Infectious diseases - the cause of viral allergies. Antigen is an allergen or causative agent of an allergic reaction of bacteria and allergens as well

Date: 19.07.2019

Sick atopic dermatitis have increased risk of occurrence infectious complications Skin. It has been established that various pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses) can act as the reason for the sensitization of the body and the trigger causing the exacerbation of the already existing atopic dermatitis.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is found in 90% of patients with atopic dermatitis, whereas in healthy individuals it is evicted only in 5% of cases. Colonization and skin infection S. aureus are one of the frequent causes of exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. At the same time, acute exudative skin foci may contain over 10 million S. aureus per square meter. See, its level is also elevated on the areas of normal skin in the nose area.

aureus secretes on the surface of the skin of the Superantigen - enterotoxin A and B, or toxin toxic shock syndrome. It is possible that this is due to the reinforced products of their adhesives and a decrease in the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Staphylococcus was isolated in 64.2% of children with the average and severe course of atopic dermatitis. The highest level of colonization of bacteria was noted in the group of children with proven allergic sensitization (71% compared with 49% in the group of children with a non-allergic form of atopic dermatitis).

The appearance is confirmed clinical signs Atopic dermatitis after appliques of staphylococcal exotoxin on intact skin healthy man. Specific IgE antibodies to staphylococcal toxins are found in the skin in 75% of patients with atopic dermatitis; The relationship between the IgE level to the Supportygenians and the severity of atopic dermatitis was also revealed. Supportigances activate a large number of T-cells and thereby contribute to massive secretion of cytokines, in particular IL-1, TNFA and IL-12 in epidermal macrophages or Langerhans cells. In addition, the local products of these cytokines contribute to an increase in the expression of CLA on T-cells and activation of the Homing T-cells in the inflamed skin. In other words, bacterial exotoxins (which in nature are proteins and therefore can act as allergens) in combination with conventional allergens worsen an ecratese process in the skin, inducing T-cell response, reinforcing and supporting chronic inflammation Skin with atopic dermatitis.

It is also assumed that bacterial superantigines play a role in the formation of resistance and deterioration of the response to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. The resistance to glucocortortiferies is developing as a result of an increase in the expression of the glucopor-ticoid receptor of type B, acting as a powerful inhibitor of corticosteriodes.

Another explanation of the ineffectiveness of even highly active topical steroids is the effect of staphylococcal antigens on skin inflammation without the participation of Superantigen. Thus, in a recently published study, it was shown that in 30-50% of patients with atopic dermatitis, two cationic staphylococcal protein - NP- and P70, released from peripheral mononuclear blood cells of patients, activate TH2 cells and increase the secretion of cytokines.

AT lately much attention The deficiency in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis of antimicrobial peptides is one of the components of congenital immunity, protecting the skin from bacteria, viruses and mushrooms. In general, the mechanism of skin colonization staphylococcus is not clear. Recently it has been shown that staphylococcis are expressed on their surface receptors that recognize various extracellular proteins. As potential ligands that bind to data receptors are considered fibronectin and fibrinogen, the products of which may contribute to IL-4. It is shown that intradermal testing of allergens from S. aureus and Candida Albicans does not have prognostic value in children with atopic dermatitis aged 9 years.

Due to the fact that S. aureus is a dominant microorganism detected with atopic dermatitis, it would be logical to expect therapeutic effect from antibacterial therapy. Since some researchers find a correlation between the level of skin colonization staphylococcus and the degree of gravity of the disease, this is explained by improving skin manifestations in patients with poorly controlled flow of atopic dermatitis after antistaphococcal therapy.

However, the effect antibacterial drugs in atopic dermatitis is not proven, although in a number of studies noted positive effect The use of combined antistaphococcal agents and topical corticosteroids even in patients without bacterial superinfection. Calcineurine topical inhibitors are also able to reduce the number of S. aureus on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.

From position evidence medicine Combination efficiency antibacterial agents And local corticosteroids in patients with atopic dermatitis have not been proven.

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In recent years, in clinical allergology, the problems of bacterial allergies are practically ousted by ideas about the leading role of atopy in the genesis of most allergic diseases.

At the same time, the connection of infection and allergic diseases is completely obvious, including bronchial asthma.

The role of IgE-dependent processes in the pathogenesis of infectious allergies has been proven.

In this regard, it is currently an interest in the possibility of conducting a SIT with infectious-allergic diseases, in particular with bronchial asthma. Perspective is the problem of developing effective vaccines for SIT. It should be noted that in allergology, significant experience has been accumulated on allergen-specific immunotherapy of patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma.

Despite this, in the defining modern document, the bacterial vaccination is called ineffective (Who PAPER PAPER. ALERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY: THERAPEUTIC VACCINES FOR ALERLGIC DISEASES (Allergy. 1998, V53. N 44 (Suppl). Nevertheless, it is proved that if there is an immediate type of hypersensitivity to Microbial allergens specific treatment is very effective. This is evidenced by the work of both domestic and foreign authors.

Probably, the ineffectiveness of individual works on the sieve bacterial allergens can be explained by the improper selection of patients for treatment, the lack of appropriate skills to carry out a doctor. In this regard, the special section dedicate the experience of the SIT in infectious allergies.

The history of the problem of bacterial allergies

The problem of allergic reactions when infectious diseases Finding its origins in the works of the German doctor R. Koch (R. Koch, 1843 - 1910), dedicated to the study of tuberculosis. It is known that tuberculosis is one of the most severe infectious diseases, which, thanks to the observations of R.KOCH and the works of other researchers, played the role of the so-called classical model of bacterial allergies.

In 1906, S. Pirguet reported an important meaning of the scarification test in tuberculinidiagnostics and introduced into medical practice The term "allergy" (from Greek. "Alos" - other, "Ergos" - I act), denoting the changed reactivity of the body. Antibodies that were previously thought are produced in the body under the influence of Tuberculina, S. Pirguet called "Ergini".

In Russia, the allergenic properties of bacteria were studied in the very first works on anaphylaxis and allergies.
Research PF Zdodovsky in infectious parallergia made a significant contribution to the teaching on allergies in general and about bacterial allergies, in particular. An opening phenomenon of a generalized allergic reaction to cholera vibrine endotoxin, as noted by A.D.ado, is the first description of this type of reaction. Many terms, criteria and patterns of manifestation of allergic reactions were first established and firmly entered into allergology based on the study of bacterial allergies. Following the studies on the allergenic activity of the pathogen of tuberculosis, work began to appear, indicating the allergizing effect of other microorganisms.

Special attention was paid to the allergenic properties of grappletic coils, in particular, hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus. Classic are the works R.Lancefield on antigenic and allergenic characteristic Hemolytic streptococci, which indicate that in experimental studies, the al-leverizing effect of their TYPOSPECIAL protein, the so-called M-substance of hemolytic streptococcus was revealed.

Extremely an important stage Development of research in the field of bacterial allergies opened the works of O. Swineford and its employees. In the late 40s, these researchers discovered allergenic properties in 14 species of various microorganisms, namely: hemolytic and green streptococcus, staphylococcus, catarrhal micrococcus, intestinal and blue sticks, protest, etc.

For the first time, the attention of researchers on the allergenic properties of those microbes were drawn, the Commonwealth of which was the so-called normal microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tract.

The results of the assessment of the hypersensitivity of patients with infectious-allergic BA to the allergens of autogenic strains isolated from the mucous membranes of the bronchi of these patients are presented on Table. 8.

Table 7. Microflora of the oz, nose, bronchi in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma

Table 8. Skin and bronchial reactions to bacterial allergens in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma (according to V.N. Fedosayeva, 1980)

Among the allergens of these crops (neasery, pneumococcal, staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Sardin), neussereria and staphylococci were leading. Significant allergenic activity is marked by Klebsiella, however, the frequency of detection of this microbe in the crops from the mucous membranes of the bronchi patients does not exceed 10 - 15%. But in cases where the microbe was present in the crops, the patient's hypersensitivity to the allergens of this microorganism was sharply expressed.

Currently, allergic practice is widely used for specific diagnostics and therapy of allergens (and vaccine forms) of infectious diseases: Tuberculin, Malein, Brucellin, Lepromine, etc., as well as pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic representatives of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract of patients with the respiratory - allergic diseases: allergens and vaccines from streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, etc.

Considering the history of the problem of bacterial allergies, on the one hand, emphasizes the fact that it was when studying infectious diseases for the first time, both the very concept of "allergy" and such terms, as "type of allergic reaction", "the reaction of a slow and immediate type" , "Skin-allergic diagnostic tests", "tuberculinidiagnosis", etc., which are firmly entered into allergology and are currently used.

On the other hand, it should be noted that allergenic activity is inherent in not only the causative agents of infectious diseases, but also to representatives of the so-called conditional pathogenic microflora of the respiratory tract of patients with respiratory-allergic diseases. In addition, it is quite obvious that bacterial allergies have features due to both the properties of the microorganism and the reactivity of the body of the patient with an infectious-allergic disease.

Hutueva S.X., Fedoseeva V.N.

The most common types of allergies in children are always accompanied by edema and other severe manifestations that need to know all parents.

A few decades ago, the topic of allergies was not so extensively studied as now. In the old days, parents did not even suspect that in some diseases of their children, an acute allergic response to the subject of an irritant was to blame.

Today, modern mothers and dads, pediatricians conduct conversations on the manifestations of allergies from their child - when you need to worry, and when not. Such problems like atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma and its harbing allergic bronchitis for rumors.

Answer immune system On the overabundance of histamine in the blood and there is an allergic reaction. The appearance of histamine in the blood can provoke as an overabundance of any aggressive substance in its composition (pollen, chocolate, seafood, etc.) so the congenital reaction to the allergen. In the first case, the child can, for example, eat too much chocolate or citrus and citrus and he has a rash on the body, in the second case, when allergen hit, a more acute allergic reaction may occur in the body

The most common types of allergic reactions

Depending on the predisposition to the disease and the very type of allergies, the symptoms of the disease may differ.

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis - manifests itself in infancy.

The first "ringing" of atopic dermatitis becomes red-made rash mainly in the mouth area.

It can be both just small pimples and peeling crusts. In some cases, children's atopic dermatitis takes place by 3-4 years, but sometimes can accompany the person and in older age.

Most often atopic dermatitis is a subspecies food allergiesFor example, on dairy products. No wonder modern pediatricians and allergologists advise not to give children up to a year cow and even goat milk - It contains many substances that the undeveloped digestive system simply cannot digest and assimilate. The overabundance of these substances and leads to the appearance of topical dermatitis.

Allergic rhinitis

It is inflammation and swelling of nasopharynx mucous membranes, frequent nasal congestion, difficulty breathing and abundant sneezing. The type of allergy, which is most often wearing a seasonal character, but may be simultaneous (for example, the reaction to animals). It manifests itself when the allergen particles get into the respiratory tract. It can be pollen, animal wool particles, dust, etc. The most dangerous consequence of a protracted allergic rhinitis can be swelling quinque.

Allergic bronchitis

This is a type of disease of the lower respiratory tract. His symptoms: a strong barking cough, difficulty breathing, attacks of suffocation, obstruction. Cough, most often dry, intensify at night. In contrast to viral and bacterial bronchitis, allergic is not accompanied by an increase in body temperature.

This disease is a reaction to "air allergens" - particles of organisms and substances that the patient breathes with air. Such a substance may be dust, and dandruff animals, feathers in the pillow and even mold. In rare cases, such a reaction is observed on food allergens.

A feature of allergic bronchitis is that its appearance can provoke long stress and physical exertion.

Treatment and prevention

The first thing to do with the appearance of any kind of allergies in a child is to give him an antihistamine drug.

It is better to choose from the preparations of the second and third generation, as they are more effective and do not have strong side effects. For children under the age of three years, antihistamines are sold in the form of a syrup, older kids can be given a pill.

After the recruitment of the first symptoms, you need to turn to an allergist and pass the necessary tests. In order to confirm an allergic reaction, and not the manifestation of another disease (for example, with bronchitis), a blood test for immunoglobulin E (IgE) is prescribed. His presence in the body in a concentration exceeding permissible norm, means the manifestation of an allergic reaction. In the case, for example, with allergic bronchitis, such a strong excess of normal values \u200b\u200bmay mean a predisposition to the development of asthma.

Reliable analyzes and designated treatment may be useless if you do not exclude contact with the allergen on initial stage. If this is not fully made, it is possible, then you need to at least limit the cases of contact.

Allergy - insidious diseasewhich can develop in minutes and provoke dangerous state organism. You need to know your body and what and how he reacts, and have a good antihistamine in his first aid kit.

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Otekhelp.ru.

Allergies is a reaction that protects the body from a micro-industry. It may be in the cluster of dusty things, flowering plants, sharp smells, food.

Such hypersensitivity can be inherited. Allergy treatment in children need to entrust the doctor. About the predisposition of the baby to allergies, parents can learn immediately after birth, since the acute sensitivity will appear already when the unusual product or the introduction of medication appears in the diet.

As the disease is manifested

Allergic reaction may have many manifestations. The most characteristic of them:

Raw (redness, urticaria).
Sneeze.
Cough attacks.
Temae's eyes.
Swelling on the skin.
Itching (the most unpleasant symptom, since the wounds are formed with strong combing, which can easily get infection).
Asthma.
Gastric disorders (rumbling, bloating, nausea, strong belching, abdominal pain).
Allergic rhinitis (nasal congestion, swelling, dryness of the mucous) can cause asphyxia.

Anaphylactic shock is the most dangerous expression of the reaction of the body to the stimulus. He is accompanied by loss of consciousness, convulsions, intracranial pressure It can significantly decrease. Often this is exactly how an allergic reaction is manifested after some injections of medical preparations and bites of poisonous insects, very rarely as a consequence of food allergies. Alone to assist the patient is impossible.

Allergic reaction can manifest itself at different parts of the body and last from a few minutes to several days. It depends on the individual susceptibility of your child's body. Temperature, as a rule, does not rise.

Allocate the true and false allergies. Both types have simplicityBut false is not related to the participation of immunoglobulins. True causes a reaction with the slightest contact with an annoying factor. With a false reaction is the stronger than large quantity Irritant affects.

Localization of allergic reactions

Allergies can manifest itself on the child's body in different places.

On the face. In food allergies, often rashes and redness appear on the cheeks, which can say that the provocateur is a cosmetic.
On the neck. Allergen is in clothing (wool, synthetics), decorations. In infants, such rashes are called the Pepper and are associated with overheating.
On hand and legs. This reaction may occur on any of the stimuli.
On buttocks. At all small kids, the priests may be associated with impaired hygiene rules or incorrectly chosen diaper. The older people are more often associated with reaction to cosmetics.

The nature of the rashes, redness and other painful manifestations on the body will correctly determine only the doctor. After all, it is possible that a small little man is not allergic, and a viral infection is a windshnaya pack, korea rubella, etc.

Types of allergies

There are several types of allergies that are classified depending on the causative agent:

Food	This species is very common among babies, the emergence of a reaction to one or more products prevails.
Respiratory (Respiratory)	Inhalation path of penetration into the body's body.
Dusty	This type of allergies is distributed in separate category Due to the fact that the body reacts exclusively on ticks in dusty air
Polleoz	The stimulus is a flower pollen, a seasonality one of the main signs, the disease in accuracy coincides with the flowering period and passes immediately after it.
Allergies on insects ( medical term - Insekt)	The bite of mosquito or midge can become the root cause of the disease. Very often about such allergies, too strong swelling after a bite, which develops very quickly
Allergy to animals	Allergen are cats, dogs and other pets, their saliva, skin scales, feathers, fluff, excrement
Drug	Reaction to a medicine or any of its component
The presence in the organism of helminths	Glice invasions often provoke the development of allergies

Food

Most often provocateurs are citrus (grapefruit, oranges, tangerines) or red berries, some varieties of meat, dairy drinks. Hazing with an amplifier of taste and dye is no exception - the child is better not to give such drinks.

Until a three-year-old age, the kids may show a reaction to lactose. The root causes of the occurrence of food allergies include the intestine dysbiosis - a change in the species composition of bacteria in the intestines, which cause microbial imbalance.

Respiratory

This species is characterized by unpleasant sensations in the nasopharynx right up to choking. Caused by smells, blooming plants, animals with long wool.

The reaction may also occur on the paint for the walls and mold. It can be a push to the development of bronchial asthma.

Gliste

Provoked by the productivity of helminths, which are thrown into the blood. The disease occurs in a more severe form, is treated difficult.

Diagnosis of allergies

Provocateurs of children's allergies to determine is not easy, since at a young age spectrum of irritants is great. Special attention is paid to the observed symptoms, their development, diet.

Maintaining a diary with a description of the household situation, manifestations of allergies, their frequency is necessary. The tendency to allergies from relatives and loved ones is determined - heredity plays not a latter role.

Timely diagnosis of the painful state consists of a complex of events:

To establish an accurate diagnosis, different methods are used:

General blood analysis. In the presence of helminths in the body, the amount of eosinophils is increased, which can cause an allergic reaction.
Skin-allergic samples - the stimulus is applied at the forearm, in the event of a reaction, the allergen is considered certain.
A test that provokes the reaction with the introduction of the food stimulus under the language.

In case of predisposition to allergies in a child in different age Irriters and reaction to them may change. For example, the kids have the body can botherly react to a new product. A slightly ground, a reaction to smells or blossoms of ambrosia can manifest.

In adolescence, an allergen may be a cosmetic (gel, cream, varnish). Symptoms may also change. Therefore, diagnosis is necessary at each manifestation of an allergic reaction. Allergic reaction may occur in a newborn. In this case, it is necessary to look for an irritant in the mother's nutrition, by eliminating it to get rid of crumb from unpleasant symptoms.

After establishing allergen

When the reason for an allergic reaction was accurately established, the doctor will tell how to treat allergies in a child. As a rule, treatment is to exclude any contact with the source of allergies.

If detected food reactionFrom the diet, products provoking allergies are excluded. They can be tried to introduce later when the child matches a little. If the use of any product caused anaphylactic shockHe will have to exclude from the diet for life.

With household allergies, large soft toys, carpets, wool heavy blankets, feather blankets and pillows are departed away. The reaction to the cosmetic agents arising from the older babies indicates the need to replace cream, soap or washing powders ( detergents) who did not fit.

Helps temporary change of climate - sanitary-resort treatment.

Medical therapy

For the treatment of allergies, a child has developed many funds, the use of which helps to remove unpleasant symptoms for the patient.

These are all sorts of tablets, ointments, syrups, solutions, creams, nasal sprays, inhalers.

The main types of therapy:

Local. Mazi is appointed, local action creams to combat rash, inflammation, redness and edema.
Total. The diet is adjusted, drops, syrups, suspensions, tablets are prescribed.
Angiotropic therapy is designed to eliminate the root causes of allergies.
Symptomatic assumes removal or facilitating unpleasant symptoms of the disease. Application is possible in launched or in chronic cases.

Types of drugs that can be appointed by a doctor:

Antihistamines. Impact on the inflammation center (drops, syrups, suspensions). Third generation drugs should not have side Effects - cause drowsiness, affect the work of the heart. The second generation drugs have an action to work with the heart, especially in cases where they have to be combined with antibiotics, antifungal drugs. The first generation drugs in the treatment of children are extremely rare due to a pronounced sleeping pills.
Stabilizers of fat cells are assigned asthma or bronchitis.
Hormonal treatment. In the treatment of kids is practically not used, except when other drugs did not give positive results (ointment, creams). Used to remove local symptoms. Such treatment should last no more than 5 days. Hormonal treatment can be appointed child older than six months.
Dietherapy. At the heart of treatment, the principle of excluding irritant from the diet in order to prevent allergy transition to heavier or chronic forms. If it is impossible to determine the product-allergen, can be assigned special diet, eliminating the monotony of food.

Of course, individual preparations and dosages will be selected for each child.

Preventive measures

The prevention of allergic diseases can include periodic change in climatic conditions: travel to the sea (sea air), in the forest, in the mountains. The regular stay of the baby in the fresh air and the sun helps to prevent and cure allergic reactions. Additionally, mud and carbon and mineral baths are prescribed.

With food allergies one of the ways effective treatment - Strong observance of a diet excluding allergen products, but a mandatory presence in food necessary vitamins and minerals. Milk can be replaced by fermented milk products, use dietary grade meat.

Daily morning gymnastics, wipes with a cool towel, walking in the fresh air, good nutrition will help strengthen the body's protective forces.

Deteylechenie.ru.

In recent years, in clinical allergology, the problems of bacterial allergies are practically ousted by ideas about the leading role of atopy in the genesis of most allergic diseases.

At the same time, the relationship of infection and allergic diseases is completely obvious, including bronchial asthma.

The role of IgE-dependent processes in the pathogenesis of infectious allergies has been proven.

The history of the problem of bacterial allergies

The problem of allergic reactions in infectious diseases finds its origins in the works of the German doctor R. Koch (R. Koch, 1843 - 1910), devoted to the study of tuberculosis. It is known that tuberculosis is one of the most severe infectious diseases, which, thanks to the observations of R.KOCH and the works of other researchers, played the role of the so-called classical model of bacterial allergies.

In 1906, S. Pirguet reported on the important value of the scarification test in tuberculinidiagnostics and introduced into medical practice the term "allergy" (from Greek. "Allyos" - other, "Ergos" - I act), denoting the changed reactivity of the body. Antibodies that were previously thought are produced in the body under the influence of Tuberculina, S. Pirguet called "Ergini".

In Russia, the allergenic properties of bacteria were studied in the very first works on anaphylaxis and allergies.

Research PF Zdodovsky in infectious parallergia made a significant contribution to the teaching on allergies in general and about bacterial allergies, in particular. An opening phenomenon of a generalized allergic reaction to cholera vibrine endotoxin, as noted by A.D.ado, is the first description of this type of reaction. Many terms, criteria and patterns of manifestation of allergic reactions were first established and firmly entered into allergology based on the study of bacterial allergies. Following the studies on the allergenic activity of the pathogen of tuberculosis, work began to appear, indicating the allergizing effect of other microorganisms.

Special attention was paid to the allergenic properties of grappletic coils, in particular, hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus. The classic are the works of R.Lancefield on the antigenic and allergenic characteristic of hemolytic streptococci, which indicate that in experimental studies, the al-leverizing effect of their type-specific protein, the so-called, M-substance of hemolytic streptococcus was revealed.

An extremely important stage in the development of research in the field of bacterial allergies opened the works of O. Swineford and its employees. In the late 40s, these researchers discovered allergenic properties in 14 species of various microorganisms, namely: hemolytic and green streptococcus, staphylococcus, catarrhal micrococcus, intestinal and blue sticks, protest, etc.

Bronchial asthma (BA) - a disease in which the "shock" body is bronchi and with the infectious-allergic genesis of the diseases of the mucous membranes of the lower respiratory tract "inhabited" by various types of pathogenic (Klebseyella, Pneumococcus), and Pathogenic (Green Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Nassenia et al.) Microbes and saprophytes (sarcin, dipteroids, etc.) (Table 7). Total to 16 - 18 types of microorganisms are included in the microflora of the lower respiratory tract of patients with infectious asthma. The work of domestic and foreign researchers was proved by the leading role of allergies to microbes - the inhabitants of the mucous membranes of the bronchi patients with BA in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Table 7. Microflora of the oz, nose, bronchi in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma

Table 8. Skin and bronchial reactions to bacterial allergens in patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma (according to V.N. Fedosayeva, 1980)

Hutueva S.X., Fedoseeva V.N.

medbe.ru.

I.I. Balabolkin

Pediatrics of the Scientific Center of Children's Health Ramna, Moscow

URL

Allergic diseases are among the most common diseases in childhood. According to the epidemiological studies made in various regions of the Russian Federation, they suffer to 15% of the children's population. The highest prevalence of allergic diseases is celebrated among urban children, and especially among children living in cities with a high level of pollution aerial By-chemical products of industrial production and road transport.

The reasons

A direct correlation dependence is revealed between the degree of contamination by its chemicals and the prevalence of bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. High respiratory allergic incidence takes place among children living in the conditions of a wet climate of seaside areas. Less often, allergic diseases are detected among rural children. Extremely common pathology among children are Polynomies, the emergence of which is more often registered among rural children compared to urban. However, in recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the prevalence of polynoms among urban children, correlacing with increasing air pollution by side chemicals of road transport.

In the antenatal period, a factor contributing to the sensitization of the body is a significant allergenic load on the fruit as a result of the reception of medicines by the mother, excessive use by it food productsWith sensitizing activity, a high level of exposure to pollen allergens and aero allergens of the dwellings, the impact of professional chemicals, smoking. The sensitization of the fetus can initiate a viral infection transferred by the mother during pregnancy.

In the postnatal period, the risk of allergic reactions and diseases in children can increase excessive use of high-caliper products, polypragmasia, high levels of aero allergens in housing, unfavorable housing conditions.

High risk factors for the occurrence of allergic pathology in children include the burden of heredity by allergic reactions and diseases. The evidence of the participation of the genes of the immune response in the products of specific IgE antibodies, the genetic determination of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the hyperreactivity of the bronchi is obtained.

In the development of allergic diseases in children, the nutritional allergy plays an important role. The problem of food allergies in children is primarily the development of skin and gastrointestinal allergies to proteins of cow milk, eggs, cereals prevailing among the manifestic forms of allergies in children early age.

In recent years, the development has been celebrated medicinal allergies in children. Most often, its occurrence is noted against the antibiotics of the penicillin row. Often allergic reactions occur when the appointment of sulfanimide and protein preparations, non-specific anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics of other groups, group vitamins B. Medications are the most frequent cause The occurrence of systemic allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock, urticaria, swelling of quinque), acute toxic-allergic reactions (multiform exudative erythema, Layella syndrome, Stevenson-Johnson syndrome), in a number of patients, they become the reason for the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and occurrence contact dermatitis.

Aero allergens housing (allergens of home dust, Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides Farinae) They act as the leading cause of the occurrence of allergic diseases of the respiratory organs in children (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis). The significance of sensitization to home dust microclasses in the development of exacerbations of atopic dermatitis and combined manifestations of atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma in children. The emergence of allergic respiratory diseases in a number of children is due to sensitization to pet allergens (more often, cats, dogs), bird feather, cockroaches, dry food for fish contained in aquariums.

Sensitization to pollen allergens is causing in the development of an allergic process in 20% of children with allergic diseases, while there is an increase in the role of pollen sensitization in the formation of allergic pathology with an increase in the age of children. The peculiarity of the spectrum of pollen sensitization in various regions of Russia and caused by these boundary characteristics of polynomations in children is detected. Polynosis, registered in the southern regions of the Russian Federation, caused by ambrosium sensitization, is characterized by a heavier course. Pollen allergens are most often the cause of an allergic eye disease and respiratory tract, less often - skin covers and internal organs.

Often the reason for the occurrence of allergic pathology in children is sensitizing to mold mushrooms. It occurs to the presence of severe allergenic activity in the dispute of mold mushrooms and a big prevalence of them in environment. When conducting an allergological examination, sensitization to allergens of mold fungi is found in 50% of children with bronchial asthma. Most often, these patients are revealed by increased sensitivity to mushrooms. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, Penicillium. Often sensitization to allergens of mold mushrooms is registered in children suffering from atopic dermatitis and combined manifestations of atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Sensitization to the allergens of mushrooms is more often found in children who previously obtained repeated courses of treatment with antibiotics of penicillin rows, and in children living in raw residential premises. The attachment of sensitization to mold mushrooms is largely agitating the flow of bronchial asthma in childhood.

Development of allergic pathology in children can contribute to bacterial sensitization. Most of the well-known microorganisms have allergenic activity. Higher level of sensitization cause non-pathogenic strains of microbes. Significant allergenic activity have proteins and polysaccharides of staphylococci and streptococci, Candida. and intestinal sticks. They are able to cause the development of IgE-mediated allergic reactions. In the blood serum of children suffering from bronchial asthma, specific IGE antibodies are detected bacterial antigens. Bacterial allergies more often develops with inflammatory process in almonds putty sinuses Nose, biliary trait, bronchi.

In children with bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, dermatitis, dermatitis syndrome, the aggravation of the allergic process is often observed during the layering of acute respiratory viral infection, after which the patients have an increase in the level of the general Ige in the blood serum. In these cases, an increase in IGE content in peripheral blood can be associated with sensitizing influence of viruses on the body of children suffering from allergic diseases.

In the development of allergic diseases, changes in the functioning of the immune system are determining importance. The occurrence of atopic diseases is associated with IgE-mediated allergic reactions. With an allergological examination of children suffering from atopic dermatitis, pollinozes, atopic bronchial asthma, recurrent urching and sneaks, an increase in the level of total IgE is detected and specific IgE antibodies are detected to various groups of exogenous allergens. The participation of IgG4 in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases in children is not excluded.

The significance of changes in cellular immunite in the development of atopic diseases in children is essential. The increase in total IgE products is a consequence of the interaction of macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes. The IGE hyperproduction is due to the activation of TH2 lymphocytes and the increased synthesis of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 associated with it.

The course of atopic diseases in children is accompanied by a violation of the metabolism of lipids of membranes, an increase in the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thrombooxanes, a factor activating platelets; Proof of neuropeptide participation in the mechanisms for the development of allergic diseases are obtained.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenetic basis of atopic diseases (bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergies) is allergic inflammation. Allergic inflammation arising into the late phase is a consequence of excessive products and exposure to the cells involved in its development (eosinophils, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils) cytokines (IL-3, IL-5, IL-8, IL-16, GM -Xf, TNFA), leukotrienes. In children with atopic diseases, the allergic nature of inflammation confirms the detection of eosinophilic lymphocytic infiltration in the biopsies of the mucous membrane of the bronchi, the stomach, the flowing intestine, the skin, an increase in the concentration of eosinophilic cationic protein in the liquid biological environments of the body and tissues of the shock organ.

AT modern conditions There is a tendency to more severe the flow of allergic diseases in children. This is confirmed in identifying a significant number of patients with severe bronchial asthma patients with a severe course of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, the increase in cases of half ancient in children with obstructive damage to bronchi, involvement of visceral bodies into the allergic process. A more severe course of allergic diseases in children is observed in regions with massive air pollution by chemical compounds.

Diagnostics

In recent years, progress has been made in creating more informative methods of allergity. In the work of allergic departments and cabinets, an immunoassay method for determining specific IgE antibodies to allergens of home and library dust is widely used. Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides Farinae, pets, feather, food, fungal and pollen allergens. Perspectively use for the purpose of diagnosis of drug allergies of braking test of natural emigration of leukocytes in the oral cavity. To detect sensitization to various groups of allergens, it is possible to use chemiluminescent allergic test (IGE-MAST).

Picture. Classic "Allergy's face" in a child

Treatment

Therapy of allergic diseases in children is pathogenetic and is carried out taking into account the characteristics of clinical manifestations, activity and severity of the allergic process.

Compliance with the principle of allergenic gentity in relation to the sick child is an important condition for the achievement of positive results of treatment. Prevention of re-contact with causal-significant drugs, edible allergens and a decrease in the concentration of aero allergens in the home contribute to a decrease in the manifestations of the disease. The exception of cow milk from the nutrition of the children of the first year of life suffering from allergies to its proteins, and the replacement of cow milk and nutritional mixtures based on soy mixtures contribute to the reverse development of the allergic process. In children with sensitization to aero allergens, the dwellings contributes to the conduct of preventive measures aimed at reducing the content of these allergens in residential premises.

Therapy exacerbations of allergic diseases Children are based on use drugsinhibiting the development of allergic reactions and allergic inflammation (sympathomimetics, methylxantines, antimediatic and anticholinergic effects, glucocorticosteroids).

Foundation urgent therapy attack bronchial asthma This is bronchospasmolytic therapy. Selective B2-agonists (Salbutamol, Fenoterol, etc.) have the greatest bronchospasmolytic activity. Inhalation of these drugs provides fast recovery bronchial Penthood. In cases of developing an attack of bronchial asthma in children of early age and with severe exacerbations, its most effectively the use of salcutamola solutions and phenooterol through the nebulizer. In the occurrence of severe attacks of bronchial asthma, sympathomometric means are inhaled and parenterally glucocorticosteroids are prescribed (hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone). In children with non-heavy attacks of bronchial asthma, the restoration of bronchial patency can be achieved by the appointment of a bromide ipratropium or a combination of a ipratropium with a phenotherol. Aminoophyllin has significant bronchospasmolytic activity. In cases of severe attacks of bronchial asthma and an asthmatic state, infusion therapy with aminoophylline and glucocorticosteroids is fairly effective. When the patient identifies the instructions for the use of glucocorticosteroids to remove heavy broncho-prestructive syndrome, it is advisable to appoint a short (up to 5 days) course of treatment with prednisolone orally. Penaging with the purpose of glucocorticosteroids in cases of severe attacks of bronchial asthma and asthmatic states may cause the adverse outcome of bronchial asthma.

In children S. allergic skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, urticaria, swelling, contact dermatitis) The reverse development of the inflammatory process on the skin contributes to the elimination of causal and significant allergens, the purpose of antihistamine drugs (H1-histamine blockers and ketotifenis), use with moderately pronounced manifestations of atopic and contact dermatitis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and Topic glucocorticosteroids in cases of a pronounced inflammatory process on leather resistant to traditional therapy, contributes to the achievement of the remission of the disease. The therapeutic correction of disorders from the digestive tract, the central nervous system contributes to an increase in the effectiveness of the treatment of children with atopic dermatitis and recurrent urban.

In the treatment of exacerbations year-round and seasonal allergic rhinitis Antihistamines of the second and third generations are effective (asthemisol, Loratadine, Fexofenenadine, Cetirizin, Ebastin), antihistamines of local action (azolestine, Levokabastin), as well as anti-inflammatory drugs (crudged acid) and topical glucocorticosteroids (beclomeletazone, flute-cazone).

Foundation preventive treatment with atopic diseases Children make up anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. Cromoglylikat and sodium unoccuping, topical glucocorticosteroids have anti-inflammatory activity. A small anti-inflammatory effect was found in ketotifenis, cetirizine, dulyate theophylline. Our observations indicate a sufficiently high efficacy of codoglicate of sodium under bronchial asthma, allergic rhythm, allergic conjunctivitis, food gastrointestinal allergies. Achieving remission with bronchial asthma in children contributes to the treatment of sodium subdochal. With allergies heavy Current (bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhine) Effectively use of topical glucocorti-costeroids. An increase in the effectiveness of preventive treatment in children with bronchial asthma contributes to the appointment of durant methylksanthines and prolonged B2-agonists (Salmeterol, Formoterol).

In the treatment of children with allergic diseases, the use of new anti-allergic drugs (ketotiphene, asthymola, loratadine, fexophenadin, cetirizine, ebastine) is effective. The appointment of them in atopic dermatitis, allergic rhine, polinoses, recurrent urticarization and swelling, atopic bronchial asthma helps to reduce the manifestations of the disease and achieve the remission of the allergic process in a number of patients.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the leading method for the treatment of children suffering from atopic diseases. This method of treatment with half ancient, allergic rhine, atopic bronchial asthma is most effective. The experience of the Allergological Department of the Pediatric Research Institute of Pediatrics and the Scientific Center for Children's Health RAMS indicates the effectiveness of parenteral and non-invasive (endonazal, oral, sublingual) methods of specific immunotherapy in children with half ancient and atopic bronchial asthma.

Effectively use in children with bronchial asthma anti-stylish drugs (montelukasta, zafirlukasta). Their appointment contributes to the aggravation aggravation, more lightweight attacks, having trouble make breathing arising in the night hours, as well as in cases of aggravation of bronchial asthma arising from the intolerance to non-specific anti-inflammatory funds, with physical overvoltage.

Increasing the effectiveness of children's therapy with allergic diseases contributes to the introduction of educational programs for parents of patients. Educational programs They put the goal to teach parents to control the surrounding patient, properly to carry out therapeutic and rehabilitation activities, correctly monitor the effectiveness of the treatment carried out and teach patients with bronchial asthma to properly use picflowometer and inhalation devices for the introduction of bronchospasmolytic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

The implementation of rehabilitation programs is an important direction in the improvement of children with allergic diseases. In patients with bronchial asthma, reducing treatment programs based on the use of respiratory and medical gymnastics, massage, sports outdoor activities, swimming. In the rehabilitation of children suffering from atopic dermatitis, important They have the organization of dietary food, the use of physiotherapeutic effects. Auscible influence on the course of bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis in children has spa treatment. In the rehabilitation of children with allergic diseases is essential dispensary observation followed by.

The significant frequency of the development of allergic diseases in children determine the need for widespread coverage by their preventive vaccinations. The implementation of them during the clinical remission of the allergic process against the background of anticorcidal treatment contributes to the favorable course of the post-specific period and reducing the frequency of exacerbations of allergic diseases associated with the introduction of vaccines.

A decrease in the level of allergic morbidity may contribute to the further study of the epidemiology of allergic diseases and the creation on this basis of the rational system of organizing allergological assistance to children, clarifying regional risk factors for the occurrence of allergic diseases and the development of prevention measures of allergic pathology in childhood.

Literature:

Allergic diseases in children / edited by M.Ya. Studenkina, I.I. Balabokina. M., Medicine. 1998; 348.
Busse w.w. // Allergy and Clin.immunology. 1990; 85 (4): 671-83.
Mollica F. // Ann. Allergy. 1991; 66: 490-3.
Balabolkin I.I. Subbotina O.A. // Vestn. Perinat. and pediatrics. 1994; 3: 26-8.
Balabolkin I.I. Bronchial asthma in children. M., Medicine, 1985; 176.
Borish L. // Immunol. Invest. 1987; 16 (6): 501-32.

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However, the development of an allergic reaction can cause pathogenic microorganisms resulting in the emergence of various diseases. In this case, infectious or viral allergy occurs in children.

General

Viral allergy arises as a result of penetration into a children's body various viruses.

The body's immune system issues an appropriate reaction, highlights an increased amount of obese cells that should fight with pathogenic microflora.

With an increased sensitivity of the body to this irritant (virus cells), obese cells are destroyed, as a result of which the substance is distinguished into the body - histaminewhich is toxic, and leads to the development characteristic of allergies of symptoms.

In this case, this reaction may occur not only to the presence of the virus itself, but also on the products of the vital activity of this microorganism.

There is also such a concept as an infectious allergy that occurs when a child's virus cells come into the body, but also of various kinds bacteria, fungal microorganisms.

This type of allergic reaction is developing against the background of other diseases whose pathogens are one or another infection.

What is an allergen?

Infectious and viral allergies occurs in a child at the contact of its body with:

Causes of occurrence

The main reason for the development of the illness is considered to penetrate the child infection-pathogen.

In addition, it is necessary that the child's body differs in high sensitivity to the microorganism and its livelihoods.

In order for the child an allergic reaction to viruses, bacteria and another pathogenic microflora, such factors need as:

Provoking the development of illness may such serious diseases As: syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, Siberian ulcers, plague, dysentery, typhoid, brucellosis, fungal lesions of skin and internal organs.

Cause the development of an allergic reaction may even be a minor content in the body of a child of pathogenic microorganisms.

This situation occurs, for example, when conducting or other infectious samples(such as Mantu's reaction), when a small amount of drug containing a virus or other infection is introduced into the child's body to determine its sensitivity.

Can an allergy in children have a cumulative effect? Find out about it from ours.

Classification and species

Depending on what caused the development of an allergic reaction, the following types of infectious allergies are distinguished:

viral(developing due to the penetration of the virus-causative agent);
bacterial(arising from contact with pathogens);
fungal(An organism arising from fungal damage, that is, skin cover, nails, internal organs).

Symptoms and signs

Viral allergy in a child - Photo:

Recognize the development of viral allergies can be followed characteristic manifestations of this ailment, such as:

Redness of certain parts of the body, the formation of specific nodule or bubble rasions on them.
Strong itching of skin.
Nasal congestion, appearance of transparent discharge from the nasal cavity.
Tearing, the development of signs of conjunctivitis.
Disruption of the organs of the digestive system, manifested in the form of painful sensations in the abdomen, stool disorders, the appearance of vomit urges.
A strong dry cough, whose attacks deliver serious discomfort.
Difficulty breathing, a child appears shortness of breath, breathing becomes heavy and noisy.
The increase in lymph nodes, most often located in the field of virus penetration into the body.
Increased body temperature (sometimes hyperthermia occurs suddenly, the temperature indicators reach high marks).

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is raised from the collection of anamnesis of the alend.

In particular, the doctor reveals the increased sensitivity of the child's body to allergic reactions, burdened heredity, the conditions under which arise characteristic symptoms of allergies (Whether the child had any viral disease, the nature and duration of its flow).

Matters and how often the child is sick viral diseasesSince the children most susceptible to their development, the corresponding variety of allergies occurs more often.

Next, the patient is examined, identifying characteristic symptoms pathology. I. laboratory studies, in particular, blood tests to determine the number of fat cells and the speed of their decay.

Differential

In case of infectious allergies it is very important to identify the cause This reaction of the children's body, that is, a specific pathogen.

Held differential diagnosis post allergies. For this, the child is prescribed various samples (skin or subcutaneous), for example, a manta reaction.

After that, the doctor is observed for the reaction of the body of a small patient. In the presence of allergies after such samples The child develops the corresponding symptoms of illness, in particular:

redness of the skin in the place of the injection, the occurrence of painful papulese education in this area;
fission cells of tissues in this area;
the deterioration of the overall health of the child.

What is dangerous?

Viral allergies can lead to various kinds complicationsassociated with respiratory impairment (for example, the emergence of a strong suffocation, which can lead to the death of a child), the defeat of the eyes, joints (infectious-allergic arthritis), significantly worsening the quality of the child's life.

With the defeat of the internal organs, their functionality is significantly reduced, which also contributes to the development of certain health problems.

Treatment

The main method of treatment is reception of prescribed medication drugs.

Allergies can be caused by various reasons (bacteria, viruses, fungi) Therefore, only a doctor should be chosen based on this reason.

So, antiviral drugs They will not give any effect in bacterial or fungal allergies, whereas with a viral type of illness they cope with quite effectively. Therefore, before starting treatment, it is necessary to identify Allergen, and this can only do a doctor in the clinic.

Medicate

Receive the child medicines Next groups:

Funds of traditional medicine

Remove unpleasant symptoms Allergies will help tested means folk Medicine. For example, from rashes and itching well helps sea \u200b\u200bbuckthorn oileither rosehip.

This means must be necessary several times a day. lubricity affected skin. The oil has a soothing, anti-inflammatory effect, contributes to the rapid regeneration of damaged skin. For the same purposes, you can use fresh sea buckthorn berries or rosehip fruits.

Infusion of dandelion leaves It has a pronounced common action, helps the children's body better cope with pathogenic viruses.

For cooking, you need to take 2 tbsp. Ground leaves, pour their glass of boiling water.

Giving a child to half a cup 2 times a day.

other methods

With the tendency of the child's body to viral allergies, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen immunity. This recommends a course of immunotherapy with drugs appointed by the doctor.

In addition, it is important to adjust the lifestyle of the baby, to provide him with a long stay in the fresh air, adequate physical exertion.

In some cases, crumbs are prescribed introduction of minimum doses of allergen. This contributes to the restructuring of the child's immunity, addictive to its body to the presence of the pathogen.

Prevention

For preventing the development of allergic seizuresneed:

An allergic reaction to infections and viruses is a very common phenomenon in children, especially those who often suffer from various kinds of virus or bacterial nature diseases.

In order to get rid of the manifestations of allergies, it is necessary to identify the pathogenAnd only after that start treating. From this largely depends the success of therapy.

You can learn about the causes of allergies in infectious diseases from the video:

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Allergens bacteria, bacterial allergies, we often hear these words. But what do they mean: when allergens bacteria assistants, and when the enemies are treated whether bacterial allergies are treated, why the bacteria allergens are activated and so on. Let's figure it out.

Bacterial allergies

This is a type of allergy, in which the activation of allergens does not occur due to food, dust or something like that, and due to bacteria located in the zone of nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys, and so on. It is detected not sharply, but over time, because it is formed against the background of the unrealized more common diseases, for example, hymorite. The fire of the disease seems to be externally, but the tweet is quietly inside and develops through years into allergies in the form of bronchial asthma, conjunctivitis and urticaria. All this heavy Diseasesrequiring serious treatment. But it is not necessary to scare, when contacting a competent specialist and comply with all its recommendations, such an allergy passes forever. The following types of therapy are usually offered: phyto-, api, lipido-, urise and capillarium.
Symptoms of bacterial allergies are: problems with breathing (including cough, concrete, constant runny nose,), frequent sneezing, tears, redness in the eyes, gastrointestinal Can respond with pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Unfortunately, anaphylactic shock and swelling are also found.
The child has the same symptom situation as with adults. Note that formerly three years bacterial allergies It is almost impossible to replace due to the long-term process of its development.

Bacterial allergens: types

Such allergens are classically divided into two groups.
Group 1. Antigens whose activation is associated with causative agents of infectious diseases. Tuberculin (MNN, international unpatient name - Allergens bacteria tuberculosis recombinant). It is immediately clear from the name that activation of it is associated with tuberculosis diseases, and it is used to identify them. This allergen is recombinant. It includes lipids that increase the effectiveness of the drug and the determining time of its impact. We are confident, all familiar to the manta test used to identify tuberculosis disease.
Group 2. Antigens whose activation is related to conditionally pathogenic bacteria. Lepromine. To a greater degree of lepromine consists of a protein. Lepromin is not a new allergen, but it is still used to form a diagnosis, treatment, determining the reactions of the organism during lepring (leprosy).

Bacterial allergens for diagnosis

As we mentioned above allergens of bacteria of both groups modern medicine You are used phenomena of diseases (lepromine, tuberculin). Skin samples are used. For example, a recombinant allergen is taken to identify the tuberculous disease and samples of mantu or pirk are set. Drugs, which are allergens bacteria tuberculosis recombinant (trade name - tuberculin), can only be used prepared medical specialists. They give very accurate answers to the question - is there tuberculosis. The body's reaction is watching three days later. The same situation with lepromine. It is impossible to order somewhere on the Internet the corresponding drug and home to diagnose yourself. This is possible only in the clinic, since the activation of the body on lepromine does not speak of the disease, only the doctor can correctly decipher the result of the analysis.

The skin is injected with 0.1 ml of lepromine. Two days later, the reaction of Fernandez is watching - an early reaction to lepromine. It manifests itself in the form of papula. A few weeks later, the reaction of Mitsuti, late reaction to lepromine. Externally, this is already a tubercle or a node.

Bacterial allergens can not be attributed to bond. Bonds are those allergens that most often cause an inadequate reaction of the body, among them: chocolate, oranges, honey, fish, strawberry, and so on. Most often, the parents should translate it to diet food, eliminating these products. With age, the reaction to obligate allergens can pass.
In conclusion, we note, despite the fact that the use of bacterial allergens (both tuberculin and lepromine and others) to diagnose diseases for more than 100 years, this method is still effective. By how and in what time frames, you can activate on the antigen, you can or determine the disease, or to identify the data necessary for treatment.
About bacterial allergies, which, including, to asthma, we emphasize that it is sometimes treated even better than the usual food. With the right approach, the internal forces of the body takes place (after all, allergies are associated with low immunity), and the reason for allergies is destroyed so effectively that it can be forgotten about it forever.