Biochemical blood test: norms in adults and children, indicators, how to decipher the results. What does a biochemical blood test show: decoding, norm Blood biochemistry decoding in adults is the norm in the table

Any pathological processes occurring in the body not only cause a variety of ailments, but also affect the metabolism. A biochemical blood test helps to identify these failures, and the correct interpretation of the data allows the doctor to determine the exact cause of the disease and prescribe adequate treatment. They also donate blood for biochemistry to monitor the effectiveness of therapy, or before prescribing medications that affect metabolism.

What is included in a biochemical blood test

There are a lot of indicators that can be determined in the framework of a biochemical blood test. In the direction for the study, the doctor indicates those that are necessary for the diagnosis of the disease he suspects.

A biochemical blood test is one of the most common diagnostic methods. It helps the doctor evaluate:

• state of metabolism;
• enzyme activity;
• micronutrient concentration.

Naturally, there are a lot of these indicators, and all of them are extremely important for diagnosing various pathologies, but it is simply impractical to study the entire composition of the blood. For example, if a doctor is suspected, the doctor will not indicate other specific markers of certain diseases on the referral form. That is why, before sending the patient to take an analysis, the specialist will examine the patient, collect an anamnesis. Then the doctor will determine whether a conventional biochemical study is sufficient to establish a diagnosis, or whether additional parameters (markers of cancer, hormones, analysis for medicinal or toxic substances, etc.) need to be studied. Mandatory study:

• activity of the main enzymes;
• total protein and protein fractions;
• carbohydrates;
• fats;
• non-protein nitrogenous compounds;
• indicators of pigment metabolism;
• minerals.

The deviation of any indicators from the norm up or down indicates a certain pathology.

Deciphering by indicators of enzyme activity

Enzymes enter the blood from other organs, and their reduced or increased activity indicates a violation of the integrity of the cells. Since they are organ-specific, the deviation of a certain indicator from the norm indicates the pathology of the organ in which this enzyme is secreted:

enzyme	organ	diagnostic value
ά-amylase	pancreas and salivary glands	, sialadenitis
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)	liver	pathology of the liver parenchyma
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)	myocardium, liver	, skeletal muscle pathology, liver disease
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase)	liver	biliary tract pathology, alcoholism
CK (creatine kinase)	skeletal and smooth muscles, heart	myocardial infarction, muscle damage
AP (acid phosphatase)	prostate, bone tissue	and, metabolic bone disease
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)	heart, liver, skeletal muscle, lymph nodes, red blood cells and platelets	myocardial infarction, liver parenchyma disease, ineffective erythropoiesis,
lipase	pancreas	acute pancreatitis
cholinesterase	liver	organophosphorus poisoning, liver pathology
ALP (alkaline phosphatase)	liver, kidneys, intestines, bones	diseases of the liver and biliary tract, metabolic disorders in bone tissue

Let us consider in more detail under what pathologies the activity of a certain enzyme in the blood serum will change.

α-amylase

Normally, in adults (up to 70 years old), it should be 25-125 U / l, after 70 years - 20-160. An increase in its activity by 5–10 times is detected when:

• acute pancreatitis;
• cyst, pseudocyst of the pancreas;
• acute cholecystitis;
• abdominal trauma;
• intestinal obstruction;
• ectopic pregnancy (during perforation, amylase from the fallopian tubes enters the bloodstream);
• diseases of the salivary glands (blockage of the ducts, stones, mumps);
• acute alcohol intoxication;
• macroamylasemia;
• lung and ovarian tumors.

Especially often, a significant increase in amylase activity is observed 3-6 hours after attacks of pain in pancreatitis.

The increase in activity is influenced by drugs that help reduce the sphincter of Oddi (analgesics, secretin, bethanechol), some antibiotics, sulfonamides. It also increases after X-ray examination of the salivary glands and their ducts.

A decrease in the indicator occurs with hepatitis, toxicosis in pregnant women, insufficient pancreatic function.

ALT and AST

AST and ALT are called liver tests, because the concentration of these substances in the blood gives the doctor the opportunity to judge whether the liver is working normally.

Normally, the activity of AST and ALT should be 5-40 units / l.

Pathological increase indicates:

• liver diseases;
• myocardial infarction;
• pulmonary embolism;
• malaria;
• leptospirosis.

The activity of AST and ALT decreases due to a lack of vitamin B 6, renal failure, after hemodialysis.

Alanine aminotransferase is an indicator of the severity of hepatocyte destruction, but its activity is studied together with AST, since the ratio of these aminotransferases is of main clinical importance. For example:

1. In acute viral hepatitis, ALT activity is significantly higher than AST activity, and in severe lesions of the parenchyma, an inverse relationship is detected. This is due to the fact that the mitochondrial form of aspartate aminotransferase enters the bloodstream.
2. The activity of aminotransferases increases by 2-3 times due to acute alcoholic hepatitis, and AST is greater than ALT. The thing is that with this pathology, the toxic effect is not only on hepatocytes, but also on myocytes and cardiomyocytes.
3. Acute myocardial infarction is accompanied by an increase in AST activity. For two days, the indicator increases by 10-15 times. If after 3-4 days the activity of aminotransferases does not begin to decrease, then the treatment prognosis is unfavorable.

Deviation from the norm of AST can be physiological. It is detected due to medication (ascorbic acid, codeine, morphine, erythromycin, gentamicin, cholinergic drugs, heparin, oral contraceptives). During pregnancy, a decrease in the activity of aminotransferases is recorded.

GGT

Normal in women - less than 30 IU / l, in men - less than 50 IU / l. Gamma-glutamyltransferase is an indicator of the state of the liver and biliary tract.

An increase in activity reflects intra-, extrahepatic cholestasis (due to destruction of the biliary tract), cytolysis of liver cells (but to a lesser extent than aminotransferases). For diagnostics, not only the increase in the indicator is important, but also how many times the activity has increased:

1. In acute viral hepatitis, it increases by 5-10 times, most pronounced due to cholestasis.
2. accompanied by a 20-fold increase in activity.
3. In drug-induced inflammation of the liver, GGT activity depends on the drug and dose.
4. Primary biliary cirrhosis, even in the asymptomatic stage, is accompanied by an increase in the rate by 10 times.
5. Hepatocellular carcinoma without jaundice leads to an increase of 10-20 times, and with jaundice - 30 times.
6. The highest activity of GGT is determined with metastases in the area of ​​the portal vein, along the bile ducts.
7. A slight increase is observed in neurological diseases, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis.
8. A sudden decrease in GGT indicates.

Medications also affect the increase in activity: hepatotoxic drugs, barbiturates, streptokinase, estrogens.

Creatine kinase

Creatine kinase activity varies by gender. In women, it is normal - less than 170 IU / l, men - less than 190 IU / l.

An indicator of creatine kinase activity is necessary to detect the destruction of skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle of the heart, the diagnosis of neurogenic muscle diseases, and myopathies. Moreover, in the early stages, the activity of CK is much higher. In the last stages, when a significant part of the muscle tissue has changed pathologically, the indicator decreases.

An increase in CC occurs when:

• myocardial infarction;
• skeletal muscle diseases;
• hypothyroidism;
• severe poisoning;
• alcoholism;
• hypoxic damage to the myocardium, skeletal muscles.

If an increase in GGT activity is detected, one should not rush to establish a diagnosis. It is significantly affected by intramuscular injections (after which the indicator increases by 5-8 times), an increase in physical activity, some medications (amphotericin, carbenoxolone, combined administration of halogen and succinylcholine, barbiturate overdose).

KF

Acid phosphatase is a very specific enzyme. In men, it is produced mainly in the prostate, and in women - in the liver, erythrocytes, and platelets. That is why, normally, in men it should be no more than 6.5 U / l, and in the weaker sex it should not exceed 5.5 U / l.

Increase in activity - indicator:

• adenoma and prostate cancer;
• tumors metastasizing to bone tissue;
• hemolytic anemia;
• thromboembolism;
• hyperparathyroidism.

Promotes cystoscopy, prostate biopsy, defecation with tension, sexual activity.

LDGL

Lactate dehydrogenase is found in all organs, but its activity is most significant in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver and heart diseases. Normally, it does not exceed 250 IU / l. The increase indicates:

• stagnant;
• hepatitis;
• toxic damage to the liver;
• myopathy;
• acute pancreatitis;
• myocardial infarction, kidney, liver;
• lobar pneumonia;
• myositis;
• injury to the liver, kidneys, skeletal muscles, heart;
• shock, hypoxia;
• germinomas.

The activity of LDH increases in pregnant women, after taking medications (especially heparin, analgesics, sulfonamides).

Lipase

Lipase is an indicator of pancreatitis and some other diseases of the pancreas.

Normal activity does not exceed 190 IU / l. Unlike amylase, lipase is a more accurate indicator of pancreatitis, since it does not increase due to pathologies of the salivary glands, appendicitis. In addition, the study of this indicator helps in the diagnosis of:

• cancer, pancreatic cysts;
• peritonitis;
• intestinal perforation;
• diseases of the gallbladder.

Heparin, analgesics, tetracyclines, cytostatics, secretin can affect it.

Activity decreases due to the abuse of fatty foods, cancer (except for pancreatic cancer).

Cholinesterase

Cholinesterase activity is studied in cases of suspected organophosphorus poisoning, violations of protein synthesis by the liver, to assess the risk of complications during surgical interventions. Normally, it is in adults up to 39 years old - 5300-11200 IU / l, after 40 - 5300-12900 IU / l.

The decrease is observed when:

• poisoning with organophosphorus compounds;
• liver diseases;
• metastatic cancer;
• muscular dystrophy;
• anemia;
• acute infections;
• malnutrition and malnutrition;
• myocardial infarction.

Excessive activity is detected due to nephrosis, type 4 dyslipoprotemia.

AP

The activity of alkaline phosphatase in adults does not exceed 150 units / l. It is an indicator of bone damage, the occurrence of cholestasis. The increase is fixed at:

• pathology of the liver and biliary tract;
• metastases in bone tissue;
• osteomalacia;
• osteogenic sarcoma;
• perforation of the intestine.

Downgrade indicates:

• hypothyroidism;
• scurvy;
• anemia
• hypophosphatasemia;
• cretinism.

Additional studies are needed to more accurately diagnose bone pathologies. In hyper-, hypoparathyroidism, it is necessary to study the function of the parathyroid gland, determine markers of bone tissue pathologies, study bone alkaline phosphatase using ELISA.

Decoding by protein indicators

To diagnose various pathologies, over 200 types of various proteins are studied. Naturally, these are mainly specific markers that are determined for differential diagnosis. When referring to blood biochemistry, they examine:

• total protein;
• albumen;
• globulins.

Normally, the amount of total protein in adults is 65-85 g / l. This indicator is very strongly influenced by nutrition. If the patient is on a vegetarian, low protein, or fasting diet, the protein concentration will be reduced. A pathological decrease in the concentration of total protein indicates:

• liver diseases occurring with hepatodepression syndrome (cirrhosis);
• pancreatitis;
• kidney disease;
• the formation of exudates, transexudates (proteins leave the vascular bed);
• severe somatic diseases;
• postoperative condition.

The increase indicates:

• chronic infectious diseases;
• non-infectious hepatitis;
• autoimmune pathologies;
• dehydration;
• myeloma;
• lymphoma.

Hyperproteinemia occurs due to burns, after vomiting.

A false increase is observed due to excessive tightening of the cubital vein with a tourniquet when taking an analysis, a change in body position from horizontal to vertical (within half an hour before blood sampling).

Albumin in the blood plasma of an adult should be 30-50 g / l. The increase occurs for the same reasons as false hyperproteinemia, as well as due to dehydration, the use of anabolic steroids, excessive intravenous administration of albumin. But a decrease in concentration is a more alarming sign, it indicates:

• malnutrition;
• severe damage to the kidneys, liver;
• hyperthyroidism;
• Cushing's syndrome.

For patients with chronic liver disease, an increase in albumin concentration after hypoalbuminemia is a sign that the treatment is successful.

For the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune pathologies, liver and kidney diseases and other diseases, the ratio of globulins is important. Normal in adults:

With a variety of pathologies, the ratio of globulins changes:

1. Acute response. After surgery, in acute myocardial infarction, trauma, infection, α 1 -, α 2 -globulins increase.
2. Chronic inflammation. It is indicated by an increase in γ-globulins.
3. With cirrhosis of the liver, the concentration of γ-globulins increases due to the fusion of β-globulins, while albumin decreases.
4. Nephrotic syndrome is accompanied by an increase in α 2 -globulin, a decrease in albumin (since it is intensively excreted in the urine).

When studying protein fractions, pathogenic proteins (Bence-Jones protein, M-protein, C-reactive protein) can additionally be detected, indicating various diseases.

Breakdown of carbohydrates

To identify and control pathologies caused by impaired carbohydrate metabolism due to pathologies of the endocrine glands, liver, in various critical conditions, differential diagnosis of hyper-, hypoglycemic coma, the concentration of glucose in blood serum is studied - 4.0-6.1.

Hyperglycemia is caused by:

emotional stress;

pain;

diabetes;

increased secretion of hyperglycemic hormones (with pathology of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands);

decrease in insulin production due to diseases of the pancreas;

brain tumors or trauma.

For accurate diagnosis, other studies are needed, for example, if diabetes mellitus is suspected, glucose tolerance, the concentration of C-peptide and the level of glycosylated hemoglobin should be studied, for the timely detection of disorders of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and thyroid gland, hormones secreted by them are studied.

Hypoglycemia is provoked by:

• insulin overdose;
• insulinoma;
• weakening of the glycogen function of the liver (cirrhosis, cancer, alcohol damage);
• prolonged fasting;

For short-term monitoring of the effectiveness of the treatment of diabetes mellitus, screening pregnant women for latent diabetes, it is necessary to study a special complex of proteins and glucose - fructosamine.

Deciphering indicators of lipid metabolism

The main indicator of lipid metabolism is cholesterol, but for accurate diagnosis it is necessary to know not only its total amount, but also the concentration of high and low density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL):

These indicators are important for assessing the risk of developing coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis. In contrast to an increase in LDL, an HDL concentration below 0.78 is associated with an increased likelihood of developing these severe ailments.

In addition to obesity, coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis, the concentration of triglycerides is affected by the work of the thyroid gland. A low number indicates hyperthyroidism, an increased number indicates hypothyroidism.

In addition, fat metabolism is affected by nutrition, taking certain medications. That is why, before taking the test, the patient must follow a special diet, refuse to take certain medications (if this is not possible, then the clinician will take this factor into account when deciphering blood biochemistry, the main thing is not to forget to notify him about this).

Deciphering for low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds

Low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds (creatine, creatinine, urea, uric acid, residual nitrogen) are indicators of protein metabolism. Their concentration will change with pathologies of the kidneys, urinary tract and liver. Norm:

indicator	floor	age (years)	reference values
creatinine (µmol/l)	men	18–60	80–115
		60–90	71–115
		over 90	88–150
	women	18–60	53–97
		60–90	53–106
		over 90	53–115
uric acid (µmol/l)	men	18–60	262–452
		60–90	250–476
		over 90	208–494
	women	18–60	137–393
		60–90	208–434
		over 90	131–458
urea	–	18–60	2,5–6,4
		over 60	2,9–7,5
residual nitrogen	–	–	14,3–28,6

Urea is an indicator of not only the state of the kidneys, the study of its concentration is necessary to detect gout, leukemia.

For a more accurate diagnosis of impaired renal function, the patient needs to take a Reberg test (creatinine clearance), as well as examine the urine for these indicators. In addition, the cause of deviation from the norm may be nutrition, lack or excess of protein foods, excessive physical activity.

Deciphering by indicators of pigment metabolism

In biochemical analysis, bilirubin is studied (total, direct, indirect). These indicators of pigment metabolism are indicators of the state of the liver and help to identify such pathologies in time:

• viral hepatitis;
• cirrhosis;
• liver tumors;
• hemolytic anemia.

Bilirubin in the blood appears as a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin. Normally, it should bind to albumin - this is indirect bilirubin, and direct is a toxic substance, and its concentration in plasma should be minimal. In the liver, free bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid and is excreted through the bile ducts.

Accordingly, an increased concentration occurs due to the intensive breakdown of hemoglobin, liver pathology. As soon as the concentration of bilirubin exceeds 45 µmol / l, the skin and mucous membranes turn yellow (jaundice develops) - a symptom of various liver pathologies. An increase in the level above 200 µmol/l causes severe toxic damage.

Decoding for minerals

A low level of iron in the blood indicates anemia of the same name.

There are many minerals needed by the body, but in a biochemical study, only the main ones are studied:

• iron;
• sodium;
• potassium;
• calcium;
• chlorine;
• magnesium;
• phosphorus.

An increase or decrease in the concentration of each of them in the blood is not only a sign of a disease, but also a pathological condition:

1. Iron. In men, it is normal - 10.7-30.4 µmol / l, in women - 9-23.3. A decrease indicates bleeding, a lack of vitamin C. An increase occurs due to liver damage, an overdose of iron-containing drugs, taking estrogens and oral contraceptives.
2. Sodium (136-145 mmol/l). It is studied to detect kidney diseases, control when taking diuretic drugs. Hypernatremia occurs due to excess corticosteroids, Cushing's disease, fluid loss, sodium retention in the kidneys. Hyponatremia - acute renal failure, pathology of the adrenal glands,.
3. Potassium (3.5-5.1 mmol / l). It is an indicator of the state of the cardiovascular system, the excretory function of the kidneys. In addition, its concentration is studied in order to monitor the patient's condition when using diuretics.
4. Calcium (1.17-1.29 mmol / l). Deviations from the norm indicate a violation of the function of the parathyroid and thyroid glands, a lack of vitamin D, pathology of bone tissue, damage to skeletal muscles, and malignant tumors.
5. Chlorine. (98-107 mmol/l). This study is necessary for assessing the acid-base balance, diagnosing pathologies of the kidneys and adrenal glands.
6. Magnesium (0.66-1.07 mmol / l). Its deficiency causes various neurological disorders and occurs in chronic pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism. The increase is due to kidney failure.
7. Phosphorus (0.87-1.45 mmol / l). This microelement is an indicator of diseases of bones, kidneys, parathyroid glands. For diagnosis, this indicator is best studied in combination with calcium.

The concentration of minerals, however, as well as other biochemical indicators, is affected by food and the intake of various drugs. That is why it is imperative to properly prepare for it so that the doctor makes an accurate diagnosis in time.

Conclusion

A biochemical blood test includes many indicators. For an accurate decoding, they must be studied not one by one, but in a complex. Only a specialist can do this on his own, and patients should not self-diagnose themselves, seeing deviations from the norm of certain diseases. After all, such an approach will cause unreasonable anxiety for one's health and provoke the development of iatrogenic diseases due to excessive self-hypnosis. The attending physician will direct you to blood biochemistry and decipher the results.

Often, a biochemical blood test is prescribed by a doctor if some pathologies were detected during a general analysis. Also, all patients older than 45-50 years are recommended to undergo annual preventive examinations and at the same time do "biochemistry". What the result will show, the doctor will tell at the reception. Let's take a closer look at what this blood test represents.

Why are they sent to biochemistry

So, what will a biochemical blood test show? As a rule, his doctor most often prescribes to determine the exact diagnosis. But often biochemistry is also done during treatment, when the diagnosis is already known, it allows you to control the process and results of treatment. An accurate clinical picture will be given by a biochemical blood test. What will show? The presence of inflammation, anemia, allergic reactions, infections, disorders in blood clotting. Such an analysis is necessary for diseases:

• kidneys;
• hepatobiliary system;
• endocrine disorders;
• musculoskeletal system;
• hearts;
• blood.

Interesting Facts. Blood in total from the mass of an adult is from 6 to 8%. The child has 8-9%. The body contains an average of 5 to 6 liters of blood.

Preparation and procedure for blood sampling

If you have to do a biochemical blood test, which will show the result, largely depends on how you prepared for the study. The rules are very simple. They are easy to follow:

At least 8 hours before taking blood, sugary and carbonated drinks should be excluded, nothing should be eaten, and no smoking.

Limit yourself to plain water. It is for these reasons that biochemistry is prescribed for the early morning.

Alcohol must be completely abandoned within two days.

If you are taking vitamin complexes, dietary supplements, you will have to take a break.

When using significant drugs, be sure to inform the doctor about it, he will explain what to do in this case.

The day before the analysis, refrain from physical activity, from saunas and baths.

Spend the day in peace, without stress. All of these factors can affect the results.

Blood for biochemical analysis is taken from a vein. The most convenient place for taking blood is the elbow. But in cases where there is no access to it, you can take blood elsewhere. Before the puncture, the place is treated with an antiseptic. Blood is collected in a sterile test tube in the amount of 5 to 10 ml. Such blood loss is insignificant for the patient.

What does a biochemical analysis of blood from a vein show. Decryption

In practice, a basic and advanced biochemical blood test is distinguished. It is impractical to identify absolutely all indicators. If required, the doctor will indicate this. Basic analysis indicators are always assigned, these include:

1. Direct and indirect bilirubin.
2. total protein.
3. ALT, AST.
4. Urea.
5. Creatinine
6. Cholesterol.
7. Glucose.
8. electrolytes.

In many clinics, a biochemical blood test is ready the very next day. What the result will show will be interpreted by the doctor. Patients themselves are unlikely to understand the indicators. This requires special knowledge. For the purpose of general acquaintance, we provide information-decoding of biochemistry.

Squirrels

What does a biochemical analysis of blood from a vein show in the "Total Protein" column? The total serum concentration of all proteins. If this figure is too high, then perhaps there is some kind of infection in the body. It also indicates an overestimation of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism or dehydration of the body (with diarrhea or vomiting). If the protein is underestimated, then this can be caused by a disease of the pancreas, kidneys, liver, intestines, as well as tumor processes and bleeding.

Interesting fact. The blood of a healthy person is constantly updated. Five billion white blood cells, a billion red blood cells, and two billion platelets die off every hour. They are replaced by new cells produced by the bone marrow. Every day, 25 g of blood is updated.

Lipids

The normal indicator is 4.6-7.0 g / l. If blood lipids are elevated, this may be a sign of hepatitis, diabetes, obesity. A separate study in lipid - cholesterol. Its normal rate is 3.0-6.0 mmol / l. Increases are caused by liver disease, hypothyroidism, alcohol abuse, atherosclerosis. It can also be elevated cholesterol in pregnant women and when taking oral contraceptives. A low total cholesterol indicates impaired absorption of fats, hyperthyroidism.

Carbohydrates

This indicator is otherwise called blood glucose or "sugar". The most important indicator in carbohydrate metabolism. An increase is observed in diabetes mellitus, pheochromocytoma, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, diseases of the pancreas, kidneys and liver, as well as emotional and physical overload. If the indicator is below the norm, then, perhaps, the whole point is malnutrition (often with diets), an overdose of insulin. Understated sugar can be with diseases of the pancreas, improper functioning of the endocrine glands, as well as with tumors.

Inorganic substances, vitamins

The attending physician should tell and show the norm of a biochemical blood test.

Iron. The norm for men is from 11.6 to 30.4 mmol / l, for women this figure is from 8.9 to 30.4. For children, the norm will be from 7.1 to 21.4 mol / l. This indicator increases with sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, with acute leukemia, as well as with uncontrolled use of iron preparations. A reduced rate indicates hypothyroidism, iron deficiency anemia, occult bleeding, and malignant neoplasms.

Potassium. An increase in potassium indicates dehydration, cell damage, acute adrenal or liver failure. Decrease - with a lack of potassium in food, a consequence of prolonged diarrhea and vomiting, impaired renal function.

Calcium. An increase in the norm can be with malignant tumors (when the bones are affected), with sarcoidosis, dehydration, an excess of vitamin D. Low calcium - disruption of the thyroid gland, kidney failure, hypoalbuminemia.

Sodium. Increased numbers occur with excessive salt intake, hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex, and violations of water-salt metabolism in the body. Low sodium occurs in diabetics, with kidney pathologies, with cirrhosis of the liver.

Chlorine. An increase in chlorine occurs with diabetes insipidus, with salicylates poisoning, with acute renal failure, as a sign of dehydration. Low numbers - excessive sweating, after vomiting and gastric lavage.

Folic acid. An increase occurs with vegetarian diets, and a decrease occurs with B 12 deficiency, alcoholism, malnutrition, and malabsorption.

Vitamin B12. An excess indicates an unbalanced diet. For the same reason, there is a lack of this vitamin.

low molecular weight nitrogenous substances

Urea. An increased indicator is a sign of impaired renal function, an increased content of protein in food, with myocardial infarction, burns. Reduced numbers - with protein starvation, pregnancy, malabsorption.

Creatinine. The reasons for the increase in the indicator are similar as for the urea indicator.

Uric acid. An increase occurs with gout, multiple myeloma, kidney failure, with toxicosis in pregnant women, with heavy physical exertion.

Pigments and Enzymes

Pigments

total bilirubin. A reading above 27 indicates the presence of jaundice. High levels of total bilirubin indicate cancer, poisoning or cirrhosis, liver disease, hepatitis, cholelithiasis.

direct bilirubin. An increase indicates acute viral, toxic hepatitis, cholecystitis, liver infection, syphilis, jaundice in pregnant women, and hypothyroidism in newborns.

Enzymes

Aminotransferase. Increases with liver necrosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, myocardial infarction, cholestasis, tissue hypoxia.

Lactate dehydrogenase. Increases with kidney infarction, myocardial infarction, extensive hemolysis, myocarditis, acute hepatitis.

Creatine phosphokinase. Norm - up to 200 U / l. The indicator is increased with necrosis of skeletal muscles, myocardial infarction, epilepsy, muscular dystrophies, myositis.

Indicators of oncological diseases. Biochemistry for hepatitis

Cancer is a very serious disease. Biochemical studies in cancer patients differ in many respects from those of a healthy person. To confirm the presence of malignant diseases, the doctor will definitely send for further examination. So what does a biochemical blood test show in oncology?

• Hemoglobin is low.
• Elevated level of leukocytes.

Cancer cells progress in the body, and specific antigen proteins are released. Due to them, it is possible to determine exactly where the cancerous tumor is located. These antigens are called tumor markers. Most popular:

• PSA (prostate).
• CA 15-3 (mammary glands).
• CA 125 (endometrial ovaries).
• SA 19-9 (GIT).
• CEA (intestines, lungs, liver, bladder, pancreas).

In cases where a biochemical blood test shows cancer, confirmation of the diagnosis with tumor markers and additional diagnostics is required. Hepatitis is considered no less dangerous. When diagnosing this disease, biochemistry is mandatory. A biochemical blood test will show hepatitis at elevated rates of the following indicators:

• ALT, AST.
• Total and direct bilirubin.
• triglycerides.
• Gamma globulins.

The norm of albumins will be underestimated. A PCR blood test and immunological tests should also be performed.

HIV infection and biochemistry

HIV, once in the body, destroys, weakens the immune system. The body easily perceives various infections, cancers. In HIV-infected blood biochemistry shows anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia. But it cannot be said directly that a biochemical blood test will show HIV. The study will only indicate the changes that occur in the body. To directly determine HIV, you need to do a special test. It is he who detects antibodies to the virus in the body. The PCR method is also used, pathology can be detected already on the tenth day of infection.

Biochemical analysis in children

Biochemical blood test - what does it show in a child and what does it show in an adult? The difference is only the norms of indicators. It should be borne in mind that the children's body is constantly growing and the norms should be interpreted based on age-related changes. Often a doctor, when prescribing blood biochemistry to a child, only wants to refute or confirm some of his suspicions.

When taking a blood test, you must follow the same rules as listed above for adults. It all depends on the parents. They have to control it. It should be remembered that proper preparation will allow you to get the most correct results. The doctor will not make a diagnosis based only on the results of biochemistry. A comprehensive examination will be required.

What does a biochemical blood test in cats show?

As for people, we have dealt with the biochemical analysis of blood in detail. But what if the disease bothers animals, namely our domestic fluffy cats? Will a biochemical blood test show any abnormalities in their body? Undoubtedly. Deciphering "cat analyzes" is a very difficult task. Trust this to an experienced veterinarian. Many cats are prone to urolithiasis, it is for this reason that the doctor first looks at the ratio of phosphorus and calcium in the blood. An increase in calcium may indicate:

• kidney disease;
• various types of cancer;
• pathology of the parathyroid gland;
• various poisonings that led to complications in the urinary system.

If phosphorus is elevated, it is possible to diagnose kidney damage or diseases of the digestive system.

Amylase and lipase are increased in pancreatitis.

Cats can develop diabetes, as well as Cushing's syndrome. High levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides will indicate this. Low sugar levels indicate a malfunction in the liver.

Proper feeding is the main task of the owner. Much depends on the selection of food for your pet. Be responsible for those you teach. Listen to the advice of competent professionals.

In the beginning, we will answer the 3 most popular questions and move on to deciphering the results of the analysis.

What is a biochemical blood test?

A biochemical blood test is a laboratory examination that allows you to evaluate the activity of metabolic processes in the body and identify certain disorders that indicate certain diseases.

The results of a biochemical blood test make it possible to determine a further diagnostic search program aimed at identifying or excluding possible pathologies.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

Biochemical study of blood allows us to draw conclusions of the following nature:

• Assess the capabilities of the liver;
• Assess the capabilities of the kidneys and their functional reserve;
• Detect if there is cell damage, especially to the myocardium, important for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction;
• Whether there are electrolyte disturbances that may affect the normal functioning of important organs;
• Assess the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis and related complications;
• Diagnose diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

How to prepare for the analysis?

To obtain the most reliable results of blood biochemistry, a number of rules must be observed (preparatory stage):

• On the eve of the study, do not eat in the morning;
• The day before blood donation, avoid intense physical activity, which is accompanied by an increase in blood lactate and other metabolites;
• Exclude the use of alcoholic beverages;
• Avoid mental stress, accompanied by an increase in the level of adrenaline with the ensuing consequences.

Biochemical blood test in adults: the norm in the table

The norms of a biochemical blood test in adults fluctuate within certain limits, the scope of which depends on the specific laboratory. Therefore, reference values ​​are always indicated in the analysis form. This transcript in adults of a biochemical blood test and the norm in the table is approximate (the exact standards should be checked with the specialist who conducted the study).

Indicator	Lower limit of normal	Upper limit of normal	unit of measurement
Protein	60	85	g/l
Albumins	35	50	g/l
Globulins	25	35	g/l
Creatinine	50 (women) 64 (men)	100 (women) 110 (men)	µmol/l
Urea (over 60 years, the concentration increases slightly)	2	7,1	mmol/l
Lipids (concentration increases with age)	0.50 (men) 0.4 (women)	2, 9 (men) 2.5 (women)	mmol/l
Total cholesterol (concentration increases with age)	3 - 3.5 (men) 3 - 4.5 (women)	5 - 6.8 (men) 3 - 7.1 (women)	mmol/l
total bilirubin	3,3	20,5	µmol/l
direct bilirubin	0	7,8	µmol/l
ALT	0	31 (women) 41 (men)	U/l
AST	0	31 (women) 37 (men)	U/l
Amylase	25	125	U/l
GGT	0	32 (women) 49 (men)	U/l
Sodium	135	145	mmol/l
Potassium	3,5	5	mmol/l
Calcium	2,1	2,55	mmol/l
Chlorine	100	110	mmol/l
Iron	9 (women) 11 (men)	30 (women) 31 (men)	mmol/l
Uric acid	150 (women) 210 (men)	350 (women) 320 (men)	µmol/l

• Below is a detailed breakdown of the analysis values ​​and what the deviation up and down means.

Deciphering a biochemical blood test for adults

Blood electrolytes (ionogram)

The most important diagnostic value among electrolytes in the biochemical analysis of blood is given to potassium, chlorine, sodium, calcium and serum iron. An ionogram is recommended for such conditions as:

• kidney pathology;
• pathology of the heart, especially manifested by rhythm disturbances;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• dehydration;
• anemia;
• infectious diseases;
• urolithiasis, etc.

Also, this analysis is shown when receiving:

• diuretics;
• cardiac glycosides (drugs prescribed for the treatment of heart failure);
• drugs for the treatment of anemia.

Proteinogram - a protein in a biochemical blood test

Protein in a biochemical blood test is a very important indicator. Both total protein and its individual types (fractions) - albumins and globulins - can be determined. Elevated protein in the analysis usually indicates conditions such as:

• dehydration;
• inflammatory process (especially with an increase in globulins);
• tumors;
• traumatic injuries;
• third trimester of pregnancy;
• taking androgenic or estrogenic drugs;
• autoimmune inflammatory processes.

If the protein in the biochemical blood test is lowered, this indicates other pathological conditions:

• insufficiency of liver function;
• violation of absorption and assimilation of substances in the intestine during its diseases;
• renal pathology;
• pregnancy (first and second trimester).

Uric acid

Uric acid is the main indicator (diseases with damage to the joints associated with the deposition of crystals of this acid in them). However, elevated uric acid levels can also be associated with other diseases:

• kidney failure;
• tumors of the blood system;
• hereditary disorder of urate metabolism.

The final diagnosis of gout is made after x-ray examination of the joints. With this disease, a characteristic symptom is the formation of tophi - or brushes.

Low uric acid indicates:

• lymphogranulomatosis;
• insufficient intake of proteins from food;
• Fanconi syndrome (hereditary kidney disease with damage to their tubules).

Urea

Urea refers to the products of nitrogen metabolism, which are formed in the liver. Excretion is carried out by the kidneys, and this substance determines the density of urine, because. capable of attracting water. The level of urea depends on factors such as:

• preservation of kidney function (increased rates are characteristic of renal failure);
• an abundance of protein products in food (if there are a lot of them, then the concentration of urea increases);
• vegetarianism (urea is reduced);
• liver function (with its insufficiency, urea in the blood decreases);
• age (children have a decrease in urea due to increased protein formation);
• pregnancy (decrease in level is explained by a similar mechanism).

Creatinine in a biochemical blood test

Creatinine in a biochemical blood test is an additional indicator of nitrogen metabolism. The formation of this substance occurs in the muscles as a result of the destruction of creatine phosphate. This process is accompanied by the release of energy necessary for muscle contraction.

Removal of creatinine from the body is carried out by the kidneys - it is filtered in the glomeruli and is not absorbed back in the tubules. Therefore, based on the concentration of creatinine in the blood, conclusions can be drawn about the adequacy of the functioning of the kidneys, namely the renal glomeruli, which are most often affected in glomerulonephritis.

Thus, the excess of creatinine, in the first place, characterizes kidney failure. But it can also be observed in other diseases:

• gigantism and its variety - acromegaly (an increase in the length of the limbs);
• muscle compression syndrome;
• radiation damage;
• (excess thyroid function).

Also, an increase in the concentration of creatine in the body may indicate excessive consumption of meat and its products in the human diet. According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, red meat can be eaten only 2 times a week, no more.

If creatine is lowered below the threshold level, this indicates:

• muscular dystrophy;
• fasting, leading to a decrease in muscle mass;
• pregnancy (used for uterine hypertrophy);
• commitment to vegetarianism.

ALT, ALaT - Alanine aminotransferase

The decoding of ALT in a biochemical blood test is based on the fact that this enzyme is present inside the cells and is released from them when they are destroyed. ALT takes part in the formation of amino acids.

The maximum concentration of this enzyme is determined in the liver and kidneys, the smaller one - in the muscles, heart and pancreas.

Therefore, an increase in ALT levels indicates such diseases:

• viral hepatitis;
• cirrhosis;
• traumatic injury;
• liver tumor;
• myocardial infarction;
• myocarditis;
• myodystrophy;
• rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).

With a pronounced inhibition of liver function, ALT activity is critically reduced. The determination of GGT in a biochemical blood test also helps to confirm the diagnosis of liver damage. This enzyme is also specific for hepatocytes.

Elevated titers of CRP (C-reactive protein) in a biochemical blood test indicate an infectious lesion of the liver (viral hepatitis), helping to establish an accurate etiological (causal) diagnosis.

AST, ASAT - Aspartate aminotransferase

AST, unlike ALT, is an enzyme that is more specific for cardiomyocyte damage. Therefore, an increase in AST in a biochemical blood test indicates a myocardial infarction or other heart damage. Somewhat less often it says about:

• hepatitis;
• cholestasis;
• muscle damage;
• inflammation.

Lipidogram (cholesterol and fats)

Lipidogram is the determination of the concentration of fats (lipids) and cholesterol fractions in the blood, which determine the degree of its atherogenicity. These substances enter the body with food, and are also formed in adipocytes (fat cells) and hepatocytes (liver cells).

The physiological significance of fats and cholesterol lies in the formation of energy necessary for the flow of all processes in the body. However, elevated levels can lead to the development of atherosclerosis.

When lipid levels are elevated in the analysis, this may indicate the following conditions:

• hereditary lipidemia;
• diabetes;
• heart failure;
• pancreatitis;
• obesity;
• hypothyroid state;
• pregnancy.

Low lipid levels indicate:

• lack of nutrition;
• violation of absorption activity in the intestine;
• increased thyroid function.

Cholesterol in a biochemical blood test

When determining the level of cholesterol, the total concentration and level in the composition of lipoproteins, both low and high density, are taken into account.

The former represent an atherogenic hazard, while the latter, on the contrary, have a protective effect on the vessels. An increase in total cholesterol in a blood test is observed when:

• hereditary hypercholesterolemia;
• atherosclerosis;
• liver diseases;
• kidney disease;
• gout;
• alcoholism.

Total cholesterol is lowered - indicates:

• exhaustion;
• malabsorption;
• burns;
• acute infections;
• heart failure.

Bilirubin in a biochemical blood test

Bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin and myoglobin. This process occurs both in the liver and in the spleen. There are direct and indirect bilirubin.

Directly related to glucuronic acid. Indirect bilirubin is free from such a bond, therefore it is insoluble in water. It is formed initially from hemoglobin and myoglobin and is able to destroy cell membranes, tk. dissolves well in fats.

This type of bilirubin has a toxic effect on cells if its concentration exceeds the allowable values. Normally, it must enter the liver, where it combines with glucuronic acid and loses its toxic properties. Further, the bound bilirubin enters the intestine with bile and is excreted (both with urine and feces).

An increase in total bilirubin in the blood leads to the appearance of externally visible jaundice and indicates liver damage, destruction of red blood cells, poisoning, tumors, hereditary hyperbilirubinemia, cholelithiasis, etc.

An elevated level of direct bilirubin allows you to determine the direct involvement of the liver in the pathological process and determine the level of damage (above the liver, below it, or directly to this organ). This indicates diseases such as:

• viral hepatitis;
• hepatitis of toxic origin;
• hepatosis of pregnant women;
• Rotor syndrome (hereditary disorder of bilirubin metabolism);
• pathology with compression of the bile ducts.

Amylase

There are two fractions of amylase:

• salivary - formed in the salivary glands;
• pancreatic - synthesized in the pancreas.

The excretion of the enzyme is carried out by the kidneys. In this case, it is traditionally called diastase, although this is the same substance.

Diagnostic value has both an increase in the level of amylase, and its decrease. An increased level of amylase is observed in diseases such as:

• pancreatitis;
• (popularly - mumps);
• diabetes and others.

A decrease in the level is usually associated with pancreatic insufficiency, leading to impaired digestion, or with.

For many decades, each of us has been required to periodically take tests. There is a need for this to control one's own health, more precisely, to determine what level of glucose is in the blood, control hemoglobin and the presence of possible internal inflammations of the body. What does the usual “blood from a finger” help us with, and more specifically, we will answer the question: WBC blood test decoding.

We pass tests, not even knowing what they mean and what they indicate, all these designations in the results of the analyzes. So what is a WBC blood test anyway?

This analysis is a biochemical diagnostic of our blood. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the number of leukocytes in the blood serum. This procedure gives an understanding of the overall picture of a person's condition and his immunity.

Leukocytes are considered one of the most important general indicators of the state of the human body.

To be clearer: leukocytes are cells of the immune system. They provide protection to the human body. A serious pathology may be indicated by a change in the number of leukocytes in the blood plasma.

The type of leukocytes also indicates the nature of the infection or pathology. Even without the presence of visible signs of the disease, a clinical blood test will still help to identify the presence of any infection (different types of bacteria, viruses, oncological diseases).
For example, with leukemia, a routine (clinical) blood test will help to identify the presence of the disease.

Norm WBC blood test

During the determination of a blood test, high-precision equipment is used - an automatic hematological analyzer. In the blood, each individual indicator has its own abbreviated name. One of these indicators is the WBC. Which in translation sounds like white blood cells. In medical language - leukocytes.

Not everyone knows what the norm and the decoding of the WBC blood test are talking about. Deciphering this analysis will help identify the causes that are related to the change in the level of leukocytes in the blood. These reasons include: cancer, enlarged spleen, tuberculosis, syphilis, lupus erythematosus, viral hepatitis, radiation sickness and many others. In fact, there are a lot of diseases that affect the state of the blood.

The norm for an adult is considered if the level of leukocytes ranges from 4.0 to 8.8 * 10/9 per liter of blood. In women, their number is less (about 3.2-10.2), and in men it is more (4.3-11.3).

The leukocyte formula of an adult is normal, it is considered with such indicators: metamyelocytes and myelocytes are absent, eosinophils 0 - 5%, stab: 1 - 6%, lymphocytes 9.0 (4.3 - 13.7), monocytes 1.9 (0 .7 - 3.1), segmented 45 - 70%, plasma cells 0.9 (0.1 - 1.8), basophils 0.2 (0 - 0.5)%.
The level of WBC in the blood test will exceed the norm in women a few days before the onset of the menstrual cycle (the closer the menstruation, the higher the indicator) and during its course, the same increase is observed during the period of bearing a child and some time after the birth of a baby.

Deciphering the WBC blood test in adults in the table

The results of deciphering the WBC blood test in adults are normal in the table below:

Deciphering the norm of the WBC blood test in children

For the correct interpretation of the WBC blood test in children, it is important to know the norms corresponding to each age. For a newborn baby up to 3 months old, 5.5-12.5 is considered the norm. For older children, namely from six months to 6 years, the norm is 5.0-12.0. From 6 to 15 years old 4.3 - 10.0. And for children over 15 years old 4.0 - 9.0.

For example, from 5.5 to 12.5 means that in the body there are from 5500 to 12500 cubic cells per 1 mC of blood.

The maximum number of leukocytes in a child is the first day after birth. Then, as they grow, they decrease and reach the level of an adult. Deciphering the number of leukocytes in a child's body can tell about ongoing inflammatory processes (otitis media, meningitis, bronchitis, inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, acute bleeding, kidney failure).

Decoding and norm blood test RBC

The RBC blood test is performed at the time of the clinical blood test. RBC is a blood test for the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) it contains. These bodies carry hemoglobin, they transport oxygen in all tissues of the human body.

The decoding and norm of the RBC analysis gives an answer about the presence or absence of the disease. The number of red blood cells increases due to dehydration of the body (excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, fever). Also, deciphering this analysis can make it clear about a more serious disease, such as polycystic kidney disease, liver and kidney cancer, heart disease, lung disease, hydronephrosis, Cushing's Syndrome and many human ailments.

The number of erythrocytes in the results can change not only in connection with any formed ailment, but also it changes in accordance with the age of the person, his acquired bad habits, such as smoking, alcoholism. Also, their number may depend on working conditions or quality of life.

For example: in a person who quite often exposes his body to heavy loads, the number of red blood cells increases. Changes in the quantitative ratio will also be detected in patients with an altered blood composition, who have to be or are at a height for a significant amount of time (alpinists, high-altitude climbers, rock climbers and others).

Changes in WBC and RBC blood tests can occur for various and numerous reasons. To control your health, you need to take a clinical blood test, and be sure to consult a specialist about the results, since only he can accurately decipher the tests and determine the correct diagnosis.

And finally, it is worth saying that, perhaps, we have nothing more expensive than health. So let's keep it. Health to you and your loved ones!

For high-quality collection of analyzes and their correct interpretation, use the services of the site:

• choose a doctor for your problem (the "Select a doctor" form is located at the top above the article);
• choose a specialist yourself from the list offered to you (the block to the left of the article);
• choose your own clinic for consultation, diagnosis and treatment (list below under the article).

A biochemical blood test in adults has significant differences in norms with a similar analysis in children. The metabolism of a child's body is significantly different from that of an adult. Only after hormonal changes in adolescence, the child's body in its functioning begins to approach the parameters of an adult's work. Completion of the formation of the human body ends on average by 25 years.

What is a biochemical blood test?

Biochemistry is a modern science that has a close relationship with medicine. This science began its rise at the beginning of the 20th century, its goal is to explore life from the standpoint of chemistry, biology and physics. The first serious studies of biochemistry related to medicine related to the study of vitamins and coenzymes in the vital activity of the human body.

The apogee of the development of medical biochemistry was the emergence of numerous types of testing based on the knowledge of this science: biochemical blood test (BAC), lipidogram, coagulogram, enzyme immunoassay.

Attention! There are three types of biochemical blood test: a) general therapeutic - 5-10 parameters; b) advanced - more than 10 parameters; c) highly specialized - one parameter is considered with all isoforms, if any.

How is LHC different from other types of medical research?

People often do not understand the difference between biochemical and clinical blood tests, and it is very significant: LHC examines biochemical compounds (proteins, enzymes, low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds, carbohydrates, lipids); a clinical blood test is aimed at studying the uniform composition of the blood (leukocytes, granulocytes, eosinophils, platelets, erythrocytes).

On the pages of an Internet forum they ask: “Why is there no WBC parameter among the results of my biochemical blood test?”. We answer: this English abbreviation means the parameter of a clinical blood test “leukocytes”, it cannot be in the LHC, because it is not a biochemical compound, but blood cells are its uniform part.

Preparing for the LHC

To ensure the laboratory purity of the LHC results, a number of important requirements must be met before analysis. They are important because the violation of any point may cause the need for re-analysis. BAC is not made for free - the average price of a general therapeutic form of BAC in Russia is 2500-3000 rubles, which is a lot. Therefore, a person who is going to take an analysis should carefully read these recommendations:

• The analysis is given in the morning on an empty stomach. You should not eat after 18 pm - maximum unsweetened tea with unsweetened cookies.
• One day before the analysis procedure, you can not eat a lot of sweet, fried, smoked, drink alcohol, smoke, expose the body to significant physical exertion.
• The analysis is not done immediately if the patient came from the heat and shows signs of physical fatigue.

Attention! To avoid confusion in the results of the LHC, it is necessary to visit the same laboratory.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults with an extended list of values

Deciphering the results of the LHC online is impossible without knowing the norms of each parameter. Tabular indicators are arranged as follows: on the left - the name of the parameter, on the right - the norm. Values ​​that fit within the numerical limits of the norm will be considered normal. Anything below or above the norm will mean pathology.

LHC indicator		Normal in the blood
Polypeptides
total protein		63-87 g/l
Albumins		40-50 g/l
Globulins	alpha 1	2.0‑2.4 g/l
	alpha 2	in men 1.51‑3.50 g/l; in women 1.74‑4.20 g/l.
	beta	2.20-4.0 g/l
	gamma	10.5 g/l
Haptoglobin		0.8-2.7 g/l
Hemopexin		0.50‑1.2 g/l
myoglobin		in men 19-92 mcg / l; in women 12-76 mcg / l.
Rheumatoid factor		Up to 10 U / ml.
C-reactive protein		Up to 0.5 mg/l.
Transferrin		2.0 - 4.0 g / l (for a woman during gestation, the values ​​\u200b\u200bare higher, for a person over 60 years old - lower).
ferritin		in men 20-250 mcg / l; in women 10-120 mcg /.
ceruloplasmin		150.0-600.0 mg/l.
		26.85 - 41.2 µmol/l
Carbohydrates
Glucose		3.5-6.2 mmol/l
Glycated hemoglobin		until 6%
Fructosamine		up to 280.0 mmol/l
lactate		0.5–2.2 mmol/l
C-peptide		1.1–5.0 ng/ml.
low molecular weight nitrogenous substances
Urea		2.55-8.31 mmol/l
Creatinine		men - 62-124 µmol / l; women - 44-97 µmol / l.
Purine derivatives
Uric acid		men - 0.12-0.43 mmol / l; women - 0.24-0.54 mmol / l.
Lipids
total cholesterol		3.1-5.2 mmol/l
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)		3.8 mmol/l
High density lipoproteins (HDL)		men 1.6 mmol/l; women 1.4 mmol/l.
Triglycerides		0.14-1.82 mmol/l
Atherogenic coefficient		less than 3 mmol/l
Pigments
total bilirubin		8.49-20.58 µmol/l
Indirect (unbound) bilirubin		4.5-17.1 µmol/l
Direct (bound) bilirubin		2.2-5.1 µmol/l
Enzymes
A-amylase		up to 110 U/l
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)		up to 38 U/l
		up to 42 U/l
		men - up to 33.5 U / l; women - up to 48.6 U / l.
		men - 11-50 U / l; women - 7-32 U / l.
Acid phosphatase (AP)		men - 0-5.5 U / l; women - 0-6.5 U / l.
Creatine kinase (CK)		up to 180 U/l
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)		120-240 U/l.
Lipase		0-417 U/l.
Cholinesterase		men - 5800-14600 U / l; women - 5860-11800 U / l.
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)		up to 260 U/l
vitamins
Vitamin A		0.30-1.20 mg/l
Vitamin B 1		70-180 nmol/l
Vitamin B 2		5-50 nmol/l
Vitamin B 6		20-125 nmol/l
Vitamin D		30-80 ng/ml
Vitamin E		5.5-18.0 mg/l
Vitamin C		0.4-2.0 mg/dl
trace elements
Iron		in men - 11.64-30.43 µmol / l; in women - 8.95-30.43 µmol / l.
Potassium		3.6-5.4 mmol/l
Calcium		2.0-2.8 mmol/l
Magnesium		0.65-1.1 mmol/l
Sodium		134-150 mmol/l
Phosphorus		0.65-1.3 mmol/l
Chlorine		95.0-110.0 mmol/l
Zinc		11-18 µmol/l

Deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test in adults

The decoding of the analysis is of interest to any person who receives a form of a biochemical test without any explanation. The values ​​​​of the tests can be explained by the doctor, but this does not happen immediately. There is one reason that patients are especially afraid of - medical confidentiality.

For example, test data is not deciphered to the patient in cases where the diagnosis may be life-threatening. This is justified from the point of view of medical ethics.

Polypeptides

Proteins are the most important building block of the human body. Performs such basic functions as:

• The function of building material - protein is part of all tissues of the human body. Most of the protein is found in the muscles.
• Transport function - the protein carries trace elements and nutrients throughout the body, for example, the hemoglobin polypeptide carries oxygen in the blood.
• Protective function - the body defends itself against antigens with the help of globulin proteins.
• The energy source is a reserve source of energy in the human body, the body burns protein only in exceptional cases, for example, during prolonged fasting.

Protein and its fractions		Possible reason for the increase	Possible reason for the decline
total protein		there is a lot of protein in the diet; oncological diseases; diseases of the genitourinary system complicated by sepsis; blood sepsis, sepsis of internal organs.	there are few protein products in the diet, diseases of the genitourinary system, oncological diseases, hepatitis, blood loss, pregnancy, burn injuries of the body.
Albumins		body dehydration, blood diseases, oncological diseases, burns and sepsis, diabetes, infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple myeloma, vomiting, diarrhea, hemoconcentration, nephritis.	anasarca, pregnancy, hyperhydration, atrophy of muscle tissue, anemia, blood loss, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum (with bleeding), oncological diseases, hepatitis, pulmonary edema, blood diseases.
Globulins	alpha	glomerulonephritis, dermatomyositis, nephrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, scleroderma.	anasarca, muscle tissue atrophy, anemia, gestation, blood loss, oncological diseases, hepatitis, blood diseases.
	beta	atherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, nephrosis, diabetes mellitus, gastric and duodenal ulcers (with bleeding).
	gamma	allergies, helminthic invasion, infectious diseases, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, burns.
Haptoglobin		hemolysis in vivo, cholecystitis, steroid treatment.	hemolysis in vivo, liver disease, folic acid deficiency, enlarged spleen, nephrosis.
Hemopexin		nephrosis, diabetes.	oncological diseases, hepatitis, blood diseases.
myoglobin		myocardial infarction, renal failure, inflammatory processes in muscle tissue, muscle tissue injuries, burns of various etiologies.	rheumatoid arthritis, myositis and polymyositis, myasthenia gravis.
ceruloplasmin		infectious diseases, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, schizophrenia, oncological diseases.	alimentary anemia, unbalanced diet.
Rheumatoid factor		the presence of this protein in the blood indicates the development of rheumatism, autoimmune diseases.
C-reactive protein		the presence of this protein in the blood indicates the development of sepsis in the blood and in the internal organs.
ferritin		excess iron, hepatitis, leukemia, breast cancer, infectious diseases.	iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, during female monthly cycles, autoimmune hepatitis, third trimester of gestation.
Transferrin		oncological diseases, inflammatory processes of various etiologies, burns, excess iron, cirrhosis of the liver.
Serum iron-binding capacity (IBC)		iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, third trimester of gestation.	excess iron, hepatitis, leukemia, breast cancer, infectious diseases, inflammatory processes of various etiologies, burns, cirrhosis of the liver.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the number one source of energy in the human body. An analysis for the presence of carbohydrates is necessary to determine the dangerous pathology - "diabetes mellitus". Blood sugar measures the amount of glucose in the body. To create a more complete picture of diabetes, to accurately determine its type and type, the severity of the pathology, a fraction of glycoproteins is considered - glycated hemoglobin, C-peptide, fructosamine. Lactate, a breakdown product of lactic acid, is a parameter that can be used to determine the development of diabetes insipidus.

Low molecular weight nitrogenous substances (slags)

Purine derivatives

Uric acid is the last step in the biochemical transformation of purine nitrogenous compounds under the influence of xanthine oxidase from xanthine.

An increased level of this substance in the body can be caused by kidney disease, alcoholism, poisoning with salts of heavy metals (lead, bismuth, arsenic), starvation, and blood diseases. Lack of uric acid can be the result of hereditary diseases, AIDS, cancer, burns, diabetes.

Lipids

Lipids (fats) are an important part of the human body. They perform the functions of an energy source (second in importance after carbohydrates), protection (protect the body from harmful substances), building material (cell walls are made of fats). Deciphering the values ​​in the table:

Lipid name	Possible reason for the increase	Possible reason for the decline
total cholesterol
LDL	change of seasons (higher in winter than in spring), blood diseases (hypertension, angina pectoris), menstruation, gestation, physical inactivity, cancer, cholecystitis, viral hepatitis, an improperly balanced diet (an abundance of fatty foods).	change of seasons (lower in spring than in autumn and winter), well-balanced diet, hyperdynamia.
HDL	HDL breaks down LDL (bad cholesterol), if it is low, LDL becomes larger and pathological processes that depend on the amount of LDL are aggravated; if enough - LDL does not harm the body.
Triglycerides	the parameter is needed to clarify data on LDL and HDL

Pigments

The life span of red cells (erythrocytes) in the body is 3-6 months. When red blood cells die, the toxin "bilirubin" is formed. The body uses albumin to remove bilirubin from the blood - this is unbound bilirubin. When it enters the liver, bilirubin "binds" and becomes safe.

The parameter "total bilirubin" means the sum of bound and unbound bilirubin contained in the blood. The presence of unbound bilirubin in the blood above the norm will mean pathological processes in the liver of various etiologies. Also, the cause of an increase in the content of unbound bilirubin in the blood can be injuries and diseases of the blood.

Enzymes

Enzyme name	Possible reason for the increase	Possible reason for the decline
A-amylase	alcoholism, taking tetracycline antibiotics, taking steroids, acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, viral hepatitis, mumps, kidney failure.	preeclampsia, myocardial infarction, pancreatic necrosis, thyrotoxicosis.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle injury.	skeletal muscle atrophy, hereditary diseases, anemia, prolonged starvation.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver carcinoma.
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)	rheumatoid arthritis, liver diseases, oncological diseases of the liver, pancreas and prostate; myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, hyperthyroidism.	There are no pathological reasons for the decrease in GGT.
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)	alcoholism, liver carcinoma, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, prostate cancer, viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis (including alcohol), cholelithiasis.	decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, hypothyroidism.
Acid phosphatase (AP)	lack of calcium and phosphorus in the body, hepatitis, bone tissue regeneration, cytomegalovirus infection, toxic liver damage, infectious mononucleosis, osteosarcoma.	osteoporosis, excess vitamin D, anemia, thyroid dysfunction, starvation, vitamin C deficiency.
Creatine kinase (CK)	schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, gangrene, myocardial infarction, myositis, hypothyroidism, encephalitis.	There are no pathological reasons for the decrease in CC.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	injuries, blood diseases, liver diseases, anemia of various types, lesions of the endocrine glands.	there are no pathological reasons for the decrease in LDH.
Lipase	pancreatitis, intestinal infarction, peritonitis, long-term use of barbiturates and analgesics, obesity grades 3 and 4, cirrhosis of the liver, gestation, intestinal obstruction, mumps, diabetes mellitus, cholecystitis.	pancreatic dysfunction, cystic fibrosis, excess triglycerides in the blood.
Cholinesterase	obesity grades 3 and 4, alcoholism, breast cancer, arterial hypertension, tetanus, neurosis, gestation, diabetes mellitus.	third trimester of pregnancy, liver disease, blood transfusion, cancer, myocardial infarction, decreased blood albumin.
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)	multiple myeloma, lymphogranulomatosis, hepatitis, bone tissue regeneration, cytomegalovirus infection, toxic liver damage, osteosarcoma.	osteoporosis, excess vitamin D, anemia, thyroid dysfunction, starvation, scurvy.

Attention! Enzymes should not be equated with enzymes, which are often referred to as "enzymes" - what is correct from a chemical point of view looks different in clinical practice. For ease of understanding, we can assume that enzymes are substances in the blood, and enzyme enzymes are substances in the gastrointestinal tract.

vitamins

Vitamin	Excess	Flaw
BUT	headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, flushing of the skin of the face, thinning of the skin, sporadic pruritus.	problems with vision at dusk, the condition of the skin worsens - the skin becomes dry, rough, painful; brittle nails, conjunctivitis.
B1	weakness, nausea, urge to vomit, dizziness, palpitations, swelling of the face, numbness of the extremities, in the severe stage of hypervitaminosis, pulmonary edema, convulsions, involuntary urination, loss of consciousness, death can occur.	disappears appetite, problems with intestinal motility, frequent constipation, fatigue, nervousness and irritability, sleep problems.
B2	tingling of the fingertips, burning in the joints, blockage of the renal channels, diarrhea and accumulation of fluid in the body, fatty liver.	conjunctivitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes, itching and pain in the eyes, drying out and cracking of the lips, hair begins to fall out.
B6	allergic reactions	there are dermatitis, a tendency to arthritis, myositis, atherosclerosis and liver disease, excitability, nervousness, irascibility, lack of sleep.
D	irritability, muscle spasms, vascular calcification, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, xerostomia, weight loss, increased blood pressure, fatigue, constipation, acidosis.	fatigue, lethargy, lethargy, osteoporosis, liver disease, increased risk of infectious diseases.
E	deterioration of the general condition of the body, violation of sexual function (from apathy to increased desire).	muscle weakness and lethargy, male infertility, endocrine and mental disorders.
With	autoimmune diseases, the risk of developing cancer of the red and white blood.	the strength of immunity decreases, weakness, lethargy, increased fatigue.

trace elements

The name of the microelement	What is it needed for	Pathologies associated with a deficiency (-) or an excess (+) of a microelement in human blood
(Ca)	ensures the growth of bone tissue, cleanses the cells of toxins.	liver disease (+, -), bone disease (-), osteoporosis (-), muscle pain (+, -).
(Na)		fainting (-), loss of activity (-), drowsiness (-), thirst (+).
(I)	influence on the growth, development and metabolism of the body.	fatigue, headache, depression, pathological laziness, irritability and irritability (-), weakening memory and intelligence (-), poisoning, weakness, allergies (+).
(K)	affects the functioning of the heart.	hypotension (-), hypertension (+).
(P)	helps the body absorb calcium, a participant in energy metabolism, an integral part of biomolecules, is important for the functioning of the organs of the higher nervous system.	poor memory (-), osteoporosis (+, -), muscle anemia (-), muscle pain (+, -), rickets (-), liver disease (+, -).
(Mg)	takes part in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.	heart disease (+, -), myocardial infarction (-), vascular disease (+, -), convulsions (-).
(Fe)	helps in the composition of the hemoglobin protein to oxidize chemical elements and compounds in the human body.	iron deficiency anemia (-), toxic hepatitis (+).
(Cl)	affects cellular water exchange.	alkaline gastritis (-), acid gastritis (+), anemia (+, -), impaired kidney function (+, -).
(Zn)	affects the functioning of the immune system and male potency, is important for the production of pancreatic secretions.	poor potency in men (-), delayed sexual development (-), autoimmune diseases (+).

Attention! This part of the article is devoted to deciphering the results of biochemical analysis in adults - the determination of an increased or decreased level of each BAC parameter is carried out using a table of norms!