Allergenic bacteria that may be present. What are allergens of pathogenic bacteria used for?

However, the development of an allergic reaction can cause and pathogenic microorganismsleading to the occurrence of various diseases. In this case, an infectious or viral allergy occurs in children.

General information

Viral allergy occurs as a result of penetration into the child's body various viruses.

The body's immune system gives out an appropriate reaction, secretes an increased number of mast cells, which must fight the pathogenic microflora.

With an increased sensitivity of the body to this irritant (virus cells), mast cells will be destroyed, as a result of which a substance is released into the body - histamine, which is toxic, and leads to the development of symptoms characteristic of allergies.

Moreover, this reaction can occur not only to the presence of the virus itself, but also to the waste products of this microorganism.

There is also such a concept as an infectious allergy, which occurs when not only virus cells enter the child's body, but also of various kinds bacteria, fungal microorganisms.

This type of allergic reaction develops against the background of other diseases, the causative agents of which are this or that infection.

What is an allergen?

An infectious viral allergy occurs in a child when his body comes into contact with:

Causes of occurrence

The main reason for the development of the disease is considered to be the penetration into the child's body. infectious agent.

In addition, it is necessary that the child's body is distinguished by increased sensitivity to the microorganism and its waste products.

In order for the child to have an allergic reaction to viruses, bacteria and other pathogenic microflora, the presence of such factors is necessary as:

Such can provoke the development of the disease serious illness like: syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, plague, dysentery, typhus, brucellosis, fungal infections skin and internal organs.

Even an insignificant content of pathogens in the child's body can cause the development of an allergic reaction.

This situation arises, for example, when conducting certain infectious tests(such as the Mantoux reaction), when a small amount of a drug containing a virus or other infection is injected into a child's body to determine its sensitivity.

Can allergies in children have a cumulative effect? Find out about it from ours.

Classification and types

Depending on what caused the development of the allergic reaction, the following varieties are distinguished infectious allergy:

• viral(developing as a result of the penetration of the pathogen virus into the child's body);
• bacterial(arising from contact with pathogenic bacteria);
• fungal(arising from a fungal infection of the body, that is, the skin, nails, internal organs).

Symptoms and Signs

Viral allergy in a child - photo:

Recognize development viral allergy can be on the following characteristic manifestations this ailment, such as:

1. Redness of certain parts of the body, the formation of specific nodular or blistering rashes on them.
2. Severe itching of the skin.
3. Nasal congestion, the appearance of clear discharge from the nasal cavity.
4. Lachrymation, development of signs of conjunctivitis.
5. Disruption of the digestive system, manifested in the form of painful sensations in the abdomen, stool disorders, the appearance of gagging.
6. Severe dry cough, the attacks of which give the child serious discomfort.
7. Difficulty breathing, the child has shortness of breath, breathing becomes heavy and noisy.
8. Enlargement of the lymph nodes, most often located in the area where the virus enters the body.
9. Increase in body temperature (sometimes hyperthermia occurs suddenly, temperature indicators reach high levels).

Diagnostics

The diagnosis begins with the collection of an anamnesis of the disease.

In particular, the doctor reveals an increased sensitivity of the child's body to allergic reactions, aggravated heredity, conditions under which characteristic allergy symptoms (whether the child had any viral disease, the nature and duration of its course).

It also matters how often the child suffers from viral diseases, since children most susceptible to their development often have a corresponding type of allergy.

Further, the patient is examined, the characteristic symptoms of the pathology are identified. Necessary and holding laboratory research , in particular, a blood test to determine the number of mast cells and the rate of their decay.

Differential

When an infectious allergy occurs it is very important to identify the cause a given reaction of the child's body, that is, a specific pathogen.

Differential diagnosis of post-vaccination allergy is carried out. For this, the child is prescribed various tests (skin or subcutaneous), for example, the Mantoux reaction.

After that, the doctor monitors the reaction of the little patient's body. In the presence of allergies after such tests the child develops the corresponding symptoms of the disease, in particular:

• redness of the skin at the injection site, the occurrence of a painful papular formation in this area;
• the death of tissue cells in this area;
• deterioration of the general well-being of the child.

Why is it dangerous?

Viral allergies can lead to various types of complicationsassociated with breathing disorders (for example, the appearance of severe suffocation, which can lead to the death of the child), damage to the eyes, joints (infectious-allergic arthritis), significantly impairing the quality of life of the child.

When internal organs are damaged, their functionality is significantly reduced, which also contributes to the development of certain health problems.

Treatment

The main method of treatment is taking medications prescribed by a doctor.

Allergies can be caused by various reasons (bacteria, viruses, fungi), therefore, only a doctor should select a medicine based on this reason.

So, antiviral drugs will not give any effect for bacterial or fungal allergies, while they cope with the viral type of ailment quite effectively. Therefore, before starting treatment, it is necessary to identify the allergen, and this can only be done by a doctor in a clinic.

Medication

The child is prescribed to take medicines of the following groups:

Traditional medicine

Time-tested remedies will help relieve unpleasant allergy symptoms traditional medicine... For example, it helps well against rashes and itching. sea \u200b\u200bbuckthorn oil or rosehip oil.

This remedy is necessary several times a day. lubricate the affected skin... The oil has a calming, anti-inflammatory effect, promotes rapid regeneration of damaged skin. For the same purposes, you can also use fresh sea buckthorn berries or rose hips.

Dandelion leaf infusion has a pronounced restorative effect, helps the child's body to better cope with pathogenic viruses.

To prepare the product, you need to take 2 tablespoons. chopped leaves, pour them with a glass of boiling water.

Give the child half a glass 2 times a day.

other methods

If the child's body is prone to viral allergies, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen immunity... For this, a course of immunotherapy with drugs prescribed by a doctor is recommended.

In addition, it is important to adjust the baby's lifestyle, to provide him with a long stay in the fresh air, adequate physical activity.

In some cases, the baby is prescribed the introduction of minimal doses of the allergen. This contributes to the restructuring of the child's immunity, the habituation of his body to the presence of the pathogen.

Prevention

For preventing the development of allergic attacksit is necessary:

An allergic reaction to infections and viruses is a very common phenomenon in children, especially among those who often suffer from various kinds of diseases of a viral or bacterial nature.

In order to get rid of the manifestations of allergies, it is necessary to identify the pathogen, and only after that start treatment. The success of therapy largely depends on this.

You can learn about the causes of allergies in infectious diseases from the video:

We kindly ask you not to self-medicate. Make an appointment with a doctor!

An infectious allergic reaction occurs when the pathogen re-enters the human body. At the first encounter with a pathogen, the immune system forms T-killer lymphocytes specific to it. Re-infection with a microorganism will provoke an active fight against it in the form of an allergic reaction.

Types of pathogens

An allergic reaction can be triggered by infections caused by various pathogens, such as:

Allergy is more often caused by molecules located on the surface of the pathogen, since it is with them that immune cells come into contact, recognizing them as antigens.

The intracellular components of the microorganism have less pronounced allergenic properties.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity can occur with any infectious disease. However, the formation of an allergic reaction is most likely with prolonged chronic infections.

Symptoms

Infectious allergy can have manifestations similar to the course of any other allergic reactions. There are violations from various organ systems, such as:

• swelling of the skin, hives, redness
• cough, wheezing
• increased body temperature, weakness
• runny nose, swelling of the respiratory tract.

In addition, allergy causes complications of an infectious disease, since histamine released during an allergic reaction activates inflammatory processes.

Complications of an infectious disease in the form of spread to other organs are possible.

This is due to the molecular mechanisms of the immune response. The ingestion of a foreign protein into the body leads to the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes (i.e., a complex of a pathogenic molecule with the proteins of the immune system), as a result of which complement is activated, protein breakdown reactions are stimulated, and a large amount of histamine is released.

Immune complexes penetrate into tissues, and can accumulate on the synovial membrane of the joints, the basement membrane of the renal epithelium, around the walls of blood vessels.

For example, infectious-allergic arthritis occurs precisely as a result of such processes, and is an example of a common form of infectious allergy.

The most common prerequisite for the development of infectious-allergic arthritis is an infection in the nasopharynx. Usually, this disease manifests itself about 2 weeks after the infection. Children suffer from infectious-allergic arthritis more often than adults, and women more often than men.

The disease is inflammation synovium joints, which is accompanied in varying degrees of severe pain.

At the same time, children can limp, be capricious. Only a qualified doctor can distinguish infectious-allergic arthritis from other types of joint inflammation.

Another example of an infectious viral allergy in children is the common allergic erythema caused by parvovirus B19. Erythema manifests itself as extensive redness of the skin, which is then complemented by fever, headache, and abdominal pain.

These diseases are quite serious and difficult to tolerate by children, but they respond well to treatment with timely access to a doctor and the provision of appropriate medical care.

Diagnosis and elimination of symptoms

Diagnosis of an infectious allergy includes skin tests and analysis of venous blood for Ig E in response to interaction with a specific allergen, isolated or synthetic.

The most famous skin-allergic test is the Mantoux reaction for the diagnosis of tuberculosis; other infections can be determined by a similar principle.

Treatment of an infectious allergy, on the one hand, is aimed at relieving symptoms and alleviating the patient's condition, and on the other, at destroying pathogenic microorganisms that have entered the body.

There is also such a type of allergen as bacterial in nature. These are bacteria, viruses, microbes known to all of us. All our life we \u200b\u200bhave been fighting with them, boiling them, irradiating them, sending them eaters of microbes and all kinds of antibiotics. All is in vain: they mutate, acquire stability and continue to tyrannize us. Something, however, we have managed to achieve. We got rid of, for example, smallpox and do not die from pneumonia and tonsillitis. However, allergies to viruses and bacteria still exist.

It usually begins with a simple ARI or some other typically infectious disease. The temperature rises, bronchitis, shortness of breath, and a cough that does not go away for months appear. Then asthmatic bronchitis occurs, when wheezing, wheezing in the lungs, shortness of breath practically do not disappear. Naturally, a person begins to take medications vigorously, including antibiotics. Such treatment, instead of the expected benefits, brings colossal harm to the body: there is an increased sensitivity to the antibiotic. And when both the microbe and the antibiotic begin to act in the body at the same time, the hypersensitivity to them is formed even faster.

So what causes allergies? Maybe Staphylococcus aureus? Or pneumococcus? Or E. coli living peacefully in the intestines? Imagine yes. It is these harmless microbes, along with streptococcus, neys series, proteus, hemophilus. But of the viruses itself common reason microbial allergies are, for example, influenza and parainfluenza viruses.

What contributes to the development of diseases caused by microbes? First of all, a focus of chronic infection, for example, purulent inflammation middle ear or abscess (abscess) of a tooth. The microbes that caused this process secrete special substances to which hypersensitivity is formed in the body. Thus, a person with an ordinary carious tooth may also develop bronchial asthma. Carious teeth, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (for example, with sinusitis), gallbladder with cholecystitis and other foci of infection can cause bacterial allergies.
Diseases caused by microbes, fungi or viruses, in the development of which allergies play an important role, are called infectious allergic diseases. These are, for example, tuberculosis, brucellosis and others.

seculife.ru

The role of allergy in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases

There are four degrees of participation of allergy in the mechanisms of development of infectious diseases.

I. Allergic mechanism is the leading one in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is this group of infectious diseases that is called infectious-allergic. This includes a few acute infectious diseases, which are based on hyperergic inflammation, and all hron infections: tuberculosis, brucellosis, tuberculoid leprosy, actinomycosis, coccidioidosis, hron, candidiasis, syphilis, yaws, rheumatism, etc. but also conditionally pathogenic microbes. Among them, the most common cause of sensitization are staphylococci, streptococci, neisseria, Escherichia coli and other widespread microbes and fungi (candida). As a rule, the disease develops on the basis of sensitization by microbes in hron, inflammatory foci. The microbial etiology in these cases is confirmed not only by positive skin tests, but also by the exacerbation of the disease after setting such tests.

Some sharp infectious diseases, especially whooping cough, influenza, mycoplasma pneumonia, can activate the microflora in the foci of hron, infections and cause an exacerbation or even the emergence of infectious and allergic diseases - bronchial asthma, microbial rhinitis. The same complications are sometimes observed as a result of prophylactic vaccinations with live vaccines. The mechanism of their development can be different: adjuvant activity (see Adjuvants, adjuvant disease), increasing the body's sensitivity to histamine, creating conditions for the reproduction of banal microflora.

Infectious agents can also cause the development of autoallergic or autoimmune diseases (see Autoallergic diseases).

II. The allergic component is not decisive in the pathogenesis acute infectious diseases, but it is easily detected clinically using laboratory data and the results of histols, studies. This includes almost all acute infectious diseases with a few exceptions of those morfol, which are based on pronounced hyperergic inflammation (scarlet fever, erysipelas, erysipeloid, tularemia). Allergic tests with them usually become positive at a time when the diagnosis is no longer in doubt.

III. Allergy does not play a significant role in pathogenesis infectious diseases, because it does not have time to develop, for example, with botulism, cholera.

IV. Allergic reactions (drug allergy, serum sickness) are superimposed on the course of an infectious disease. These reactions are not directly related to the pathogenesis of the underlying disease, but can cause severe complications... For example, the frequency and severity of allergic reactions to antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases is increasing; application to lay down. serum is associated with the introduction of the strongest allergens (animal protein), the incidence of serum sickness in this case reaches 20-30%.

Some features are infectious allergic diseases.

Infectious and allergic diseases are characterized by a number of common features:

1. At the heart of morfol, changes is the formation of cellular infiltrates (granulomas).

2. Neither past illnessesnor does prophylactic vaccination with live vaccines provide reliable, lifelong immunity.

3. The causative agent has a tendency to intracellular location, which determines the development of delayed-type PS (eg, with toxoplasmosis, visceral leishmaniasis, histoplasmosis, leprosy, brucellosis, etc.). Perhaps, in this case, the formation of L-forms of bacteria plays a primary role (see), which has already been proven in relation to brucellosis, tuberculosis.

4. Most infectious and allergic diseases have hron, course (years, decades, and sometimes for life): tuberculosis, tuberculoid leprosy, actinomycosis, syphilis, yaws, etc.

5. Chron, infectious and allergic diseases are characterized by polymorphism of the clinic. They often begin with a limited focus (tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, syphilis, tularemia, etc.), and sometimes this "primary affect" is not observed, generalization (brucellosis) quickly sets in. In any case, in the future, a wide variety of lesions in terms of prevalence and localization is possible: septic and disseminated forms are possible, isolated or multiple, acutely or hron, lesions of the musculoskeletal system, internal organs, nervous system.

6. The majority of diseases are characterized by alternation of periods of relative wedge, well-being and exacerbations; often undulating course, relapses after an imaginary cure.

7. The emergence of latent forms is characteristic, for example, tuberculosis, brucellosis, histoplasmosis, when the disease is absent in the presence of the pathogen in the body.

8. The state of unstable balance between the human body and the microbe leads to the fact that for the course of hron, infections big influence have nutritional conditions, vitamin deficiencies, the effects of cooling, overheating, trauma, pregnancy, etc.

The course of infectious and allergic diseases depends on the reactivity of the body.

The following reactivity options are possible, determined using skin tests and other research methods:

a) unresponsiveness and hyporeactivity: skin tests are negative or poorly expressed, intravenous administration the vaccine causes a mild general reaction; unresponsiveness is most often found in terminal stage illness; with hyporeactivity, the course of the disease is sluggish, without pronounced allergic lesions, but persistent, protracted, with prolonged subfebrile condition, pronounced functional changes in the nervous system;

b) "normoreactivity": skin tests are clearly expressed, in vitro tests well reveal the state of the delayed-type PC; a wedge, the course is relatively favorable with various manifestations of allergic inflammatory lesions; vaccine therapy has a positive effect;

c) hyperreactivity: when making skin tests, a severe general reaction with lymphangitis, a rise in temperature, focal reactions; locally severe inflammatory, sometimes necrotic changes predominate; specific immunotherapy for hyperresponsiveness causes severe responses and is not indicated.

It is necessary to distinguish allergic diseases from infectious and allergic diseases, which are caused by non-pathogenic microbes and their metabolic products and which do not cause an infectious process in humans. They proceed as usual allergic diseases caused by allergens of non-microbial origin. An example is an allergy to antibiotics of microbial origin, which is referred to as a drug allergy. In a number of countries, detergents with the addition of proteolytic enzymes obtained from Bacillus subtilis are widely used; the development of bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases has been described in workers producing detergents with these highly allergenic additives and in persons using powders.

Molds and their spores can cause asthma attacks as inhalation allergens. Yeast fungi in some cases play the role of a food allergen.

In the case of a "farmer's lung" (see. Pneumonia, exogenous allergic alveolitis), the cause of the disease is inhalation of thermophilic actinomycetes contained in broken hay. At the same time, sensitization is observed according to the type of Arthus phenomenon with a high level of precipitins in the blood.

Infectious allergy and immunity

Opinions on the relationship between delayed-type HR and immunity in infectious diseases are very controversial. In the experiment, it is difficult to separate immunity from delayed-type HP, since various methods of immunization that do not lead to the formation of delayed-type HP do not give a sufficiently pronounced immunity. With experimental parenteral administration of microbes labeled with radioactive isotopes, it was found that delayed-type IF significantly slows down the spread of the pathogen. In acute infections, this fact is not of great importance, since dissemination occurs faster than delayed-type PS develops. However, when infected with minimal doses of the pathogen, which lingers for a long time in the limf, nodes, the delayed-type PCh can slow down its further spread. With hron. infections with a long-term existence of the pathogen in separate foci (tuberculosis, brucellosis), delayed-type HP can prevent the secondary generalization of the infection. In addition, with the suppression of delayed-type HP by anti-lymphocytic serum, the digestive ability of macrophages in relation to the pathogen is inhibited, that is, the main mechanism of immunity suffers (see).

At the same time, the wedge, manifestations hron, infections are based on allergic inflammation.

and more severe forms pulmonary tuberculosis, brucellosis lesions of c. n. N of page, joints, liver, heart, toxoplasmosis lesions of the eye, manifestations of tuberculoid leprosy and others develop as a response inflammatory reaction of the sensitized organism to the presence of the pathogen. The transition from generalized forms of infection to its localization coincides with an increase in sensitization. Hyporeactive forms, proceeding with insufficient sensitization, are distinguished by extreme persistence, and are difficult to treat. With latent forms, quite clinically compensated, sensitization is sharply expressed.

Thus, delayed-type PS is useful as one of the mechanisms of immunity that helps to limit and localize the infection, preventing its re-generalization. At the same time, it largely determines the entire wedge, hron picture, infectious diseases. For each individual patient, it is necessary to establish whether the state of the delayed-type PS brings him benefit or harm, is an indicator of immunity, or causes severe wedge, phenomena, that is, whether it is necessary to strive for desensitization.

It is necessary to evaluate the role of I. and in a different way. with local infectious processes. The threat of generalization of staphylococcus, Neisseria and other microbes from the foci of hron, infection is small, therefore, the protective role of the delayed-type HP is secondary, and its pathogenetic significance is undoubted.

etc., with ankylostomiasis, the primary penetration of larvae through the skin does not cause local reaction, invasion develops. With repeated infection, there is local inflammation and the hookworm larvae die. However, it is not known whether the death of the larvae is due to allergic inflammation or other immune mechanisms. At the same time, the most severe manifestations of inflammation around helminths localized in the tissues, urticaria, Quincke's edema, attacks of bronchial asthma are certainly harmful for them.

With toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, a pronounced delayed-type HP develops, leading to the appearance of hron, an inflammatory process around the foci of localization of the pathogen; skin tests with the corresponding allergens are positive.

For helminthiasis, an immediate-type PC is characteristic, but with some of them, delayed-type PC can also be observed (schistosomiasis, Echinococcosis, trichinosis). The severity of sensitization and the role of allergic reactions in their pathogenesis are different.

In acute opisthorchiasis, eosinophilia in the blood reaches very high numbers, however, the general wedge, manifestations of allergy are rare.

Methods for determining infectious allergies

Diagnostics I. and. possible with the help of various allergens (see Allergens, drugs). Viral allergens prepared from virus-containing allantoic fluid of chicken embryos ( tick-borne encephalitis, influenza, epid, mumps), from the tissue of the affected organs (veins, lymphogranuloma) with maximum purification from substrate antigens. Bacterial allergens are used in various ways: suspensions of microbial cells (tularin, brucellosis corpuscular antigen), broth culture filtrates (altuberculin, histoplasmin, actinomycin), thermostable fractions according to Ando - Verzhikovsky, allergens obtained by cell destruction by ultrasound (D), tuberlinic fractions polysaccharide-polypeptide complexes (pestin), alkaline protein extracts, etc. In all preparations, the main active principle is the proteins of the microbial cell.

Skin tests are most often used to identify PN (see). With their help, it is possible to simultaneously detect the inverter of the immediate type (after 20-30 minutes) and the inverter of the delayed type (after 24-48 hours). The specificity of skin tests is relative, since different types of microbes within the same genus have a pronounced commonality of allergens, therefore cross-reactions are obtained, for example, with different types Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with different types of brucella, etc. Common allergens are also found in different genera of microbes, for example, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-pathogenic mycobacteria, in different genera of fungi, in the entire group of enterobacteria. At the same time, skin tests are specific for detecting sensitization to this kind or a genus of microbes or fungi; they are not positive in healthy people and for infectious diseases caused by other pathogens.

A positive result of a skin test does not exclude any other etiology of lesions, since skin tests reveal only the state of sensitization to the microbe from which this allergen was obtained. For example, a positive test with toxoplasmin does not exclude tuberculous, brucellosis and other etiology of the lesion. The most convincing is the development of a focal reaction after a skin test or after an additional subcutaneous injection of an allergen in doubtful cases in a higher dose.

When diagnosing allergic diseases, positive results of skin tests with allergens of widespread microbes are not always indicative enough. In healthy people, tests with allergens of staphylococcus, candida and other allergens are positive in a significant percentage of cases. In this regard, with etiol, the diagnosis of allergic diseases is necessary along with skin provocative tests (see). In bronchial asthma, a provocative test is considered positive and confirms the role of the microbe in the development of the disease if inhalation of the corresponding allergen causes bronchospasm; in case of infectious-allergic rhinitis, application of an allergen to the nasal mucosa causes an exacerbation; with allergic dermatoses, the setting of a skin test leads to increased inflammation in the foci. One of the varieties of provocative tests is the intravenous administration of allergens. In the practice of diagnosing and treating infectious diseases, it is used only for brucellosis and reveals sensitized patients more than a skin test. In the experiment, with the help of intravenous administration of lysed microbial allergens, an immediate-type PS to microbial allergens (anaphylactic shock) is detected, and with the introduction of corpuscular allergens, a delayed-type PS is detected.

For I.'s identification and. for various diseases, a complex of in vitro tests has been developed: to determine the delayed-type PP, the blast-transformation reaction of lymphocytes (see), the reaction of inhibition of migration are used, to determine the immediate-type PP - the passive degranulation reaction of mast cells. For each reaction, it is necessary to select an allergen, to work out its optimal doses.

A positive result of skin tests convincingly proves the presence of I. and., But says nothing about the activity of the disease. Sharply positive tests are characteristic of completely compensated and latent cases of the disease and can persist for years after bacteriol, recovery. In addition, sensitization can be the result of a latent form of infection, prophylactic vaccinations.

Requires caution and evaluation of the results of in vitro samples. They are less reliable than skin and provocative tests, and have a certain diagnostic value only for a comprehensive examination of the patient. A positive reaction of blastotransformation of lymphocytes speaks more about the activity of the infectious process than about the degree of I. and .; the neutrophil damage reaction reflects the level of antibodies in the blood serum.

Treatment

Treatment of manifestations And. And. is aimed at eliminating the pathogen, since after the elimination of the infection, while maintaining the state of sensitization, antigens are not formed in the body, allergic reactions do not occur. Antibiotics used for this purpose prevent the development of sensitization only when administered at a very early stage of the disease, by reducing the number of microbes. Antibiotics do not affect the already developed delayed-type PS.

The state of delayed-type PS can be maintained for decades after bacteriol, recovery, possibly due to the transition of microbes to L-form sludge and due to the fact that the lifespan of T-lymphocytes reaches 20 years. In the absence of a pathogen in the body, this has no pathogenetic significance, and attempts at hyposensitization can only bring harm.

For some infectious and allergic diseases, when a sufficient effect from antibacterial drugs has not been obtained, appropriate drugs are used for the purpose of hyposensitization: tuberculin for tuberculosis, vaccines for brucellosis, actinomycosis, candidiasis, etc. vaccine in increasing doses leads only to a short-term moderate decrease in PF - after 1-2 months. the previous level of the slow-type inverter is restored or even becomes higher. A similar phenomenon is observed in infectious-allergic diseases caused by sensitization by microbes located in the foci of hron, infection - the effectiveness of hyposensitization in infectious-allergic bronchial asthma is much lower than in its atopic forms.

Due to the fact that the introduction of an allergen causes focal, and sometimes severe general reactions, hyposensitization is contraindicated in lesions of c. n. N of page, eyes, with diffuse changes in the liver, kidneys, with violations of cardiac activity, pregnancy. To suppress excessively strong inflammatory reactions, sometimes life-threatening, corticosteroid hormones are most effective, used in sufficiently large doses, with a possibly shorter course and necessarily iodine protection of antibiotics, since corticosteroids simultaneously significantly suppress immunity.

Antihistamines can have a certain effect only in case of immediate-type PS, for example, with helminthiasis, urticaria of microbial etiology. They reduce the wedge, manifestations of immediate allergy, but do not eliminate the cause, and after stopping them, the symptoms usually recur.

Prevention of infectious allergy by eliminating contact with the agent that caused its development is possible only in rare cases (detergents with microbial enzymes, antibiotics of microbial origin). Prevention of development And. And. with infections comes down to their prevention. In a patient with developed infection, prevention of sensitization does not make sense, since delayed-type HP should be considered as one of the mechanisms of immunity. In patients with a tendency to allergic diseases, to prevent their development, careful and intensive treatment of acute respiratory diseases, foci of hron, infection is necessary.

Some features of infectious allergy under the action of bacterial toxins. The beginning of studying And. And. I.L.Krichevsky and N.V. Galanova (1934) studied bacterial toxins, who established that the cells of the smooth muscles of the uterus of guinea pigs infected with B. abortus react more actively to the endotoxin of this microorganism than the same cells of intact animals ...

Subsequently, Soviet scientists studied the reaction of various cells of the body to endo- and exotoxins of bacteria - pathogens of brucellosis, tuberculosis, glanders, diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, anaerobic infections and various viruses.

bme.org

Bacterial allergy, due to hypersensitivity to bacterial allergens, usually develops in the presence of foci of chronic infection in the body, which can be localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, paranasal cavities, in the bronchopulmonary apparatus, intestines, and biliary system. Bacterial allergy it is formed for a long time, over several years, therefore, it is extremely rare before the age of three. Under the influence of bacterial allergens, infectious-allergic diseases are formed: infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis, infectious-allergic urticaria. In the specific diagnosis of bacterial allergy, standard bacterial allergens produced by the Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology are used: hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus, Proteus mirabilis and vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus, Escherichia coli, group pneumococcus, Neisseria.
The first step in diagnosing a bacterial allergy is an allergic anamnesis. The characteristic anamnestic signs of bacterial allergy are the seasonality of the exacerbation (in the damp cold season), the connection between the exacerbation of the disease and hypothermia due to exacerbation of foci of chronic infection. An exacerbation of an infectious-allergic disease is often accompanied by febrile or subfebrile temperature, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, and antibiotic therapy is effective in treatment. For infectious and allergic diseases, acute inflammatory processes in children with atopic diseases are often mistaken, especially for patients with atopic bronchial asthma. As a result, anamnestic overdiagnosis of infectious and allergic diseases often takes place. Table 2.15 shows that bacterial positive anamnesis (BqA) correlates with a set of other tests in 67.16% of patients, of which 45.10% - with provocative ones. In 1/3 of cases, with a positive history, all other tests were negative, that is, bacterial sensitization was not detected. Thus, in more than half of the patients, the bacterial etiology of the disease suspected by history is not confirmed by a comprehensive allergic examination. With negative anamnesis data, 13.00% of children have a bacterial allergy, mainly subclinical. It follows from this that the history of bacterial allergy is not always reliable.
Skin testing with bacterial allergens is also not specific enough. Table 2.15 shows that only in 38.33% of cases positive the result of intradermal tests (ECP) correlates with the complex of other tests and in 9.45% - with provocative, and in 61.67% all other tests were negative, i.e., bacterial sensitization was not detected. This indicates a lack of specificity for a positive skin test with bacterial allergens. At the same time, their negative result is highly reliable, in which subclinical bacterial allergy was detected only in 0.07%.
Other authors also point to the non-specificity of skin tests with bacterial allergens. So, in the observations of TS Sokolova, VA Fradkin (1978), 50% of healthy children received positive VCP with bacterial allergens. This indicates the need (to clarify the role of the allergen in the disease) use in the diagnosis of bacterial allergy, in addition to anamnesis and skin tests, other tests - provocative and laboratory. Among the latter, RLL is highly informative, positive the result of which coincides with the complex of other tests in 84.76%, but only in 13.36% - with provocative, that is, it reveals rarely manifest, but mostly subclinical allergy, and in some cases (15.24%) is false positive. Its negative result is reliable. At the same time coincidence positive reactions PPN with other tests is observed only in 56.52, and with provocative - in 2.17% of cases. In 43.48% with a positive (mainly up to 0.15) result of PPN, bacterial allergy not installed. However, a negative PPI result is highly reliable. It should be noted that the intensity of ECP and laboratory tests does not reflect the degree of patient's hypersensitivity to the allergen (Fig. 2.9). Even sharply and very sharply positive. their results reflect both overt and subclinical allergies and false positives. In other words, skin and laboratory tests do not differentiate between overt and subclinical forms of bacterial allergy, which require a different therapeutic approach.

survincity.ru

About bacterial allergies

Bacterial allergy is a certain type of allergy, in which an allergic reaction develops to bacteria that are in the body, usually in the form of chronic foci of infection. Such chronic foci are most often localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, paranasal sinuses, in the bronchopulmonary tree, as well as in the intestines and kidneys. At the same time, bacterial allergy is formed for a long time, sometimes it takes years, so it most often occurs in adults or older children.

A bacterial allergy isthat under the influence of bacterial agents and antigens that have entered the human body, infectious and allergic diseases are formed, for example, such as:

• Bronchial asthma;
• Allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis;
• Infectious-allergic urticaria.

The above diseases are difficult to tolerate by patients and require long-term and high-quality treatment. However, the sooner a patient discovers symptoms of allergy and seek qualified medical help, the faster the specific treatment prescribed by doctors will work, and such a patient will be able to forget about bacterial allergies forever.

Bacterial allergy symptoms

Bacterial allergy symptoms depend on from the type of bacteria that contribute to the development of an allergic reaction, as well as from the state of the human immune system. So, allocate following symptoms bacterial allergies:

1. Respiratory symptoms:
   • Cough and shortness of breath due to sensation of a lump in the throat;
   • Paroxysmal sneezing;
   • Itching in the nose and throat;
   • Clear, mucous nasal discharge;
   • Nasal congestion;
   • Smell disorder;
2. Symptoms of damage to the organ of vision:
   • Redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
   • Lachrymation;
   • Itchy eyes;
3. In some cases, skin symptoms are added in the form of:
   • Rashes and redness on the skin, which are also accompanied by itching;
4. Symptoms indicating a malfunction of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract:
   • Stomach pain;
   • Vomiting;
   • Diarrhea.

In the most severe cases, symptoms of anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema develop, the relief of which is possible only with the help of qualified medical professionalsproviding emergency medical care.

Causes of bacterial allergies

The causes of bacterial allergies are reduced to the fact that the body has chronic foci of infection associated with untreated colds bacterial diseases (for example, pneumonia, sinusitis, etc.). And under certain conditions, for example, hypothermia and decreased immunity, these foci are activated, which triggers the course of a bacterial allergic reaction. Therefore, in order to fundamentally prevent the development of bacterial allergies, it is always necessary to completely eliminate the disease and not run it into a chronic form.

Bacterial allergy in children

Bacterial allergies in children are usually diagnosed not earlier than 3 years of age, because it develops against the background of chronic foci of infection in the body. Symptoms in children are the same as in adults, but sometimes they are brighter and more pronounced, which is associated with the immaturity of the child's immune system. Bacterial allergies in children need qualified and specialized treatment, which is aimed not only at relieving allergy symptoms, but also at eliminating and rehabilitating chronic foci of infection.

Treating bacterial allergies in children the doctors of our clinic "Lor-Asthma" are engaged in, offering only safe, reliable and most effective methods. Remember, the sooner you consult your doctor, the sooner he determines the type of allergy and determines the specific type of allergen, the sooner you can start treating your baby, and the sooner he will get rid of severe and unpleasant symptoms bacterial allergies.

Treat your child using only high-quality and effective treatment methods! Namely such treatment methods for bacterial allergies are suggested by doctors clinic "Lor-Asthma!

Bacterial allergy treatment

Treatment of bacterial allergies in our clinic "Lor-Asthma" is always carried out at the highest level! We treat both adults and children, relieving them of bacterial allergies, while always selecting treatment regimens individually.

Bacterial allergy treatment should begin with high-quality diagnostics. This is where our doctors begin. The first stage is the collection of an allergic anamnesis, which the attending physician finds out from the patient himself, or from the child's parents. Then, after literally a few diagnostic procedures and based on the patient's anamnesis, the doctor determines the type of allergy, and also determines the degree of its development.

After determining the type of allergen and determining the state of the patient's immunity, allergy treatment begins. As a treatment for bacterial allergies our specialists offer only proven, effective and high-quality methods, for example, such as:

1. Phytoapitherapy;
2. Apitherapy;
3. Lipid therapy;
4. Ultrasound therapy;
5. Capillary therapy.

Purpose of Bacterial Allergy Treatment - this is not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also to strengthen the immune system as a whole, as well as to eliminate chronic foci of bacterial infection, which in the future helps to prevent the development of relapses of allergies!

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Questions from users on our site about bacterial allergies

www.lor-astma.ru

Word "microbe" traditionally associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bsomething pathogenic. But allergenic properties are primarily possessed by microorganisms that are almost or completely harmless to humans, their natural cohabitants - for example, some staphylococci that live on the skin, and Escherichia coli.

In addition to unicellular organisms of bacterial, plant or animal nature, viruses are also allergenic, primarily o-crosslinked respirators, influenza and parainfluenza viruses. There is no need to talk about pathogenicity or its absence: the very nature of the virus is such that it is, by definition, pathogenic for any living creature into whose DNA it is embedded.

According to one of the theories popular in modern allergology, an allergy to viruses is initially formed, and then - as if along the beaten path - an increased sensitivity to microbes is developed. This usually happens during childhood.

An extremely interesting question for theoreticians and disgusting for practitioners is what are the allergens of microbes and viruses. In principle, the situation is more or less clear; a virus is, roughly speaking, a bare genetic apparatus (DNA or RNA in a complex with proteins), and its allergens are either direct products of its genes, or some of the proteins that form the aforementioned complex. Well, and the microbe is a single-celled creature, which has a lot of various proteins, so there is plenty to choose from. But the problem is different. Any infectious agent has antigens against which the human immune system produces antibodies - this is understandable. And now it turns out that some infectious agents also have allergens. Are these the same proteins or are they different? For example, are the influenza virus antigen and its allergen the same protein or are they different?

It seems logical to assume that they are different, since in response to their presence, different antibodies are usually produced: for allergens - mainly IgE, for antigens - all the rest (this scheme, of course, is extremely simplified). But look at how a microbial or viral allergy develops.

At first, a sick child now and then suffers from acute respiratory infections or flu, or even sore throats or bronchitis. As if everything is going according to schedule: intense fever, cough, runny nose, etc., etc. - intensive antibiotic therapy is carried out - the fever passes, the runny nose and cough too - convalescence sets in (with this bushy word, doctors call the recovery phase). However, later on, typically flowing bronchitis is suddenly complicated by severe shortness of breath, prolonged obsessive coughing for many months ... The patient does not seem to stop hurting. And gradually shortness of breath, cough, wheezing and wheezing in the lungs become companions of his life. There are no signs of infection, but the symptoms listed are present. This means that a microbial or viral allergy has developed in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.

It turns out that the disease (or treatment for it?) Naturally flows into an allergy to its pathogen! Perhaps, after all, its antigens and allergens are the same substances. And what is important, in such cases, continuing to pump the child with antibiotics is completely useless and even harmful: along the way, an allergy to the medicine can also develop! It has been proven that with a combination of the action of an antibiotic and a microbe (or virus) on the body, heightened sensitivity to both of them is formed faster than separately.

As for the allergy to E. coli and other invisible and gentle symbionts (cohabitants) of a person - in theory, these creatures should not have any antigens, which means that painful sensitivity to them is a classic version of the "immunity error".

As a rule, allergic reactions to microbes and viruses are delayed. Immediate - for example, on pneumococcus, streptococcus, Neisseria, the same E. coli - are rarely observed.

What can you advise the public to avoid microbial and viral allergies? Is it just one thing: get sick less, temper like steel, do not disdain general strengthening procedures, do not be lazy to do exercises in the morning, and if you have already caught the flu, acute respiratory infections or other infection, please be healed until complete recovery. There is evidence that the development of allergic diseases caused by microbes and viruses is facilitated by foci of chronic infection in the tonsils, appendages of the uterus, gallbladder, intestines, in short, in any organs. Why is there a gallbladder - a leaky tooth, not sealed in time, can cause bronchial asthma! After all, caries is also caused by microbes. And during the flu epidemics that regularly shake our capital and other Russian cities, all the rules of hygiene and individual protection must be strictly observed.

In addition, please bear in mind that some bacteria have been able to isolate proteases and proteinases (enzymes that unfurl proteins), which are now widely used in the production of washing powders. Not always a bacterial allergen - protease or proteinase, but nevertheless, patients with hypersensitivity to bacteria are advised to handle washing powders carefully: inhalation of their air suspension can cause an attack of bronchial asthma, and washing clothes with unprotected hands and even wearing clothes washed with such a powder are not safe for the skin.

• Household allergies
• Allergy to chicken protein
• Allergy types
• Eye allergy
• Allergy to chicken eggs

diagnostichouse.ru

The most common types of allergies in children are always accompanied by edema and other severe manifestations that all parents need to know about.

Until a few decades ago, the topic of allergy was not as extensively studied as it is now. In the old days, parents did not even suspect that an acute allergic reaction to an irritant was to blame for some of their children's illnesses.

Today, modern mothers and fathers, pediatricians conduct conversations about the manifestations of allergies in their child - when to worry and when not. Problems such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma and its precursor allergic bronchitis are heard by many.

The response of the immune system to an excess of histamine in the blood is an allergic reaction. The appearance of histamine in the blood can provoke both an excess of any substance that is aggressive in its composition (pollen, chocolate, seafood, etc.) as well as an innate reaction to an allergen. In the first case, the child may, for example, eat too much chocolate or citrus fruits and he will develop a rash on his body, in the second case, if an allergen enters the body, a more severe allergic reaction may occur.

The most common types of allergic reactions

Depending on the predisposition to the disease and the type of allergy itself, the symptoms of the disease may differ.

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis - manifests itself in infancy.

The first "bell" of atopic dermatitis is a reddish rash, mainly in the mouth.

It can be as simple as small pimples, and flaky crusts. In some cases, children's atopic dermatitis disappears by 3-4 years, but sometimes it can accompany a person at an older age.

Most often, atopic dermatitis is a subspecies food allergiesfor example dairy products. It is not for nothing that modern pediatricians and allergists advise not to give cow or even goat's milk to children under one year old - it contains many substances that an undeveloped digestive system simply cannot digest and assimilate. An excess of these substances leads to the appearance of topical dermatitis.

Allergic rhinitis

This is inflammation and swelling of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, frequent nasal congestion, shortness of breath and profuse sneezing. The type of allergy that is most often seasonal in nature, but can be simultaneous (for example, a reaction to animals). It manifests itself when particles of an allergen enter the respiratory tract. This can be pollen, particles of animal hair, dust, etc. The most dangerous consequence of prolonged allergic rhinitis can be Quincke's edema.

Allergic bronchitis

This is a type of lower respiratory tract disease. Its symptoms are: severe barking cough, shortness of breath, asthma attacks, obstruction. The cough, usually dry, is worse at night. Unlike viral and bacterial bronchitis, allergic bronchitis is not accompanied by an increase in body temperature.

This disease is a reaction to "air allergens" - particles of organisms and substances that the patient inhales with the air. Such a substance can be dust, and animal dander, feathers in the pillow, and even mold. In rare cases, such a reaction is observed to food allergens.

A feature of allergic bronchitis is that its appearance can provoke prolonged stress and physical activity.

Treatment and prevention

The first thing to do when a child develops any type of allergy is to give him an antihistamine.

It is better to choose from drugs of the second and third generation, since they are more effective and do not have strong side effects. For children under the age of three, antihistamines are sold in the form of syrup, older children can be given pills.

After stopping the first symptoms, it is necessary to contact an allergist and pass the necessary tests. In order to confirm the allergic reaction, and not the manifestation of another disease (for example, with bronchitis), a blood test for immunoglobulin E (IgE) is prescribed. Its presence in the body in a concentration exceeding the permissible norm means the manifestation of an allergic reaction. In the case of, for example, allergic bronchitis, such a strong excess normal values may indicate a predisposition to developing asthma.

The tests passed and the prescribed treatment may be useless if contact with an allergen is not excluded. initial stage... If it is not possible to do this completely, then you need to at least limit the cases of contact.

Allergy is an insidious disease that can develop in a matter of minutes and provoke dangerous condition organism. You need to know your body and what and how it reacts, and have a good antihistamine in your medicine cabinet.

If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl + Enter.

OtekHelp.ru

An allergy is a reaction that protects the body from a micro-irritant. It can be in the accumulation of dusty things, flowering plants, pungent odors, food.

This hypersensitivity can be inherited. The treatment of allergies in children must be entrusted to a doctor. Parents can find out about the baby's predisposition to allergies immediately after birth, since acute sensitivity will manifest itself already when an unusual product appears in the diet or when a medicine is administered.

How does the disease manifest

An allergic reaction can have many manifestations. The most characteristic ones are:

• Rash (redness, urticaria).
• Sneezing.
• Coughing fits.
• Watery eyes.
• Swelling in the skin.
• Itching (the most unpleasant symptom, as with strong scratching, wounds form, into which infection can easily get).
• Asthma.
• Stomach disorders (rumbling, bloating, nausea, violent belching, abdominal pain).
• Allergic rhinitis (nasal congestion, swelling, dry mucous membranes) can cause asphyxiation.

Anaphylactic shock is the most dangerous expression of the body's response to an irritant. He is accompanied by loss of consciousness, convulsions, intracranial pressure may decrease significantly. Often this is how an allergic reaction manifests itself after certain injections of medications and bites of poisonous insects, very rarely as a result of food allergies. It is impossible to help the patient on his own.

An allergic reaction can occur on different parts of the body and last from a few minutes to several days. It depends on the individual sensitivity of your child's body. The temperature usually does not rise.

Allocate true and false allergies. Both species have similar symptoms, but the false one is not associated with the involvement of immunoglobulins. The true one evokes a reaction at the slightest contact with an irritating factor. With a false reaction, the stronger the more stimulus is exposed.

Localization of allergic reactions

Allergies can appear on a child's body in different places.

• On the face. With food allergies, rashes and redness often appear on the cheeks, which may indicate that the provocateur is a cosmetic product.
• On the neck. Allergen is found in clothing (wool, synthetics), jewelry. In infants, such rashes are called prickly heat and are associated with overheating.
• On the arms and legs. Such a reaction can occur to any of the stimuli.
• On the buttocks. In very young children, rashes on the pope can be associated with violations of hygiene rules or an incorrectly chosen diaper. In older people, it is more often associated with a reaction to cosmetics.

The nature of rashes, redness and other painful manifestations on the body will be correctly determined only by the doctor. After all, it is possible that the little man is not allergic, but a viral infection - chicken pox, measles rubella, etc.

Allergy types

There are several types of allergies, which are classified depending on the pathogen:

Food	This type is very common among infants, the occurrence of a reaction to one or more foods predominates.
Respiratory (respiratory)	Inhalation route of penetration into the child's body.
Dusty	This type of allergy is classified into a separate category due to the fact that the body reacts exclusively to mites in the dusty air.
Hay fever	The irritant is pollen, seasonality is one of the main signs, the disease exactly coincides in time with the flowering period and passes immediately after it
Insect allergy ( medical term - insect)	A mosquito or midge bite can be the root cause of the disease. Very often, such an allergy is evidenced by too strong swelling after a bite, which develops very quickly
Allergy to animals	Allergen are cats, dogs and other pets, their drool, skin scales, feathers, fluff, excrement
Medicinal	Reaction to a medication or any of its ingredients
The presence of helminths in the body	Worm infestations often provoke the development of allergies.

Food

Most often, provocateurs are citrus fruits (grapefruit, oranges, tangerines) or red berries, some types of meat, dairy drinks. Soda with flavor enhancer and dye is no exception - it is better not to give such drinks to a child.

Up to the age of three, babies may develop a reaction to lactose. The root causes of food allergy include intestinal dysbiosis - a change in the species composition of bacteria in the intestine, which results in microbial imbalance.

Respiratory

This type is characterized by discomfort in the nasopharynx, up to suffocation. Caused by odors, flowering plants, animals with long hair.

Reactions can also occur to wall paint and mold. May become an impetus for the development of bronchial asthma.

Helminthic

It is provoked by the waste products of helminths, which are released into the blood. The disease is more severe and difficult to treat.

Allergy diagnostics

It is not easy to identify provocateurs of childhood allergies, since the spectrum of irritants is large at a young age. Particular attention is paid to the symptoms noticed, their development, and the diet.

Keeping a diary with a description of the household environment, manifestations of allergies, their frequency is mandatory. The tendency to allergies in relatives and friends is determined - heredity plays an important role.

Timely diagnosis of a painful condition consists of a set of measures:

Various methods are used to establish an accurate diagnosis:

1. General blood analysis. In the presence of helminths in the body, the number of eosinophils is increased, which can cause an allergic reaction.
2. Skin allergy tests - the irritant is applied to the forearm, in case of a reaction, the allergen is considered certain.
3. A test that provokes a reaction when a food irritant is injected under the tongue.

In case of a predisposition to allergies in a child different ages stimuli and reactions to them can change. For example, in babies, the body can react violently to a new product. Growing up a little, a reaction to odors or ragweed blooms may appear.

In adolescence, an allergen can be a cosmetic product (gel, cream, varnish). Symptoms may also change. Therefore, a diagnosis is necessary for every manifestation of an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction can also occur in a newborn. In this case, it is necessary to look for an irritant in the mother's diet, by eliminating it, relieve the crumb of unpleasant symptoms.

After identifying the allergen

Once the cause of the allergic reaction has been identified, the doctor will tell you how to treat the child's allergy. As a rule, treatment is to exclude any contact with the source of the allergy.

If a food reaction is detected, foods that provoke allergies are excluded from the diet. They can be tried to be introduced later, when the child has matured a little. If the use of any product caused anaphylactic shock, it will have to be excluded from the diet for life.

In case of household allergies, large soft toys, carpets, heavy woolen blankets, feather beds, feather blankets and pillows are removed away. The reaction to cosmetics that occurs in older children indicates the need to replace cream, soap or laundry powders (detergents) that did not fit.

Temporary climate change - sanitary-resort treatment helps.

Drug therapy

For the treatment of allergies in a child, many means have been developed, the use of which helps to relieve unpleasant symptoms for the patient.

These are all kinds of tablets, ointments, syrups, solutions, creams, nasal sprays, inhalers.

The main types of therapy:

• Local. Ointments, topical creams are prescribed to combat rash, inflammation, redness and edema.
• General. The diet is adjusted, drops, syrups, suspensions, tablets are prescribed.
• Angiotropic therapy is designed to eliminate the root causes of allergies.
• Symptomatic involves the removal or relief of unpleasant symptoms of the disease. Application is possible in advanced or chronic cases.

Types of drugs that can be prescribed by your doctor:

• Antihistamines. They have an effect on the center of inflammation (drops, syrups, suspensions). Third-generation drugs should not have side effects - cause drowsiness, affect the work of the heart. Medicines the second generation have an effect on the work of the heart, especially in cases where they have to be combined with antibiotics, antifungal drugs. Drugs of the first generation in the treatment of children are used extremely rarely because of the pronounced hypnotic effect.
• Mast cell stabilizers are prescribed for asthma or bronchitis.
• Hormonal treatment. It is practically not used in the treatment of babies, with the exception of cases when other drugs did not give positive results (ointments, creams). Used to relieve local symptoms. Such treatment should last no more than 5 days. Hormone treatment can be given to a child over six months of age.
• Diet therapy. The treatment is based on the principle of excluding the irritant from the diet in order to prevent the transition of allergies to more severe or chronic forms. If it is impossible to determine the allergen product, a special diet can be prescribed to exclude the monotony of food products.

Of course, individual preparations and dosages will be selected for each child.

Preventive measures

Periodic changes in climatic conditions can be attributed to the prevention of allergic diseases: trips to the sea (sea air), to the forest, to the mountains. Regular exposure of the baby to the fresh air and the sun helps to prevent and heal allergic reactions. Additionally, mud therapy, carbon and mineral baths are prescribed.

For food allergies, one way effective treatment - the strictest adherence to a diet that excludes allergenic foods, but the mandatory presence of essential vitamins and minerals in food. Milk can be replaced with fermented milk products, use dietary meats.

Daily morning exercises, rubbing off with a cool towel, walking in the fresh air, good nutrition will help strengthen the body's defenses.

DeteyLechenie.ru

In recent years, in clinical allergology, the problems of bacterial allergy have practically been supplanted by ideas about the leading role of atopy in the genesis of most allergic diseases.

At the same time, the connection between infection and allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma, is quite obvious.

The role of IgE-dependent processes in the pathogenesis of infectious allergy has been proven.

In this regard, there is currently interest in the possibility of SIT for infectious and allergic diseases, in particular for bronchial asthma. A promising problem is the development effective vaccines for SIT. It should be noted that in allergology considerable experience has been accumulated in allergen-specific immunotherapy of patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma.

Despite this, in the defining current document SIT, bacterial vaccination is called ineffective (WHO Position Paper. Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases (Allergy. 1998, v53. N 44 (Suppl). specific treatment for microbial allergens is very effective, as evidenced by the works of both domestic and foreign authors.

Probably, the ineffectiveness of individual works on SIT with bacterial allergens can be explained by the incorrect selection of patients for treatment, the lack of appropriate skills for carrying out SIT by the doctor. In this regard, we devote a special section to the experience of conducting SIT for infectious allergies.

History of bacterial allergy problem

The problem of allergic reactions in infectious diseases finds its origins in the works of the German doctor R. Koch (R. Koch, 1843 - 1910), devoted to the study of tuberculosis. It is known that tuberculosis is one of the most severe infectious diseases, which, thanks to the observations of R. Koch and the works of other researchers, played the role of the so-called classical model of bacterial allergy.

In 1906, S. Pirguet reported on the importance of the scarification test in tuberculin diagnosis and introduced medical practice the term "allergy" (from the Greek. "allos" - different, "ergos" - I act), denoting an altered reactivity of the body. Antibodies, which, as was thought earlier, are produced in the body under the influence of tuberculin, C. Pirguet called "ergines".

In Russia, the allergenic properties of bacteria were studied in the very first studies on anaphylaxis and allergies.

Research by P.F. Zdrodovsky on infectious para-allergy made a significant contribution to the theory of allergy in general and bacterial allergy in particular. The phenomenon of generalized allergic reaction to the endotoxin of Vibrio cholerae discovered by him, as noted by A.D. Ado, is the first description of this type of reaction. Many terms, criteria and patterns of manifestation of allergic reactions were first established and firmly entered into allergology precisely on the basis of the study of bacterial allergy. Following studies on the allergenic activity of the causative agent of tuberculosis, works began to appear very quickly, indicating the allergenic effect of other microorganisms.

Particular attention was paid to the allergenic properties of gram-positive cocci, in particular, hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus. R. Lancefield's works on antigenic and allergenic characteristics hemolytic streptococci, which indicate that experimental studies have revealed the allergizing effect of their type-specific protein, the so-called M-substance of hemolytic streptococcus.

An extremely important stage in the development of research in the field of bacterial allergy was opened by the work of O. Swineford and his collaborators. At the end of the 40s, these researchers discovered allergenic properties in 14 species of various microorganisms, namely: hemolytic and green streptococcus, staphylococcus, catarrhal micrococcus, intestinal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, etc.

For the first time, the attention of researchers was drawn to the allergenic properties of those microbes, the commonwealth of which constituted the so-called normal microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tract.

Bronchial asthma (BA) is a disease in which the bronchi are a "shock" organ and, in the case of an infectious-allergic genesis of the disease, the mucous membranes of the lower respiratory tract are "populated" different kinds pathogenic (klebsiella, pneumococcus), opportunistic (greening streptococcus, staphylococcus, neisseria, etc.) microbes and saprophytes (sarcin, diphtheroids, etc.) (Table 7). In total, up to 16 - 18 types of microorganisms are part of the microflora of the lower respiratory tract of patients with infectious asthma. The works of domestic and foreign researchers have proved the leading role of allergy to microbes - inhabitants of the mucous membranes of the bronchi of patients with BA in the pathogenesis of this disease.

The results of evaluating the hypersensitivity of patients with infectious-allergic BA to allergens of autogenous strains isolated from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of these patients are presented in table. 8.

Table 7. Microflora of pharynx, nose, bronchi in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma

Table 8. Skin and bronchial reactions to bacterial allergens in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma (according to V.N. Fedoseeva, 1980)

Among the allergens of these cultures (Neisseria, Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Sardines), Neisseria and Staphylococcus were the leading ones. Significant allergenic activity was noted in Klebsiella, however, the frequency of detection of this microbe in crops from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of patients does not exceed 10-15%. But in those cases when the microbe was present in the crops, the patient's hypersensitivity to the allergens of this microorganism was pronounced.

Currently, in allergological practice, allergens (and vaccine forms) of pathogens of infectious diseases are widely used for specific diagnostics and therapy: tuberculin, malein, brucellin, lepromin, etc., as well as pathogenic and opportunistic representatives of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract of patients with respiration - headache-allergic diseases: allergens and vaccines from streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, etc.

Considering the history of the problem of bacterial allergy, it is possible, on the one hand, to emphasize the fact that it was in the study of infectious diseases that both the very concept of "allergy" and such terms as "type of allergic reaction", "reaction of delayed and immediate type" , "Skin-allergic diagnostic tests", "tuberculin diagnostics", etc., which have become firmly established in allergology and are currently used.

On the other hand, it should be noted that allergenic activity is inherent not only in pathogens of infectious diseases, but also in representatives of the so-called opportunistic microflora of the respiratory tract of patients with respiratory allergic diseases. In addition, it is quite obvious that bacterial allergy has features due to both the properties of the microorganism and the reactivity of the patient's body with an infectious-allergic disease.

Khutueva S.Kh., Fedoseeva V.N.

medbe.ru

I.I. Balabolkin

Research Institute of Pediatrics, Scientific Center of Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow

Url

Allergic diseases are among the most common diseases in childhood. According to epidemiological studies carried out in various regions of the Russian Federation, they affect up to 15% of the child population. The highest prevalence of allergic diseases is noted among urban children, and especially among children living in cities with a high level of air pollution by chemical by-products of industrial production and road transport.

Causes

A direct correlation is revealed between the degree of pollution by chemical substances and the prevalence of bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. High respiratory allergic morbidity occurs among children living in the humid climate of coastal regions. Less often, allergic diseases are detected among rural children. A very common pathology among children is pollinosis, the occurrence of which is more often recorded among rural children than urban children. However, in recent years, there has been a tendency towards an increase in the prevalence of pollinosis among urban children, which correlates with an increase in air pollution by chemical by-products of road transport.

In the antenatal period, a factor contributing to the sensitization of the body is a significant allergenic load on the fetus as a result of the mother taking medications, her excessive use food productswith sensitizing activity, a high level of exposure to pollen allergens and aeroallergens of dwellings, exposure to occupational chemical hazards, smoking. A viral infection transmitted by the mother during pregnancy can initiate fetal sensitization.

In the postnatal period, the risk of allergic reactions and diseases in children can increase the excessive use of highly allergenic foods, polypharmacy, high level aeroallergens in the home, unfavorable living conditions.

The high risk factors for the occurrence of allergic pathology in children include the burden of heredity with allergic reactions and diseases. Evidence has been obtained for the involvement of immune response genes in the production of specific IgE antibodies, genetic determinism of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and bronchial hyperreactivity.

Food allergy plays an important role in the development of allergic diseases in children. The problem of food allergy in children is, first of all, the development of skin and gastrointestinal allergy to proteins of cow's milk, eggs, cereals, which prevails among the manifest forms of allergy in children. early age.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the development of drug allergy in children. Most often, its occurrence is noted for antibiotics of the penicillin series. Often, allergic reactions occur when sulfonamide and protein drugs, nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics of other groups, vitamins of group B are prescribed. Drugs are the most common cause of systemic allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock, urticaria, Quincke's edema), acute toxic-allergic reactions (multiforme exudative erythema, Lyell's syndrome, Stevenson-Johnson syndrome), in a number of patients they cause exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and contact dermatitis.

Home aeroallergens (house dust allergens, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinaе) act as the leading cause of allergic respiratory diseases in children (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis). The importance of sensitization to house dust mites in the development of exacerbations of atopic dermatitis and combined manifestations of atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma in children is essential. The occurrence of allergic respiratory diseases in a number of children is caused by sensitization to allergens of domestic animals (more often cats, dogs), feathers of birds, cockroaches, dry food for fish kept in aquariums.

Sensitization to pollen allergens is causally significant in the development of the allergic process in 20% of children with allergic diseases, while the role of pollen sensitization in the formation of allergic pathology increases with increasing age of children. The originality of the spectrum of pollen sensitization in different regions of Russia and the resulting marginal features of pollinosis in children are revealed. The hay fever recorded in the southern regions of the Russian Federation, caused by ragweed sensitization, is characterized by a more severe course. Pollen allergens are most often the cause of allergic diseases of the eyes and respiratory tract, less often of the skin and internal organs.

A common cause of allergic pathology in children is sensitization to molds. Its occurrence is facilitated by the presence of pronounced allergenic activity in mold spores and their high prevalence in environment... When conducting an allergological examination, sensitization to mold allergens is found in 50% of children with bronchial asthma. Most often, these patients have hypersensitivity to fungi. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, Penicillium... Often, sensitization to mold allergens is recorded in children suffering from atopic dermatitis and combined manifestations of atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Sensitization to fungal allergens is more often found in children who have previously received repeated courses of treatment with penicillin antibiotics, and in children living in damp living quarters. Attachment of sensitization to molds greatly aggravates the course of bronchial asthma in childhood.

The development of allergic pathology in children can be promoted by bacterial sensitization. Most of the known microorganisms are allergenic. A higher level of sensitization is caused by non-pathogenic strains of microbes. Proteins and polysaccharides of staphylococci and streptococci have significant allergenic activity, Candida and colibacillus... They are capable of causing the development of IgE-mediated allergic reactions. In the blood serum of children suffering from bronchial asthma, specific IgE antibodies to bacterial antigens are detected. Bacterial allergy often develops in the presence of an inflammatory process in the tonsils, paranasal sinuses, biliary tract, bronchi.

In children with bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, dermorespiratory syndrome, an exacerbation of the allergic process is often observed when acute respiratory viral infection, after which the patients have an increase in the level of total IgE in the blood serum. The increase in the IgE content in the peripheral blood found in these cases may be associated with the sensitizing effect of viruses on the body of children suffering from allergic diseases.

In the development of allergic diseases, changes in the functioning of the immune system are of decisive importance. The onset of atopic diseases is associated with IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Allergological examination of children suffering from atopic dermatitis, hay fever, atopic bronchial asthma, recurrent urticaria and Quincke's edema reveals an increase in the level of total IgE and specific IgE antibodies to various groups of exogenous allergens. Participation of IgG4 in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases in children is not excluded.

The importance of changes in cellular immunity in the development of atopic diseases in children is essential. The increase in the production of total IgE is a consequence of the interaction of macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes. Overproduction of IgE is due to the activation of Th2 lymphocytes and the associated increased synthesis of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13.

The course of atopic diseases in children is accompanied by a violation of membrane lipid metabolism, an increase in the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, a factor that activates platelets; evidence was obtained for the participation of neuropeptides in the mechanisms of the development of allergic diseases.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenetic basis of atopic diseases (bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergy) is allergic inflammation. The allergic inflammation that occurs in the late phase of the allergic response is a consequence of excessive production and exposure to the cells involved in its development (eosinophils, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils) of cytokines (IL-3, IL-5, IL-8, IL-16, GM -CSF, TNFa), leukotrienes. In children with atopic diseases, the allergic nature of inflammation is confirmed by the identification of eosinophilic-lymphocytic infiltration in biopsies of the mucous membrane of the bronchi, stomach, jejunum, skin, an increase in the concentration of eosinophilic cationic protein in the body's liquid biological media and tissues of the shock organ.

IN modern conditions there is a tendency towards a more severe course of allergic diseases in children. This is confirmed by the identification of a significant number of patients with severe bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, an increase in hay fever in children with obstructive bronchial lesions, and the involvement of visceral organs in the allergic process during an epidemiological study. A more severe course of allergic diseases in children is observed in regions with massive air pollution with chemical compounds.

Diagnostics

In recent years, progress has been made in creating more informative methods of allergy diagnosis. In the work of allergy departments and offices, it is widely used enzyme immunoassay determination of specific IgE antibodies to allergens of house and library dust, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, pets, feathers, food, fungal and pollen allergens. The test of inhibition of the natural emigration of leukocytes into the oral cavity is promising for the diagnosis of drug allergy. To detect sensitization to various groups of allergens, it is possible to use a chemiluminescent allergosorbent test (IgE-MAST).

Drawing. The classic “face of an allergic person” in a child

Treatment

Therapy of allergic diseases in children is pathogenetic and is carried out taking into account the characteristics of clinical manifestations, activity and severity of the allergic process.

Compliance with the principle of allergenic sparing in relation to a sick child is an important condition for achieving positive treatment results. Prevention of repeated contact with causally significant drug, food allergens and a decrease in the concentration of aeroallergens in the home help to reduce the manifestations of the disease. The exclusion of cow's milk from the diet of children of the first year of life, who are allergic to its proteins, and the replacement of cow's milk and nutritional mixtures based on it with soy mixtures contribute to the reverse development of the allergic process. In children with sensitization to aeroallergens in dwellings, this is facilitated by the implementation of preventive measures aimed at reducing the content of these allergens in dwellings.

Therapy for exacerbations of allergic diseases in children, it is based on the use of medications that inhibit the development of allergic reactions and allergic inflammation (sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, anti-mediator and anticholinergic drugs, glucocorticosteroids).

The basis emergency treatment of an attack of bronchial asthma constitutes bronchospasmolytic therapy. Selective b2-agonists (salbutamol, fenoterol, etc.) have the highest bronchospasmolytic activity. Inhalation of these drugs provides a quick restoration of bronchial patency. In cases of the development of an attack of bronchial asthma in young children and in severe exacerbations, it is most effective to use solutions of salbutamol and fenoterol through a nebulizer. In the event of severe attacks of bronchial asthma, sympathomimetic agents are administered by inhalation and at the same time glucocorticosteroids (hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) are prescribed parenterally. In children with mild attacks of bronchial asthma, the restoration of bronchial patency can be achieved by prescribing ipratropium bromide or by combining ipratropium with fenoterol. Aminophylline has significant bronchospasmolytic activity. In cases of severe attacks of bronchial asthma and an asthmatic condition, it is quite effective infusion therapy aminophylline and glucocorticosteroids. If a patient's history reveals indications of the use of glucocorticosteroids to relieve severe broncho-obstructive syndrome, it is advisable to prescribe a short (up to 5 days) course of oral prednisolone treatment. Delay in the appointment of glucocorticosteroids in cases of severe attacks of bronchial asthma and asthmatic conditions may be the cause of an unfavorable outcome of bronchial asthma.

In children with allergic skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, urticaria, Quincke's edema, contact dermatitis), the reverse development of the inflammatory process on the skin is facilitated by the elimination of causally significant allergens, the appointment of antihistamines (H1-histamine blockers and ketotifen), the use of anti-inflammatory and contact dermatitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for moderate manifestations topical glucocorticosteroids in cases of severe inflammatory process on the skin, resistant to traditional therapy, contributes to the achievement of remission of the disease. The therapeutic correction of disorders in the digestive tract and central nervous system contributes to an increase in the effectiveness of treatment of children with atopic dermatitis and recurrent urticaria.

In the treatment of exacerbations perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis effective antihistamines second and third generations (astemizole, loratadine, fexofenadine, cetirizine, ebastine), topical antihistamines (azelastine, levocabastine), as well as anti-inflammatory drugs (cromoglycic acid) and topical glucocorticosteroids (beclomethasone, fluticasone).

The basis preventive treatment with atopic diseases in children, anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy is used. Anti-inflammatory activity is possessed by cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium, topical glucocorticosteroids. A slight anti-inflammatory effect was found in ketotifen, cetirizine, durant theophyllines. Our observations indicate a fairly high efficacy of sodium cromoglycate treatment in bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, food gastrointestinal allergy. Achievement of remission in bronchial asthma in children is facilitated by therapy with nedocromil sodium. For severe allergies (bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis), the use of topical glucocorticosteroids is effective. An increase in the effectiveness of preventive treatment in children with bronchial asthma is facilitated by the appointment of durant methylxanthines and prolonged b2-agonists (salmeterol, formoterol).

In the treatment of children with allergic diseases, the use of new antiallergic drugs (ketotifen, astemizole, loratadine, fexofenadine, cetirizine, ebastine) is effective. Their appointment for atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, recurrent urticaria and Quincke's edema, atopic bronchial asthma helps to reduce the manifestations of the disease and achieve remission of the allergic process in a number of patients.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the leading treatment for children with atopic diseases. This method of treatment is most effective for pollinosis, allergic rhinitis, atopic bronchial asthma. The experience of the allergological department of the Research Institute of Pediatrics and the Scientific Center of Children's Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences indicates the effectiveness of parenteral and non-invasive (endonasal, oral, sublingual) methods of specific immunotherapy in children with hay fever and atopic bronchial asthma.

The use of antileukotriene drugs (montelukast, zafirlukast) in children with bronchial asthma is effective. Their appointment contributes to a reduction in exacerbations, a lighter course of attacks, a reduction in breathing difficulties arising at night, as well as in cases of exacerbations of bronchial asthma arising from intolerance to nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs, with physical overstrain.

The introduction of educational programs for parents of sick children contributes to an increase in the effectiveness of therapy for children with allergic diseases. Educational programs aim to teach parents to control the patient's environment, properly carry out treatment and rehabilitation measures, correctly monitor the effectiveness of treatment and teach patients with bronchial asthma to properly use a peak flow meter and inhalation devices for the administration of bronchospasmolytic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

The implementation of rehabilitation programs is an important direction in the health improvement of children with allergic diseases. In patients with bronchial asthma, rehabilitation treatment programs based on the use of respiratory and therapeutic exercises, massage, outdoor sports, and swimming are effective. In the rehabilitation of children suffering from atopic dermatitis, essential have an organization diet food, application of methods of physiotherapeutic influence. It has a beneficial effect on the course of bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis in children. spa treatment... In the rehabilitation of children with allergic diseases, the importance of dispensary supervision over them is essential.

The significant frequency of the development of allergic diseases in children necessitates a wide coverage of their preventive vaccinations. Their implementation during the period of clinical remission of the allergic process against the background of anti-relapse treatment contributes to a favorable course of the post-vaccination period and a decrease in the frequency of exacerbations of allergic diseases associated with the administration of vaccines.

The further study of the epidemiology of allergic diseases and the creation on this basis of a rational system for organizing allergic care for children, the elucidation of regional risk factors for the occurrence of allergic diseases and the development of measures for the prevention of allergic pathology in childhood can contribute to a decrease in the level of allergic morbidity.

Literature:

1. Allergic diseases in children / Edited by M.Ya. Studenikina, I.I. Balabolkin. M., Medicine. 1998; 348.
2. Busse W.W. // Allergy and Clin.immunology. 1990; 85 (4): 671-83.
3. Mollica F. // Ann. Allergy. 1991; 66: 490-3.
4. Balabolkin I.I. O. A. Subbotina // Vestn. perinat. and pediatrics. 1994; 3: 26-8.
5. Balabolkin I.I. Bronchial asthma in children. M., Medicine, 1985; 176.
6. Borish L. // Immunol. Invest. 1987; 16 (6): 501-32.

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Portocaval bypass syndrome

Mesenchymal-inflammatory syndrome

There is an activation and proliferation of lymphoid and reticulohistiocytic cells, increased fibrogenesis, the formation of active septa with necrosis of hepatocytes, intrahepatic migration of leukocytes, vasculitis.

It is characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, an increase in protein-sediment samples, an increase in ESR, the appearance of connective tissue degradation products in the blood ( C-reactive protein, seromucoid, etc.). Changes in indicators of cellular and humoral immune responses: antibodies to subcellular fractions of the hepatocyte appear, rheumatoid factor, antimitochondrial and antinuclear antibodies, changes in the number and functional activity of T- and B-lymphocytes, as well as an increase in the level of immunoglobulins.

It is diagnosed during thymol, sublimate tests, determination of gamma globulin and serum immunoglobulins.

It occurs with the development of anastomoses in the liver. Part of the blood from the portal vein passes into the central bloodstream past the liver, resulting in high levels of ammonia in the blood, noticeable fluctuations in glucose levels.

Bacterial allergy is revealed from the name - when sensitized under the influence of bacterial principles, they were previously called as tuberculin-type allergies. This name comes from the first observations. If tuberculin is injected subcutaneously - this is a filtrate of tuberculous bacilli, the sensitized organism can respond at the injection site with a hypersensitivity reaction. A papule, a blister is formed, cells rush there, primarily monocytes, which stay there for up to 24 hours, then the observation was increased to 48 hours as the most reliable, perhaps they tried to identify a non-specific reaction of the body to an injection. After 48 hours, there is already reason to speak of an inflammatory infiltrate, as a sensitization of the body, as a repeated exposure of the antigen to the body, since the infiltrate of tuberculous bacilli appears to be nothing more than an antigen. Consequently, from this concept of tuberculin allergy, they passed to the concept of bacterial allergy, with scarlet fever, with typhoid fever - rash - inflammatory foci... Inflammatory foci are formed and during internal organs, for example, in the abdominal type, it is affected small intestine in the area of \u200b\u200bPeyer's plaques, inflammatory foci appear, mainly lymphocytic and monocytic infiltrates, hydration occurs, then inflammation develops corny with the participation of non-specific mediators. It was found that a bacterial allergy manifests itself if a doctor sees allergic rashes on the skin, a rash, like inflammatory foci, can ulcerate, undergo nectobiotic processes, i.e. there is a process of destruction under the influence of allergy mediators. The problem of treatment is not simple. The very focus of inflammation can occur both on the skin and in any organ. Bacterial allergy as an allergy corresponding to hypersensitivity allergy in common processes and is more often associated with infection processes. Bacterial allergy is not only a tuberculin type, but any inflammation is attributed by experts to a manifestation of allergy. At the site of contact, an inflammatory process occurs upon contact with antigen and heavy metals (chromium). The workers developed rashes. On contact with antibiotics of that time (penicillin was very allergic). Many nurses have quit their jobs because they developed a rash on contact cancers. They could not inject as the barrier (skin) was damaged. The skin, with severe allergies, was removed like gloves. It developed as a result of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction due to the vigorous activity of T-cytotoxic lymphocytes, which indiscriminately affected both healthy cells and those affected by allergens. Then it became clear that contact allergy is a reaction of skin proteins (rich in lysine, cysteine) and they bind to haptens \u003d hapten + protein complex \u003d full antigen (CD8). They find contact not only with proteins but also with polysaccharides. Food allergens are possible. Cosmetical tools (SMS containing chlorine), find amino acids (lysine) and sensitize them. Finally, chlorine-free detergents are more favorable. Nitrates find cysteine. All chemicals find their amino acid. Susceptible to 20% of allergic reactions. Hence for the majority it is good. Haptens are of great importance.

Allergy

HPT - the main phenomenon is fever or shock

HRT - takes several hours to develop (tuberculin type)

There are differences. Hypersensitivity of immediate type - no allergy develops cell-mediated (through an antibody) without the participation of immunocompetent cells. The focus is on the speed of development.

It is classified:

• Reagin type allergy
• Cyto toxic type
• Free immunocomplexes

Allergy of the reagin type. Reagin antibodies immunoglobulins E, atopic diseases and anaphylactic manifestations. It belongs to the third stage of allergy development (pathophysiological). Features of the pathoimmune stage: Any allergy develops with the participation of an allergen (soluble (for rapid penetration) and poorly soluble) Allergen reacts with a monocyte (immobile macrophage) or others, but the primary cell with incomplete phagocytosis comes out and reacts with the B-lymphocyte, sensitizing it, crush participation of T-lymphocyte helper 2. In the delayed type, helper 1 is involved. Helper 2 promotes sensitization by releasing interlicin 4 - it causes the ability to respond with increased sensitivity. Interlicin 1 is a constant mediator between the primary and secondary cells. Among the population of sensitized lymphocytes, there are cells capable of synthesizing immunoglobulins (mainly class E). Immunoglobulins are fixed on the membranes of all cells, becoming a receptor for antigens (from nerve cells to skin cells). When the allergen reacts, memory cells undergo blast transformation, multiply and turn into plasma cells or antibody-producing cells. One plasma cell forms from 1000 to 1500 antibodies that are fixed on any cell. Most often these are cells of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and all others. Such a complex chain forms "new receptors" of the cell. The synthesis of immunoglobulins is maintained throughout life, because protein is not durable. Involved immunoglobulins G, which protect against infection, when vaccinated. They are able to sensitize the body and, unlike immunoglobulins E, they circulate in the body, their allergic danger is revealed. They can accidentally meet allergens 2. Immunoglobulin E is fixed, and immunoglobulin G is circulating. This is a feature of the pathoimmune stage.

The latent period is the first. All events take place on the second hit. Mast cells readily fix immunoglobulins E. When fixing, a change in metabolism occurs. Cell dystrophy is caused. Allergy mediators are released: histamine, heparin, serotonin. Histamine - expanding the microvasculature, the formation of pain, itching ( allergic itching) contraction of intestinal smooth muscles. Changes occur through histamine receptors as in inflammation, only a different triggering stimulus Inflammatory mediators are mediators of immediate allergy. Kinins, especially bradykinin, are immediate type allergy mediators (similar to histamine). Kinin as a plasma factor in conjunction with the plasma coagulation factor (XII) is able to participate in microthrombosis (fibrinolysis increases). May lead to the development of vasculitis. It also binds inflammatory mediators to allergies. Cells of neutrophils and eosinophils easily fix immunoglobulins E on their membranes. Eosinophils produce toxic proteins that are released from them and infect everything around them. All cells that are damaged as a result of the formation of the Ab + allergen complex no longer disassemble their own and others, intensifying the process of dystrophy. A large group of mediators in the form of lymphokines. Lymphotoxin activates cell proliferation, as they dominate the focus of allergy. Monokine mediator (interlicin1, prostaglandins, pyrogenic, slow-reacting substance) is a powerful allergy product. The slow-reacting substance is formed from unsaturated higher fatty acids and in particular belongs to the class of leucosanoids. Leukotrienes are decoded by MPC. Causes a slow contraction of smooth muscles. With bronchospasm, they interfere with the action of histamine drugs. There are other mediators, they are being studied. All irritable and destructive phenomena are attributed to the pathophysiological stage. Allergies of the immediate type are classified into reaginic, cytotoxic, free immune complexes. All allergic processes involving immunoglobulins E are called reagent allergies.

Apotic diseases are strange diseases. Hay fever, allergic rhinitis to pollen. Allergic bronchitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi or atopic bronchial asthma. Hives are infectious or non-infectious. When stinging with nettles, the body becomes blistered. Dermographism (when testing for sensitization) pressure strongly on the skin of the back during mechanical (pressure or cold) with angioedema. Children's eczema or atopic dermatitis - for food allergens (up to 3 years), the formation of bubbles and their opening (as a result of scratching). Then it disappears or is replaced by air (3-7 years). Children's eczema returns after (40 years) - a reaction to chronic cholecystitis, medications. Anaphylaxis belongs to the same class, develops very quickly within a few minutes, more often on parainteral administration, shoulder bites. Immunoglobulins G take part. The compliment system takes an active part in the development of anaphylactic shock. Antifylatoxin is represented by a compliment system. Action due to its enzymes. Cytotoxic class. The formation of pathological immune complexes Ar + Ab + complement system \u003d cytolysins on the cell membrane is attributed. Hemopathy. When fixed on cells, it causes their destruction (erythrocytes, leukocytes, etc.). Reactions can occur in the digestive, respiratory system, etc. Cause food allergens, pharmacological (a lot of drugs) Immunocomplex type. A pathological immune complex is formed in the blood. Where they will stop is unknown, as a rule they stop in all tissues. An example is serum sickness (after administration of tetanus toxoid) - laryngeal edema, urticaria, myocardial edema, joint pain, an increase in their volume (more often there is no complement in the complex) stop in the microvasculature, causing vasculitis. Vasculitis does not necessarily cause serum sickness. Serum sickness helped to decipher the mechanism of vasculitis. There is a distinction between GZT and GNT. But, mixed allergies are possible - autoallergies. In response to antigens of their own tissues. Allergens are generated in the body itself. All internal allergens are classified as primary or secondary. Natural. When normal tissue components are perceived as a foreign substance. This is due to the fact that high molecular weight proteins (of organs protected by the barrier) do not have receptors for tolerance (histocompatibility) with the immune system. With TBI, when the protective structures are damaged, proteins are released from the isolation. Allergic and inflammatory processes are formed. Another mechanism for the development of autoimmune diseases. Special lymphocytes that destroyed the contacts between these organs. Perhaps they disappear (performed their functions in early embryogenesis) or are expressed. Possible mutation of lymphocytes, as a result of which they lose the quality of histocompatibility. Causes of mutation: defect of T-suppressors, their deficiency or transformation into aggressive ones. Autoallergy triggers the reaction mechanisms of HRT and HNT, which is especially noticeable in rheumatism and other nervous diseases