | less than 7.0 | less than 4.0 |
| Calcium | mg/l | less than 350 | less than 350 | less than 100 |
| Iron | -"- | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Manganese | -"- | 1,0 | 1,0 | 0,5 |
| Sodium | -"- | 100 | 150 | 30 - 60 |
| Copper | -"- | 1,0 | 1,0 | 0,5 |
| Bor | -"- | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,3 |
| Zinc | -"- | 1,0 | 1,0 | 0,5 |
| Molybdenum | -"- | 0,25 | 0,25 | 0,25 |
| Cadmium | -"- | 0,001 | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Lead | -"- | 0,03 | 0,03 | 0,03 |
| Sulphates (in terms of sulfur) | -"- | 60 | 100 | 60 |
| chlorides | -"- | 100 | 150 | 50 |
| Fluorine | mg/l | 0,6 | 0,6 | 0,6 |
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