Intestinal lymphoma symptoms. Intestinal Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostic Tests, and Treatment

The date: 03.03.2020

Intestinal lymphoma

This type of bowel disease is diagnosed in about eighteen cases out of a hundred, among all malignant pathologies of the small intestine, and in one case out of a hundred, if we are talking about the large intestine. Most often, in this department digestive tract the presence of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is determined.

In the photo: Cutaway intestinal lymphoma

There are such types of lymphoma of the small intestine as posterior type lymphoma, as well as heavy alpha chain disease. Basically, the pathology affects children under ten years of age, or men after fifty. The most frequent localization (in eighty percent) is the small intestine. Precancerous diseases in this case are called celiac disease, hypogammaglobulinemia, and Crohn's disease.

Enough dangerous pathology which should be treated with the utmost care. The fact is that specific symptoms that can distinguish lymphoma small intestine from other tumors - no. In this regard, treatment should be comprehensive, including all available methods.

Photo of removed lymphoma of the small intestine

Liver lymphoma

This is the development of a tumor from the lymphatic tissues in the liver. Primary liver lymphoma is distinguished, which occurs in no more than fifteen percent of cases and is most often a solitary formation, usually this type develops in patients with immunodeficiency syndrome or against the background of a recent transplantation of this organ.

Photo of a liver affected by lymphomas

Secondary lymphoma is also isolated, which is formed as a distant metastasis from other affected organs. This is due to the good blood supply to the liver and the fact that one of the main functions of this organ is to filter and purify the blood. In this case, a more characteristic diffuse small-focal lesion.

Predisposing factors are such pathologies as:

Cirrhosis of the liver.
Diabetes mellitus of any type.
Alcohol abuse.
Biliary dyskinesia.

Thyroid lymphoma

Lymphoma thyroid gland- This oncological disease, which originates from the lymphoid inclusions of the organ. A characteristic clinical symptoms, which is manifested by compression of the surrounding anatomical structures, which leads to an increase in the anterior surface of the neck, lymph nodes, as well as problems with the passage of the food bolus through the esophagus and hoarseness.

Pictured: a person with thyroid lymphoma

Diagnostic measures are reduced to a blood test for thyroid hormones, as well as a fine needle biopsy. Thyroid lymphoma is treated by a course of chemotherapy for cancer of the lymphoma, and in the presence of limited forms of the disease, a radical ectomy of the organ is performed, followed by lymph node dissection. Thyroid lymphoma is more common in women over the age of sixty and has a fairly good prognosis.

bone lymphoma

Bone lymphoma usually develops in people older than sixty years; this type of sarcoma is capable of growing from absolutely any bones. In the case of a secondary lesion, most often, the primary focus is the liver, intestines or thyroid gland.

MRI image: Bone lymphoma

The characteristic symptoms of the pathology are bone pain, which usually increases at night, swelling, and the development of pathological fractures due to osteoporosis. Predisposing factors are considered to be congenital malformations, genetic conditioning, the presence of chronic exposure to radiation or chemical harmful factors.

Abdominal lymphoma

This is one of the types of blood cancer, which leads to the appearance of pathological lymphocytes and their accumulation in the abdomen. characteristic clinical picture usually consists of the following symptoms:

The presence of a palpable neoplasm in the abdomen, which leads to compression of the intestinal loops and the clinic of chronic intestinal obstruction.
Frequent feeling of a full stomach as a result of taking the usual amount of food.
Splenitis and hepatomegaly.
Chronic abdominal pain and loss of appetite, up to aversion to food.
Accumulation of free fluid in the abdominal cavity.

An abdominopolar scan with enhanced contrast computed tomography showed a large soft tissue dense mass (white arrow) in the middle of the ascending colon and above the ileocecum. After the extended scan, non-uniform enhancement was noted.

Diffuse lymphoma (large B-cell) is a type of pathology in which the lesion develops not only in the lymph nodes, but also in other internal organs. The risk group includes people with reduced immune reactivity, the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus, as well as those with infectious mononucleosis.

Histology of diffuse lymphoma

CNS lymphoma

There are both primary and secondary types of this tumor. Secondary CNS lymphoma develops as a result of metastasis of lymphoma cells from other organs or tissues. Primary lymphomas of the central nervous system are considered quite rare types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that occur in the region of the structures of the central nervous system, but do not extend beyond it in the future.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showing B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the sella turcica, hypothalamus, and tectum (intense white areas, middle).

Diagnosis is based on the presence of focal cerebral symptoms and invasive instrumental methods such as tumor resection or biopsy. A frequent clinical manifestation is an unbearable headache of a bursting nature, the appearance of a lesion of the spinal cord or optic nerves.

breast lymphoma

This is oncological tumor in area mammary gland, which occurs in five tenths of a percent of all cases of pathological neoplasms in this anatomical structure. It usually develops secondarily. As a result of metastasis from the primary tumor.

Mammography showed a round, 1.5 cm, well-circumscribed nodule with uniform density, tiny petal borders, and no microcalcifications.

Palpation is determined by a rounded inclusion with clearly defined edges, which is combined with local thickening skin covers. After determining the final diagnosis, by applying a biopsy, the choice of treatment follows. Most often, it consists in using complex therapy, which includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Testicular lymphoma

Testicular lymphoma - the development of a primary tumor in this zone of lymphoid origin is considered a fairly rare occurrence and occurs in only two percent of cases among all lymphomas. The risk group includes men over fifty. In every fifth case, there is a bilateral lesion of these organs.

The photo shows a multi-beam mass with a diameter of 5.4 cm. Histology and immunohistochemical findings diagnosed diffuse testicular B-cell lymphoma.

Diagnosis in the early stages is possible due to the presence of compaction and sensation of a foreign body in the scrotum. In this regard, the applied treatment regimen is successful in eighty percent of cases.

Lymphoma in children

A frequent disease for the reason that children are at risk. This is due to the formation of the immune system, and its restructuring during the period of six to seven years of age. At this point, a replication failure may develop. genetic code leading to the development of the disease.

There are such types of lymphoma in children:

Non-classical.
Mixed cell.
with lymphedema.
with lymphopenia.
Nodular form.

The mass of complications with lymphoma in children obliges specialists to devote all their efforts early detection pathology and complex treatment. Most frequent symptoms at this age consider such:

Weight reduction.
The development of subfebrile temperature.
Increased sweating at night.
Chronic weakness and accelerated fatigue.
Itching of the skin.
Pallor.
Pain in the bones and joints.

Lymphoma of the marginal zone of the spleen

Lymphoma of the marginal zone of the spleen is a tumor that develops at the border of the white and red pulp of the spleen. It is this part of the organ that is called the magninal zone; there is a large accumulation of lymphocytes here. This non-Hodgkin's lymphoma affects people over the age of seventy to a greater extent and occupies no more than three percent of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Splenic lymphatic marginal zone. The enlarged image shows the chromatin pattern characteristic of lymphoid cells, accompanied by polar villi.

Non-specific manifestations of the disease are such symptoms:

Weakness.
Excessive sweating.
Fast fatiguability.
Heaviness in the left hypochondrium, which is not associated with eating.
Subfebrile temperature.
Weight loss.

Lymphoma from cells of the mantle zone

Lymphoma from the cells of the mantle zone is a formation from B-lymphocytes that develops as a result of chromosomal mutation. This pathology is characterized by an increase in lymph nodes, spleen, liver size, as well as damage to the lymph nodes of the digestive tract. Differential diagnosis must be carried out with intestinal polyposis, this is associated with a similar clinical picture.

Mantle cell lymphoma, a common pathology - the mucous membrane of the colon, dotted with tumor nodules in the intestinal lymphomatous polyposis.

The growth originates from the mantle zone, where the reproduction of pathological cells occurs. Lymphoma from the cells of the mantle zone - is considered a pathology with a low degree of malignancy, since there is no growth in the germinal center of the lymph nodes.

Solitary polyps of the small intestine are rarely found, they usually have malignant course- carcinoid, or metastatic character - adenocarcinoma, may be manifested by bleeding or intussusception - this is a variant of intestinal obstruction.

To determine the nature of the polyp, endoscopic examination with targeted biopsy is necessary.

Polyposis - multiple polyps in the small intestine. They are more common than single ones - these are nodular lymphoid metaplasia, Peutz-Gigers syndrome, i.e. polyposis in combination with hyperpigmentation on the skin and mucous membranes), Cronkite syndrome - Canada (polyposis in combination with early baldness and atrophy nail phalanges), lymphomatous polyps, endometriosis.

Most often, polyps are localized in the ileum. Clinical manifestations depend on the location and size of polyps and on the development of complications: ulceration, bleeding, perforation. The only symptom of polyposis may be hypochromic anemia, as a result of occult bleeding with ulceration or perforation.

With a carcinoid tumor of the small intestine that produces serotonin, histamine and bradykinin (biologically active substances - mediators), there are sudden attacks of suffocation with a sharp flushing of the skin, palpitations, cramping abdominal pain and diarrhea. In the process of growth, benign tumors are able to degenerate into malignant neoplasms, especially dangerous in this respect are carcinoid, adenomas and leiomyomas. Based on the biopsy result surgical intervention the final diagnosis is established.

LYMPHOMA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

This is a rare disorder that may be suspected in malabsorption due to: malabsorption disorders clinically similar to those seen in non-tropical sprue; abdominal pain and fever.

Lymphoma can manifest as small bowel obstruction, i.e. blockage in 70% of cases, bleeding in 95%, or perforation in 30%.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of data from a biopsy of the small intestine mucosa, in which massive cellular infiltration (impregnation) with various elements of the lymphoid tissue (lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes, lymphocytes) is detected, it is also necessary to examine the state of bone marrow hematopoiesis.

Applicable treatment- surgical. The small intestine is removed. Lymphoma associated with celiac disease has a poor prognosis. After surgery, chemotherapy is needed; if the symptoms of lymphoma recur, then an x-ray examination is performed initially, followed by computed tomography.

CARCINOMA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

The disease is a rare hormonally active neuroepithelial tumor that develops in intestinal crypts from Kulchitskogr cells.

The cause of the disease has not been fully established. Sometimes carcinoma is combined with celiac disease.

Most carcinoid tumors are located in the small intestine, appendix. They can also be found in the bronchi, pancreas, gallbladder, prostate. The tumor is located in the submucosal layer of the intestine, grows in the direction of the muscular and serous layers, has a diameter of several millimeters to 3 cm.

The growth of the tumor is quite rapid, it leads to a narrowing of the intestinal lumen and a violation of its patency, the tumor bleeds and ulcerates, causing hypochromic anemia.

In carcinoid syndrome, a complex set of biological reactions is due to the release of serotonin by tumor cells. Tumor cells also produce other active substances (kinins, histamine, prostaglandins, polypeptide P).

Symptoms may be associated with the tumor, as well as common signs - carcinoid syndrome.

Manifestations are local soreness, symptoms resemble those of acute or chronic appendicitis or intestinal obstruction intestinal bleeding. With the localization of the tumor in the rectum, pain occurs during defecation, the release of scarlet blood with feces, weight loss, anemia. When palpated, the tumor is rarely determined due to its small size.

The carcinoid syndrome associated with hormonal activity includes vasomotor reactions, attacks of bronchospasm, increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract with spasms and diarrhea with episodes of profuse diarrhea, redness of the skin of the upper half of the body. General weakness, sensation of heat, tachycardia, hypotension join. Sometimes patients complain of lacrimation, runny nose, nausea, vomiting. The attack lasts from a few seconds to 10-15 minutes, may resume during the day. Attacks occur spontaneously, sometimes after physical or emotional stress. Usually, carcinoid syndrome develops when the tumor metastasizes to the liver and other organs.

Over time, hyperemia, i.e. redness of the skin becomes permanent and is usually accompanied by cyanosis - cyanosis, hyperkeratosis - keratinization, hyperpigmentation, sometimes telangiectations occur, i.e. spider veins. In patients with carcinoid, sometimes there is a deficiency tricuspid valve heart and stenosis of the mouth pulmonary artery due to thickening and shortening of the cusps of the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve. The syndrome of circulatory insufficiency gradually develops. The tumor grows rather slowly, metastasizes more often to the liver. From multiple metastases, cachexia, intestinal obstruction, heart failure, death can occur.

X-ray examination rarely gives positive results due to the small size of the tumor and its eccentric growth. Traditional laboratory tests are ineffective. Special laboratory research include increased levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the blood and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in the urine. A histological examination is necessary, in which signs of atypia are found in the cells of the mucous membrane.

The cause of small bowel narrowing, in addition to carcinoma, may be Crohn's disease, lymphoma, tuberculosis, surgical anastomoses, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, radiation, yersiniosis. Most exact method Detection of a tumor substrate in a biopsy specimen, high titers of radioimmune tests for serotonin in tumor cells, and an increased content of serotonin in the blood are the factors that allow differentiating carcinoid.

Basic treatment for carcinoid held surgical method. Perform bowel resection with radical removal of the tumor and metastases. Colon carcinoids in the absence of metastases can be removed through a colonoscope. Symptomatic therapy consists in prescribing a- and b-blockers (anaprilin, phentolamine) and antiserotonin drugs (peritol, diphenhydramine, diazolin), glucocorticoids are less effective.

Carcinoid tumors grow slowly, so the life of the patient is longer. With a radical surgical treatment the quality of life improves and patients can work. Carcinoid has a better prognosis than other malignancies.

HEAVY A-CHAIN DISEASE

This is a lymphoproliferative disorder. Heavy a-chain disease is characterized by diffuse thickening of the small intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes by plasma cells secreting abnormal immunoglobulin devoid of light chains and containing defective heavy chains.

The symptom of the disease is usually hypogamma globulinemia - reduced level blood gamma globulin, it is considered as a precancerous disease of the small intestine.

The main manifestations of the disease are diarrhea, weight loss.

Establish the diagnosis on the basis of the determination in the urine of a-Chains, x-ray examination small intestine and histological (tissue) examination of biopsy specimens.

Symptomatic treatment is carried out, since there is no etiotropic treatment aimed at the cause. When the disease transforms into lymphoma, the prognosis worsens, the likelihood of complications increases.

CANCER OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

It is a rare malignant tumor of the small intestine mucosa.

It accounts for 0.5% of all tumors of the digestive system. Small intestine cancer is most often localized in the descending part of the duodenum, outwardly the tumor looks like a polyp on a broad base, less often it resembles a crater-like ulcer. Much more common than cancer of the small intestine is cancer of the major duodenal papilla. The cellular structure is represented by atypical cylindrical epithelium. The causes and mechanism of development are not fully known.

Symptoms are absent at an early stage of the disease.

A significant increase in the size of the tumor develops high intestinal obstruction:

fast saturation,

Anorexia,

Heaviness after eating in the epigastrium,

pressing pains,

Nausea,

Vomiting of food eaten the day before

Quick thinness.

The tumor tends to disintegrate: gastrointestinal bleeding and unmotivated fever appear. If the tumor is located near the large duodenal junction, then patients complain of constant pruritus, pain in the epigastrium and hypochondrium, jaundice. On palpation, the abdomen is somewhat swollen, soft, painless. In the later stages, symptoms of metastases appear.

Intestinal lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm that occurs in the walls of the organ. The tumor forms lymphoid tissue. The malignant process develops slowly, therefore it is not diagnosed in the early stages of development. Distributed in 4 stages. The latter stage responds well to chemotherapy treatment.

The disease occurs in only 1% of patients with oncological pathologies of the retroperitoneal space. The disease has been observed in predominantly male adults. The peak incidence occurs at 50 years of age. Lymphoma of the small intestine is diagnosed 5 times more often than neoplasms of the large intestine. Secondary foci can develop in the abdominal organs and in the bone marrow.

In children, there were isolated cases of the development of the disease. Symptoms and medical tactics the same as in adults, but survival among young patients is much lower.

According to the ICD-10, the primary lymphoid malignant process of the intestines is designated by the code C83.

The concept of "Lymphoma" represents tumors located on any part of the intestine. They can develop in different ways and have special symptoms.

The polypoid nodule would represent a non-Hodgkin's B-cell pathology. The usual localization of single lymphomas is the ileum and the region of the ileocecal valve. Multiple lesions may occur in the colon and small intestine. Lymphoma grows rapidly and significantly damages the organ. The intestinal walls are covered with ulcers, which contributes to the penetration of infections and the development of microbleeding. If a large area is damaged, intestinal obstruction develops.

Pathology of the small intestine of the Western type is diagnosed in the inhabitants of Western countries. Lymphoma affects the submucosal layer of the ileum and, as it grows, grows deep into the intestinal wall. The neoplasm is ulcerated. Metastasis begins after a short time. The spleen and regional The lymph nodes.
T-cell tumors are characterized by aggressive and rapid development. Lymphoma consists of atypical large lymphocytes. Habitual localization in the small intestine, from which metastases spread to the abdominal cavity. Lymph nodes near the mesentery are affected. The node reaches a huge size, putting pressure on the walls of the organ, preventing normal blood flow.
Heavy chain disease affects people in North Africa and the Middle East. Eastern countries. Lymphoma initially affects the duodenum, then spreads to the small intestine. The course of the disease is aggressive. All layers of the organ walls are damaged.
Hodgkin's lymphoma develops in the small and large intestines. The shape of the tumor may resemble a polyp or an extensive nodule. Infiltration of adjacent tissues is possible. Pathology proceeds in a latent form until the onset of the late stages of the disease. There is a deformation of the intestine, the lumen and elasticity of the walls remain within the normal range.

Forms

The disease is presented in three forms:

The tumor in the form of a node has a multiple character. It provokes atrophy of the walls of the organ due to changes in the integrity of the mucosa. Develops quickly. The first symptoms occur within 90 days. A person develops intestinal obstruction.
The scattered form is difficult to diagnose. Signs of a malignant process are absent or mild. The disease grows into new sections of the intestine and causes atrophy of their walls.
In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diffuse focus is observed. The tumor can grow through the walls and affect neighboring organs and lymph nodes.

Causes

The exact cause of lymphoma in the intestine has not been established. scientists believe that the following factors are the prerequisites for a malignant process:

A benign lesion in the intestinal walls.
Bad eating habits.
Suppression of the immune system under the influence of HIV infections, AIDS and viral hepatitis.
hereditary anomalies.
Contact with high doses radiation.

Symptoms of the disease

Depending on the area of the lesion, the specificity of the symptoms varies. To common features pathologies include:

Loss of appetite and refusal to eat.
Nausea accompanied by vomiting active growth tumors).
Feeling full after eating a small meal.
Deviations in the work of the heart muscle.
Increase in body temperature.
Stool mixed with mucus. Possible streaks of blood.
Increased fatigue.
Belching and heartburn of a permanent nature.
Modification of the abdominal wall.

Lymphoma of the colon appears severe pain, stool disorders and iron deficiency anemia. The node is soft, does not respond with pain attacks when palpated.

With the defeat of the caecum, blood is constantly observed in the feces. The patient notes dizziness and pale skin. Due to the systematic loss of blood, the level of hemoglobin decreases.

For a tumor of the rectum, constipation or diarrhea is characteristic. The stool takes on a ribbon-like shape. There are inclusions of mucus and blood. The pain comes in bursts. The abdomen is constantly swollen.

The main symptom of any intestinal pathology is persistent pain. If the pain is accompanied by several symptoms, an urgent examination by a doctor is required.

Diagnosis

To suggest a pathological process in the body, the patient takes a blood test. In oncology, the indicators of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are significantly increased. Detailed diagnostics is based on a set of instrumental methods:

The laparotomy method allows you to remove part of the affected tissue for histological examination. The procedure is carried out under general anesthesia, opening access to the tumor through an incision in abdominal wall. With the help of diagnostics, the type and stage of development of lymphoma is determined.
Ultrasound examination determines the size of the neoplasm and structural features. Diagnostics is used to check the condition of all organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
CT scan reveals everything external features malignant focus, the area of the lesion and the state of the vascular system connecting the tumor with the walls of the intestine. The method is used to detect metastases in distant organs and lymph nodes.

The final stage is the histological examination of the collected neoplasm material. Cell differentiation is carried out and the nature of the tumor is determined.

Medical measures

The main treatment is total resection of the lymphoma along with a portion of healthy tissue. Surgeons try to eliminate malignant cells as much as possible. The operation is performed at any stage of tumor development, however, with extremely neglected neoplasms, excision is not advisable.

Contraindications to surgical intervention are deep old age patient and pathology of cardio-vascular system, which excludes the introduction of anesthesia.

In do-and postoperative period treated with cytostatics and radiation exposure. The chemotherapy drug introduced into the body prevents cell division, reduces the volume of the malignant node and destroys atypical cells in all parts of the body. Radiation therapy acts purposefully on the pathological focus, penetrating into the structure of cancer cells and destroying them. To maintain and restore immunity, the patient uses immunomodulatory drugs. Alternative medicine excluded as the main treatment. After entering a stable remission, the doctor may prescribe maintenance homeopathic remedies.

Rehabilitation postoperative period

Recovery after surgery is painful and requires antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and pain medications. At first, the patient is under strict medical supervision to prevent suppuration or necrosis of the wound. Natural nutrition is prohibited until the healing of the mucous tissue, so the patient receives the necessary elements through intravenous injections.
Recovery requires a strict diet with easily digestible food. The patient must move to exclude the development of adhesions.
In stationary conditions, daily treatment and a change of a sterile dressing are carried out. After discharge, the person continues to carefully monitor the hygiene of the wound until complete healing.
An important step is getting rid of bad habits. Cancer patients are prohibited from active and passive smoking, the use of alcohol-containing drinks.
The diet should include vegetable food, cereals, dairy products, herbal teas and lean meats and fish. Food should be warm, not sour, not too salty or sweet. Sausages, products containing preservatives, store-bought juices, carbonated drinks, fast food, fried spicy dishes, cold and hot drinks are prohibited. Nutrition should be sparing, it is recommended to consume small portions 5-6 times a day.
To improve health, daily walks in the fresh air and light exercise are recommended.

During the year, the patient regularly attends medical examinations. If there are no signs of lymphoma, visits to the doctor are less frequent.

In the treatment of the initial stages of the disease, the life prognosis is positive in 90% of patients. If the disease has reached the 3rd or 4th stage, the survival rate is 50%.

Malignant formation, which may initially be benign, is diagnosed in 95% of patients. Intestinal lymphoma is cancer cells. They arise and develop on the lymphoid tissues of the colon. The risk category includes more often men whose age reaches 50 years and older. Doctors recommend contacting a specialist if alarming symptoms appear. Modern diagnostic methods help to identify pathological processes at an early stage of development.

The characteristic signs of cancer indicate that cancer cells are already developing and spreading.

Classic symptoms:

The patient quickly eats up after a meal, or vice versa, his appetite disappears.
There is a feeling of distension of the intestines.
The patient loses weight.
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach of a person is disturbed pain.
There is a nausea-vomiting syndrome.
On the background constant weakness and periodic dizziness, a person's performance decreases.
Increases in body temperature.
Dysphagia develops when food is blocked in the esophagus.
The stomach hurts not only during meals, but also after the act of defecation.
The patient notices profuse sweating.
Stool with bloody impurities.
There are characteristic symptoms of intoxication of the body.
The work of the cardiovascular system is disrupted.
Regardless of the meal, patients note the appearance of frequent belching.
A person feels constantly weak and tired, he wants to sleep.

Lymphoma is dangerous because pathological processes are diagnosed in the later stages of development. This is because in the early stages of the appearance of a malignant tumor does not show characteristic signs.

After medical examination the doctor notes the enlargement of the lymph nodes, which begin to hurt if they are touched. The problem is that with ordinary sore throat or flu, similar symptoms appear. Therefore, about malignant tumor no one will think.

If symptoms appear, they are not so pronounced as to attract the attention of a person and qualified specialist. Therefore, in most cases, an incorrect diagnosis is made. In addition, rectal lymphoma is often confused with an ulcer or gastritis.

Distinctive signs of pathology

Intestinal lymphoma, compared to other malignant tumors in the small intestine, has characteristic symptoms.

The walls of the colon with the development of malignant processes weaken, so the patient is worried about constant diarrhea. As cancer cells proliferate due to diarrhea, Malabsorption syndrome occurs. In a more serious situation, exudative-type enetropathy develops. Such complications and consequences lead to serious weight loss, a person becomes depleted of the body.
During the act of defecation, along with feces, a large number of mucus. This is due to the fact that pathogenic bacteria multiply excessively and their number increases. Therefore, there is a partial death and rejection of the tissues of the small intestine.
Round submucosal formations are formed. They indicate that hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues develops, while the formation of nodules occurs. Against the background of extensive hyperplasia, they are interconnected, which leads to a complete change in the structure of the intestinal walls.

In addition, lymphoma is characterized by an increase in lymphatic mesenteric nodules of the retroperitoneal category. This is how the polycyclicity of the general contour of the rectum occurs.

Diagnostic measures

To accurately determine the development of malignant pathological processes, the patient must undergo a complete medical examination. Physicians use various methods for diagnosis, but there are the most informative of them. They allow you to determine pathological changes in the early stages of the development of a malignant tumor.

Cavitary surgery. During the procedure, the doctor cuts abdominal cavity. With the help of laparotomy, specialists receive the test material, affected tissues in order to send them for histology. A similar diagnostic method allows you to obtain accurate data regarding the form of malignant formation and the type of pathological processes.

X-ray studies

A diagnostic method that allows you to identify a malignant tumor of a small size. Also, with the help of x-rays, it is possible to establish the focus of the formation of oncological metastases.

Ultrasound procedure

The procedure helps to determine the size of a malignant neoplasm, including the structure of not only pathological, but also healthy tissues of the rectum.

Blood test

Changes in numerous indicators in the body can be determined using a complete blood count. Additionally, the doctor may prescribe his patient to undergo a test with tumor markers. With its help, the organ affected by cancer cells is determined. General analysis blood samples receive such parameters of lymphoma as microcytic anemia and ESR level, namely its increase.

Endogastroscopy examination

For the procedure, special equipment is used. It's kind of preparatory stage, on which material is collected to conduct a biopsy of the stomach. The study does not useful information regarding the development of pathological processes.

Biopsy

This diagnostic method involves the preparation of biological material for histological and cytological studies. Such examinations help doctors determine the exact parameters and structure of a tumor that has developed in the stomach or small intestine.

CT scan

A diagnostic method with which you can not only determine the degree of spread of cancer cells, but also identify the main location area pathogenic bacteria. Computed tomography will show how much the inflammatory process, provoked by intestinal lymphoma, has spread. The principle of the procedure is similar to x-ray studies, but use modern technology allows you to get the most accurate data.

After the doctor determines the stage of development of the disease, he will be able to say what awaits the patient in the future. If this early stage malignant pathology, the forecasts are quite optimistic. The survival rate in this case is high, it is 90%. Despite the positive results, repeated relapses occur in 15% of situations when the disease returns again in the next few years after therapy.

After serious treatment last stage development of intestinal lymphoma is also favorable forecasts. Of all patients, 43% live another 5 years at least normal life. A third of patients experience repeated relapses, and half of them die.

The health status of the patient is taken into account.
The prognosis is also determined by the treatment prescribed by the doctor to his patient.
Also, the current degree of development of the disease has an impact on the future.
The form of the disease itself is taken into account.

Medical statistics provide approximate data regarding survival and full recovery.

Intestinal lymphoma is a rather serious malignant pathology. It not only affects the intestinal walls, but also contributes to the growth of fibrous tissues. The disease develops slowly, the symptoms are not immediately noticeable. Moreover, it is highly sensitive to chemotherapy, regardless of the stage of development.

To avoid serious consequences, complications will help timely access to specialists and effective therapy. Otherwise, metastases pass to the bone marrow and affect the liver. In this situation, the prognosis for recovery is the most minimal, not to mention survival.

Intestinal lymphoma is a neoplasm that initially has a benign form, but after a while becomes malignant. It appears in the stomach, and it affects the lymphoid tissues, and certain factors contribute to the development of this disease.

The main causes of the formation of lymphoma

Scientists have been studying this rare oncological disease for a long time, but to this day they cannot say for sure what is the reason for the degeneration of healthy cells into a malignant tumor. Doctors were only able to determine which factors can affect the rate of development of intestinal lymphoma to a greater extent. One of the very first reasons is a person’s hereditary predisposition to any oncological diseases, in addition, the development of this malignant formation can provoke any violations in immune system.

Lymphoma in HIV-infected and seriously ill patients

Very often, such a serious disease occurs in HIV-infected people, in addition, those people who took drugs containing hormones may also be a potential risk group. The disease is also susceptible to those people who have undergone major transplantation of any internal organs.

Symptoms

The very first symptoms of intestinal lymphoma in children and adults appear already in the first stages of development, and, first of all, the patient periodically has nausea, and his appetite gradually disappears. A person may have constant feeling fullness of the stomach. These symptoms, indicating the presence of intestinal lymphoma, gradually add small pain in the lower abdomen, as well as constipation or diarrhea.

Moreover, at the very first stages of the development of such an oncological disease, such symptoms of small intestine lymphoma as persistent diarrhea most often occur, and after the neoplasm significantly increases in size, the patient already begins severe constipation, which lasts from two days to several weeks, then it goes to chronic form. Permanent constipation in lymphoma is accompanied by constant and very strong gas formation, the appearance of bloody or reddish-brown mucus in the stool, anemia and bloating. To these symptoms, you can also add a constant belching, which occurs even in cases where a person has not eaten food, as well as disturbances in the work of the heart.

Diagnostics

In order to understand and not be mistaken with exactly how the development of malignant pathologies occurs, it is necessary to conduct a medical examination of the body in a timely manner. There are several to check various methods, but there are the best of them, giving the greatest amount of information about the stage and nature of the resulting tumor.

Treatment

Intestinal lymphoma still remains not fully understood, and is also very rare disease, which was found in approximately 1% of people. Everyone meets with this type of cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphomas are malignant neoplasms secondary type and occur only occasionally. With such a pathology, metastases are located in the intestine, as for the lesion, it may be located in some other place. Patients who have been diagnosed with a non-Hodgkin's variant of a tumor in the intestine come to doctors much more often.

Two variants of intestinal lymphoma occur in patients over the age of 50, and in women this disease is detected much less frequently than in men. In addition, attention should be paid to the fact that neoplasms are formed in the small intestine only in 20% of cases, this oncological disease is most often diagnosed in the large intestine.

Treatment plan

Unlike many other oncological diseases, intestinal lymphoma clearly manifests itself already in the very initial stages, so patients who experience discomfort from the onset of symptoms are sent to the doctor in a timely manner. Naturally, with timely treatment, the chances of recovery without relapses increase significantly. After a patient who has vivid symptoms of this oncological disease goes to the doctor, a diagnosis is established.

As soon as the diagnosis is finally confirmed, an individual treatment plan is drawn up for a patient with intestinal lymphoma, which can be of two types.

Choice of therapy

In some cases, treatment begins with surgery using the most modern equipment, and then the result is fixed with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In other cases, treatment begins with chemotherapy without surgery, but with this healing process increases the risk of damage to the intestinal walls. In addition, this therapy may be accompanied severe vomiting, constant nausea, which may not stop during the entire treatment, the patient may also feel severe pain. And this is due to the fact that lymphoma is highly sensitive to those drugs that are used in chemotherapy. If the patient can hardly tolerate the procedure, then he may be prescribed emergency operation. If the disease is at the very initial stage without clear symptoms of intoxication and massive damage to the lymph nodes, then the doctor may prescribe radiation therapy.

To obtain stable results, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are combined, most often such a combined method is used in cases where the oncological disease is already in the second stage. First, such patients are prescribed chemotherapy, which includes four or six courses, then the result is fixed with radiation therapy, in which neoplasms are exposed to x-rays.

If the patient had initial stage Hodgkin's lymphoma, then the doctor may prescribe radiation therapy according to a radical program, in which case not only those lymph nodes that were affected by the disease, but also all adjacent areas are exposed to gamma rays. This radical version of radiation therapy is also used to prevent relapses.

Why is timely treatment so important?

Doctors warn that timely treatment can help to cope with this serious illness in most cases, so it is very important to go to an appointment with a local general practitioner or oncologist at the very first signs of this disease. I must say that the methods of treating lymphoma are constantly changing and improving, for this purpose improved drugs and technologies are used. But, the patient's task is to pay attention to the symptoms that have appeared and immediately seek help from doctors, since in the early stages lymphoma is treated more successfully and faster, relapses occur less frequently. In addition, the task of the patient is to strictly follow all the recommendations of the oncologist, it is very important to constantly maintain immunity and monitor your diet, include in it more useful and very quality products.

Forecast

A doctor can make any predictions for intestinal lymphoma only after determining the specific stage of the disease. At the initial stages, all prognosis is good, if treatment is started on it, then patients survive in 90% of cases, and the possibility of recurrence is 15%. Even if the disease is at the very last stage, a person can still hope for a positive outcome. Almost half of those who have had such a disease can live in a calm rhythm for at least five years. Approximately a third of patients suffer from a recurrence of the disease, but the second half, unfortunately, dies.

Intestinal lymphoma symptoms. Intestinal Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostic Tests, and Treatment