With intense decay erythrocytes a pathology called hemoglobinuria can occur in the blood. This is aboutthe presence of hemoglobin in urine, which may indicate serious intoxication and requires immediate medical attention. In addition to everything,hemoglobin in urinemay be a sign of infectious diseases and problems from the urinary system. This deviation is observed as in both adults and children.
The processes of intense decay of blood cells Red can pass for many reasons. If you suspect erroneous results doctor may recommend a second examination, after which a treatment regimen will be drawn up.
The role of hemoglobin in the body
The value of hemoglobin in the human body is undeniably great. It is the main transporter of oxygen to tissues and organs, due to which their normal functioning occurs. Protein carries carbon dioxide back from the cells. This is his second function. Iron-containing protein perfectly binds all toxic substances, especially hydrocyanic acid, which reduces the risk of poisoning.
Hemoglobin ratein healthy people it varies in men from 130 to 160 g / l, among women - 120-150 g / l, in children - 12-140 g / l. The values can be influenced by the age of the patient. Any deviation from the norm is considered dangerous,health status deteriorates sharply. At the same time, high hemoglobin, which goes beyond the indicators, also requires treatment.
Deviations in any direction can cause dry skin, peeling, pallor, brittle nails and hair. In severe cases, frequent dizziness, fainting, paralysis of the respiratory system. All this is triggered by oxygen cell starvation. In the urinetraces of hemoglobinshould not be detected as this is a serious violation.
General urine analysis
General urine analysis is one of the most important diagnostics, on the basis of which it is possible to diagnose and draw up a treatment regimen. In a laboratory, the submitted biomaterial is examined according to several parameters, the composition of the sediment undergoes a separate diagnosis. Exactly urine primarily shows the slightest malfunction in the body. Timely delivery of tests is the key to preventing serious diseases. In order for the study to be as informative as possible, it is necessary to properly prepare for a visit to the laboratory.
There are several reasons for the appointment of an analysis:
- additional diagnostics of pathologies from the urinary tract;
- monitoring the course of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment;
- preventive examination.
Preparation rules
There are a number of rules that must be followed before passing a general urine test:
- The collection of biomaterial is carried out immediately after a night's sleep, immediately after hygienic procedures of the genitals. Only in this way the likelihood of contaminants entering the urine from the outside is minimized as much as possible.
- A medium portion of urine is collected in a sterile container.
- 12 hours before the collection procedure, it is necessary to limit the consumption of fatty, spicy, salty, smoked foods, give up coffee and strong alcoholic beverages. “Colored” fruits and vegetables are also best removed from the diet, as they change urine color ... Drugs should be temporarily discontinued. If it is impossible to do this, you need to warn the laboratory assistant.
- Women during critical days need to try to prevent blood from entering the urine.
- Biomaterial, normally up to 50 mg, is important to deliver to the laboratory no later than 2 hours after collection.
Study parameters
The biomaterial handed over to the laboratory is examined according to several main parameters:
| Options | Norm | Possible deviations |
| Urine color | Light yellow to straw |
|
| Transparency | The urine should not become cloudy for 2 hours after collection. | Urine can lose transparency due to the content of leukocytes, erythrocytes, protein cells, and various pathogenic organisms in it. |
| Smell | The smell is slightly perceptible | A pungent smell means problems with the urinary tract, including putrefactive and inflammatory processes. For the reliability of the results, one day before delivery, it is better to give up onions and garlic. |
| Specific gravity | 1.005 to 1.028 |
|
| Acidity | 4-7 | The reason high acidity of urine, when the pH is more than 7 units, there is a deficiency in the diet of animal products, urinary tract infections, adrenaline-based drugs. |
| Protein | Negative | Appears due to increasedphysical activity, with chronic pyelonephritis,after hypothermia. |
| Glucose | Negative | Pancreatic pathologies |
| Ketone bodies | Negative |
|
| Bilirubin | Absent | All kinds of liver diseases, excessive alcohol consumption. |
| Urobilinogen | Negative | Excessive flow of bile into the small intestine. |
| Hemoglobin | Negative | Heart pathologies, infectious diseases, muscle injuries. |
| Erythrocytes | No more than 3 units - women
No more than 1 - men |
|
| Leukocytes | 6 units for women
up to 3 units in men |
For an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo an ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder. |
| Epithelial cells | Up to 10 units |
Causes of the appearance of hemoglobin in urine
The appearance of hemoglobin in the urine of an adult and a child is primarily due toincreased rateerythrocyte protein in the blood. The thing is that the body cannot cope with suchthe amount of pigmentand sends unprocessed protein into the urine. Causes, raising enzyme levels can be pathological, that is, indicate serious health problems, and non-pathological. Depending on the factors provoking the disease, hemoglobinuria is divided into several types.
To the main the reasons for the appearance of hemoglobin in the urine of a childand adult include the following:
- poisoning with poisons, including pairs of dyes;
- insect bites;
- burns;
- phimosis;
- ARVI with febrile syndrome;
- pathology from the gastrointestinal tract;
- glomerular disease;
- tuberculosis;
- serious infectious diseases: typhoid, malaria, scarlet fever;
- excess iron;
- blood diseases.
The appearance of an iron-containing element can be associated with renal failure, problems with the cardiovascular system, inflammation in the urinary tract. All these factors are pathological and require the fastest possible correction.
Among the non-pathological reasons for a positive iron-containing protein in urine are considered:
- marching hemoglobinuria caused by excessiveload on the legswith fast and frequent walking. Re-delivery of the analysis does not reveal any deviations;
- lack of vitamins and minerals;
- wrong lifestyle combined with bad habits.
If a person was heldtransfusion of incompatible blood, then a general analysis of urine will detect hemoglobin. These are all natural factors.
Trauma
The presence of erythrocyte protein in urine can be due to injury, especially when it comes to muscle disorders. If a pathology is suspected, it is recommended to take an X-ray of the muscles, after which the correct diagnosis will be made. With extensive hematomas, an increase in indicators is also possible.
Infectious diseases
Hemoglobin in urine appears as a result of an infectious disease accompanied by fever. It can be typhoid, malaria, tonsillitis, scarlet fever. In the process of the disease, hemoglobin in the blood often rises, erythrocytes are destroyed, hemoglobin combines with another protein and cannot escape through the kidneys. As soon as effective therapy is carried out, the indicators will return to normal. Hemoglobinuria, which occurs against the background of an infectious disease, is called cold paroxysmal.
Oncology
In oncology, normal cells undergo mutation, giving rise to cancerous tumors. The body most often reacts to neoplasms with a decrease in hemoglobin parameters in the blood. High levels of erythrocyte protein, which then breaks down and is found in the urine, can be in cancer of the kidneys, liver, during Vakez-Osler disease, inretinoblastoma treatment.
How to get rid of the problem?
The first symptom , indicating the appearance of hemoglobin in the urine, is a change in the usual color of urine. If you find a deviation, you should immediately consult a doctor for further examination. In case of untimely referral to a specialist, signs of pathology will increase: weakness gradually appears, aches in all muscles, children complain of a headache, often accompanied by vomiting and nausea. There is often a feeling of shortness of breath.
After contacting a therapist or pediatrician, it is necessary to pass a general urine test, and then contact a urologist with its results. Further, several more accurate tests are prescribed: analysis of the sediment, testing with electrophoresis, in case of severe injuries and suspected cancerous tumors, the patient undergoes X-ray. Ultrasound is prescribed for small patients. In parallel with all studies, a general blood test is carried out.
Only after a comprehensive examination is it possible to prescribe an effective treatment. The ailment of mild to moderate severity is treated with anabolic and iron-containing drugs. Hormonal drugs may be prescribed. For example, Prednisolone.
In severe pathology, blood transfusion is urgently required.
Conclusion
Availability free hemoglobinin urine - a serious signal to see a doctor. After treatment, prevention plays an important role: avoid complications, eat right, and completely abandon alcohol. Children and adults are recommended to undergo preventive examinations in a timely manner. People who are at risk should regularly visit a urologist.
Hemoglobin is a specific protein that is a constituent of red blood cells - erythrocytes. It contains iron, which enables it to attach carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin is located inside cells and has a fairly large molecular weight. This suggests that there should be no normal hemoglobin in urine, since it simply cannot pass through the renal filters. But nevertheless, if the concentration of hemoglobin in the bloodstream increases or the destruction of red blood cells proceeds too soon, then the appearance of this protein in the excreted urine is not excluded.
Divergence of hemoglobin and myoglobin (skeletal muscle protein) usually occurs due to the progression of any pathological processes in the human body, but the physiological reasons for this condition are not an exception. Hemoglobinuria can occur in absolutely any person - it has no restrictions regarding gender or age category. In certain situations, increased hemoglobin in urine can be noticed even with the naked eye - usually urine turns red. If such a sign takes place, you immediately need to go to an appointment with a qualified doctor in order to conduct a comprehensive diagnosis. Diagnosis of hemoglobinuria in most clinical situations is a sign of serious pathologies.
Etiological factors
If this specific protein was found in urine, then the first question that the patient asks is what does hemoglobin in urine mean, and for what reasons did it appear there? It should be noted right away that positive hemoglobin in the urine can appear, both because of the patient's lifestyle, and because of the progression of various pathologies.
The main reasons for the appearance of hemoglobin in urine:
- tuberculosis;
- poisoning with foods that contain large quantities of acids;
- various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
- poisoning of the human body with dyes and poisons;
- progression of severe renal pathologies, including renal failure;
- pathogenic activity in the human body of various viral and bacterial agents, resulting in the development of tonsillitis, scarlet fever and other pathologies;
- diseases of the hematopoietic system;
- severe burns;
- pathology of the urinary system. Often, hemoglobin in urine is detected with glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, urethritis, and so on.
Natural factors, as a result of which hemoglobin can appear in urine:
- severe hypothermia of the body;
- blood transfusion (especially if the group is not the same as that of the patient);
- irregular physical activity.
Video: Causes of increased hemoglobin
Varieties
- paroxysmal nocturnal form. This condition is acquired and is characterized by the rapid decay of damaged red blood cells in the lumen of blood vessels;
- toxic form. It is characterized by massive hemolysis. In this case, hemoglobin in urine appears against the background of severe intoxication with various toxic substances or poisons;
- marching form. In some medical sources it is called the "soldier" pathology. Excessive stress on the feet becomes the cause of increased hemolysis of red blood cells. Also, the disease often manifests itself in athletes;
- cold paroxysmal form. It occurs much less frequently than all of the above forms, and is characterized by the manifestation of autoimmune hemolysis.
Symptoms
Normally, myoglobin and hemoglobin in urine should not be, otherwise their appearance indicates the breakdown of muscle tissue due to inflammatory processes or other dangerous ailments that can progress in the human body.
Hemoglobinuria can be accompanied by the following symptoms:
- severe headache, which can gradually develop into a migraine;
- pain in the lumbar region;
- nausea and vomiting;
- general weakness;
- a feeling of aches in the articular joints (both large and small);
- an increase in body temperature;
- feverish conditions.
In case of manifestation of the indicated clinical picture, you should immediately contact a medical institution for a comprehensive diagnosis. It is important to remember that the appearance of hemoglobin in urine is not an independent disease, but a specific symptom of a background pathology, which provoked hemolysis of erythrocytes.
Diagnostics
The diagnosis of this pathological condition is carried out by a urologist, as well as a nephrologist. If necessary, the patient can be assigned additional consultations with narrow specialists - hematologist, endocrinologist, gynecologist, etc.
The standard diagnostic plan for this condition includes the following procedures and activities:
- examination of the patient and his questioning. The history of life and the pathological condition itself is clarified (when it manifested itself, what symptoms accompany it, etc.);
- clinical blood test;
- clinical analysis of urine;
- blood biochemistry;
- culture of urine to identify infectious agents in it;
- urine according to Nechiporenko;
- Rehberg's test;
- Ultrasound of the urine excretion system, abdominal and pelvic organs.
If these techniques did not provide the doctor with enough information to make an accurate diagnosis, an additional MRI or CT scan may be prescribed.
Treatment activities
For the entire period of treatment, the load on the excretory system should be reduced by reducing fluid intake per day. It is also necessary to avoid hypothermia of the body as much as possible. In fact, the treatment of hemoglobinuria is not difficult.
Usually it is based on the appointment of the following groups of pharmaceuticals:
- anabolic steroids;
- preparations containing iron;
- antioxidants;
- diuretic drugs;
- vitamin complexes.
In especially difficult situations, doctors often resort to blood transfusions.
- follow a diet in which you need to consume more vegetables and fruits;
- completely abandon bad habits, if any;
- walk more often in the fresh air.
Video: Increased hemoglobin: dangerous or not?
Hemoglobinuria is a condition of the body in which hemoglobin is found in the urine. The reason for this process is the breakdown of red blood cells. Decay can occur if the body has internal diseases and inflammatory processes such as influenza, acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia and other acute infections.
Norms
The hemoglobin rate is zero. Such a strict characterization of the analysis means that any, even the smallest fraction of this protein in urine reflects a strong impairment in the functioning of the renal system.
Positive hemoglobin in urine
When red blood cells are destroyed, hemoglobin along with them is found in the urine, because the rate of decay due to acidity is very high.
Hemolysis of erythrocytes occurs inside the vessels and because of this, as a rule, a high concentration of hemoglobin can be found in the plasma. The first and main sign of the ingress of hemoglobin is the brown staining of urine.
Hemoglobinuria is usually a sign of a serious illness and requires immediate evaluation.
There are four forms of hemoglobinuria.
- Paroxysmal hemoglobinuria(the so-called night form). This pathology has an acquired character.
- Toxic hemoglobinuria... Due to severe intoxication, red blood cells can disintegrate. This happens when poisoning with chemicals, mushroom poisons or after the bites of exotic insects.
- Marching hemoglobinuria... A separate type of pathology that develops when a constant load acts on the legs.
- Cold hemoglobinuria... A rare variation of the pathology, which is of an autoimmune nature.
Hemoglobin in a child
A positive hemoglobin in children can occur for several reasons, some of which are:
- Blood diseases acquired as a result of transfusion.
- Poisoning with toxins and strong poisons.
Also, sometimes this happens with severe burns with a large area of damage to the skin. The reasons for the violation of the level of hemoglobin are also systematic exercise, cardio training, etc.
Hemoglobin during pregnancy
Despite the fact that the general condition of a pregnant woman's body is fundamentally different from that of an ordinary person, the composition of urine is almost the same. Differences can occur only at the hormonal level, but even this is not always observed.
In order to monitor and analyze the condition of the pregnant woman and the health of the unborn baby, the women's consultation advises to regularly perform blood and urine tests.
Increased hemoglobin in the urine of a pregnant woman is possible with a high acid-base balance, this leads to accelerated destruction of red blood cells.
With some kidney diseases (certain forms of nephropathy, urolithiasis, trauma), they cease to fulfill their filtering role and let hemoglobin pass. In such cases, a comprehensive urinalysis fully indicates the presence of the disease.
The expectant mother can notice the presence of hemoglobin by the color of urine: it turns dark brown. Of course, this is the cause of not only hemoglobinuria, but also some other kidney diseases, but this sure sign is definitely a reason to go to a doctor and get tested in a laboratory.
Why is it dangerous
The blood plasma of both a pregnant woman and an ordinary person is regularly filled with small portions of hemoglobin. The destruction of red blood cells is a natural and essential process. Enzyme haptoglobin blocks the entry of destroyed red blood cells into the urine through the renal filtration system.
If the process of decay of erythrocytes is too rapid, then haptoglobin does not cope with its main work and the kidneys begin to pass decay products.
Also, the disease can occur due to different types of anemias (for example, hemolytic anemia). In addition, infections such as typhoid, tonsillitis or scarlet fever can increase the number of red blood cells, including destroyed ones.
Reasons for the appearance
The first main sign that the norm of hemoglobin in urine is violated is its dark red tint... This is due to the presence of many particles of oxyhemoglobin in the urine.
The urine that was collected for analysis over time is divided into several layers:
- The top layer remains transparent but retains the hue.
- The lower layer contains particles of destroyed organic matter - detritus.
Diagnostics
The main and main thing in the process of diagnosing such a violation is the delivery of urine analysis.
In order for the analysis to be carried out objectively, it is necessary to perform a number of actions before collecting urine:
- It is necessary to carry out complete hygiene of the genitals.
- The test jar must be absolutely clean, dry and sterilized.
- It is necessary to take the test in the morning on an empty stomach, this prevents the ingress of sugars, lipids and fats.
- It is necessary to stop drinking water in the evening, this reduces the specific gravity of urine.
- Fruits (especially citruses or bananas) should not be consumed in the evening, because these foods increase the level of salt in the urine.
Laboratory assistants examine the urine, and the attending doctor deciphers the analysis. Having received an analysis in their hands, many begin to independently study it and draw conclusions based on medical reference books or the Internet. Remember that self-medication and preliminary self-diagnostics rarely lead to objective assessments of your health.
What to do and how to treat
Various treatments are used to correct the level. When the patient has a cold paroxysmal form, it is required blood transfusion, in particular erythrocytes. Sometimes a course of anabolic steroids is prescribed.
Systemic treatment can significantly reduce the activity of oxidized fats and their breakdown products.
The standard course of treatment for anemia is also used. For this, preparations containing a large amount of iron are used. Antrythrombotic therapy has also proven itself very well: the standard procedure for treating thrombosis, atherosclerosis or varicose veins helps to thin the blood. Anticoagulant therapy has a positive effect on the course of treatment.
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