X-ray examination of the abdominal cavity. X-ray examination of the abdomen

Date: 21.10.2019

What diseases can be detected with an abdominal X-ray?

Where to get an abdominal x-ray?

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X-ray examination. What is an abdominal x-ray?

X-ray examination ( x-ray) is perhaps the most famous diagnostic method. X-rays were discovered back in 1895, and in 1901 the Nobel Prize was awarded to their discoverer Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for the use of X-rays in medicine. Most people are familiar with X-ray examination, since this method is performed for almost any limb injuries, fractures, lung diseases. However, few people know that X-ray is also an effective diagnostic method for the abdominal organs.

X-rays using contrast agents are not performed for women during pregnancy. The fact is that the contrast agent has a high risk of causing developmental abnormalities in the child. The accumulation of contrast agent in fetal tissues can have an adverse effect on their development.

Abdominal X-ray for Children and Pregnant Women

X-rays for women are absolutely contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy. This is the period when all the organs of the fetus are laid. During the remainder of pregnancy, the number of cells increases and begins to function. If possible, X-rays should not be taken at all during pregnancy. X-rays of the mother are not contraindicated during breastfeeding. X-rays have no effect on the composition of breast milk.

For children, abdominal x-rays are not recommended. This is due to the fact that the child's body is in a state of growth and, accordingly, is more susceptible to ionizing radiation. This is also due to the fact that an abdominal X-ray usually requires a higher dose of radiation than, for example, an X-ray of the extremities. After reaching the age of 18, an abdominal X-ray can be performed without restriction.

Abdominal X-ray techniques. Preparing for various types of abdominal x-rays

The abdominal cavity is an anatomically important area containing a large number of vital organs. Currently, there is a variety of methods for their study. X-ray research is only one of the branches of radiation diagnostics, and special areas can also be distinguished in it.

Most abdominal x-rays use contrast media. This is due to the fact that soft tissues on X-ray do not have sufficient contrast and partially merge into the general background. Depending on the method of administration and the composition of the contrast medium, unique data on the state of the abdominal organs can be obtained.

The following methods of X-ray examination of the abdominal cavity are distinguished:

survey x-ray of the abdominal cavity;
X-ray of the gastrointestinal tract with barium contrast;
cholegraphy;
endoscopic retrograde cholecystopancreatography ( ERCP);
angiography;
excretory urography and others.

Where is abdominal x-ray done? What is used in the course of its implementation?

An abdominal X-ray is a fairly common procedure, although it is not done as often as an X-ray of the bones or lungs. An abdominal X-ray is done in a conventional X-ray room. Such rooms can be found in every clinic or diagnostic center. X-ray rooms have special anti-radiation protection, which is aimed at reducing the harmful effects of X-rays. The main equipment of the X-ray room is an X-ray unit. The X-ray machine is a high-tech device. It is used multiple times to examine patients, so the X-ray unit must meet certain safety parameters. Modern X-ray equipment is characterized by a low level of X-ray radiation power and, at the same time, good image quality.

The X-ray unit consists of the following elements:

power supply and transformer;
x-ray table;
tripod;
X-ray emitter ( a tube);
focusing device;
X-ray detector ( sensor or film cassette);
software complex for image management and processing.

An overview X-ray of the abdominal cavity is performed by a radiologist. However, when using contrast techniques, the examination sometimes requires doctors of other specialties, for example, surgeons. To perform contrast techniques in the X-ray room, special equipment must be prepared.

In the course of special X-ray techniques, the following substances and equipment can be used:

contrast agents of various chemical compositions;
catheters;
surgical needles, syringes;
scalpels;
endoscopes;
tubes and drains;
dressings;
devices ( for example, Bobrov's apparatus for irrigoscopy) and other equipment.

The variety of techniques for abdominal X-ray examination should not confuse the patient. X-rays should only be performed for certain indications, as X-rays are not completely safe. The indications for X-ray examination are determined by the attending physician. Before undergoing any variant of an abdominal X-ray, you should find out from your doctor about the peculiarities of an X-ray examination in order to be fully prepared for its conduct.

How is an abdominal x-ray taken?

X-ray is a method of X-ray examination in which a static image of certain organs is obtained. An abdominal X-ray is an overview, as it displays all organs of the entire anatomical region. A survey X-ray of the abdominal cavity serves as the first study, thanks to which most diagnoses are eliminated and a plan for further studies is drawn up.

An abdominal X-ray is performed in a standing position in the X-ray room. Before performing it, you need to undress to the waist and remove all metal objects from yourself. They interfere with the X-ray image. An abdominal X-ray is performed only in a direct projection. Then the patient stands close to the X-ray screen, which contains electronic sensors or X-ray film. The X-ray emitter is installed at the same level with the patient's abdomen horizontally on the floor, at a distance of 1.5 to 2 meters. The doctor controls the X-ray unit remotely from a special room, into which harmful radiation does not penetrate. The operation of the X-ray unit lasts a few seconds, after which the patient can get dressed, and the doctor begins to study the image.

For the patient, an overview X-ray of the abdominal cavity is absolutely painless. If the patient cannot maintain an upright position, an X-ray is performed in a horizontal position, lying on the X-ray table. If necessary, after a survey X-ray, special techniques are performed using contrast agents. To clarify the indications for them, doctors use the data of a survey X-ray of the abdominal cavity.

Technique for performing an X-ray of the stomach and small intestine with barium

Contrast X-ray techniques involve taking pictures of the gastrointestinal tract after they have been filled with contrast medium. X-rays using a contrast agent take a long time. This is due to the fact that it takes a certain time for the contrast medium to pass through the gastrointestinal tract. Barium suspension is used as a contrast agent. It is white in color, dense in texture and tastes like lime. Before starting the study, the patient should undress to the waist.

X-rays of the stomach and intestines with barium include the following steps:

fixing the patient to the table in a horizontal position;
transfer of the patient to an upright position;
taking multiple chest shots ( for examining the esophagus) and abdominal cavity;
taking about 600 ml of barium suspension in small sips;
massage ( light pressure) on top of the abdomen for better filling of the stomach;
taking pictures of the chest and abdomen at short intervals ( up to 30 minutes) and in different positions.

Sometimes for X-ray examination, the technique of double contrasting with barium suspension and gas is used. After the patient drinks the barium suspension, he is additionally given a special powder. As a result of chemical reactions, it leads to gas formation, an increase in the volume of the stomach, and smoothing of folds.

Pictures are taken in frontal and lateral projection, both standing and lying. The time between them can be filled with discussion or reading a book. However, the patient must remain motionless all this time, being fixed to the examination table. After the end of the procedure, you can eat and prepare for other examinations, for example, an irrigoscopy.

Preparation for X-ray of the gastrointestinal tract with barium

A barium X-ray of the gastrointestinal tract is not an easy procedure, so proper preparation is essential. It consists in observing the rules of nutrition, due to which the formation of gas in the intestines is reduced. In addition, the patient should be aware of the main activities of the physician during this long-term study.

Two to three days before the study, you should switch to a slag-free diet. The last meal before an abdominal X-ray should be 10 to 12 hours before. It is also forbidden to smoke or drink alcohol during this time. During this period, drugs that regulate the activity of the gastrointestinal tract should not be taken in order to ensure the objectivity of the study. It is better to come to the X-ray examination room without jewelry and metal objects. You should take a book with you to fill the waiting time between shots, as well as food so as not to stay hungry after the exploration.

The patient should take into account that this examination may take 2 hours or more, since the images are taken at intervals of 30 minutes. The images are taken in different positions, most of the time the patient's position will be fixed on the table. Occasionally, the doctor will apply pressure to the abdomen to better distribute the barium suspension. After the study, the contrast agent will leave the gastrointestinal tract for about 3 days, discoloring the feces. The contrast agent can cause unpleasant symptoms such as flatulence, constipation, and bloating. If they appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.

What should be the diet before an abdominal x-ray?

The diet before an abdominal x-ray is aimed at reducing the formation of gas in the stomach. This will ensure good filling of the stomach and intestines with the contrasting barium mass. A gas-reducing diet is used before most abdominal examinations. The exact list of products, as well as the need to comply with it, should be clarified with the attending physician or radiologist.

The diet before an abdominal x-ray excludes the following foods:

flour products ( bread, buns, muffins);

Preparation for irrigoscopy has its own characteristics. Feces interfere with this examination, therefore, it is necessary to cleanse the intestines in advance with the help of laxatives or enemas. Compliance with a three-day diet without slags also plays a role. On the day of the study and 12 hours before the study, food must not be taken, only water is allowed ( up to 1 liter). The preparation scheme for irrigoscopy must be explained by the radiologist.

The technique of conducting an irrigoscopy consists of the following stages:

in the X-ray room, the patient undresses and lies down on the table to take pictures;
several general images of the abdominal cavity are taken;
the patient takes a position on his side, takes his hands behind his back and draws his knees to his chest;
in this position, an X-ray contrast agent is injected rectally through a small diameter tube;
barium is injected slowly, as the colon fills, x-rays are taken;
after the end of the procedure, the patient is escorted to the toilet.

The method of studying the biliary tract using X-ray

There are the following methods of X-ray diagnostics of the biliary tract using a contrast agent:

Cholecystography. It is a study of the gallbladder. The day before the study, the patient takes a contrast iodine-containing substance. During the night, it enters the bile, which collects in the gallbladder. In this case, the patient should not eat all the time before the study. The bile ducts are poorly visible in this study. The main application of cholecystography is to identify gallstones.
Cholegraphy. With this method, contrast agent is injected intravenously, which allows you to see both the gallbladder and the ducts. In 5 - 7 minutes after the injection into the blood, the contrast agent begins to fill the biliary tract. The filling of the biliary tract is monitored by a series of X-rays. With the help of cholegraphy, liver function is also assessed, the ability of hepatocytes ( liver cells) remove the contrast agent from the blood.
Percutaneous cholangiography. With this method, the contrast agent is injected directly into the bile ducts using a special needle that pierces the skin and liver. The state of the lumen of the biliary tract is determined using X-rays.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP). The contrast agent is injected directly into the bile ducts at the place of their confluence into the duodenum, under the control of the intra-intestinal fiber chamber. The contrast agent moves in the opposite direction to the flow of bile, which is why the technique is called retrograde. With this method, the contrast agent also penetrates the pancreatic duct. After the contrast agent is injected, several x-rays of the abdomen are taken.

X-ray examination of the urinary tract. Excretory urography

A survey x-ray of the kidneys has some features. The patient lies on the X-ray table on his back, takes his hands behind his head. The X-ray emitter is positioned so that it covers the entire abdominal cavity, including the pelvis. To avoid radiation, the external genitals are protected with a special screen. A single X-ray is taken during the procedure. It in itself provides valuable information, allows you to draw up a plan for further research. If necessary, X-ray examination of the kidneys is supplemented with the use of contrast agents.

There are various methods of x-ray examination of the kidneys:

plain x-ray of the kidneys;
excretory urography;
retrograde pyelography;
angiography of the kidneys.

excretory

at the 1st, 5th, 10th, 20th minutes

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Retrograde pyelography is less commonly used. With this method, only the upper urinary tract ( ureter, pelvis and renal calyx), using the introduction of a contrast agent directly into the ureter. This method is more difficult for the doctor and unpleasant for the patient. It is used when excretory urography was insufficiently informative ( for example, with renal failure

X-ray of the abdominal cavity. X-ray picture of healthy abdominal organs. X-ray methods in the diagnosis of diseases of the abdominal organs

All devices used in the "Open Clinic" comply with international standards. Therefore, you can be sure that as a result of diagnostics, you will get good quality images, on which you can see the structure of the area under study. Open Clinic guarantees its clients:

successful abdominal x-ray;
quick preparation of the results of the procedure;
attentive attitude of the staff.

Our medical center is one of the best in Moscow. To use the services of the "Open Clinic", call the contact phone number listed on the website. The administrators of our medical center will answer all your questions. The staff of the "Open Clinic" will select a convenient diagnostic time for you. We use pre-booking so you don't have to sit in line. In the "Open Clinic" affordable prices for X-ray of the abdominal organs.

Indications

Diagnostics is carried out when discomfort appears in the investigated area. The procedure is performed by a radiologist.

Pathology. Specialists prescribe this study to diagnose various diseases. Radiography of the abdominal organs is performed for cholecystitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis.
Injury. If the abdominal cavity has been injured, then the patient needs immediate diagnosis. X-rays will allow you to assess the degree of damage received and draw up an effective treatment regimen.
Tumor. The study is assigned to patients for the diagnosis of neoplasms of various nature. An abdominal x-ray helps to identify the tumor, determine its size and location.
Deterioration of the patient's condition. Indications for diagnosis are persistent nausea and prolonged vomiting. The patient needs to take an x-ray of the abdominal organs in case of pain in the abdomen.
Foreign body. A study is prescribed if the doctor suspects that the patient has a foreign object in the abdominal cavity. Diagnostics allows you to determine where the foreign body is.
Operation. An abdominal x-ray is taken before surgery. It allows you to assess the patient's condition before surgery. Also, the study is carried out after surgery.

Price for X-ray of the abdominal cavity in the "Open Clinic"

In our medical center you can get diagnosed at a favorable cost. X-ray of the abdominal organs is available to all residents of the capital.

Examination in our centers in Moscow

Diagnostics at the Open Clinic is carried out at the highest level. The study is carried out using high-precision devices. Diagnostics is carried out by highly qualified specialists. You can check the prices for X-ray of the abdominal cavity organs from the administrators of the "Open Clinic".

What does an abdominal x-ray show?

Abdominal x-ray is a research study with a long history of use. Its versatility lies in the fact that with the help of just one image, you can get certain information about the state of all organs of the abdominal cavity at once. Despite the fact that the data obtained through the survey X-ray, it is not enough to establish an accurate diagnosis, with its help an experienced doctor can prescribe the necessary treatment at the earliest possible date. Plain X-rays can save time that would be required for other, more accurate diagnostic procedures.

Abdominal X-rays are used to examine the following organs:

small and large intestines;
gallbladder and bile ducts;
spleen;

The x-ray image of the abdominal organs is highly dependent on their anatomical features. Knowledge of anatomy allows the physician to distinguish norm from pathology. Since the abdominal organs are composed of soft tissues, it is often necessary to artificially stain them with contrast agents. Depending on the method of administration of the contrast agent and its chemical composition, it is possible to obtain a contrast image corresponding to the objectives of the study.

Stomach on abdominal x-ray

The stomach is mostly located on the left side of the midline. It has a hook or horn shape with medium filling. The shape of the stomach varies widely depending on its fullness and the state of motor function. Its volume in an adult is 1.5 - 3 liters. The stomach is successfully examined using X-ray methods. However, this requires filling it with a contrast agent. On x-rays, you can detect the structure of the inner wall of the stomach and its division into sections.

The following sections are distinguished in the stomach on an X-ray:

cardiac part ( located at the esophagus);
vault ( transition part);
body ( the bulk of the stomach);
pyloric department ( pyloric department, located at the duodenum).

In the stomach, the left and right contours are distinguished, which are called the greater and lesser curvature. The left curvature has a greater length, it contains more folds, so it is characterized by jaggedness on X-ray with contrast. Right curvature ( small) is smooth. The folded relief of the stomach is unstable and reflects the physiological state of the stomach. When the stomach is almost empty, you can see folds in different directions - transverse, obliquely going. There are 4 to 5 folds on each wall of the stomach. During the passage of the peristaltic wave, the folds become longitudinal. The peristaltic wave travels on average once every 20 seconds. As the stomach fills, the folds are smoothed out.

For each part of the stomach, some features of the folds of the mucous membrane are characteristic. So, the folds of the arch have the greatest thickness ( up to 2 centimeters), and the smaller one - at the gatekeeper ( up to 5 mm). In the body of the stomach, folds are about 1 centimeter thick. Visualization of gastric folds can be prevented by enveloping the gastric mucosa with protective mucus, fluid, or food clumps.

With the help of X-rays, you can study the motor-evacuation function of the stomach. It is regulated by complex neural reflex mechanisms. Under the influence of peristaltic waves, the contents of the stomach move to the pyloric region, but its excretion into the duodenum depends on the opening of the pylorus. Usually after 30 - 40 minutes, half of the contrast mass leaves the stomach. After 1 - 3 hours, the stomach is almost completely cleared of it. To observe this process, a series of X-rays are taken at a large interval.

X-ray anatomy of the small intestine

The small intestine is the longest section of the gastrointestinal tract. The most important is its initial section - the duodenum, since digestive enzymes enter it and food is digested here. The flow of food into the duodenum reflexively depends on its fullness and acidity level. On x-ray, using a contrast suspension, the inner contour of the small intestine, its folds and the width of the lumen are highlighted.

The following sections are distinguished in the small intestine:

Duodenum. At the beginning of the duodenum ( so called onion) the folds are not visible, so it should be smooth on a normal X-ray. Further oblique, transverse, longitudinal folds of about 3 mm in height appear. On x-ray, the wall of the duodenum has a speckled appearance. It is explained by the penetration of barium suspension into the spaces between the folds.
Jejunum. It is the longest section of the small intestine. A characteristic anatomical feature is the transverse folds, which are especially densely located in the jejunum. However, due to the small height of the folds, they are practically invisible on X-ray.
Ileum. Has the smallest clearance. The folds in the ileum are larger than those in the jejunum, so its serration resembles the duodenum. The ileum opens into the lateral part of the large intestine.

The passage of the contrast medium through the small intestine takes quite a long time. Only after 3.5 hours, the first portions of the contrast mass enter the large intestine. Its complete evacuation from the small intestine occurs only after 7 - 9 hours. Therefore, X-ray examination of the small intestine takes a long time.

X-ray picture of the large intestine is normal

The large intestine is examined on X-ray using irrigoscopy - rectal injection of barium suspension. The procedure is rather unpleasant, but it allows you to reliably detect inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the colon. When the large intestine is tightly filled with barium, the fusiform relief of the large intestine is clearly visible - the so-called haustra ( folds), composed of the muscle and submucosal layer. Conditionally, the large intestine is divided into sections that have similar anatomical features.

The large intestine consists of the following sections:

Cecum. The initial section of the large intestine. It is 20 mm long and 15 mm in diameter. The caecum gaustra are large, but rare. The cecum is separated from the small intestine by the so-called ileocecal valve, which regulates the movement of food into the large intestine.
The ascending intestine. It has a slightly smaller diameter than the cecum. The length of the ascending intestine is 60 mm, it is directed upwards, which explains its name.
The transverse colon. Passes from right to left in the retroperitoneal space, has a length of 50 centimeters.
Descending intestine. Passes parallel to the ascending intestine, differs in less pronounced gaustra and vertical orientation of the mucosal folds. It is 70 mm long.
Sigmoid colon. Has various shapes and sizes, wide clearance ( up to 30 mm).
Rectum. It is the final section of the large intestine and gastrointestinal tract.

After removing the excess barium in the large intestine, a feathery structure is visible, due to the fact that it remains covered with a thin layer of contrast agent. It is in this position that you can study the relief of the mucous membrane. Normally, oblique and transverse folds predominate in the large intestine, and longitudinal folds also appear starting from the descending intestine. Residues of contrast medium due to gravity accumulate on the lower part of the large intestine. Therefore, the X-ray shows the level of the contrast fluid.

Liver on abdominal x-ray is normal

The liver is located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity, mostly covered with costal arches. The liver is a parenchymal organ. This means that it consists entirely of functional tissue and has no cavities. The liver consists of hepatocytes ( cells of a special structure), combined into lobules. The liver is divided into two lobes ( right and left) and consists of 8 segments. Unfortunately, it is impossible to distinguish these structures using X-ray. Normal liver sizes are 9-11 cm in the midclavicular line and 8-9 cm in the midline.

On the x-ray, the liver looks like a uniform triangular shadow that stands out well against the background of the rest of the abdominal organs. The upper contour of the liver coincides with the contour of the diaphragm. The outer contour of the liver stands out against the background of adipose tissue and muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. The lower contour of the liver corresponds to its anterior margin on palpation, approximately parallel to the costal arch. With the help of a conventional X-ray, the intrahepatic ducts or vessels of the hepatic hilum cannot be seen. Therefore, the possibilities of X-ray in the study of the liver are limited and are inferior to such techniques as ultrasound ( Ultrasound) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) .

Gallbladder and biliary tract on abdominal x-ray

The gallbladder and bile ducts are not visible on a conventional x-ray of the abdominal cavity. An indirect sign of the gallbladder is a notch in the lower contour of the liver. A prerequisite for studying the biliary tract on X-ray is the use of contrast agents. When applied, their lumen is completely stained, allowing you to see their anatomical structure.

With a contrast x-ray of the gallbladder, it is defined as an oval formation 6-10 cm long, 2-4 cm in diameter. Normally, it is filled with a contrast agent evenly, the contour of its inner walls is even and smooth. The volume of the gallbladder is 30 to 70 cubic centimeters. In response to food intake, its muscle wall contracts, while the organ is halved.

The bile ducts begin inside the liver. Left and right hepatic ducts depart from the lobes of the liver, which are combined into a common hepatic duct. After joining the cystic duct, a common bile duct is formed, which flows into the duodenum. Regardless of the way the contrast medium enters the bile ducts, they normally look the same on x-rays. Due to the high density of the contrast medium on X-ray, the bile ducts are painted in a bright white color.

The basis of a normal biliary tree is the uniformity of its lumen, the absence of expansion or contraction. If the contrast agent does not penetrate into certain parts of it, this indicates a mechanical reason for the closure of the lumen of the biliary tract. The diameter of the common hepatic duct on X-ray normally does not exceed 5 mm, and the common bile duct is 10 mm. The common bile duct has a length of 5 to 10 centimeters, and when it flows into the duodenum, it forms a physiological expansion - an ampulla.

X-ray anatomy of the pancreas

The pancreas is an important organ in the digestive system. It secretes enzymes that allow you to digest proteins and carbohydrates. The pancreas is located in the retroperitoneal space, conventionally located between the right kidney and the spleen. As part of the pancreas, the head, body and tail are distinguished. The main pancreatic duct passes through the entire thickness of the pancreas, which opens into the wall of the duodenum.

The pancreas is normally not visible on x-rays. This is due to the fact that its tissue completely transmits X-rays. On the contrary, only with some diseases and changes in the tissue of the pancreas it becomes visible on x-ray. This occurs when stones or calcifications are included in it ( deposition of calcium salts). In this regard, X-ray examination of the pancreas is rarely performed, in contrast to ultrasound examination of this organ.

When performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP) a radiopaque substance is injected into the main duct of the pancreas. This examination allows you to see the lumen and walls of the duct. Normally, the diameter of the main pancreatic duct is 1 mm ( in the tail area) up to 3 mm ( in the head area). Normally, its walls are smooth and do not have expansion or protrusion.

Kidney anatomy. Kidneys on abdominal x-rays

The kidney is the main organ of the urinary system. In the kidney, the blood is filtered, it is purified from excess water, salts and metabolic products. The buds are bean-shaped and about 120 mm long. They are located in the retroperitoneal space, however, according to their level of location, they correspond to the upper floor of the abdominal cavity. The renal tissue is divided into medulla and cortex, but this border can be traced on x-ray only with the help of contrast techniques.

On the general X-ray of the abdomen, the kidneys are defined as two bean-shaped shadows in the area of the transition of the thoracic spine to the lumbar. Some of the kidneys are closed by the lower ribs. The left kidney is located slightly higher than the right one. It is not possible to determine the features of the internal structure of the kidneys with this research method. Due to anatomical features and insufficient contrast of the equipment, the kidneys may not be visible on plain X-ray. However, in any case, it can detect stones or foreign bodies.

The shadow of the kidneys with excretory urography is more contrasting. The main advantage of this method is the display of the renal pelvis system. Three cups ( top, middle and bottom), which flow into one larger pelvis. The size and shape of the calyces and pelvis can vary. The ureters appear as a narrow band shadow.

Normally, the following image characteristics are noted on excretory urography:

clear contours of the pyelocaliceal system, ureters, bladder;
uniform and symmetrical contrast medium release;
The calyx-pelvic system of the kidneys has no bulges, the diameter of the calyx is no more than 5 mm, and the pelvis is no more than 20 mm.

Renal angiography stains the renal arteries on an x-ray. They extend at right angles from the abdominal aorta. The length of the right artery is 5 - 7 cm, the left one is 2 cm less. Normally, the thickness of the renal artery is one third or a quarter of the thickness of the aorta, from 5 to 8 mm. The contour of the renal arteries should be even and intense, and no accumulations of contrast agent should be detected in the kidney tissue. They are highly likely to correspond to tumors or hematomas.

What diseases can be detected with an abdominal X-ray?

X-ray examination has a very long history of use. Today, there are a large number of X-ray examination techniques tailored to specific organs. Each technique has its own set of indications. By combining all the options for X-ray examination together, you can significantly expand the list of indications. Thus, using X-ray methods, it is possible to diagnose almost any disease of the abdominal organs. However, at the same time, the survey X-ray of the abdominal cavity is not universal, this is its main drawback.

Diseases of the stomach on x-rays of the abdominal cavity. Chronic gastritis. Peptic ulcer

Radiation examination of the stomach is often indicated for carrying out. This is due to the fact that the stomach and the digestive tract as a whole suffer greatly due to the nutritional disturbance of the modern person.
With the appearance of abdominal pain, heartburn, malnutrition, a diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease, chronic gastritis is assumed. To diagnose them, it is necessary to conduct an x-ray using a barium suspension.

For chronic gastritis, in most cases, an increase in folds is characteristic, their acquisition of sizes 3 - 5 mm, limited by deep grooves. Gastric fields ( accumulation of folds) because of this become clearly distinguishable. At the same time, functional disorders of the stomach are also detected. With an exacerbation of chronic gastritis, the stomach is reduced in size due to tonic contraction, its peristalsis is enhanced. Abdominal pain occurs due to muscle cramps. With the help of X-rays, several variants of chronic gastritis can be distinguished.

On x-ray, the following variants of chronic gastritis are distinguished:

Warty ( polypous) gastritis. On x-rays, thickening of the folds of the mucous membrane in the form of polyps is determined. This type of chronic gastritis occurs most often. Increased mucosal folds ( hypertrophy) is a protective response to inflammation or stimuli.
Atrophic gastritis. On x-ray, there is a thinning of the gastric mucosa. The wall of the stomach has a reduced tone, there is a small amount of fluid in it.
Sclerosing ( rigid) gastritis. With this disease, the outlet of the stomach is affected. The mucous membrane here thickens unevenly, acquires a jagged contour on X-ray, at the same time, the outlet section of the stomach decreases in diameter and becomes immobile.

A stomach ulcer is successfully diagnosed on x-rays. For the diagnosis of ulcers, there are direct and indirect signs. However, the disadvantage of X-ray examination is that the area of the stomach wall on which the ulcer is located may be hidden in certain projections. Therefore, endoscopic examination has some advantage over abdominal x-rays in the diagnosis of ulcers.

Signs of an ulcer on an abdominal x-ray are:

Niche symptom. It is a contrasting depression in the wall of the stomach. The depression has smooth edges and a rounded shape. It is surrounded by a raised shaft, to which the folds of the mucous membrane converge concentrically.
Deformation of the stomach wall. With a prolonged ulcerative process, scarring occurs in the gastric mucosa - the replacement of epithelial tissue with connective tissue. It tightens the edges of the ulcer, due to which the stomach is deformed and takes on an irregular shape.
Violation of the tonic and motor function of the stomach. Observed mainly locally, in the area of the ulcer. At the same time, at the site of the ulcer, there is a reduced tone of the stomach wall, as well as a slowdown or complete absence of peristaltic waves.

In addition to the discomfort associated with food intake and abdominal pain, ulcers are dangerous with a large number of complications. These include bleeding, perforation ( penetration) ulcers in other organs or the free abdominal cavity. Scarring of the stomach wall is dangerous by a decrease in the lumen for the movement of food along the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, food intake becomes difficult and problems with the stomach and digestive organs are further aggravated.

Free gas on abdominal x-ray

The reason for the appearance of gas in the abdominal cavity is the violation of the integrity of the wall of the hollow organ. X-ray examination plays an important role in the diagnosis of complications of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. One of the most formidable complications of peptic ulcer disease is rupture of the stomach wall. This condition requires urgent medical attention. When an ulcer perforates into the abdominal cavity, free gas is found in it.

If an ulcer perforation is suspected, an X-ray examination is performed in the position in which the patient was delivered to the X-ray room. The gas enters the abdominal cavity through an opening in the wall of the stomach. On radiographs, it forms a clearly visible enlightenment. Gas occupies the uppermost parts of the abdominal cavity, while it changes its location depending on the person's posture. It can be located under the diaphragm, under the anterior abdominal wall, in the lateral parts of the abdominal cavity. Therefore, when perforating the abdominal cavity, the gas is called free.

With penetration ( penetration of the ulcer defect into neighboring organs) there are certain radiological signs. Ulcerative defect ( niche) is large ( a few centimeters). The ulcer is fixed, it does not move on palpation of the stomach or changes in body position. To treat the penetration of the ulcer, a surgical operation is required, during which the ulcer defect is sutured.

Fluid on abdominal x-ray

Free fluid in the abdominal cavity, like gas, appears only as a result of pathological processes. However, fluid can appear in the abdomen for several reasons. It is very important to establish the exact cause through a thorough examination, as the quality of care depends on it. If an X-ray detects free fluid in the abdominal cavity, it is necessary, first of all, to eliminate the cause of its appearance. Only after that, the fluid is removed from the abdominal cavity using puncture and drainage.

Free fluid in the abdominal cavity appears for the following reasons:

Abdominal trauma. With trauma to various organs, intra-abdominal bleeding occurs. In this case, the state of a person does not change until a certain moment. After a quarter of the circulating blood is lost, blood pressure drops sharply and cerebral circulation decreases.
Ascites. It is the exit of fluid into the abdominal cavity through the vein wall as a result of stagnation of blood flow. Ascites is observed in heart failure and liver failure, kidney disease. With cirrhosis of the liver, there is also an expansion of the veins of the anterior abdominal wall, reminiscent of the "head of a jellyfish". The fluid for ascites is usually sterile and does not contain bacteria.
Perforation of hollow organs. In the event of a ruptured gallbladder, gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer, their contents may enter the free abdominal cavity. In this case, acute pain occurs, caused not only by the rupture of the wall of the hollow organ, but also by irritation of the peritoneum.
Peritonitis. It is an inflammation of the peritoneum as a result of the ingress of bile, blood, pus into the abdominal cavity, infection of ascitic fluid. Peritonitis is a complication of various purulent diseases such as appendicitis. Peritonitis requires surgical treatment, as it threatens with a rapid death due to the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms.

The fluid in the abdominal cavity is determined by performing a plain X-ray in a standing position. The fluid under the action of gravity descends into the small pelvis, therefore, to visualize it, the bladder must be emptied before examination. If there is a small amount of liquid ( up to 30 ml) it is located between the intestinal loops in the form of triangular stripes. With an amount of liquid from 100 to 150 ml, it takes the form of a crescent shadow. If the abdominal cavity contains more than 200 ml of fluid, then a "new moon" symptom appears, in which the fluid fills the pelvic area and the lateral canals of the abdominal cavity.

Acute mechanical intestinal obstruction on x-ray of the abdominal cavity

Usually, bowel disease on x-rays is diagnosed only with the use of contrast agents. However, if intestinal obstruction is suspected, an ordinary X-ray is done, without their use. The fact is that additional injection of a contrast agent into the gastrointestinal tract can aggravate the situation. With acute intestinal obstruction, paroxysmal pain, severe bloating and vomiting appear. Acute intestinal obstruction is a medical emergency.

In acute intestinal obstruction, X-ray reveals swelling of the intestinal loops above the blockage site and intestinal emptying below this site. A sign of mechanical obstruction on the X-ray is the so-called Kloyber cups. They represent the fluid levels in the loops located above the intestinal blockage. Kloyber's bowls are found within an hour after the onset of intestinal obstruction. The rapid progression of this condition can be fatal.

Among intestinal diseases, the following pathologies are most common:

Crohn's disease and others.

Enteritis is an inflammatory process in the small intestine. On x-rays, small levels of liquid appear in the loops, resembling Kloyber cups. The advancement of the contrast medium is slowed down, there are small accumulations of the contrast medium. The folds of the mucous membrane are enlarged or not visible at all ( atrophied). Colitis affects the large intestine. In milder forms of colitis, changes in the colon resemble those seen in enteritis. In severe forms of colitis, ulcers, erosion in the wall of the large intestine are formed. With the introduction of a contrast agent, the intestine does not stretch, there are no haustra, granulations and cicatricial changes in the lumen of the large intestine are detected.

Crohn's disease is an immunological inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn's disease manifests itself with the same symptoms as enterocolitis - abdominal pain, prolonged diarrhea ( diarrhea), impaired appetite, weakness. With this disease, any part of the intestine can be affected, but more often the initial part of the large intestine and the end parts of the small intestine are affected.

The main sign of Crohn's disease on x-ray is narrowing of intestinal loops with the formation of cicatricial constrictions. This section looks like a narrow, uneven channel ( Cord symptom). The folds of the mucous membrane disappear, cracks and slit-like ulcers appear between them. A contrast agent penetrates into these intervals. When viewed, such a wall resembles the appearance of a "cobblestone pavement". A complication of Crohn's disease is the appearance of abscesses. They are drained under the control of an ultrasonic transducer.

Appendicitis on abdominal x-rays

Appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the appendix located at the beginning of the large intestine. It is known that appendicitis is manifested by pain in the right lower abdomen. Its diagnosis is usually not difficult, but in unclear cases, they resort to methods of radiation diagnostics. Most often, they start with the use of ultrasound and, if necessary, take an X-ray of the abdominal cavity.

On x-rays, acute appendicitis leads to a thickening of the colon, the appearance of gas and liquid in it. The accumulation of gas looks like an enlightenment against the background of the colon wall. The folds of the mucous membrane are thickened and rigid, their mobility is reduced. In the appendix, there may be stones that have a light shade on x-rays. An abscess at the site of the appendix looks like a darkening and depression on the wall of the cecum. If the appendix ruptures, there may be small amounts of gas or liquid in the abdomen.

Diagnosing liver disease with abdominal x-rays

Liver diseases are the subject of study by physicians of various specialties. For a correct diagnosis, in addition to a clinical examination, a blood test, data from radiation diagnostics is also required. Diseases of the parenchymal organs using X-ray are usually diagnosed only in a late stage. A more accurate study for the diagnosis of liver disease is ultrasound.

An abdominal X-ray can show diffuse or local changes in the liver. Unfortunately, they are not specific, that is, it is impossible to establish an accurate diagnosis based on them. With hepatitis on X-ray, an increase in the size of the liver and a slight heterogeneity of the organ parenchyma are observed. With fatty hepatosis ( a large number of fatty inclusions in the liver cells) the liver on X-ray is characterized by low density.

Changes in liver cirrhosis are much more pronounced. Cirrhosis is the final condition of the liver, which leads to various chronic diseases. Cirrhosis is manifested by organ scarring and functional failure. On x-rays, a decrease in the size of the liver, deformation of its lobes, and a jagged contour are observed. In the liver tissue, the heterogeneity is even more pronounced than in hepatitis. Along with this, the spleen is enlarged. Free fluid can be detected in the abdominal cavity - a sign of ascites.

Among the focal changes in the liver on x-rays are distinguished:

cysts ( fluid filled cavities);
abscesses ( accumulations of pus);
tumors ( clumps of cells not typical for the liver).

X-ray allows you to establish the size and localization of focal changes in the liver. However, it is very difficult to establish their exact nature with the help of X-rays. Cysts and abscesses are areas that almost completely transmit X-rays ( enlightenment), so it turns black. They usually have a fibrous capsule whose density on x-rays is higher than that of the surrounding liver tissue. The variety of tumors does not allow one to give them a universal characteristic. They can be of various shapes, sizes and densities, corresponding to the color on the x-ray.

Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract. Gallstone disease on abdominal x-ray

Biliary tract diseases occur in a very large percentage of the population ( about 10%). Only in rare cases do they require surgical treatment. But, unfortunately, these diseases are forced to limit the diet, first of all, excluding fatty foods and alcohol. The first method for diagnosing the biliary tract is ultrasound ( Ultrasound). In cases where ultrasound is ineffective, special X-ray research methods using contrast are used.

The most common diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract are the following:

acute and chronic cholecystitis;
damage to the gallbladder;
tumors.

Gallstone disease is diagnosed by both ultrasound and X-ray. With the help of a conventional X-ray of the abdominal cavity, about 30% of stones in the gallbladder and biliary tract are detected. This is due to the fact that about a third of stones contain calcium, which is clearly visible on x-rays. The rest of the stones are composed of pigments ( bilirubin), cholesterol, bile acids and other substances. Therefore, for the confident detection of gallstone disease, the use of contrast agents is necessary. When using contrast agents, stones are visualized on x-ray as filling defects. When stones are less than 2 mm in size and localized within the ducts, ultrasound cannot detect them, therefore X-ray with contrast agents is indispensable.

One of the main symptoms of biliary tract damage is yellowness of the skin. This symptom can be a complication of gallstone disease. Obstructive jaundice is the closure of the lumen of the biliary tract by various formations located inside or outside them. In obstructive jaundice, the use of cholangiography and cholegraphy is a valuable way to determine the cause of its occurrence.

Indirect signs of acute pancreatitis on a plain radiograph of the abdominal cavity are:

focal enlightenment in the pancreas, corresponding to gas bubbles;
a symptom of "cut off colon" ( distention of the transverse colon before the onset of the descending colon);
an increase in the size of the pancreas.

In chronic pancreatitis, more reliable signs of the disease are revealed. Calcifications, areas with increased X-ray density can be found in it. In addition, there are also indirect signs - displacement of parts of the duodenum. ERCP ( endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography). This technique consists of injecting a contrast agent into the main duct of the pancreas. In chronic pancreatitis, there is an uneven expansion of individual parts of this duct. Sometimes cysts associated with this duct can be found.

The best methods for diagnosing diseases of the pancreas are considered ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. With the help of these methods, it is possible to pay closer attention to the internal structure of the organ, which cannot be examined using a conventional X-ray of the abdominal cavity.

Kidney disease on abdominal x-rays

Kidney disease is very diverse. To diagnose them, doctors use various diagnostic methods, each of which serves a specific purpose. For example, angiography is required for vascular diseases of the kidneys, excretory urography is required for chronic pyelonephritis, and an overview X-ray of the abdominal cavity may be sufficient to detect kidney stones. In controversial cases, you can apply computed or magnetic resonance imaging.

The most acute condition requiring abdominal x-rays is renal colic. During renal colic, there is a sharp pain in the lower back and difficulty urinating. Renal colic is a complication of urolithiasis and is caused by a stone blocking the urinary tract. In the vast majority of cases, kidney stones are composed of calcium and phosphates, which makes them visible on x-rays. On a survey x-ray, you can establish its presence or absence. With the help of excretory urography, it is possible to determine the exact position of the stone relative to the ureters or the calyx-pelvic system.

With urolithiasis using X-ray methods, the following signs are revealed:

presence of kidney stones ( contrast blackouts);
expansion of the calyx-pelvis system;
a sign of a "large white kidney" is an increase in kidney size and an increase in its contrast on a plain radiograph.

X-ray methods play an important role in the diagnosis of inflammatory kidney diseases, especially chronic ones. With pyelonephritis, the calyx-pelvis system and its medulla are affected. This is accompanied by clouding of urine, dull and unsharp back pain. Patients with pyelonephritis perform excretory urography. The affected kidney is enlarged, and it removes the contrast agent more slowly. The cups and pelvis are deformed, cavities and expansions can be found in them. With glomerulonephritis, the renal glomeruli are affected, and on x-rays this can be detected by the expansion and compaction of the renal cortex.

Sometimes on x-rays, you can find a decrease in the size of the kidneys ( less than 10 centimeters in length). This is considered an adverse change. Kidneys shrink with prolonged course of chronic diseases ( glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis). This condition is called nephrosclerosis. Together with a decrease in size, the kidney becomes less functional, which threatens with an increase in pressure and intoxication of the body with its own metabolic products.

Almost any renal vascular disease can be detected using angiography. On an x-ray with good image quality, they are determined by the constriction or expansion of the renal vessels at various levels. Changes in the renal artery are called vasorenal vascular pathology. In chronic glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis, the vessels inside the kidneys are affected. This form is called parenchymal. The basis for angiography is unexplained high blood pressure ( the lower value is more than 110 mm Hg. Art.).

With the help of angiography, the following diseases of the kidneys and renal vessels can be determined:

atherosclerosis, renal artery thrombosis;
chronic glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis;
renal arterial hypertension;
congenital disorders of vascular development of the kidneys;
kidney tumors ( especially malignant).

Where to get an abdominal x-ray?

A conventional abdominal x-ray can be done at any medical facility that has an x-ray room. It can be either a state or a private medical and diagnostic center. However, for more complex X-ray techniques ( such as cholecystography, urography) requires specialized medical personnel. They are usually carried out in medical centers of the appropriate profile.

Make an appointment for an abdominal x-ray.

To make an appointment with a doctor or diagnostics, you just need to call a single phone number
+7 495 488-20-52 in Moscow

+7 812 416-38-96 in St. Petersburg

The operator will listen to you and redirect the call to the necessary clinic, or take an order for an appointment with the specialist you need.

In Moscow

In St. Petersburg

Content of the article: classList.toggle () "> expand

Radiography is a traditional diagnostic method that relies on a small dose of X-rays. This allows you to see a projection image of the abdominal organs.

The most common methods are contrast x-rays and abdominal x-rays.

The disadvantage of X-ray examination is that soft tissues cannot reflect the rays, so the complete picture of many organs remains unknown.

Indications

The doctor may prescribe an X-ray examination of the abdominal organs in the following cases:

Preparing the patient for the procedure

With a plain abdominal X-ray, no special preparation is required. But before visiting the treatment room, it is necessary to empty the bladder.

If the procedure is carried out using barium, then in this case it is necessary:

The day before the procedure, vegetables, dairy products, rye bread are excluded from the diet. Foods that can be consumed: lean meat, fish, white bread, pasta;
12 hours before the X-ray, all food that enters the body must be of a liquid consistency;
To achieve high quality images, the stomach must be empty on the day of the procedure. so eating is not recommended. This also applies to medicines;
2 hours before the procedure, the intestines are cleansed with the help of laxative suppositories (Glycerin, Bisacodyl) or by setting an enema;
Also, in order to cleanse the intestines, Fortrans is used before the procedure. The product must be taken in the evening. One package of the drug is dissolved in a liter of boiled chilled or mineral water without gas. It is prescribed at the rate of 1 liter of solution per 20 kg of weight. The solution is drunk for 3-4 hours, 250 ml every 15 minutes.

Radiography

During the procedure, the patient must take off his jewelry; sometimes, as directed by a doctor, it is necessary to undress to the waist. Depending on which device is used for the procedure, the patient will need to stand or lie on a special table in front of the device.

The person should not move for a few minutes. Often, the study is carried out in a sitting or lying position; in this case, it is necessary to follow the instructions of the doctor conducting the study.

When radiography with barium, the patient is administered through a tube or a special suspension is given to drink.

Barium is a contrast agent. This solution fills in spaces that cannot be seen on a plain x-ray of the abdominal cavity.

Barium sulfate absorbs X-rays well and does not dissolve in liquids such as water, acid or alkali. The drug is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and does not enter the bloodstream. It is excreted from the body along with feces.

Nitrous oxide or air can be used instead of barium sulfate.

Also, water-soluble drugs can be used for research. This is done if there is a suspicion of perforation of internal organs with the release of the contents into the abdominal cavity or with colonic obstruction. Such drugs can detect tumors.

In addition to classical radiography, fluoroscopy is also possible. In this case, with the help of special equipment that supplements the apparatus, the image of the internal organs is recorded on the film and the dynamics of their state is observed. With this method, it is possible to visualize processes such as contractions, stretching or displacement.

The procedure itself takes about 10 minutes. Before carrying out it, you must inform the doctor:

On the use of drugs that contain bismuth;
About taking radiopaque barium within the last 4 days before the procedure;
Women should be advised that they are pregnant.

The X-ray procedure is completely painless, and after it, the patient can go home.

results

A doctor should decipher the picture. A blurred image indicates that the patient was moving during the procedure. The doctor evaluates the general condition of the organs. According to the study, he can judge the distribution and presence of gases or liquids in the abdominal cavity, see stones in the gallbladder or foreign bodies in the stomach.

The method is effective in the diagnosis of intestinal perforations... The picture will show free gas that is in the abdominal cavity (normally it should not be there).

X-ray examination can distinguish benign tumors of the stomach from malignant ones (in the latter case, they grow into the stomach cavity, have a sickle shape and a larger volume).

Research shows that most of the tumors detected by x-rays are benign.

Contraindications

Pregnancy;
Children up to age 14.

A contrast x-ray of the abdominal cavity is not prescribed in the following cases:

in the stage of exacerbation;
Perforation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract. In the presence of perforation, barium suspension can cause peritonitis;
Dehydration of the body due to indomitable vomiting or diarrhea;
Bronchial asthma.

Before taking an X-ray, you need to check with your doctor if additional preparation measures are needed for the procedure.

Such a diagnostic research method as radiography has been used in medicine for a long time. Today, thanks to the improvement in the quality of equipment, the speed of image acquisition, and the absence of the image development process, this diagnostic method has become effective, accurate and relatively safe.

Concept and types

The method is named after its inventor (Wilhelm Roentgen) and Greek. gráphō - food. It belongs to non-invasive medical research, and is based on the projection of X-rays onto paper or special film.

The rays, passing through the anatomical structures of the body, give an image in the form of a light-shadow, weakened in those places where the structure of the organ is denser.

In modern devices (digital), the registration of the obtained image can take place on a cassette with a special film or on a matrix of an electronic device. Subsequently, the film can be printed, or the image is saved in the database and displayed on the monitor if necessary.

Before proceeding with a detailed study, an overview fluoroscopy of the abdominal and thoracic organs is done. If the survey fluoroscopy cannot give a complete picture of the examination, then they resort to a contrast procedure using a barium mass.

Contrast radiography

In X-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract, an aqueous suspension of barium is used as a contrast agent. The solution is drunk by the patient or, in some situations, administered through a tube.

Barium is almost insoluble in water and physiological fluids, but has the ability to absorb X-rays, which makes it possible to judge the relief of the mucous membrane

While the barium mass moves through the digestive organs, its progress is monitored by means of transillumination. In this case, the radiologist examines the function of the intestine and reveals the presence of tumors, obstruction or damage.

Sightseeing

Plain radiography allows you to judge the state of the organs adjacent to the esophagus, stomach, and other organs of the gastrointestinal tract.

The abdominal organs have a less dense structure, so the shadow in the picture is less pronounced than in the bones. But a survey study allows you to see the presence of foreign objects or a change in an organ due to injury or illness.

This examination is prescribed in a complex of other studies to clarify the diagnosis. It takes a few minutes and is affordable.

Indications

Diseases that need such a diagnosis:

cholecystitis;
pancreatitis;
damage to soft tissues;
abscesses.

This method is used when a patient complains about:

pain, abdominal discomfort;
bloating;
severity in the digestive system.

With the help of an X-ray examination, the peristalsis and tone of the organ, changes in the relief of the mucous membrane are specified. And also the method allows you to determine the level of fluid in the hollow organs.

Contraindications

There are practically no contraindications to the study. The disadvantages of this method include:

the effect of ionizing radiation on the patient;
difficult assessment of the functions of the organ;

In the study of soft tissues, little distinguishable by density, there is insufficient information content without the use of contrast agents.

Preparation

The examination requires the absence of gas and food, liquid, mucus in the hollow organs.

Before the procedure, the following preparation is carried out:

When examining the liver and gallbladder, X-ray contrast agents (Yopagnost, Holevid) are used, which accumulate in the gallbladder and liver. To study the contractility of the gallbladder, choleretic agents can be used.
On the eve of the study of the duodenum and stomach, with constipation and severe flatulence, they make a cleansing enema and drink 30 g of castor oil.
On the day of the procedure, with severe flatulence, a cleansing enema is also given 2 hours before the fluoroscopy. And also with a large amount of mucus, liquid, food residues in the stomach, washing is carried out 3 hours before the study.

The study is best done on an empty stomach, eating a light dinner the day before. Patients with normal bowel function do not require special preparation in the form of enemas and diets.

How is an abdominal x-ray done?

It is advisable to conduct a diagnostic study in different projections, since a snapshot is a flat image of a three-dimensional organ, and you need to look at all the walls. Therefore, the study is carried out with different body positions.

During the procedure using barium, when the patient is in a horizontal position, the movement of the contrast mass slows down, which allows it to fill the hollow organ, and take the necessary pictures:

after 1 hour- the contrast mass reaches the small intestine;
3 hours- accumulates in the transition between the small intestine and the large;
6 o'clock- reaches the initial sections of the colon;
9 - the colon and transverse intestine;
12 - the sigmoid colon;
24 - the large intestine.

Price

The X-ray procedure is relatively inexpensive and varies depending on the type of examination:

plain radiography - from 350 rubles;
X-ray of the stomach - from 750 rubles;
X-ray with barium of the large intestine - from 600 rubles;
small intestine - from 950 rubles;
examination of the esophagus - from 500 rubles;
cholangiopancreatography (examination of the liver and biliary tract) - from 1500 rubles;
irrigoscopy - from 1000 rubles.