What are itchy bumps on the skin talking about? Skin rash: photo and description, causes, symptoms and treatment Skin rash after.

Few people know that the skin is the largest human organ. It often happens that after any disease, the symptoms appear on the skin in the form of various rashes and inflammations. Any such symptom requires special attention.

Skin rash is a sign of a large number of diseases, and ignoring it can negatively affect human health. Any skin rash should be examined by a specialist without fail. This is done in order to determine the disease itself, as well as its causes. Only after that is it worth starting immediate treatment.

What is a skin rash?

In medicine it is customary to call a rash any change in the skin, as well as mucous membranes... First of all, the disease causes changes in the color of the skin, its texture. Often peeling can occur on the skin, which is accompanied by severe itching.

Painful sensations are also not excluded. A skin rash can appear anywhere on the body. It all depends on the disease. For example, an allergic rash is localized to the hands and face, while an infectious disease rash is most likely to appear on the surface of the body.

Rash types

As a rule, skin rashes can be of different types, but all are divided into two main ones:

1. Primary rash... This species is formed on areas of healthy skin or on mucous areas as a result of pathological processes occurring in the human body.
2. Secondary rash... This rash can occur in the place where the primary one manifested itself for some reason, which, for example, can be attributed to the lack of treatment.

It is easy to guess that primary skin rash is considered the most favorable. It is this type that can be cured at the initial stages of the disease, avoiding further complications.

Elements of the rash

Skin rash is also subdivided into several elements or subtypes.

The most common ones are:

• Spot. The skin undergoes discoloration or redness. Most often, spots appear due to diseases of roseola, dermatitis and many others.
• Bubble. Formed in the thickness of the skin. From the inside, the vesicles are filled with hemorrhagic fluid. Manifested as a result of eczema, herpes, and allergic dermatitis.
• Blister. Outwardly, it is redness that has smooth edges. Its form can be both correct and incorrect. It occurs due to urticaria, after an insect bite, and also due to taxidermy.
• Pustule. Formed in the epidermis layer. By their type, pustules are divided into superficial and deep. They occur as a result of acne, impetigo or furunculosis.
• Knot. Such an element of the skin rash can form in almost any layer of the skin. Most often, a nodule occurs due to psoriasis, certain types of lichen, eczema, papilloma, or warts.

The herpes virus type 4 acts as a provocateur of roseola in adults. However, h Most often, this disease occurs in children, whose age does not reach 3 years... In the adult part of the population, the disease only in rare cases can manifest itself in the form of a skin rash.

It also happens that the rash may be completely absent, and roseola is accompanied only by an increased temperature. At the initial stage of the disease, the temperature can increase to 39-40 degrees, which is very difficult to lower. It is very important to pay attention to the fact that during the disease with roseola it is extremely contraindicated to take aspirin. Otherwise, severe side effects can occur.

Photo of roseola

Externally, the vesicle is globular formations concentrated in the upper layers of the epidermis. The size of the vesicles in diameter can reach 0.5 cm. The formations contain a colorless, cloudy liquid.

These formations arise in adults as a result of pathological stratification of the upper layer of the epidermis. The reasons for the formation of a vesicle can be very diverse, ranging from an allergic reaction to an insect bite.

Photo vesicles

A voidless element of the rash that rises above the level of the skin. They are located in the epidermis or the upper layers of the dermis. The size of a pinhead to 1 cm. Papules are inflammatory and non-inflammatory.

Photo of papules

This is an abscess. Typically, pustules appear on the upper part of a person's torso. The pustules quickly burst, as a result of which a large number of painful erosions, covered with a dry crust, form on the body.

Photo of pustules

Tubercle

Tubercle is a noncavity formation that protrudes above the surface of the skin. The diameter of the tubercles can reach 1 cm. The tubercles on the body appear as a result of the accumulation of inflammatory infiltrates in the dermis. The tubercle is somewhat similar to a papule. After the bumps, ulcers may remain on the body, which form scars.

Hemorrhages are characterized by bleeding into the skin due to destruction of skin vessels. Externally, hemorrhage is dots or spots of different shapes and sizes... As a rule, these formations do not disappear when the skin is stretched. Initially, the spots are reddish or purple in color, but when resorbed, the formations turn yellow.

Photo of hemorrhage

Skin rash causes

There are many reasons that cause rashes on the body of an adult.

The most common ones are:

• Taking medications
• Various allergic reactions
• Use of low-quality cosmetics and perfumes
• The presence of acute viral and infectious diseases
• The presence of fungal infections

Allergy rash

Psoriasis

This disease is characterized by the formation of a large number of pink papules, which are covered with dry scales. The number of formations may increase over time. Papules often merge with each other, forming large plaques.

Initially, psoriasis appears on the elbows and head. Most often, this disease is inherited. Currently, it has not been possible to find a drug that could completely cure psoriasis.

Lichen planus

Lichen planus manifests itself in the form of clusters of nodules. The rash is formed by lines, rings, and arcs. Most often, lichen planus occurs on the trunk, on the inner parts of the limbs, and also on the genitals. This disease is accompanied by severe itching.

Candidiasis

This disease is popularly called yeast diaper rash. Candidiasis most often manifests itself in natural skin folds: under the mammary glands, in the armpits, in the groin, in the folds of the abdomen.

In most cases, people who are overweight are exposed to candidiasis.... At the first stage, small bubbles and pustules appear, which burst over time and turn into moist erosion of a dark red color.

Rubella

Rubella is a pinkish rash that initially appears on the face and neck. But in literally a few hours, rubella spreads throughout the body. The diameter of redness can reach 1 cm. On the skin, the disease lasts for about 3 days, and then disappears without any visible traces. It should be noted that rubella is a very dangerous disease for pregnant women.

Scarlet fever

Rashes caused by scarlet fever appear on the body only a day after infection... Most often, a bright red rash appears on the back, in the groin, on the elbows, knees, and also in the armpits. The skin of the face almost never suffers. In some cases, the skin may acquire a bluish tinge in the area of ​​painful formations.

Toxic shock syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome- a severe polysystemic illness, which is characterized by the appearance of severe fever, vomiting, diarrhea and skin rashes. This disease can also affect the internal organs of a person. Toxic shock syndrome is very rare.

Hemorrhagic rash

Hemorrhagic rash is not an inflammatory disease. Most often it manifests itself at the level of the epidermis or in the papillary layer of the dermis. The reddish spots are at the level of the skin and do not rise above it. Various infectious diseases act as the cause of the manifestation of hemorrhagic rash.

Skin rash treatment

For a skin rash, only the underlying condition that caused the rash is treated. Treatment should only take place with the appointment of a specialist. In most cases, the rash will clear up on its own.

The rash can be treated as follows:

• Rash caused by allergens should be treated by eliminating irritation.
• A rash that forms as a result of dermatological diseases is treated with various ointments and medications prescribed by a doctor.
• A rash that is a symptom of an infectious disease is subject to complex treatment under the guidance of an infectious disease doctor.

Conclusion

Skin rash is one of the most striking clinical manifestations of a large number of dermatological diseases. The rash has many types, which differ in color, shape, size and localization. But in no case should you self-medicate... Treatment should only begin after a specialist diagnosis has been made.

Allergy is known to be a severe autoimmune disease in which the body destroys itself. It is no less difficult - the disease is autoimmune, not contagious to others, but affecting the skin:

Rash for autoimmune diseases may appear and disappear, and then reappear and affect new areas of the skin. It is impossible to cure such a rash, they will not help. It is necessary to reprogram the body for rebirth. Many autoimmune diseases are caused by an energy failure. As soon as a person takes a break from stress, leaves for clean corners of nature, changes his diet in favor of wild berries, vegetables and fruits, natural protein, and the disease recedes.

The insidiousness of syphilis is that often the disease does not manifest itself immediately. However, treatment of syphilis is possible only in the early stages, when the rash is the first symptom.

A doctor, a blood test and a memo will help to recognize a dangerous disease - syphilitic rash in men and symptoms. It is impossible to determine the disease without a blood test in the dispensary. For any rash, it is necessary to be tested for syphilis.

At the first stage of the disease rash on the body in an adult photo with explanations in men, ulcers appear in the mouth, on the nasal mucosa, in the groin.

A chancre may appear - a seal.

It is characteristic that the sores do not hurt and soon go away on their own. After thirty days, syphilis manifests itself again, but already with a red-brown rash, hair loss, ulcers.

The rash may appear as pink spots or papules. At the same time, there are no painful sensations. Within a month or nine, the secondary symptoms disappear. At the last stage of the disease, the skin can become covered with non-healing sores, joints are deformed, internal organs and nerve cells are destroyed, and the brain is affected.

In the female body, syphilis manifests itself even more secretly. Apparently this is the reason for the frequent cases of detection of diseases only at the third stage, when it is almost impossible to save the patient. A rash on a woman's body appears already at the second stage, when a lot of time is missed for treatment. Syphilitic rash in women symptoms it is important to know in order to give yourself a chance for recovery.

Noticing rash on the body in an adult photo with explanations, spots or papules on the neck, around the mouth, arms, legs, feet and palms, you should immediately go to the dispensary to see a venereologist. A rash with syphilis differs in that it is unpleasant in appearance, but does not hurt or itch. However, it can last for several months or disappear in one month. The skin looks unhealthy, so we can say that a woman's appearance is disfigured.

In addition, the rash can be located under the mammary glands, on the inner thighs, around and inside the vagina. Eruptions on the body alternate with ulceration or appear together. Purulent ulcers may not disappear for a long time, but pain is not felt.

The consequences of stress and an abundance of household chemicals, harmful additives in food do not pass without leaving a trace for a person. May suddenly appear rash on the body in an adult photo with explanations will not help, she is allergic, which indicates a malfunction in the body. The rash can be temporary or constantly worsen, taking on an increasingly formidable shape. So individual papules can combine into foci.

Having seen a rash on the body, it is necessary, among other things, to visit an allergist doctor for examination and examination, as well as to study the brochure: allergic rash on the body in an adult treatment.

The first step in allergies is to cleanse the body of toxins and allergens.

Any sorbent will work, but it is best to use natural minerals. For example, the Litovit sorbent is able to reduce blood eosinophil counts by 90% in one month, which indicates the cleansing of the body at the intercellular level.

Dieting for food allergies is essential for successful treatment. After the samples show which foods are allergic, you need to eat foods that your doctor will allow.

Before obtaining a sample result, food provocateurs should be excluded from the diet:

• citrus,
• sweets,
• smoked meat and fish,
• hot spices,
• red vegetables and fruits,
• as well as alcohol.

Food allergies:

You cannot wash dishes if you are allergic to household chemicals without rubber gloves. Wash should be in a washing machine. It is best to use safe plant-based products in your home, such as those from Amway. In case of allergy to household chemicals, the skin of the patient's hands and face becomes covered with red spots, and then a solid crust.

In this case, the sensations are painful, and the damaged skin tends to crack. Open wounds can get infected. Untreated allergies lead to psoriasis and quite often.

Red rash on the body in an adult and itches

The rash can be caused by infections or autoimmune diseases. If rash on the body in an adult photo with explanations itching, then such a symptom suggests that not all is lost and that measures must be taken for treatment. Worse can only be a rash, which does not bother anything and is characteristic of syphilis.

Scabies rash primarily appears on the abdomen and palms.

Outwardly, it looks like a group of small red papules filled with liquid with a dot in the center. I must say that the dot indicates the stroke that the scabies mite left in the layer of the skin.

Comes red rash on the body in an adult and itches also for allergies, lichen planus, psoriasis.

Psoriasis rash on the body in an adult photo with explanations:

There is no cure for the rash because the cause must be treated, not the effect. Such systemic diseases affect the body due to prolonged stress, medication, alcohol poisoning, or may be a complication after an infection. In all cases, the disease is preceded by a weakening of the immune system.

The absence of itching and pain during rashes in adults can be not only with sexually transmitted diseases, but also in other cases. In order not to self-medicate and diagnose on the Internet, you should visit the hospital. A rash on the body of an adult and does not itch, what can it to be explained by a dermatologist and venereologist.

If a molluscum contagiosum has entered the body, then soon nodular formations of pink or red color will appear on the skin, similar to folds with a white liquid inside. These nodules do not hurt or itch. If you press on the nodule, then the infectious liquid for a person will appear on the outside.

Rashes are differentiated by external signs and localization. A rash on the legs and arms can appear for a variety of reasons, and therefore, in each case, the treatment should be selected individually.

Possible reasons

Allergic reaction

Allergies are one of the most common causes of rashes. Localization can be very different. Rashes on the hands are most often affected by thin skin on the wrists, hands and the inner side of the elbow, on the legs - the area under the knees. Skin reactions can be caused by:

• external irritants (for example, animal hair and saliva, pollen, cosmetics, household chemicals);
• internal intoxication that occurs when taking certain medications or products (sweets, chocolate, citrus fruits, coffee);
• in some cases, a non-standard immune response of the body to sunlight or cold is noted.

An allergic rash in both a child and an adult itches a lot. The skin turns red and swells, when scratching it is injured and begins to peel off.

Infectious contamination

In this case, the rash is caused by the activity of bacteria or viruses. They differ from allergic ones in appearance and other signs, for example, an increase in the general body temperature. The appearance of an infectious rash, as a rule, depends on the specific pathogen. In some cases, this allows the doctor to make a diagnosis based only on the data of a clinical examination.

A rash on the hands or feet of an adult can be a symptom of a dangerous infection (such as syphilis or measles, and some types of HPV). Therefore, having found a rash, you should seek the advice of a specialist as soon as possible.

Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis is a common cause of a rash on the hands and feet. This is an inflammatory reaction of the skin upon direct contact with an irritating substance. The disease is typical not only for people prone to allergies, but also for everyone else. Contact dermatitis can be triggered by:

• aggressive chemicals (alkalis, oils, acids, solvents);
• pollen, sap or stinging cells of some plant species;
• mechanical impact (friction);
• insect bites.

The nature of the rash with contact dermatitis can be different; only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis.

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis appears in the form of a rash. It is a chronic skin disease caused by a genetic predisposition. The rash, characteristic of this disease, is accompanied by severe itching and dry skin. Most often, manifestations of atopic dermatitis are localized on the inner side of the knee and elbow bends, hands, wrists and face, but can occur in other places as well.

If untreated, the area of ​​skin lesions expands. A variety of stimuli can provoke an exacerbation:

• some products;
• cosmetics and household chemicals;
• medicines.

Combing a rash with atopic dermatitis can lead to infection.

Fungal diseases

Some types of mycoses are characterized by specific eruptions. The most common infections are the feet and hands. A rash of this kind is usually represented by pustules and crusts after they have healed, accompanied by flushing and a burning sensation. The affected skin is very itchy, in some cases dry and flaky.

Fungus infection occurs either through close contact with a sick person, or when visiting public baths and swimming pools. If you suspect a disease, you should urgently consult a doctor and undergo a course of treatment, since the transition of the disease to a severe form and various complications is possible. This is facilitated by the presence of chronic pathologies - diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma.

Scabies

A dangerous disease caused by the vital activity in the skin of microscopic mites. The first symptoms appear as small blisters or nodules on the skin. They appear about a week after contact with a sick person. Also, infection is possible through clothing or other things. Primarily affects the arms and legs.

The rash caused by tick-borne infection itches a lot (which explains the name of the disease), the itching intensifies at night. When scratching, an infection gets into the wounds, this leads to the appearance of pustules.

Neurogenic rash

A nervous rash, or neurodermatitis, is often localized in an allergic manner, in the elbow and knee bends, on the face (possibly another location).

Diagnostics

Skin rashes are divided into several main types in appearance:

• Papules (nodules) are a homogeneous thickening in the thickness of the epidermis.
• Spots are areas that differ in color from the rest of the skin. They can be of different shapes and sizes. Does not protrude over healthy skin (eg, hemorrhagic rash).
• Blisters are spots with signs of swelling. They protrude above the surface.
• Pustules (pustules) - bubbles with pus inside.
• Erosions and ulcers are formations on the skin that violate its integrity.
• Blisters are cavities filled with non-purulent contents.
• Crusts are secondary eruptions that form at the site of healing vesicles, ulcers, pustules.

Any of these types of skin lesions can be a symptom of several different conditions. Therefore, it is almost impossible to independently correlate the rash that has appeared with a specific disease. For an accurate diagnosis and the appointment of the correct treatment, you need to see a doctor.

In addition to a clinical examination, a variety of methods are used to diagnose the causes of rashes - laboratory tests of skin sections (detection of scabies), various skin tests (for example, scarification for allergies), blood tests for antibodies, scrapings, lighting with special lamps (for diagnosing fungal diseases), other.

Therapy methods

Effective treatment is possible only when the disease is correctly diagnosed. Based on the available information, the doctor prescribes drugs for external use:

• sulfuric or other ointment for mites with scabies (Crotamiton, Zinc ointment);
• antifungal agents for mycoses (Exoderil, Clotrimazole, Mycozolon);
• antiseptic compositions for infectious lesions (Salicylic ointment, Triderm, Betadin);
• healing or corticosteroid ointments and creams for dermatitis (Hydrocortisone, Advantan).

Depending on the identified disease, medications for oral administration are also prescribed:

• enterosorbents (activated carbon, Polyphepan);
• antibiotics (strictly as prescribed by a doctor);
• antihistamine tablets and drops for allergies (Fenistil, Zodak, Tavegil);
• antifungal drugs (fluconazole);
• sedatives for neurodermatitis (Novopassit, valerian infusion);
• multivitamins (Supradin, Complivit);
• immunomodulators (Likopid, Polyoxidonium).

For some diseases accompanied by skin rashes, physiotherapy and spa treatment are indicated. Regardless of the nature of the disease, it is recommended to adhere to proper nutrition and observe the regimen.

Only a specialist can take into account all the features of the clinical picture and choose the most suitable drugs, determine the required dosages and the duration of treatment.

Skin rashes

A skin rash appears as a sudden appearance on the skin anywhere on the body. The rash is characterized by skin changes, redness or paleness, and itching. A symptom can form as a local reaction to external provoking factors, or it can manifest itself as a sign of the development of a pathological process. There are quite a few diseases that manifest themselves in the form of skin rashes, therefore, the etiology of the symptom is diverse.

Etiology

Skin rashes in adults and in a child can form under the influence of such factors:

The most common cause of a symptom is an infection. Doctors include such diseases as measles, rubella, chickenpox, scarlet fever, herpes, etc. These diseases manifest themselves in a characteristic rash, which is accompanied by high fever, poor appetite, chills, pain in the head, throat and abdomen, runny nose, cough, and violation of the chair.

Allergic skin rashes are also often diagnosed by doctors. This form of symptom development can be recognized by the absence of signs of infection, as well as contact with an allergen. Very often, a similar reaction on the body can be noticed by the parents of the child. Food, animals, chemicals, drugs become provoking factors.

In case of impaired blood circulation and vascular disease, the patient may experience a rash for the following reasons:

• a decrease in the number or impaired functionality of platelets;
• impaired vascular permeability.

Sometimes a symptom develops in non-communicable diseases, these include:

Skin rashes are formed with liver disease. If an organ is disrupted, the patient's skin tone changes, and a rash appears.

The characteristic red rash can be from insect bites, acne, psoriasis, fungal diseases and scabies. Also, redness on the skin can be caused by prickly heat.

Classification

Clinicians have determined that the following manifestations can be types of rashes:

• spots - there are red, brown, white macula;
• blisters - appear in a dense and rough formation on the skin;
• papules - an element that looks like nodules in the thickness of the skin;
• blisters - they can be large and small, formed in the cavity of the skin with a clear liquid;
• erosion and ulcers - during the formation, the integrity of the skin is violated;
• crusts - appear in the place of former blisters, pustules, ulcers.

All of these types of rashes on the body are divided into primary and secondary. The first type includes nodules, blisters, abscesses, blisters. And the second group of types of rashes is the appearance of peeling, erosion, abrasions, crusting.

Symptoms

If rashes on the skin in children and adults have formed against the background of deterioration in the functioning of the liver, then this may be indicated by characteristic symptoms:

• yellow tint of the skin;
• nausea;
• vomit;
• fetid odor;
• heavy sweating;
• pain syndrome in the liver area;
• itchy rashes over the body;
• drastic weight loss;
• disturbed stool;
• brown color of the tongue;
• bitter taste in the mouth;
• the appearance of cracks in the tongue;
• high temperature;
• venous pattern on the abdomen.

If the cause was infectious diseases, then a person's skin rashes can begin on the skin of the hands, move to the face, legs, and the whole body is gradually affected. With rubella, the patient first suffers from a rash on the face and spreads throughout the skin. The first foci of inflammation are localized in places where the surface of the limbs most often bends, near the joints, on the back and buttocks. All rashes can be of a different shade - pink, red, pale, brown.

Infectious pathologies often manifest themselves not only in a rash, but also in other signs. It is possible to establish the ailment in more detail according to the following clinical picture:

• high temperature;
• malaise;
• weakness;
• pain attacks;
• individual areas on the patient's body become inflamed, for example, eyes, tonsils, etc.;
• there may be photophobia;
• frequent heartbeat;
• drowsiness;
• burning.

Rashes on the skin in the form of red spots are characteristic of the development of such infectious diseases - chickenpox, rubella, measles, scarlet fever.

Diagnostics

If any manifestations of the above symptoms are detected, the patient needs to urgently seek the help of a doctor. You can consult an allergist, infectious disease specialist about rashes on the skin. After an initial physical examination and minimal examination, the doctor will refer the patient to a different specialist if the cause of the ailment is not inflammation, allergy, or infection.

Treatment

Treatment of allergic skin rashes is prescribed by a doctor only after a diagnosis has been made. Therapy is based on the elimination of the etiological factor, therefore, the appropriate drugs must be chosen.

If a person has a rash from mechanical damage or from prickly heat, then there is nothing wrong with this manifestation. At home, you can anoint the inflamed area with cream or oil to slightly relieve swelling and itching. Over time, the symptom will disappear. Also, at home, you can eliminate the symptoms of the disease with the following advice from doctors:

• wear natural cotton things so that there is no irritation;
• wash the body with baby soap or shower gel;
• exclude from life all things that can cause a rash on the skin.

If the patient's symptomatology is more pronounced, has characteristic indicators, causes discomfort to the patient, then a dermatologist's consultation is imperative.

If the appearance of the disease was an allergy, then it is important for the doctor to identify this allergen using a test, and then prescribe treatment. The patient must definitely move away from this object or remove the product from the food. You can also cure this symptom with antihistamine ointments and tablets.

If an external symptom, namely a rash, has developed from a virus, and the symptoms of the disease are supplemented by an elevated temperature, then the patient can be given antipyretic drugs. With a complication of the disease, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications are prescribed.

Quite often, skin rashes with diabetes mellitus, liver disease, infectious diseases or allergies are not very easily recognized by doctors, since the symptom often manifests itself in the same indicators - itching, redness, swelling. In this regard, doctors first prescribe a patient therapy, which is aimed at getting rid of the signs, and not the causes of the development of the disease.

Effective treatment uses complex measures to eliminate the clinical picture, within which the patient must follow the following methods:

Prophylaxis

In order to prevent the appearance of unpleasant symptoms, the patient needs to adhere to special rules. If a person knows that he is allergic to certain things, then it is advisable to immediately distance himself from them and exclude all allergens from life. To prevent a rash from fungi and infections, doctors advise you to follow these measures:

• monitor personal hygiene - wash the body, wipe dry, trim nails and keep the ears clean;
• do not share personal belongings with strangers and do not use other people's towels, toothbrushes, do not change clothes and slippers;
• wash clothes regularly;
• clean the room from dust.

To reduce the risk of prickly heat or damage, you need to use special creams, dress for the season and be careful when traveling to the forest and mountains.

"Rash on the skin" is observed in diseases:

Avitaminosis is a painful human condition that occurs as a result of an acute lack of vitamins in the human body. Distinguish between spring and winter vitamin deficiency. There are no restrictions on gender and age group.

Allergic urticaria is considered a fairly common skin disease that is diagnosed in people regardless of gender and age. Most often it occurs in an acute form, less often it becomes chronic.

Allergic bronchitis is a type of inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. A characteristic feature of the disease is that, unlike ordinary bronchitis, which occurs against the background of exposure to viruses and bacteria, allergic is formed against the background of prolonged contact with various allergens. This disease is often diagnosed in children of preschool and primary school age. It is for this reason that it must be cured as quickly as possible. Otherwise, it becomes chronic, which can lead to the development of bronchial asthma.

Allergic vasculitis is a complex disease characterized by aseptic inflammation of the vascular walls, which develops as a result of an allergic reaction to the negative effects of infectious and toxic factors. The disease is characterized by inflammatory and allergic rashes with a tendency to edema, hemorrhage and necrosis.

Allergy to the sun is a disease accompanied by an inflammatory process on the skin, which occurs under the influence of sunlight. The presented pathology is considered the most common type of actinic dermatitis. If you do not start therapeutic measures in time, then this is fraught with the transition of the disease into a chronic stage or eczema. For this reason, all doctors try to detect pathology in a timely manner and develop the most effective therapy regimen.

Allergy to bloom is very common today. Unfortunately, no one has yet been able to get rid of it completely, so people have to endure its unpleasant symptoms. An allergic reaction manifests itself with severe itching in the nose, discharge from the nasal passages, sneezing and nasal congestion.

Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic condition that poses a threat to human life, which develops as a result of exposure to various antigens. The pathogenesis of this pathology is due to the reaction of the body of an instantaneous type, in which there is a sharp entry into the blood of substances such as histamine and others, which causes an increase in the permeability of blood vessels, muscle spasms of internal organs and other multiple disorders. As a result of these disorders, blood pressure falls, which leads to a lack of adequate oxygen supply to the brain and other organs. All this leads to loss of consciousness and the development of many internal disorders.

SARS is an inflammatory process in the lungs, the etiology of which is not typical. That is, this disease is caused not by bacteria, mainly cocci, as is the case with typical pneumonia, but by microorganisms and viruses.

Atopic dermatitis in children is an inflammatory ailment provoked by allergic reactions to certain etiological factors. The people are called "diathesis". In most cases, it has a chronic course and is quite often accompanied by other pathologies. It is diagnosed in 60% of children in the first year of life.

Biliary cirrhosis is a liver pathology that occurs as a result of prolonged disturbance of the outflow of bile due to cholestasis or damage to the biliary tract. This is a process of chronic inflammation that has an autoimmune origin. Pathology is secondary and primary. It should be noted that mainly in people with this pathology, primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver is observed.

Behcet's disease is an ailment characterized by inflammation of the walls of veins and arteries of small and medium caliber. Pathology refers to systemic vasculitis. As Behcet's syndrome progresses, recurrent erosive and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membranes of the genital organs, oral cavity, and also the skin begin to develop. The process involves vital internal organs, as well as large and small joints.

Still's disease (syn. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) is an autoimmune disease that is often diagnosed in people under the age of 16. Pathology belongs to the category of systemic diseases, that is, it can affect internal organs.

Fabry's disease (syn. Hereditary dystonic lipidosis, ceramidtrihexosidosis, diffuse universal angiokeratoma, Andersen's disease) is a hereditary disease that causes metabolic problems when glycosphingolipids accumulate in the tissues of the human body. It occurs equally in men and women.

Chagas disease (synonym American trypanosomiasis) is an infectious disease that is provoked by the penetration of a pathological agent into the human body. Both adults and children can suffer from pathology. More often men are diagnosed.

Acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterial environment and characterized by the duration of the course of fever and general intoxication of the body is called typhoid fever. This disease refers to severe ailments, as a result of which the main environment of the lesion is the gastrointestinal tract, and with aggravation, the spleen, liver and blood vessels are affected.

Epidermolysis bullosa (syn. Mechanobullous disease, butterfly disease) is a rare hereditary dermatological disease, which is characterized by skin damage even with the slightest injury. Pathology includes dozens of varieties. The prognosis is poor in most situations.

Zika virus is a dangerous infection carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is also often referred to as the Egyptian mosquito. This virus belongs to the flavivirus family, that is, those that are spread by mosquitoes and ticks. It also provokes the development of the fever of the same name.

Coxsackie virus is a viral infection that belongs to the family of herpes viruses that live and multiply in the human digestive tract. They enter the environment with feces, therefore, outbreaks of this viral disease are often found in the summer-autumn period, when there is frequent contamination of soil and water with feces. Flies and cockroaches carry the virus, so outbreaks can occur in areas with low living standards and in underdeveloped countries. Mostly children under 10 years old suffer from this pathology.

Viral meningitis is an acute inflammatory disease that predominantly affects the pia mater of the brain. Children under 10 years of age are in the main risk group. But, the disease can also affect young people under 30 years of age. The disease can be either independent or be a consequence of previous severe infectious diseases.

HIV in men is a dangerous viral disease that currently cannot be completely cured. It has several routes of infection. Mostly men of reproductive age suffer from it. Transmission from mother to fetus is possible. In this case, the symptoms of the disease will appear even in childhood.

Relapsing fever is a concept that includes several diseases similar in the mechanism of development and clinical course, namely lice and tick-borne typhus. Despite this, both pathologies are considered separate diseases.

Congenital syphilis is a form of the disease that is transmitted from an infected mother to her child during gestation or labor. It should be noted that the congenital form of the disease in a child does not always manifest itself immediately after birth - the first symptoms can appear both in the period up to a year, and already in adolescence.

Secondary syphilis is a period that fully corresponds to the generalization of the infectious process. Pale treponema, which is localized in the lymph nodes, gradually enters the bloodstream and spreads with the blood flow to the rest of the vital organs, as well as to new areas of the skin. The secondary period of syphilis is characterized by the appearance of such signs - a slight temperature, moderate pain syndrome in muscle structures and joints (with a tendency to increase at night), weakness. Specific lesions characteristic of pathology are manifested in all areas of the human skin, most of the mucous membranes, as well as certain internal organs.

Ganglioneuritis is an inflammation of the nerve node of the sympathetic nervous system, accompanied by damage to the nerve processes. The fundamental reason for the occurrence of such an ailment is the course of an infectious process in the body, both in acute and in chronic form. In addition, there are several contributing factors.

Ganglionitis is the development of an inflammatory process in one ganglion, which is an accumulation of nerve nodes. The simultaneous defeat of several such segments is called polyanglionitis. Often, the provoking factor is the course of any infection in the human body. In several times less often, provocateurs are injuries, metabolic disorders, tumors and drug overdose.

Hemorrhagic vasculitis is a primary systemic vasculitis. First of all, the pathological process "attacks" children and young people. The disease is manifested by impaired gastrointestinal functions, microthrombosis, arthralgia, purple (which can be palpated).

Hepatitis D is another type of viral infection of the liver. Its distinctive feature is that it most often occurs simultaneously with hepatitis B, less often it is considered a complication of the negative effect of HBV. The provocateur is a specific microorganism, which often infects a person by the parenteral route, that is, through the blood. In addition, a number of other infection mechanisms are distinguished.

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With exercise and abstinence, most people can do without medicine.

Symptoms and treatment of human diseases

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All information provided is subject to mandatory consultation with the attending physician!

Questions and suggestions:

A rash on the legs of a photo with the name of the diseases

Changes in the skin are indicative of various diseases that not only affect the skin, but also signal deeper problems. It is different in its content, causes of occurrence and morphological characteristics. You can learn more about the rash on the legs of the photo with the name of the diseases.

Hemorrhagic vasculitis

Hemorrhagic vasculitis is a disease of the vascular wall with a complex of symptoms. It is manifested by hemorrhages on the skin, the appearance of papules and purulent nodes, accompanied by edema, kidney damage and abdominal syndrome.

Many doctors emphasize that these factors can influence the occurrence of hemorrhagic spots in the presence of a genetic predisposition to this pathology.

Read more about hemorrhagic vasculitis for a deeper understanding of this topic.

Symptoms of Shenlein-Henoch disease:

• cutaneous. It is characterized by the appearance of hemorrhagic spots, which are often located symmetrically on the skin of the legs, thighs and buttocks;
• more than half of patients have articular syndrome. There is mild arthralgia, short-term or for several days. Pain syndrome is present. Redness, swelling, limitation of movement in the joints;
• abdominal syndrome is manifested by paroxysmal abdominal pain, stool disturbance, nausea and vomiting;
• renal syndrome is observed in a third of patients, and can develop renal failure.

Very rarely, other internal organs can be affected.

Patients should follow bed rest, diet, exclude medication. Treatment is with heparin. Symptoms that are present in the disease are treated according to protocols. Treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a doctor, as this disease can recede quickly, or it can be fatal.

Rubella in children and adults

Rubella can be another cause of skin rashes. This is a viral infection that often affects children.

The existence of a virus is possible only in the human body, which means that infection occurs by airborne droplets from a patient to a healthy one. Due to the fact that after an illness a stable immunity is developed to it, they get sick more often in childhood.

• weakness in the body, malaise;
• headaches of unknown origin;
• a sharp increase in temperature, which passes by itself after three days;
• joint aches;
• the appearance of a small pink rash.

One of the clearest signs of rubella is an enlargement of the cervical and occipital lymph nodes. Babies tolerate the disease much easier, rashes in children do not merge, they pass without leaving any traces. In adults, the course of the disease is more serious:

• the rash merges into one large spot, keep such areas on the body for up to 7 days;

• temperatures up to 40 degrees fall from their feet, which is very difficult to knock down;
• prolonged migraines;
• muscle and joint pain;
• cold symptoms (runny nose, cough, sore throat);
• photophobia and eye tracking;
• in men, pain in the testicular area is possible.

Rubella is generally treated symptomatically at home. You need to adhere to bed rest.

To prevent the disease, they are vaccinated. The patient is isolated for 5 days. Complications may include otitis media, pneumonia, arthritis, rubella encephalitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura.

Allergic rash on the legs

The localization of the appearance of the rash depends on the disease that caused it. Only a doctor can diagnose the nature of the rash. If the rash is itchy, peeling, then the cause may be an allergy. For comparison, you can see a rash on the legs of a photo with the name of the diseases. With allergies, rashes of a pinkish-red hue, uneven and convex.

This allergy can be anything from the food you eat to external environmental factors. For diagnostics:

• tests on the patient's skin;
• do a complete blood count;
• study other symptoms (runny nose, lacrimation).

Treat an allergic rash, first of all, by eliminating the allergen. If this is a food product, then do not eat it, if items of clothing, then they need to be changed to natural and softer ones. The doctor prescribes a complex of drugs and ointments.

It is often confused with chickenpox or hives. It can lead not only to itching, redness and swelling, but also provoke loss of consciousness and, in severe cases, death.

Scabies on the legs photo

It is easily transmitted through handshakes, someone else's shoes, household items.

To recognize scabies, you should consider the first signs of its appearance:

• incredible itching, which worsens closer to night and at night;
• the affected areas are covered with an erythematous rash;
• you can consider itching moves.

Traces of an itch mite should primarily be looked for below the knees, in the knee bend, between the toes of the lower extremities. A specialist should consider the characteristic changes in the skin in order to diagnose scabies.

To better understand the nature of the disease, read more about scabies.

Treatment consists in the strictest adherence to hygiene rules, applying ointments and lotions to the body. The earlier the disease is detected, the faster you can get rid of it.

Red rash on the legs

For any rash on the legs, the nature of the rash should be carefully analyzed. What it is, where is it localized, the intensity of the appearance, the presence of itching, pus, peeling - all these and other signs help to make an accurate diagnosis.

To make it easier to recognize, you can see a rash on the legs of a photo with the name of the diseases. Distinguish:

Any rash on the skin signals the appearance of a pathology of the skin or in the body. Many disorders in the human body can provoke the appearance of acne, papules or blisters. Some reasons:

• infective endocarditis;
• reactions to insect bites;
• autoimmune diseases;
• viral infection;
• fungus;
• hives.

Psoriasis on the lower extremities in the initial stages also manifests itself as slightly bulging pimples. At a progressive stage, new pimples appear near the old ones. They are accompanied by unbearable itching, read more about psoriasis.

You should not wait until the rashes go away by themselves, you need to consult a specialist, because in such cases, the time spent is expensive.

Acne on the legs

Many people try to ignore this problem, which is not always visible under clothes. The reasons for their occurrence are varied. Acne can affect appearance and comfort, or it can be the result of serious and dangerous illnesses. Any lesions should be treated, because even minor problems can develop into serious ones over time. Possible causes of occurrence:

• weather and uncomfortable clothes. In damp cold weather, they appear more often, exacerbated by the need to wear warm clothing, which does not allow the skin to breathe;
• hormones and hypovitaminosis;
• shaving legs;
• ingrown hair;
• viral skin diseases (read more about molluscum contagiosum).

You should never neglect your health. You should always pay attention to the clues that the body gives. We examined a rash on the legs of a photo with the name of the diseases. Do you know more diseases in which a rash appears on the legs? Leave your opinion or feedback for everyone on the forum.

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Information site about rash in a child and an adult with photos

Remember to consult your doctor for health matters.

General concept of skin rashes

General characteristics of skin rashes

With many diseases of an infectious nature, as well as with allergic conditions, various rashes may appear on the skin. It is important to be able to correctly assess the nature of the rash. If a rash develops, you should first see a doctor. Rashes caused by the same conditions look so different from person to person that it is sometimes difficult for even a skin specialist to diagnose. It is all the more easy for less experienced people to make mistakes. Still, it is desirable to have a general idea of ​​the most common types of rashes.

The elements of the rash are conventionally divided into primary and secondary.

Primary rashes are called rashes appearing on unchanged skin. These include:

2) papule;

3) tubercle;

5) blister;

6) bubble;

7) abscess.

Secondary are the rashes that appear as a result of the evolution of the primary elements. These include:

1) flake;

2) hyperpigmentation;

3) depigmentation;

6) erosion;

Primary elements, in turn, are divided into cavity, filled with serous or purulent contents (vesicle, bladder, abscess), and noncavitary (spot, papule, node, blister, tubercle).

A spot is a change in skin color in a limited area that does not rise above the level of the skin and does not differ in density from healthy areas of the skin. The size of the spot varies greatly - from punctate to extensive, the shape is often irregular. A speck ranging in size from a dot to 5 mm of pale pink or red is called roseola. Multiple roseola 1-2 mm in size - small-point rash, spots 10-20 mm in size - large-spotted rash, extensive areas of hyperemic skin - erythema.

The appearance of spots can be associated with inflammation and due to the expansion of the blood vessels of the skin. Such spots disappear when the finger is pressed on the skin and reappear after the pressure is removed. Non-inflammatory patches are caused by bleeding. It can be petechiae - punctate hemorrhages, purpura - multiple round bruises measuring 2–5 mm, ecchymosis - irregular hemorrhages of more than 5 mm. Unlike inflammatory spots, non-inflammatory spots do not disappear with pressure on the skin.

A papule is a limited, slightly elevated formation with a flat or domed surface. It appears as a result of an inflammatory infiltrate in the upper layers of the skin or an overgrowth of the epidermis. The size of the papules can vary from 2-3 mm to several centimeters. Large papules are called plaques.

The tubercle is a dense, cavityless element protruding above the surface of the skin and reaching a diameter of 5–10 mm. It appears as a result of the formation of an inflammatory granuloma in the skin. Clinically, the tubercle is similar to a papule, but it is denser to the touch and, in contrast to the papule, necrotizes when it develops backward, leaving behind a scar, an ulcer.

A node is a dense, protruding above the level of the skin or located in its thickness formation. Reaches 10 mm or more. Formed by the accumulation of cellular infiltrate in the subcutaneous tissue and the dermis itself. The node can subsequently ulcerate and scar. Large blue-red nodules that are painful to touch are called erythema nodosum. Non-inflammatory nodes are found in skin neoplasms (fibroma, lipoma).

A blister is an acute inflammatory element resulting from limited edema above the level of the skin, has a rounded shape, 20 mm or more. It disappears quickly without leaving a trace. Blistering is usually accompanied by severe itching.

The vesicle is a superficial, slightly protruding above the level of the skin, filled with serous or bloody fluid, a formation measuring 1–5 mm. The bubble can dry out with the formation of a transparent or brown crust, it opens, revealing limited weeping erosion. After resolution, it leaves temporary hyperpigmentation (depigmentation) or disappears without a trace. When leukocytes accumulate in the bubble, it turns into an abscess - a pustule. A pustule can also form primarily, most often in the area of ​​hair follicles.

Bubble (bulla) - an element similar to a bubble, but much larger than it (3-15 mm and more). It is located in the upper layers of the epidermis and under the epidermis. Filled with serous, bloody or purulent contents. May subside to form crusts.

After itself, it leaves unstable pigmentation. It occurs with burns, acute dermatitis.

Scale - an accumulation of rejected corneous plates of the epidermis. The scales can be of various sizes: more than 5 mm (leaf-like peeling), 1–5 mm (lamellar peeling), tiny (pityriasis peeling). They are yellowish or grayish in color. Abundant scaly peeling gives the impression of powdery skin. The appearance of scales is observed after measles, scarlet fever, with psoriasis, seborrhea.

The crust is formed as a result of the drying out of the contents of the bubbles, pustules, separated from weeping surfaces.

An ulcer is a deep skin defect that sometimes reaches the underlying organs.

When assessing the nature of the rash, it is necessary to establish the time of appearance, localization, size and number of elements, their shape and color. The number is distinguished:

1) single elements;

2) an abundant rash (quickly counted on examination);

3) profuse rash.

Particular attention is paid to the color of the rash. The inflammatory rash has a red tint - from pale pink to bluish-purple. The feature of the secondary elements of the rash is also important: the nature and localization of peeling, the time for the crusts to fall off, etc.

Clinical characteristics of various skin rashes

Vesicle and bladder

These are limited superficial cavities, raised above the level of the skin and containing fluid. They differ in size: the diameter of the vesicle is less than 0.5 cm, the diameter of the bladder is more than 0.5 cm. Formed when the surface layer of the skin - the epidermis (intraepidermal cavity) or when the epidermis is detached from the skin itself - the dermis (subepidermal cavity).

Detachment of the stratum corneum of the epidermis leads to the appearance of subcorneal vesicles and blisters that occur with impetigo and subcorneal pustular dermatosis. The walls of the latter are so thin that the contents (plasma, lymph, blood and extracellular fluid) shine through them. Another mechanism for the formation of intraepidermal cavities is intercellular edema (spongiosis). Spongiosis occurs in allergic dermatitis and eczema. As a result of the destruction of the intercellular bridges and the separation of the cells of the thorny layer of the epidermis, gaps filled with exudate appear. This process is called acantholysis (typical for pemphigus and herpes). The subepidermal bladder is the primary element of bullous pemphigoid and late cutaneous porphyria.

Blisters on the skin are formed from the effects of a bacterial infection (impetigo, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome), viral (herpes simplex and herpes zoster), or fungal (bullous dermatophytosis).

Blistering occurs with primary contact dermatitis. A variety of exogenous (external) irritants that can cause primary skin inflammation (primary contact dermatitis) in any person are usually divided into the following groups:

1) mechanical (pressure, friction with tight clothes and shoes, corsets, plaster casts);

2) physical (high and low temperatures, which cause burns and frostbite; sunlight and artificial radiant energy);

3) chemical (strong acids, alkalis, some metal salts);

4) biological (various plants, for example, white ash, hellebore, buttercup). Blisters can occur after a tick bite.

Vesicles and blisters are formed in allergic dermatitis, toxidermia, eczema, atopic dermatitis in persons predisposed to allergic reactions. Finally, they are a symptom of a severe inflammatory disease such as pemphigus. However, blisters are more likely to occur as a result of friction or pressure on the skin from shoes and clothing. We are talking about the so-called scuffs.

Increased sweating of the feet, lack of proper care for them and the wearing of permeable shoes predispose to the occurrence of abrasions.

Bubbles can be located:

1) on clinically unchanged skin (pemphigus);

2) against the background of erythema and edema (streptoderma, herpes);

3) on the surface of the blister (erythema multiforme) or nodule (eczema).

Separate cavity elements merge to form large cavities (pemphigus) or group together, they can be close, close and not merge (herpes simplex and shingles).

Blister

A blister, or urtica, is a noncavity element that occurs as a result of a limited edema of the papillary layer of the dermis. It is the main clinical sign of a common allergic disease - urticaria. A characteristic sign of a blister is ephemerality, volatility. Having arisen quickly, it exists for a short time and disappears without a trace in a few hours. In some cases, an attack of the disease can last for several days.

Causes of occurrence. In the occurrence of urticaria, the leading are the allergic mechanisms of tissue damage as a result of an immediate reaction. External causes of blistering include:

1) food products (such as strawberries, raspberries, citrus fruits, eggs, bananas, tomatoes, chocolate, canned food, sausages, fish, etc.);

2) chemicals (including drugs);

3) temperature factors;

4) the formation of urticarial elements is observed after contact with some plants (for example, nettles);

5) with insect bites (mosquitoes).

The appearance of rashes is facilitated by:

1) pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver (gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, helminthic invasion);

2) enzymatic deficiency;

3) increased capillary permeability;

4) in some cases, the manifestation of urticaria is associated with neuropsychic stress;

5) dysfunctions of the endocrine system (cases of urticaria before menstruation, during pregnancy) and metabolism.

External manifestations. The appearance of urticarial elements is accompanied by severe itching. Often the body temperature rises, there is a feeling of chills, headache and malaise. The defeat can spread. Sometimes the loose elements merge with the formation of giant edematous areas of the skin of a bizarre shape. The peripheral part of the urticarial elements has a more intense pink color than the central one. On the surface of the blister, point depressions are revealed in the places of the mouths of the hair follicles, which gives the impression of a lemon peel. In addition to the skin, edema with urticaria can develop within the mucous membranes of the larynx, bronchi, and intestines. Sudden swelling of the airways sometimes leads to asphyxia.

Corns

Corn (clavus) is a sharply defined painful area of ​​traumatic hyperkeratosis. The resulting limited dense formation of a yellowish color, as if cone-shaped, is introduced into the skin like a nail (from Lat. Clavus - "nail").

Clinically, corn is distinguished by a significant thickness of the stratum corneum, which protrudes in the form of smooth or scaly plaques, usually round in shape. Large flat hyperkeratotic thickenings of the skin of a round or oval shape, having a slightly convex surface and passing into the surrounding skin without clear boundaries, are designated by the term callositas.

The cause of the formation of calluses and callosities is constant long-term mechanical irritation, pressure or friction of a limited area of ​​the skin.

Calluses most often appear on the feet, especially on the dorsum of the toes, when using poorly fitted, tight shoes. Less commonly, they occur on the soles and in the interdigital folds (usually between the 4th and 5th toes). When walking, the calluses become painful and can become inflamed. Because of the sharp pain, walking is often difficult.

Children of any age, most often early ones, may develop calloused formations on the fingers (usually on one finger) as a result of constant thumb sucking, especially when teeth have already erupted.

For manual workers (shoemakers, joiners, carpenters, miners, milkmaids), gymnasts, calluses are formed on the palms and fingers of the hands (professional stigma, omens, or signs).

Long-term corns acquire a woody density.

A certain pathogenetic significance in the appearance of corns is attached to the neuritis of the sensory nerves.

Calluses should be distinguished from plantar warts, which also occur at places of pressure and friction. Like calluses, they are very painful. However, after a hot bath, the hard papillae of the warts become juicy, and the warts acquire a "furry" surface.

In addition to calluses, calluses can form on the heels, soles and palms as a result of prolonged pressure. Sometimes they are located in the form of stripes on the lateral surface of the feet. Cracks often appear on the surface of callosities.

Significant development of horny layers, rising above the level of the skin, leads to the formation of the so-called cutaneous horn. We are talking about insensitive epidermal growths of a conical, cylindrical or multifaceted shape from yellowish-gray to brown or almost black. May resemble animal horns.

Clinical characteristics of the elements of the rash in infectious diseases

A rash is a common symptom of many infectious diseases, the most common of which are rubella, measles, scarlet fever, chickenpox, scabies, etc.

Rubella measles

With rubella, a rash appears on the face, neck and within hours after the onset of the disease spreads throughout the body. It is localized mainly on the extensor surfaces of the limbs, buttocks, back; in other parts of the body, it is more scarce.

The rash is small-spotted, its elements are pink spots of a round or oval shape, ranging in size from a pinhead to a lentil grain; they are located on unchanged skin and do not merge. On the 2nd day, the rash usually fades a little, on the 3rd day it becomes more scarce and shallow, remaining only in the places of its favorite localization, and then disappears without a trace, but sometimes insignificant pigmentation remains for several days. Varieties of rash include papularity and small spots.

When a rash occurs, the temperature usually rises to 38–39 ° C, but may be normal. The state of health is disturbed a little. Typically, an increase in the posterior cervical, occipital and other lymph nodes, which reach the size of pods 1-2 days before the rash, are dense, and may be somewhat painful. The increase often lasts up to 10-14 days, often even visually noticeable.

Rubella usually appears between 12 and 21 days after contact with a sick person. The diagnosis can only be made by a doctor, because a rubella rash can be easily confused with a measles rash, scarlet fever, prickly heat, and a drug rash.

Rubella occurs as a relatively mild viral disease. Rubella mainly affects children under 15 years of age. However, in recent years, there has been a shift in morbidity to an older age (20–29 years). The risk group is women of childbearing age.

When pregnant women contract rubella, the virus passes through the placenta and enters the fetal tissue, leading to its death or severe deformities. Therefore, when women become ill in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended in many countries.

Recognizing typical rubella cases during an outbreak is straightforward. But it is quite difficult to establish a diagnosis in sporadic cases, especially with an atypical course. In this case, virological diagnostic methods can be used. For this purpose, blood is examined in RTGA or ELISA, which are placed with paired sera taken with an interval of 10-14 days. An increase in antibody titer by 4 times or more is diagnostic.

Measles

With measles, the period of rash begins after a catarrhal period, characterized by symptoms of general intoxication (rise in body temperature to 38–39 ° C, headache, lethargy, general malaise), runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis. The duration of the catarrhal period is most often 2-3 days, but can range from 1-2 to 5-6 days. Before the onset of a rash, the temperature often drops, sometimes to normal values.

The appearance of a rash is accompanied by a new rise in temperature and an increase in other symptoms of general intoxication.

Measles is characterized by a phased rash. The first elements of the rash appear behind the ears, on the bridge of the nose, then during the first day the rash spreads to the face, neck, upper chest. Within 2 days, it spreads to the trunk and upper limbs, on day 3 - to the lower limbs. The rash is usually profuse, merging in places, especially on the face, somewhat less on the trunk and even less on the legs. When it appears, it looks like pink roseola or small papules, then it becomes bright, enlarges and merges in places, which creates polymorphism in the size of roseola, after another day they lose papularity, change color - they become brown, do not disappear under pressure and turn into age spots in in the same order in which the rash appeared - first on the face, gradually on the trunk, and finally on the legs. Therefore, you can see pigmentation on the face at the same time, and still a bright rash on the legs.

Measles rash is almost always typical, varieties are rare. These include hemorrhagic changes when the rash takes on a purple-cherry hue. When the skin is stretched, it does not disappear, but when it turns into pigmentation, it first acquires a greenish and then brown color. Often, against the background of a common rash, hemorrhages appear in places exposed to pressure. The first symptoms of measles appear between the 9th and 16th day after contact with the patient. Measles is contagious from the moment the symptoms of a cold appear. The rash lasts 4 days at a high temperature, then begins to disappear; the temperature also drops, peeling appears (like small bran). If the temperature does not decrease or rises again, you should think about complications after measles - pneumonia and inflammation of the middle ear.

Enterovirus infection

Diseases of an enteroviral nature are very similar to measles. With an enterovirus infection, a bright spotted rash can appear in the same way as with measles, after a 2–3 day catarrhal period. In severe cases, the rash captures the trunk, limbs, face, feet. There are no stages of the rash. The rash disappears after 3-4 days without leaving a trace of pigmentation and peeling.

A kind of enterovirus exanthema (rash) is a disease that affects the hands, feet, and mouth. With this form, against the background of moderate intoxication and a slight increase in body temperature, a rash appears on the fingers and toes in the form of small vesicles 1-3 mm in diameter, slightly protruding above the skin level and surrounded by a corolla of hyperemia. At the same time, single small aphthous elements are found on the tongue and mucous membrane of the cheeks. Herpes sores may appear.

Clinical diagnosis of enterovirus infections is still imperfect. Even with pronounced forms, the diagnosis is made only tentatively.

The identification of Coxsackie viruses using a serovirological study (an increase in the titer of antibodies in paired sera) can provide serious assistance in the diagnosis.

Scarlet fever

With scarlet fever, a rash appears 1-2 days after catarrhal symptoms and intoxication (fever, deterioration of health, vomiting, pain when swallowing). There is a bright hyperemia of the pharynx, an increase in the tonsils and lymph nodes. The rash first appears on warm, moist areas of the skin: in the groin, in the armpits, on the back. From a distance, the rash looks like a uniform redness, but if you look closely, you can see that it consists of red spots on the inflamed skin. The main element of the rash is a point roseola 1-2 mm in size, pink, in severe cases - with a bluish tinge. The center of roseola is usually more intensely colored. The distance of the dots above the level of the skin is better noticeable under lateral illumination and is determined by touch ("pebbled skin"). Roseola are located very densely, their peripheral zones merge and create a general hyperemia of the skin.

Localization of scarlet fever is very typical. It is always thicker and brighter in the armpits, elbow, inguinal and popliteal folds, in the lower abdomen and on the inner surfaces of the thighs (in the inguinal triangle). On the face, the rash as such is not visible, it appears in the form of redness of the cheeks. The nasolabial triangle remains pale, against its background the bright color of the lips is striking.

In the folds of the skin of the neck, elbow, inguinal and knee folds, dark stripes appear that do not disappear when pressed, they are caused by the formation of small petechiae, which appear due to increased fragility of the vessels.

Scarlet fever is characterized by dry skin and often itching. White dermographism is considered typical - white stripes on hyperemic skin after holding it with a blunt object.

With scarlet fever, other types of rash can also occur:

1) miliary in the form of small, 1 mm in size, bubbles filled with a yellowish, sometimes turbid liquid;

2) roseolous-papular rash on the extensor surfaces of the joints;

3) a hemorrhagic rash in the form of small hemorrhages, often on the neck, in the armpits, on the inner thighs.

It should be borne in mind that in the presence of these varieties, there is also a typical point rash at the same time.

The rash remains bright for 1-3 days, then begins to fade and disappears by the 8-10th day of the disease. The temperature decreases and by the 5-10th day of the disease it returns to normal. Tongue and pharynx change at the same time. At first, the tongue is thickly coated, from the 2nd or 3rd day it begins to clear and by the 4th day it takes on a characteristic appearance: a bright red color, sharply protruding enlarged papillae ("crimson tongue"). The "raspberry tongue" remains until the 10-12th day of illness. The throat changes disappear more slowly.

After the rash turns pale, peeling begins. The brighter the rash, the more distinct it is. On the face and neck, peeling is usually scaly, on the trunk and limbs - lamellar. Large-lamellar peeling appears later and starts from the free edge of the nail, then spreads to the ends of the fingers and further to the palm and sole.

Scarlet fever is one of the possible forms of diseases caused by common streptococci. Usually it affects children from 2 to 8 years old. The carriers of the infection are not only patients with scarlet fever, but also patients with angina, as well as carriers of streptococci.

Currently, most patients with scarlet fever are treated at home. Hospitalization is carried out according to epidemiological indications (when it is necessary to isolate the patient from a closed group), as well as in severe forms.

Pseudotuberculosis

Pseudotuberculosis is an acute infectious disease characterized by general intoxication, fever, scarlet fever, lesions of the small intestine, liver and joints. The source of infection is mice. After eating contaminated foods (raw vegetables) and water, the body temperature rises after 8-10 days, which is accompanied by repeated chills, nausea, and vomiting. Characterized by hyperemia of the face, conjunctiva, palms and plantar surfaces of the feet. The tongue is covered with a gray-white bloom, after cleansing from the plaque it resembles a scarlet fever “crimson tongue”.

A skin rash appears on the 1-6th day of illness, more often between the 2nd and 4th day. The rash is small-punctate, profuse, located mainly on the flexor surface of the arms, the lateral parts of the body and on the abdomen in the region of the inguinal folds. Along with a small-point rash, small-spotted elements are sometimes observed, mainly around the large joints (wrist, elbow, ankle), or hemorrhages in the form of separate points or stripes in the natural folds of the skin and on the lateral surfaces of the chest. The rash disappears more often by the 5-7th day of illness, less often it remains up to 8-10 days. After its disappearance, lamellar peeling often appears.

Simultaneously with the blanching of the rash, the condition of the patients improves, the temperature decreases quite quickly.

The main differences from scarlet fever are the absence or lesser severity of angina and lymphadenitis, typical of scarlet fever. The rash with pseudotuberculosis also differs from the small-point homogeneous scarlet fever in frequent polymorphism: along with the point, there is a small-spotted and papular one. For pseudotuberculosis, the symptom of "gloves" and "socks" (limited hyperemia of the hands and feet) is characteristic, this is a difference from scarlet fever. Changes in the digestive organs, which are frequent for pseudotuberculosis, are also not characteristic of scarlet fever.

Clinical diagnosis is rare. It is usually confirmed by laboratory results (bacterial culture and detection of antibodies in RPHA).

Chicken pox

Rashes with chickenpox are represented by spots and vesicles (vesicles). The onset of the disease is acute. Older children and adults may have headaches and general malaise the day before the rash appears. But a small child does not notice such symptoms. Without disturbing the general condition, with an increase in body temperature (or even at normal temperature), a rash appears on the skin of various areas. The first bubbles usually appear on the scalp, face, but can also be on the trunk and limbs. There is no specific localization. The rash is usually absent on the palms and soles. The development of chickenpox bubbles is very dynamic. Red spots appear first; in the next few hours, bubbles with a diameter of 3–5 mm, filled with a transparent liquid (they are often compared to a dew drop), form on their base. They are single-chambered and fall off when punctured.

The bubbles are located on an unfiltered base, sometimes surrounded by a red rim. On the 2nd day, the surface of the bubble becomes sluggish, wrinkled, its center begins to sink.

In the following days, crusts form, which gradually (within 7–8 days) dry out and fall off, leaving no trace on the skin.

A polymorphism of the rash is characteristic: in a limited area of ​​the skin, you can simultaneously see spots, papules, vesicles and crusts. In the last days of the rash, the elements of the rash become smaller and often do not reach the stage of bubbles.

In children, mainly at an early age, at the same time or several hours before the first bubbles appear on the skin, a prodromal rash often occurs. It usually accompanies the mass eruption of typical vesicles. Sometimes it is just a general hyperemia of the skin, sometimes a very delicate ephemeral rash, sometimes thick, bright, similar to scarlet fever. It lasts 1-2 days and disappears completely.

On the mucous membranes, at the same time as the rash, bubbles appear on the skin, which quickly soften, turning into an ulcer with a yellowish-gray bottom, surrounded by a red rim. Most often these are 1-3 elements. Healing is fast.

Chickenpox can occur at normal or subfebrile temperatures, but more often temperatures in the range of 38–38.5 ° C are observed.

The temperature reaches a maximum during the most intense eruption of bubbles: with the cessation of the appearance of new elements, it decreases to normal. The general condition of patients in most cases is not sharply disturbed. The duration of the disease is 1.5–2 weeks.

The source of chickenpox is people with chickenpox or shingles. The patient is dangerous from the beginning of the rash of bubbles and up to 5 days after the appearance of the last elements of the rash. After that, despite the presence of drying crusts, the patient is not contagious.

From the moment of infection, chickenpox appears between the 11th and 21st days. The patient is isolated at home until the 5th day, counting from the end of the rash.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

We must not forget about such a disease as tuberculosis. He is able to infect almost any organ or organ system. One of the forms of tuberculosis is tuberculosis of the skin. There are several forms of this disease.

Papulo-necrotic tuberculides often accompany the generalization of tuberculosis. Pea-sized nodules of pale pink and then brown with a central depression are formed, which heals after necrotization with the formation of a whitish scar. Favorite localization - buttocks, outer surfaces of the upper and lower extremities; then - the body, face. The rash disappears within 6-8 weeks. Tuberculids should be differentiated from chickenpox (see above).

Lichenoid tuberculosis (scrofulous lichen) usually occurs in children. On the skin of the trunk, there are multiple, pinhead-sized, pale yellow or pale red nodules with slight peeling. Favorite localization - the skin of the back, chest, abdomen; elements are arranged in large groups. Disappear without a trace.

The disease often accompanies other forms of tuberculosis; outside of this, the diagnosis is difficult, since the rashes are similar to those in lichen planus and other diseases.

Shingles

The chickenpox virus can also cause shingles. Shingles is more common in adults aged 40–70 years, mostly who have had chickenpox earlier (more often in childhood). The incidence increases during the cold season.

The disease begins acutely, with a rise in temperature, symptoms of general intoxication and severe burning pains at the site of future rashes. After 3-4 days (sometimes after 10-12 days), a characteristic rash appears. The localization of pain and rash corresponds to the affected nerves (more often intercostal) and has a shingles in nature. First, there is infiltration and hyperemia of the skin, on which then bubbles appear in groups, filled with transparent and then cloudy contents. The bubbles dry up and turn into crusts. When a rash appears, the pain is usually less intense.

A patient with shingles is isolated to prevent the spread of chickenpox.

Unlike chickenpox with shingles, the rash is monomorphic (you can see only spots or only bubbles at the same time) and there are pronounced pains in the intercostal nerves.

Rickettsiosis

A smallpox-like rash also occurs with a disease such as vesicular rickettsiosis. The infection is transmitted through a tick bite, it is possible to introduce the pathogen with the remnants of crushed ticks by the person himself into the skin or mucous membrane of the eyes and mouth. Sick people are not dangerous.

First, at the site of the bite, there is an ulcer ranging in size from 2-3 mm to 1 cm, located on a dense base. The bottom of the ulcer is covered with a black-brown scab, around - a corolla of bright red hyperemia.

Headache, chills, weakness, muscle pain appear. Fever usually lasts 5-7 days. The rash appears on the 2-4th day of fever, at first it has a maculopapular character, after 1-2 days a bubble appears in the center of most loose elements, then turns into a pustule with the formation of a crust (characteristic rash polymorphism). A rash in the form of separate elements is observed on the trunk, limbs, spreads to the scalp. When infected through the mucous membranes, conjunctivitis and aphthous stomatitis can occur.

Scabies

Vesicular and papulo-vesicular elements on the skin occur with scabies. The diagnosis is usually straightforward. The disease is accompanied by severe itching, especially at night. Itching causes scratching, usually complicated by secondary infection. Scabies is caused by the scabies mite. Excessive sweating, skin pollution can contribute to the introduction of a tick in contact with the patient or his things.

A bubble is visible at the point where the tick entered the skin. Most often, the rash looks like small red papules (like poppy seeds) or blisters. The most common localization of the rash is the soles and palms, buttocks, flexor surfaces of the forearms, abdomen, inner thighs. With insufficient hygienic care, scabies is complicated by pyoderma and spreads throughout the skin. On the body of a patient with scabies, itch passages are visible, which have the appearance of gray and curved lines.

Syphilis

Sometimes skin tuberculosis has to be differentiated from syphilis. In the absence of treatment for primary syphilis, a secondary period begins, which is characterized by rashes on the skin and mucous membranes. Bulging elements in this period are characterized by significant polymorphism: there may be roseola, papules, pustules, leukoderma.

It is important to know that even without treatment, these rashes sooner or later completely and usually disappear without a trace. However, the disappearance of the rash in no way means recovery, because the disease will soon manifest itself with a new outbreak of rashes (secondary recurrent syphilis).

Thus, the entire secondary period of syphilis proceeds cyclically, that is, old rashes are replaced by latent ones. Throughout the entire period of the secondary period (up to 5-6 years), the same patient may have several similar relapses. If the patient is not treated at this stage or is treated inaccurately, then syphilis will go into its tertiary period.

The nature of the rash differs somewhat in the fresh secondary period from the recurrent one. So, with a fresh period, a roseolous rash is abundant, scattered over large areas of the body and does not merge, and with relapses it is larger, but more often scarce, with a tendency to merge and grouping with the formation of arcs, half rings, rings, etc. With later relapses and more In the malignant course of syphilis, a pustular (pustular) rash and leukoderma appear (whitish spots that form a kind of lace collar on the neck - "the necklace of Venus" - and differ to a lesser extent on the upper third of the body).

Diagnosis of syphilis consists of anamnesis, data from clinical examination and laboratory tests (RMP, RSK, RPGA, ELISA, RIF).

Clinical characteristics of allergic skin rashes

Various skin rashes occur not only in infectious diseases, but also in allergic conditions. Clinically different allergic skin lesions develop as a result of an innate hypersensitivity of the body to allergens (medicines, food products, plants, etc.). Most often, the symptom complex of allergies fits into the framework of dermatitis, urticaria, eczema.

Hives

This disease belongs to the group of allergic dermatoses that arise as a reaction in response to a wide variety of irritants (allergens). It appears from insect bites, contact with nettles, jellyfish, some caterpillars, as well as with the development of individual hypersensitivity to a number of medications (antibiotics, sulfonamides, amidopyrine, etc.), food products (chocolate, strawberries, strawberries, eggs, mushrooms, canned fish and etc.), when exposed to low and high temperatures, solar radiation, mechanical factors (compression, friction), with gastrointestinal intoxication, etc.

Urticaria is expressed by the sudden appearance on the skin of multiple, severely itchy blisters of a mauve shade, resembling blisters from a nettle burn. Their appearance is the result of an acutely occurring limited skin edema caused by an increase in the permeability of skin capillaries. The blisters have different sizes, after fusion they can take on the appearance of rather large plaques with scalloped edges.

With extensive rashes on the mucous membrane, especially in the area of ​​the nasopharynx (Quincke's edema), asthma attacks are possible, which forces the use of a tracheotomy. Therefore, in such a situation, the child must be urgently hospitalized.

Eczema

The appearance of eczema, like hives, is associated with allergies.

Eczema has the appearance of rough, rough, red, scaly patches. If eczema is just starting or is mild, the spots are pale pink or pinkish beige in color. In severe eczema, the spots become dark red and itchy. Eczema gets wet.

As the inflammation subsides, the number of bubbles decreases, some of them dry out with the formation of crusts, and small pityriasis peeling appears on the affected areas. Due to the fact that eczema develops paroxysmal, all elements (vesicles, oozing, crusts and peeling) are observed simultaneously, which is the most characteristic symptom of eczema (evolutionary polymorphism). The disease is accompanied by severe itching. As a result of scratching, eczema is complicated by a secondary infection.

The most common localization of eczema is the back of the hands and the face. But the eczematous process tends to spread, in some patients it affects significant areas of the skin.

There is professional eczema, which occurs as a result of skin sensitization by various irritants: chemical, mechanical, physical. The predominant localization is on the back of the hands, forearm, face and neck. It differs from true eczema in less pronounced polymorphism, the absence of exacerbations and rapid healing with the elimination of the corresponding irritant.

Dermatitis

Allergies include dermatitis, which often simulates eczema. But unlike eczema, dermatitis, after eliminating the cause of the disease, usually quickly regresses and then completely disappears, and eczema is chronic, and relapses occur outside of connection with the original cause of the disease.

Dermatitis occurs under the influence of various factors (chemical, physical, thermal, plant, medication and others). Especially often cause dermatitis alkalis, acids, varnishes, paints, organic solvents, glue, oils, turpentine, epoxy resins. Often the causes of dermatitis are antibiotics, sulfonamides, iodine, arsenic, some plants (primrose, buttercup, geranium, sea ivy, etc.).

The process is accompanied by redness, swelling, itching, burning, and sometimes even pain. In severe cases, as a result of pronounced exudation, blisters may appear, sometimes quite large, and with the addition of an infection, pyoderma.

Lichen planus

Lichens - skin diseases, manifested by spotty or nodular rashes. Depending on the nature of the elements, the corresponding name of lichen arose.

Lichen planus is a chronic allergic dermatosis. The clinic is characterized by flat, crimson-red nodules of irregular shape with a central depression and a waxy sheen on the surface. The arrangement of the elements is scattered, but it can also be linear with a predominant appearance on the flexion surfaces of the upper limbs. Children often have exudative forms with the formation of bubbles and blisters. Along with papules, the formation of other atypical forms is possible: annular, pigmented, atrophic. Simultaneously with the rash on the skin, the mucous membranes of the mouth and genitals are affected, where grayish-opal punctate papules are formed. The diagnosis is usually straightforward due to the peculiar appearance of the papules and characteristic localization. But sometimes it is necessary to differentiate lichen planus with scrofulous lichen (see tuberculosis of the skin). Scrofulous lichen is represented by grouped nodules of normal skin color, located mainly on the lateral surfaces of the body in patients with a positive Mantoux reaction.

Neurodermatitis

Chronic recurrent allergic diseases with rashes also include neurodermatitis. The causes of neurodermatitis are often helminthic invasions, the presence of foci of chronic infection, gastrointestinal disorders, and hypersensitivity to drugs.

Neurodermatitis can be focal and diffuse.

Focal neurodermatitis is characterized by intense itching and the appearance of nodules, scratching and infiltration, grouped into rounded foci and plaques with indistinct borders of pinkish-stagnant or red-brown color with small lamellar scales and pigmentation along the periphery. Favorite places of localization are the lower part of the occiput, neck, anogenital region, inner thighs.

Diffuse neurodermatitis is localized on the face, lateral parts of the neck, in the elbows, in the popliteal hollows and on the skin of the trunk. Starting with severe itching of the skin, the process manifests itself with the manifestation of nodules, scratching and infiltration, covered with hemorrhagic crusts. Focal and diffuse neurodermatitis develops in persons with vegetative dystonia and severe vasospasm of the skin, manifested by white dermographism, dry skin, roughness due to protruding follicles, a kind of grayish color. The course of neurodermatitis is seasonal. In the summer, there is a significant improvement, in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods - relapses.

Often, neurodermatitis is combined with other allergic manifestations (asthmatic bronchitis, vasomotor rhinitis, hay fever, etc.).

In children, especially infants, due to the hydrophilicity (high water content) of the skin, neurodermatitis during periods of exacerbation can occur with the appearance of exudative papules and vesicular elements, resembling eczema.

Deprive pink

Lichen pink occurs as an allergic reaction to streptococcal antigen. It is accompanied by malaise and fever.

After the previous prodromal period with subfebrile condition, pain in the bones, joints, malaise on the skin of the trunk, face and extremities, spotty eruptions of an oval shape are formed, resembling medallions by the nature of an erythematous surface with a yellowish center in the form of corrugated tissue paper. Close inspection reveals a larger lesion, the so-called maternal plaque, which appears first. The spots are clearly defined, sometimes with a peripheral edematous ridge, and are located on the lateral surfaces of the body. Subjectively, there is a burning sensation and itching. In children, a feature of pink lichen is the presence of significant swelling, polymorphism, manifested not only by spots, but also by papular and vesicular elements. The course of the disease is seasonal, more often in the autumn-winter and spring-winter periods. Duration of existence - 6-8 weeks with the development of pigmentation, slight peeling and persistent immunity.

Skin rash treatment

Treatment of various skin rashes with traditional and non-traditional methods

Scuffs and bubbles

When only redness and more or less pronounced swelling of the skin are noted, warm baths with potassium permanganate are recommended, followed by lubrication with fucorcin.

Dermatovenereologists are of the opinion that large blisters should be opened. Removal (cutting) of the tire is carried out after its preliminary treatment with alcohol or tincture of iodine. Sterile scissors are used, which are best boiled for this. The surfaces exposed after cutting the tire are lubricated with a 1% aqueous solution of one of the aniline dyes or fucorcin, and then disinfecting and epithelizing ointments are applied.

Opening a large bubble, especially one located at places of friction or under stress, is necessary for a number of reasons. First, they can grow further, swell like balls, if trauma to the adjacent tissues continues. Naturally, the healing of the resulting tissue defect will take longer. Secondly, the pressure in its cavity that increases as the bladder increases, will facilitate the penetration of microorganisms on the skin into the regional lymph nodes. In this case, lymphangitis and regional lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and nodes) occur. The skin over the lymph node turns red, becomes swollen and painful, and the temperature may rise.

If streptococcus enters the skin itself (dermis), erysipelas develops. The disease is extremely serious, in this case, the urgent participation of a doctor is required. In a patient with erysipelas, the temperature rises to 40 ° C and above. At the site of streptococcus penetration, a sharp edema and bright erythema appear, against the background of which bubbles form. In the event of a relapse, erysipelas can lead to persistent impairment of lymph circulation, difficulty in the trophic supply of tissues.

Small bubbles do not need to be opened. In this case, they should be pierced with a sterile needle, also having previously cleaned the surface with alcohol or tincture of iodine. The liquid must be removed through the hole formed. In this case, the lining of the bladder (layers of the epidermis) will be a natural bandage that will protect damaged skin from infection.

By the way, under its own epidermis, the healing of the resulting tissue defect will take place much faster.

After opening (or puncturing) the bladder, it is tied up using cloth adhesive plaster or gauze napkins, secured with adhesive tape. The previously damaged skin surface is covered with aniline dyes (for example, brilliant green), an ointment with antibiotics (erythromycin, polymyxin, gentamicin, tetracycline) or phytopreparations (ointment with calendula, arnica, eucalyptus, Kalanchoe, immortelle). A wet dressing should be replaced as it irritates the skin and is likely to become infected. The dry dressing can be left on for 2 days.

Small and minute skin breaks (cracks, abrasions), which are often formed in the lips, corners of the mouth, on the fingers and nipples of the breast, quickly tighten if they are lubricated with calendula ointment. You can also use other medicines with antiseptic properties: tinctures of eucalyptus, sophora, chamomile (rotocan) and mint. These drugs treat the skin around the rash 2-3 times a day.

To avoid the appearance of bubbles in the area of ​​rubbing parts of the body (within large folds, on the heels), you can use powders, starch or petroleum jelly. It is recommended to apply special foot creams. This must be remembered when going on a hike, a long walk or before a sporting event.

Blisters

In case of acute urticaria with the appearance of itchy blisters, when the skin is, as it were, burnt by nettles, it is necessary first of all to cleanse the stomach and intestines. To do this, it is necessary to take laxatives (for example, a 25% solution of magnesium sulfate, 10-15 ml 3-5 times a day until a laxative effect is obtained), as well as enterosorbents. To relieve itching, it is recommended to take antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, suprastin, pipolfen, diazolin, fencarol, tavegil.

Presumptive food allergens, spicy foods, and tonic drinks are excluded from the diet. Limit the consumption of table salt. Preference is given to dairy products (it is better to use acidophilic milk, cottage cheese, yogurt). Antipruritic substances are applied externally - 1-2% ointment with menthol, table vinegar diluted in water (1: 3), 1-4% citric acid solution.

Corns

Fresh corns are softened by daily warm baths with the addition of soap powder, baking soda and borax to the water. After the bath, the softened skin of the corn is scraped off with a blunt knife blade or pumice stone. The rest of the corn is smeared with collodion containing salicylic and lactic acids. The mixture is applied to the corn for three evenings in a row, then, after a hot bath, the horny layers are easily removed completely. For the durability of the effect, these procedures are repeated several times.

Shows the use of a lead patch in half with salicylic acid.

The use of a corn patch is effective. Collodion or callus plaster should only be applied to the corn, and the surrounding skin should be protected with zinc ointment or petroleum jelly.

Arievich's ointment is successfully used, which is applied for 48 hours under compress paper (healthy skin is protected by applying an indifferent paste). Then, after a bath with potassium permanganate, the exfoliated epidermis is cleaned off. Repeat the procedure if necessary. The compress bandage has a deeper and stronger keratolytic effect.

There are reports of positive results of subcutaneous administration of a 1% solution of novocaine with adrenaline (2-3 drops of adrenaline 1: 1000 per 20 ml of novocaine solution).

Keratolytic agents are often recommended to soften and expel the stratum corneum. Used 10-20% acids - salicylic in the composition of ointments, varnishes, patches (salicylic corn plaster "Salipod"), corn fluid. To enhance the keratolytic action in salicylic acid ointment add lactic (5–20%) or benzoic (5–15%) acids. Ureaplast ointment (contains 30% urea), 5-10% resorcinol ointment have a keratolytic effect.

To avoid recurrence, it is advisable to grease the exposed corn base with carbolic acid or sprinkle with silver nitrate.

With long-standing calluses, which usually do not respond to keratolytic agents, it is more advisable to use liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. Cryotherapy is performed in a cosmetology clinic. First, keratinized layers are carefully removed. Depending on the size, nature and location of the corn, the application time with liquid nitrogen ranges from 30–40 s to 1–2 minutes. As a rule, during this period, a white corolla with a width of 0.5 to 1 cm is formed around the corn.

In stubborn cases, they resort to diathermocoagulation or removal of corns with a drill.

With multiple calluses, Bucca's rays are effective, X-ray therapy is performed.

Simultaneously with local treatment, vitamins A and E are prescribed, as well as medicinal plants rich in them (for example, sea buckthorn is recommended in the form of juice, infusion of fruits and leaves 20: 200, 0.5 cups 3 times a day). Vitamin A starting products are found in fairly large quantities in carrots, pumpkin, cabbage, tomatoes, green peas, buckwheat, cherries, blackberries, gooseberries, currants, apricots, parsley leaves, spinach, lettuce, sorrel.

For painful cracks in the calcified areas, vinyline, solcoseryl, ointments with the addition of retinol and 2% salicylic acid are prescribed.

In some cases, the issue of rational employment is being resolved.

To prevent calluses, it is necessary to avoid wearing tight or uncomfortable shoes, periodically do pedicure and treat sweating of the feet.

Treatment of skin rashes with infectious diseases by traditional and non-traditional methods

Rubella

Treatment for rubella is usually not required; according to indications, antipyretic, desensitizing agents, and vitamins are used. The patient needs bed rest, plenty of drink. The elements of the rash do not need to be treated with anything.

Rubella patients should be isolated until the 5th day after the rash.

Measles

Measles can be prevented or alleviated by timely administration of gamma globulin. This is especially necessary for a child under 3-4 years old, because at this age complications are most frequent and serious. Gamma globulin is also given to an older child, if required.

The action of gamma globulin lasts about 2 weeks, sometimes a little longer.

Patients with measles are treated at home. Patients with complicated measles need to be hospitalized. During a febrile period, bed rest is recommended. The bed is placed with its head end to the window so that the light does not enter the eyes.

Medical treatment for uncomplicated measles is either not available or very limited.

The eyes should be rinsed with a solution of boric acid, and a 20% sodium sulfacyl solution should be instilled 3-4 times a day; it is better not to wet the face while the rash lasts. It is useful to gargle the throat with broth of sage or chamomile.

When peeling begins, it is good to do warm baths (35 ° C), and add bran infusion to the bath, which greatly helps to ease peeling.

With a strong cough, give an infusion of marshmallow root and other expectorants.

The patient is given a large amount of fluids, fruit juices, vitamins.

Recovering from measles is slow. Weakness, fatigue, irritability may remain for several weeks.

The patient ceases to be contagious a week after the onset of the rash.

Enterovirus infection

There is no specific treatment. Bed rest, rest, warmth are very important, especially in the first days of illness. At elevated body temperature, give a cool drink, apply cold to the head.

The patient is isolated for 14 days. For those in contact with the sick, they are monitored for 14 days after the termination of contact.

Scarlet fever

The treatment of patients with scarlet fever is based on antibiotic therapy. The duration of the course is 5-7 days. The most effective is penicillin.

If you are intolerant to this medication, you can give erythromycin, tetracycline in age-related doses.

For the first 5–6 days, patients should be kept in bed. Vitamins are prescribed.

Patients with scarlet fever are isolated at home or in a hospital for 10 days from the onset of the disease. To alleviate the patient's condition, he is given a plentiful cool drink with hyperthermia, alcohol compresses are made on the neck area, for pain in the ears, a 3% solution of boric acid is instilled, and a compress is made on the ear with warm camphor oil.

The rash does not need to be treated. During peeling, the patient is given warm baths 3-4 times a week, adding bran decoction to the bath to facilitate peeling.

Scarlet fever has similar clinical features to measles, rubella, and pseudotuberculosis (Far Eastern scarlet fever).

Pseudotuberculosis

Most often, patients are treated in a hospital.

With pseudotuberculosis, chloramphenicol is most effective. It is prescribed in usual therapeutic doses for 2 weeks.

Chicken pox

There is no specific and etiotropic treatment; bed rest is recommended. It is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of bed and underwear, cleanliness of hands. The elements of the rash are smeared with a 5% brilliant green solution.

The blisters are usually itchy. Itching can be partially eliminated by a warm bath, in which soda or starch is dissolved (1 glass for a small bath and 2 glasses for a large one). You need to use only soluble starch. The child is placed in a bath for 10 minutes 2-3 times a day.

You can not tear off the crusts from the dried bubbles, as you can bring an infection into them, which causes purulent complications. In severe forms of chickenpox, hospitalization is indicated.

Shingles

Since the disease proceeds against the background of reduced immunity, it is necessary to inject intramuscularly normal human immunoglobulin in a dose of 5-10 ml intramuscularly in the first days of the disease. A single injection is sufficient. Drugs that inhibit immunogenesis (hormones, cytostatics) should be canceled. Antibiotics are prescribed only when secondary bacterial complications occur. Antipyretic drugs, vitamins are prescribed. Herpetic eruptions are treated with a 1% solution of methylene blue or brilliant green.

Scabies

For treatment, the skin is treated with a 20% benzyl benzoate emulsion (2 consecutive rubbing in for 10 minutes with a 10-minute break with a change of linen) for 2 consecutive days. On the 5th day - shower, change of linen.

In the absence of benzyl benzoate, treatment can be carried out with 33% sulfuric ointment, which is rubbed daily for 5 days with a cloth into the skin of the trunk, arms and legs. On the 7th day of treatment - washing and changing of linen.

Treatment by the Demianovich method is also effective: a 60% sodium thiosulfate solution is rubbed into the skin 3-4 times in a row after a few minutes, after which it is treated with a 6% hydrochloric acid solution (2-3 times). It should be borne in mind that these agents can cause dermatitis. At the end of the treatment, it is necessary to carry out the final disinfection in the apartment, to process the bedding in the disinfection chambers, to boil the linen and iron it with a hot iron.

Rickettsiosis

For treatment, antibiotics (tetracycline, chloramphenicol) are prescribed in age-specific dosages, vitamins, antihistamines, and drinking plenty of fluids.

Lupus

Treatment is based on the use of anti-tuberculosis drugs. At the same time, multivitamins, antihistamines (diphenhydramine, tavegil, etc.), calcium pantothenate and vitamin D are prescribed for several months. Conditions of work and rest, sanatorium treatment are of great importance. Local treatment is usually not available.

Syphilis

Patients with active manifestations of syphilis are treated, as a rule, in a specialized venereal dispensary, and patients with latent syphilis can be treated on an outpatient basis by a venereologist. Self-medication is unacceptable and even dangerous.

Treatment of allergic skin rashes with traditional and non-traditional methods

Hives

Urticaria is often recurrent.

If you suspect a food origin of urticaria, you need to do a cleansing enema, take a laxative (magnesium sulfate, etc.), take antihistamines (diphenhydramine, suprastin, tavegil, diazolin, etc.). Patients are transferred to a dairy-plant diet with limited salt, if they are not allergic to these products. You should try to identify the allergen and further exclude contact with it.

Cold lotions, zinc oil, water-zinc paste, ointments and creams with corticosteroid hormones such as prednisolone, hydrocortisone, flucinar are used locally. A home remedy for itchy hives is a hot bath with baking soda. To do this, dissolve 1 glass of baking soda in a bowl of water. Compresses with burdock leaves, fresh or dried, help well. To remove and reduce itching, infusion and decoctions of a series of tripartite, drooping birch, stinging nettle, and field horsetail are also used.

Eczema

Treatment of eczema is staged, taking into account the stage of the process, the location and nature of the rash, the patient's age, the cause of the disease.

In the acute period with pronounced weeping it is prescribed:

1) cold lead water lotions;

2) 2% boric acid solution;

3) 1-2% resorcinol solution;

4) wet-drying dressings with furacilin solution;

5) ethacridine lactate (rivanol), silver nitrate;

6) oil suspensions (talkers) are effective, especially in open areas of the skin;

7) after eliminating wetness, use pastes, ointments and creams containing tar, sulfur, naphthalan, dermaton, bismuth nitrate, etc.

In the absence of soaking, shaken suspensions are used, best of all is the so-called zinc oil (zinc oxide - 30 g, boric acid - 1 g, sunflower oil - 70 g).

Along with drug treatment, physiotherapy procedures are prescribed:

1) ultraviolet radiation;

2) inductothermia of the paravertebral and lumbar parasympathetic ganglia;

3) baths with sea salt, oxygen, sulfide, radon, etc. are often used. Only a physiotherapist can prescribe the correct physiotherapeutic treatment.

Herbal medicine can be used to treat eczema.

To remove or reduce itching, use the infusion and decoctions of a series of tripartite, nettle. Exudative phenomena in the acute stage of the disease decrease or disappear when prescribing lotions with a decoction of oak bark, St. John's wort, peppermint, etc.

Healing baths are effective, especially for chronic forms of the disease. For baths prepare a collection weighing 100-300 g for 4-5 liters of water. The collection includes a string, chamomile, valerian officinalis, sage, celandine, St. John's wort. This mixture of medicinal plants is poured with boiling water, infused for 30–40 minutes, filtered and poured into a bath. The temperature of the water in the bath should be between 36–38 ° C, the duration of the procedure is 10–20 minutes, depending on the patient's condition, the form and stage of the disease.

Among the ointment forms containing herbal preparations, a certain effect is given by carophilic ointment, sanguirithrin liniment, tar (especially birch) in various concentrations (5-15%), etc.

For the secondary prevention of eczema, patients are recommended anti-relapse treatment (in autumn, spring). A preventive course of therapy should also include phytotherapeutic methods of treatment (decoctions or infusions of collections of medicinal plants for internal use, for baths), fortifying and stimulating agents.

Taking into account the frequent interconnection of the eczematous process with functional disorders of the digestive tract and liver diseases, an infusion or decoction of herbal preparations, including leaves of medicinal sage, plantain, nettle, licorice root, wormwood, St. John's wort, is prescribed.

Lichen planus

Treatment of lichen planus begins with the debridement of foci of chronic infection. At the same time, antihistamines are used (diazolin, pipolfen, diphenhydramine, etc.), B vitamins, especially B 2, B 6, nicotinic, ascorbic acids, rutin. In cases of an acute progressive course of the process, antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action, corticosteroids in age-related doses are prescribed.

Lichen pink

Treatment is carried out with broad-spectrum antibiotics in combination with antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, suprastin, and calcium compounds. Topically applied corticosteroid ointments with antibiotics (hyoxysone, oxycort, lorinden C, lokacorten).

Dermatitis

When dermatitis develops, it is necessary to eliminate the immediate cause of the dermatitis. The patient is given plenty of fluids, laxatives (magnesium sulfate, etc.), as well as desensitizing and antihistamines (diphenhydramine, pipolfen, diazolin, tavegil, suprastin, etc.). At the same time, zinc oil, cooling lotions, glucocorticosteroid creams, ointments are applied to the affected skin. The diet during treatment is mainly milk-vegetable.

Neurodermatitis

Treatment of neurodermatitis should be directed to the cause or concomitant diseases that worsen the course of neurodermatitis. Antihistamines, tranquilizers (elenium, seduxen, bromine, valerian), corticosteroids in low doses, plasma transfusion are indicated. You need to follow a diet with restriction of carbohydrates, salt, fasting days. Locally applied glucocorticosteroid ointments (prednisolone, sinalar, flucinar), antipruritic agents containing menthol, anestezin, diphenhydramine. Assign inside vitamins A, E, B 12, B 2, B 6.

In the prevention of neurodermatitis, constant attention should be paid to rational nutrition, elimination of food allergens, sanitation of foci of infection, elimination of household allergens (house dust, animal hair, household chemicals).

Do you want to know what kind of rash on the child's body is? Disease, allergy, environmental reaction? Many types of rashes you can diagnose yourself, most of them are not a big problem and are easy to treat.

First of all, in order to know for sure, you need consult a pediatrician immediately!

What causes a rash in a child?

The most common causes of a baby rash include:

• infection;
• improper care;
• allergy;
• diseases of the blood and blood vessels.

Non-infectious rashes

1. Diaper dermatitis.
2. Hemorrhagic vasculitis.
3. Allergic rash.
4. Insect bites.

Diaper dermatitis typical for babies who are not able to control excretory functions. According to statistics, from 30 to 60% of children suffer from it in the first years of life. It appears on the baby's skin in the form of slight redness. Usually, the rash can be seen where it comes in contact with urine and faeces, or in natural folds of skin when rubbing against clothing. Blisters and peeling of the skin sometimes occur.

This type of rash in children passes quickly enough with proper hygiene and maximum contact of the child's skin with air. In some cases, ointments / creams are needed to heal and relieve inflammation.

Hemorrhagic vasculitis looks like small bruises on the child's skin, located close to each other. It is a blood disorder that affects small blood vessels.

Usually, the rash first occurs around the joints, on the buttocks, less often elsewhere.

An additional symptom is abdominal pain and even damage to large joints.

If pinpoint bruises and bruises are found, it is necessary to seek the help of a specialist in order to make the correct diagnosis and start treatment in a short time.

Allergic rash usually pink-red in color. It is unevenly distributed over the skin, similar to small pimples. The child may be depressed due to itching at the site of the rash. Sometimes the rash can be accompanied by a fever.

Allergies can be caused by anything from food to clothing. An allergic rash is treated with antihistamines and avoiding contact with the allergen.

Insect bites look like a swelling, in the center of which a trail of penetration is visible. The bite site may itch, bake, hurt.

If you know for sure that the child has been bitten by a mosquito or a fly, then it is enough to do with special ointments or folk remedies to relieve swelling and itching. If there is a suspicion of a bite from another insect, it makes sense to consult a doctor for help.

How to tell which infection is causing the rash?

• Meningococcal infection.
• Rubella
• Baby roseola
• Measles rash (measles)
• Scarlet fever
• Chicken pox

Rash with meningococcal infection usually expressed as purple or red spots located on the lower torso.

In the first place - general intoxication syndrome: fever, deterioration, sleep and appetite disorders, irritability, weakness, vomiting, there may be pain in the abdomen and legs.

The rash may initially look like an allergic drug reaction, but over the next few hours, cyanotic patches of varying sizes and shapes appear (ranging from 1 or 2 small spots to a massive, stellate, common rash that tends to merge). Most often, the rash is localized on the buttocks, back of the thighs and legs, eyelids and sclera, less often on the face.

Rubella manifests itself in the form of round or oval flat pink spots with a diameter of 3-5 mm, located on the trunk and limbs.

The rash begins, as with measles, from the neck and face, and then quickly spreads to the trunk and limbs, but not simultaneously to the whole body. With it, there may also be a variable subfebrile (up to 38C) temperature.

The rash disappears in 3-5 days. A child is contagious up to 21 days after the rash appears.

There is an increase in lymph nodes, fever.

Baby roseola - a mysterious disease, the first symptoms of which are fever up to 39 degrees. After three days, the temperature returns to normal, and a small pink rash appears on the body. First, it is located on the back, then spreads to the belly, chest and arms of the baby.

The rash is not itchy, but the baby can be moody. No special treatment is required, but a doctor's consultation will not hurt.

Measles rash (measles) ... The disease appears, on average, 10-12 days after exposure to the virus. It manifests itself with a temperature that lasts about 4-7 days. and also a runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis and small white spots on the inner surface of the cheeks appear.

After a few days, a rash appears, usually on the face and upper neck, the next day on the trunk, and on the third day of the rash on the limbs. It lasts 5-6 days and then disappears.

First, the skin behind the ears and on the forehead is affected, then quickly spreads to the entire body. The rash lasts 4-7 days.

Scarlet fever... Fever, acute tonsillitis, nausea, vomiting, headache, then on day 2-3 a small pink rash appears on a hyperemic background (redness of the skin) on the lateral parts of the body, flexion surfaces of the arms, inner surfaces of the legs. By 3-4 days, the rash turns pale, becomes slightly pink.

Distinguishing feature: nasolabial triangle without rashes.

From the 2nd week of the disease (up to 2 weeks), lamellar peeling appears on the palms and feet, and in other places - abundant pityriasis peeling (small scales).

Rash with chickenpox ... The rash passes its stage: a spot (redness) - a papule (tubercle) - a vesicle (a bubble without breaking through, as a rule) - a crust, lasts about 1-2 days.

The rash may appear on day 2-3 of the temperature or together with the temperature on the trunk, scalp, face; the rash appears within 2-5 days and you need to monitor the appearance of new elements every day. A rash (vesicles) on the oral mucosa can open and turn into erosion (aphthae), bring minor pain. The body temperature rises with each appearance of new elements.

The child is contagious up to the 5th day from the day of the last rash - for this, every day you need to examine the skin and mark the appearance of a new rash.

The disease is accompanied by fever.

What to do if you find a rash?

• It is necessary to call a doctor at home so as not to infect other children at the reception.
• Until the doctor arrives, do not treat the rash with anything, as this will complicate the establishment of the correct diagnosis.

In some cases, you yourself can find out what kind of rash the baby is found on the skin. However, for complete confidence, it is better to take an hour to consult with your doctor.