Rehabilitation of a visually impaired patient. Social rehabilitation of certain categories of disabled people

Date: 08.03.2020

Social and social-environmental rehabilitation of disabled people with visual impairments is provided by a system of landmarks - tactile, auditory and visual, which contribute to the safety of movement and orientation in space.

Tactile cues: handrail guides, handrail embossing, embossed or Braille tables, embossed floor plans, buildings, etc.; changeable type of floor covering in front of obstacles.

Auditory landmarks: sound beacons at entrances, radio broadcasts.

Visual cues: various specially illuminated signs in the form of symbols and pictograms using bright, contrasting colors; contrasting color designation of doors, etc.; Text information on tables should be as concise as possible. Building elements on the movement paths for persons with visual impairments (staircases, elevators, lobbies, entrances, etc.) should be equipped with a system of typical landmarks-pointers, made on the basis of color, acoustic and tactile contrast with the surrounding surface.

Visual cues and other visual information must be thought out enough to prevent their overabundance, which contributes to the creation of "greenhouse" conditions and the loss of spatial orientation skills.

Measures of social rehabilitation are of great importance for the social integration of people with visual impairments. To implement these measures, it is necessary to provide the blind with auxiliary typhlotechnical means:

For movement and orientation (cane, systems for orientation - laser, light locators, etc.)

For self-service - tiflo means of cultural, household and household purposes (kitchen appliances and appliances for cooking, for caring for a child, etc.)

For information support, training (devices and devices for reading, Braille writing, "talking book" systems, special computer devices, etc.)

For labor activity - tiflo means and devices that the blind are provided with by production, depending on the type of labor activity.

For persons with residual vision and the visually impaired, special means of vision correction are needed: magnifying attachments, magnifiers, hyperoculars, telescopic glasses, as well as some tiflotechnical means for household, household and information purposes.

The use of tiflotechnical means, along with other rehabilitation measures, creates the prerequisites for achieving equal opportunities and rights with the sighted for diversified development, raising the cultural level, revealing the creative abilities of the blind, their active participation in modern production and public life.

Disabled people with vision pathology experience certain difficulties when it is necessary to use transport independently. For the blind, it is not so much technical devices that are important as adequate information - verbal, sound (orienting, warning of danger, etc.)

When using transport, a visually impaired person needs to change the size of signs, increase the contrast of colors, the brightness of lighting objects, transport elements that allow him to use, differentiate, distinguish between vehicles and devices (light displays, contrasting coloring of the border - upper and lower - steps, edges platforms, etc.)

For a person with a complete loss of vision, access to public transport is possible only with outside help.

An important role in the social rehabilitation of the blind and visually impaired, in improving the quality of their social protection and expanding the scope of social services is played in the Russian Federation by the All-Russian Society of the Blind, where various forms of social rehabilitation are carried out that promote their integration. The VOS system has a wide network of industrial enterprises and associations, where special conditions for the organization of labor have been created, taking into account the functional capabilities of the blind.

The federal law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" provides for benefits for people with visual impairments. The visually impaired are provided with household appliances, tiflo means necessary for their social adaptation. allow them to use, differentiate, distinguish between vehicles and devices (light in modern prodConclusion

The main spheres of human activity are work and life. A healthy person adapts to the environment. For the disabled, the peculiarity of these spheres of life is that they must be adapted to the needs of the disabled. They need to be helped to adapt to the environment: so that they can freely reach the machine and perform production operations on it; could themselves, without outside help, leave the house, visit shops, pharmacies, cinemas, while overcoming both ups and downs, and transitions, and stairs, and thresholds, and many other obstacles. In order for a disabled person to be able to overcome all this, it is necessary to make his environment as accessible as possible for him, i.e. adapt the environment to the capabilities of the disabled person, so that he feels on an equal footing with healthy people at work, at home, and in public places. This is called social assistance to the disabled, the elderly - all those who suffer from physical and mental limitations.

The social rehabilitation of a person is a complex process of its interaction with the social environment, as a result of which the qualities of a person are formed as a true subject of social relations.

One of the main goals of social rehabilitation is adaptation, adaptation of a person to social reality, which is perhaps the most possible condition for the normal functioning of society.

However, there may be extremes here that go beyond the normal process of social rehabilitation, ultimately associated with the place of the individual in the system of social relations, with his social activity.

The main problem of a person with disabilities lies in his connection with the world, and limited mobility, poor contacts with others, limited communication with nature, access to cultural values, and sometimes to elementary education. This problem is not only a subjective factor, which is social, physical and mental health, but also the result of social policy and the prevailing public consciousness, which sanction the existence of an architectural environment inaccessible to a disabled person, public transport, and the absence of special social services.

Despite the progress made in the fight against eye diseases and injuries, disability in this form of pathology is significant, and therefore the rehabilitation of people with disabilities due to eye pathology remains an urgent problem. The most tragic ending of serious diseases of the organ of vision is blindness. The cause of blindness in the past was diseases such as smallpox, trachoma, blenorrhea, at present, congenital and hereditary diseases of the eyes, diseases of the visual and nervous apparatus.
The main disabling diseases are glaucoma, myopia, lens diseases, optic nerve atrophy and vascular disorders. Glaucoma is characterized by the fact that not only often leads to disability, but also is the main cause of complete blindness (disability of the 1st group). Myopia (nearsightedness) is characterized by the fact that it leads to disability mainly at a young age. The most common cause of disability in myopia is retinal detachment. The reason for rehabilitation in vascular diseases is most often thrombosis and embolism of the central artery, retinal vein and their branches.
The system of social and labor rehabilitation and adaptation of the blind was developed by the All-Russian Society of the Blind (VOS). In this organization, they deal with all aspects of the life of a blind person and at different periods of his life. The upbringing of a blind child, his school education, obtaining a profession and employment is the direction of the society if the blindness was congenital or acquired in childhood. The society contributes to the treatment of patients by funding a rehabilitation program. Rehabilitation of patients with pathology of the organ of vision is also in the field of activity of medical and social expert commissions. The duty of these commissions is not only to determine the ability of patients to work, but also to develop rehabilitation programs for them, to control the implementation of these programs.
Disabled people of the 1st or 2nd group, due to a disease and injury to the organ of vision, receive rights and benefits established specifically for the blind - the opportunity to receive an old-age pension earlier (men - upon reaching 50 years of age and work experience of at least 15 years, women - upon reaching 40 years of age and work experience work for at least 10 years). The blind are exempted from paying income tax at the place of work, they have a 6-hour working day, they have the right to free travel by intracity transport.
The main method of social rehabilitation of patients is a rational labor arrangement, in which working conditions not only correspond to the capabilities of the patient's body, but also contribute to the favorable course of recovery processes in the damaged organ and in the body as a whole. Contraindications for the blind are types of labor that destroy such an important way of compensating for a defect as tactile sensitivity. These types include work that leads to coarsening of the skin of the fingers and a decrease in touch. Contraindicated working conditions for the blind and visually impaired are those associated with toxic effects on the organ of vision, the central nervous system. MSEC also has the duty to provide career guidance to a patient with a pathology of the organ of vision, so that he receives a specialty, work in which would be adequate to his capabilities, taking into account the nature of the main pathology, and consistent with his abilities and inclinations. Such work, which provides social and labor rehabilitation of the blind and visually impaired, is organized in the training and production enterprises of the VOS (UPP VOS). There are more than 200 UPP VOS operating in Russia. Rational employment of the visually impaired in the UPP VOS is provided by a special list of indications and contraindications for them to perform various types of production activities, depending on the nature of the disabling disease, its course, the degree of vision loss, and the specifics of a particular production. The list was developed by TSIETIN.

Blindness and other visual impairments are the most important social problem, since a person receives up to 80% of all information through the visual analyzer. K s stucco include people with a complete lack of vision, i.e. the ability to perceive with the help of vision the shape of objects, their outlines and light. TO visually impaired rank with visual acuity in the best eye using conventional correction tools from 5 to 40%. Such people regularly use an optical analyzer for reading and writing and other visual work in especially favorable conditions. Over 20 million people in the world are blind. This is 1% of the total population of the planet. 42 million people have severe visual impairment. Their visual acuity is 0.1. They are unable to count fingers at a distance of 6 meters. In Russia, there are about three hundred thousand visually impaired people, most of them are completely blind.

The main reasons for the increase in visual impairment are:

hereditary pathologies;

Complications after severe and viral diseases;

deterioration of the environment;

• low level of logistics of hospitals;

unfavorable working conditions;

an increase in injuries.

All visual defects can be divided into two groups:

1) progressive which include diseases of primary and secondary glaucoma, incomplete atrophy of the optic nerve, traumatic cataracts, pigmentary retinal degeneration, inflammatory diseases of the cornea, malignant forms of high myopia, retinal detachment;

2) stationary, which include malformations, such as microphthal, albinism, as well as such non-progressive consequences of diseases and operations, such as persistent corneal opacities, cataracts.

Blind people usually face a standard range of problems, among which the following are the most common:

a sharp decrease in the ability to see;

Decreased ability to identify people and objects;

deterioration in the ability to maintain personal safety;

Difficulties with spatial orientation;

Difficulties in understanding the initial position of the arms and legs;

Difficulties in understanding the position of the body;

Difficulties in understanding the position in space;

Difficulties in understanding the direction of movement;

Decreased ability to self-care

Decreased ability to participate in household and social affairs;

low educational and employment opportunities;

low income earning opportunities;

The need for special equipment, devices that facilitate household self-service;

The need for medical and medical care;

Difficulties in moving on the street and in transport;

Difficulties in communication, narrowing the circle of communication;

· biased and inadequate attitude towards them on the part of the sighted;

Extreme limitation of types of leisure activities;

extreme limitation of cultural and sports activities;

dependency mood.

On the other hand, there are many problems of social rehabilitation of the visually impaired, among which the following stand out:

· lack of special methodological literature on the issues of social rehabilitation of the visually impaired;

· lack of rehabilitation specialists specializing in this field;

· Difficulties in teaching the blind in ordinary educational institutions, associated with inadequate perception of the visually impaired by society and with poor equipment with technical aids;

· Lack of opportunity to study in educational institutions due to their great distance from home and due to too little choice of professions that they can master;

· the absence of such a social structure that would maximally provide for the needs and requirements of the blind and visually impaired in medical care and rehabilitation;

· low percentage of participation of the blind in labor and social activities, wages and pensions, low consumption of durable goods, unacceptable living conditions, marital status, education.

Therefore, among the priority areas of social protection of the visually impaired, the following should be singled out:

Improving medical care and rehabilitation;

solving the problems of employment and vocational training;

Improving the financial situation of disabled people and their families;

· strengthening the network of rehabilitation centers;

· Strengthening the network of specialized educational institutions and enterprises;

increase in material subsidies;

· Expansion of social benefits to provide disabled people with living space;

· Expansion of social benefits for the payment of taxes and other privileges.

For a long time, the issues of social rehabilitation of the visually impaired were resolved by the Society of the Blind. Elementary, medical, psychological, labor rehabilitation as an integral part of social rehabilitation was carried out in full at the enterprises of the All-Russian Society of the Blind and in territorial primary organizations. To date, these enterprises cannot provide assistance to the visually impaired in providing them with technical equipment, tiflo devices, and rehabilitation means. Heads of enterprises and specialists of territorial primary organizations provide only psychological support to a person who has lost his sight. Today, a new type of rehabilitation centers are being built for the blind. Currently, there are four centers for the rehabilitation of the blind in Russia - Volokolamsk, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Biysk. They provide comprehensive rehabilitation (Zozulya T.V., Svistunova E.G., V.V. Cheshikhina et al., 2005, pp. 257 - 258):

medical - aimed at restoring visual function, preventing residual vision;

medical and social - a complex of medical and recreational, cultural and recreational activities;

social - a set of measures aimed at creating and maintaining conditions for the social integration of the blind, restoring lost social ties; on the restoration and formation of elementary skills of self-service, orientation in the physical and social environment, in teaching the Braille system;

psychological - psychological restoration of personality, the formation of personality traits in preparation for life in conditions of blindness;

Pedagogical - training and education;

professional - professional orientation, vocational training and employment in accordance with the state of health, qualifications, personal inclinations;

· Development and implementation of typhlotechnical means, providing them to the blind.

So, the social rehabilitation of the visually impaired is the most important task of the modern state and society, which can be solved only with the help of comprehensive measures and joint efforts.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

2. Technologies of social and labor rehabilitation of the visually impaired

3. Technologies of social rehabilitation of the visually impaired

4. Technologies of social and cultural rehabilitation of the visually impaired

Conclusion

Control questions

Introduction

The process of social adaptation of the individual is the most complex social phenomenon, which includes various aspects of human life. There are two classes of adaptive processes. The first is associated with events that caused a change in the social status of a person. It requires the mastery of a new social role, as well as the inclusion of a person in a new social environment for him. The second class of adaptive processes is determined by events caused by changes in the social environment, the dynamics of social development. For a disabled person, adaptive processes are associated, first of all, with the new social role of the individual for him and finding a new place in society in accordance with his status. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the social environment, as a rule, is hostile to a disabled person and there are no conditions for timely and successful adaptation. Delays and disruptions in this process lead to a decrease in the stability of families of disabled people, an increase in morbidity, a psychological phenomenon defined as the formation of the status of a disabled person. Social rehabilitation is the most reliable way and condition for successful social adaptation of a disabled person.

Relevance of the problem: A healthy person adapts to the environment. For the disabled, the peculiarity of these spheres of life is that they must be adapted to the needs of the disabled. In order for a disabled person to be able to adapt in the environment, it is necessary to make his environment as accessible as possible for him, i.e. adapt the environment to the capabilities of a disabled person, so that he feels on an equal footing with healthy people at work, at home, and in public places.

1. Visually impaired as a target group of social rehabilitation work

Vision is one of the leading functions of a person; it provides more than 90% of information about the outside world. With partial or complete loss of vision, a person experiences great difficulties in self-care, movement, orientation, communication, training, work, i.e. in the fulfillment of the fullness of life.

In accordance with the International nomenclature of disorders, disabilities and social insufficiency, visual impairments are distinguished:

Profound impairment of vision in both eyes;

Deep visual impairment in one eye with low vision in the other;

Average visual impairment in both eyes;

Profound impairment of vision in one eye, the other eye is normal.

Visual impairments that can be reduced with compensatory aids and that can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses are generally not considered visual impairments.

The main characteristic that reflects the severity of the pathology of the organ of vision and determines its impact on the life and social sufficiency of a person is the state of visual functions, the main ones being visual acuity and field of vision.

If visual acuity is impaired, the distinctive ability of the visual analyzer is reduced, the possibility of detailed vision, which limits the possibility of training, obtaining vocational education and participation in labor activity. With a significant impairment of visual acuity (up to blindness), other categories of life activity are sharply limited. Persons with a concentric narrowing of the visual field find it difficult to navigate in an unfamiliar environment, despite relatively high visual acuity. Their mobility is significantly limited.

Absolute or practical blindness leads to a sharp limitation of the main categories of life. Absolutely blind people practically lose the ability to self-service and physical independence.

Due to visual deficiency, the environment is perceived by the blind with the help of other analyzers. Acoustic, tactile, kinesthetic, light-color information becomes predominant. The form and texture of objects and the material world as a whole acquires significance. The hands, soles of the feet are involved in the process of tactile perception, and the tongue and lips are involved in the touch of small objects.

Hearing plays an important role in the life of the blind. Their hearing is extremely acute and reacts to the slightest acoustic nuances when moving in space. In this regard, when solving rehabilitation problems, it is important to focus on the control of sounds in the environment of the blind. It is necessary to isolate and amplify the sounds necessary for orientation and drown out extraneous interference and noise. When creating a living environment for the blind, special attention should be paid to the acoustic and insulating characteristics of building materials and structures.

The compensatory adaptability of the organism endows the blind with the photosensitivity of the code, which makes it possible to distinguish not only the contours, but also the colors of large objects. A blind person with this quality feels an obstacle as he approaches large objects, sometimes he can judge the size and material of the object.

Auxiliary typhlotechnical means and devices that help the blind person when moving are based on the use of skin sensitivity functions: sound beacons at crossings, at stops, internal and external informants, embossed inscriptions inside vehicles and at stations, electronic door opening systems, etc.

The most significant type of restriction of the life of people with visual impairments is the restriction of the ability to orientate - the ability to be determined in time and space.

The ability to orientate is carried out by direct and indirect perception of the environment, processing of the received information and adequate definition of the situation.

Orientation ability includes:

The ability to determine time according to generally accepted signs

The ability to determine the location by spatial landmarks, smells, sounds.

The ability to correctly locate external objects, events and oneself in relation to temporal and spatial reference points.

The ability to orientate in one's own personality, body scheme, the difference between right and left, etc.

The ability to perceive and adequately respond to incoming information, understanding the relationships between objects and phenomena.

2. Technologies of social and labor rehabilitation of the visually impaired

One of the most important tasks of the rehabilitation of the visually impaired is to include them in an active, independent and socially significant labor activity. At the same time, the activity itself acts simultaneously as an indispensable condition for compensating for the defect.

Word rehabilitation comes from the Latin word rehabilitatio (re - renewal, habilitas - suitability, ability).

From a legal point of view, rehabilitation is an acquittal, restoration of the good name, reputation of a wrongly accused or defamed person.

Medical rehabilitation - restoration of impaired functions and working capacity of patients and disabled people. In the specialized literature, there are different interpretations of the concept of "rehabilitation of the blind" and a different approach to solving this problem.

Rehabilitation centers for the blind in Western Europe perform different functions. In one case, they are engaged in the initial adaptation of the blind to the environment, in another case, they are assigned broader functions, including secondary general education, in the third case, their work is reduced only to vocational training.

R. Blank (USA) understands rehabilitation as physical, social, emotional and professional recovery to the original level. We cannot call such an idea correct, because hearing, touch, and other sense organs do not and cannot replace lost sight. A more acute perception of objects and phenomena by these sense organs only compensates to some extent for the defect, helps the blind person to adapt to the environment, but does not restore the previous physical condition.

Pastor Carroll (USA) in the book "What is blindness and how to live with it." states: "... Rehabilitation is a process in which adults, who are at various stages of helplessness and dependence, achieve an understanding of themselves, their inferiority, develop a new character necessary in managing their own emotions, master methods of dealing with the difficulties of the new situation."

But, in our opinion, in order for a blind man to overcome the difficulties of his position, only his personal efforts and skills are clearly not enough.

D. Davies (England) understands rehabilitation as the restoration of a person impaired by blindness to the level possible for each individual.

In principle, this is the correct statement of the question. At the same time, it should be said that R. Blank and D. Davis use the concept of "rehabilitation" only in relation to those who are blind in adulthood.

For the blind from birth and those who lost their sight in early childhood, they consider it more correct to use the term "habilitation" - growing into life in conditions of blindness, creating, building anew. They motivate their arguments by the fact that the blind-born have no profession, and therefore it is impossible to restore what has not been lost. One cannot but agree with this. The term "habilitation" is also used in Russian literature.

However, when we talk about the rehabilitation of the blind, we are not talking about an individual or a group of the blind, but about turning a helpless blind person into a professionally full-fledged person. By itself, a blind person from childhood will not grow into life if the appropriate conditions are not created for this.

The problem of the rehabilitation of the blind requires a comprehensive solution, certain efforts not only on the part of the blind, but also on the part of society and the state.

Each mental function is a product of the activity of a certain organ. At the same time, genuine human functions are formed in ontogenesis, throughout a person's life, and the decisive condition is the activity and adequacy of actions in the form of joint activity and verbal communication. Compensation and additional development of mental functions, as special cases of development, are possible only with the organization (congenital or early blindness) or resumption (late blindness) of vigorous activity.

A variety of activities is a decisive condition both for overcoming obstacles that stand in the way, and for preventing degenerative changes, the collapse of the psyche with blindness.

Inclusion in the activities of those born blind and early blind has a positive effect on compensatory adaptation. Their participation in playing, educational, and then in labor activity increases activity, forms a motivational sphere, sensitizes the sensitivity of intact and impaired analyzers, and has a positive effect on the development of higher mental functions.

In addition, the inclusion of visually impaired people in vigorous activity prevents the appearance of pseudo-compensatory devices.

However, blindness and low vision cause some specifics of activity. This is manifested in a change in the nature of sensory control, i.e. in limiting or completely losing visual control over the course of operations and replacing it with tactile and auditory control. Also, visual defects significantly limit the scope of application of human forces, since some activities require constant visual control. Successful implementation of activities, according to A.G. Litvak, is the most important indicator of defect compensation. Public labor activity is the main factor in the integration of the visually impaired in society.

However, the involvement of the blind and visually impaired in labor activity is associated with certain difficulties. Thus, persons with a sudden loss or a sharp deterioration in vision, who are in a depressed state, may develop attitudes towards inoperability.

The formation of positive attitudes towards work largely depends on the quality of educational and rehabilitation measures. In general, social and labor rehabilitation should consist of a system of measures of a psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic and medical nature, carried out against the background of the active participation of visually impaired people in activities.

3. Technologies of social and household rehabilitation of the visually impaired

Tactile cues: handrail guides, handrail embossing, embossed or Braille tables, embossed floor plans, buildings, etc.; changeable type of floor covering in front of obstacles.

Auditory landmarks: sound beacons at entrances, radio broadcasts.

Visual cues and other visual information must be sufficiently thought out to prevent their overabundance, which contributes to the creation of "greenhouse" conditions and the loss of spatial orientation skills.

For movement and orientation (cane, systems for orientation - laser, light locators, etc.)

For self-service - tiflo means of cultural, household and household purposes (kitchen appliances and appliances for cooking, for caring for a child, etc.)

For information support, training (devices and devices for reading, writing in Braille, "talking book" systems, special computer devices, etc.)

For labor activity - tiflo means and devices that the blind are provided with by production, depending on the type of labor activity.

For a person with a complete loss of vision, access to public transport is possible only with outside help.

4. Technologies of social and cultural rehabilitation of the visually impaired

In the modern world, the role and importance of spiritual and educational aspects in the life of every person, a member of society, is becoming more and more obvious. The priority qualities of a person are: the development of his intellect, a humanistic attitude towards others, participation in the educational and cultural processes of society. The degree of involvement of each citizen in socio-cultural interactions (his socio-cultural integration into society) largely determines the quality of his life, his social status. In the scientific field, the effectiveness of the therapeutic effect of culture and art on both a healthy person and a person with disabilities is recognized. Socio-cultural activity in all its diversity occupies a worthy place in the complex of measures for the rehabilitation of disabled people. This allows us to consider socio-cultural rehabilitation as an independent direction in social work with disabled people to solve the problem of their socio-cultural integration into society.

The concept of social and cultural integration of people with visual impairments can be based on the provisions of the theory of socio-cultural activities (SKA). This activity is a historically conditioned, pedagogically directed and socially demanded process of transforming culture, cultural values into an object of interaction between the individual and social groups in the interests of the development of each member of society. This definition reflects the processes of transformation of the spiritual values and needs of society as a socio-cultural system, a new higher level of pedagogical understanding of the vast technological experience accumulated in the socio-cultural sphere, defines its theory and practice as an independent pedagogical direction.

Socio-cultural integration is a complex, multi-level process in which a person, a group goes through many stages of social development - adaptation to the outside world, socialization, cultivation, assimilation through the development of cultural values and their inclusion in the norms and way of life, mentality and others.

This concept is based on a system of principles, the main of which are the principles of: universal mass cultural creativity, humanism, dialectical unity and continuity, social significance, invariance and multidimensionality, content and reproduction, legality, equality, a systematic approach, cooperation, self-realization, self-knowledge and self-activity, multi-contact, evaluation and criticality.

In the modern system of socio-cultural integration, rehabilitation does not cover the entire population, but only those groups of people who are in a difficult life situation - the disabled and others. The inclusion of such groups of the population in the integration system is impossible without preliminary, specially organized training - comprehensive rehabilitation. Its content includes various components (types of rehabilitation): medical, vocational, household, social (including socio-cultural), pedagogical, psychological, political, economic.

Rehabilitation, in our opinion, should play the role of a kind of "locomotive" or the initial stage of a person's inclusion in a complex system of integration. Without mastering this stage, it is impossible for a rehabilitator to enter the path of successful personal realization. In this context, the socio-cultural rehabilitation of the visually impaired is, firstly, a process, and secondly, a set of measures, the purpose of which is to assist the disabled person in achieving and maintaining the optimal degree of participation in social interaction and aimed at ensuring positive changes in the image human life, his integration into society. In the context of modern ideas about this process, sociocultural rehabilitation can be considered as one of the ways to involve people with disabilities in the active life of society, and at the same time - as one of the ways to humanize and stabilize it.

We believe that sociocultural rehabilitation, as well as its other types, deserves not only respect, but also equal partnership with others, primarily the medical direction of rehabilitation, since, as practice shows, often the rehabilitation effect from the impact of sociocultural measures is predominant . The basis of such measures is to ensure the interaction of subjects, one of which is a rehabilitator. Thus, there is an urgent need to search for mechanisms of interaction between subjects. Therefore, the task of educational influence on the personality of a disabled person, capable of entering into integration relations, is to organize communicative activities carried out in a socio-cultural environment.

The development of this principle can be traced in the provisions of philosophy independent lifestyle providing for the integration of disabled people, as the return of interrupted ties with society on the basis of the activation of each individual. The content of the idea of this philosophy can be expressed in the following main theses:

a person with a disability has the right to be included in all spheres of society, to independent life, self-determination, freedom of choice, equality with other people;

· the system of social services, which opens access for disabled people to all areas of life, is designed to help them realize this right;

· normalization of relations between problematic and "ordinary" people - the main goal of activities in society. Disabled people must learn how to fulfill their duties towards healthy people by putting themselves in (often risky) situations in which they can learn by making mistakes.

The translators of this concept (both abroad and in Russia) are mainly public organizations (such as the regional public organization "Perspektiva" in Moscow).

Based on the principle of normality, which considers a person with disabilities as a person who has the potential to participate in all aspects of society, to successfully interact and partner, to make a unique contribution to the public and cultural heritage of the state, significant success can be achieved. An example is the life of E. Roberts, the founder of the civil rights movement for the disabled in America, one of the founders of the concept of independent living, the first director of the Independent Living Center, who, after suffering from polio, remained completely immobile. Another example is US President Roosevelt, a disabled person with problems of the musculoskeletal system, for a number of years a physical defect did not prevent him from exercising the functions of government. The social and scientific successes of V. Dikul, S. Fedorov, the exploits of N. Ostrovsky, A. Maresyev and others are widely known in Russia and abroad.

Obviously, the independence of people with disabilities is a psychological concept rather than a physical one. Independence requires a barrier-free environment, technical devices, the services of a personal assistant, who is hired by a disabled person and evaluates the quality of his work independently. However, it is clear that a person with a disability who does not want to put up with his physical illness, social insufficiency, mobilizing the compensatory abilities of the body, personal ambitions, is able to acquire a worthy socio-cultural status through communicative activity and participation in the life of society on a partnership basis. It is no coincidence that the motto of many festivals is the expression "Look at me as an equal", which has become one of the principles of the life of many disabled people.

However, the ideas of integrating people with disabilities into society have not yet become the main goal of the rehabilitation process, since even the most "advanced" specialists and representatives of science do not go beyond rehabilitation goals that only partially solve the personal problems of the social life of people with disabilities.

The basic principle penetrates the social model, which considers a person with disabilities not as a patient who needs treatment and care, but as a person whose normal life is hindered by physical, psychological and, as a result, social barriers. This idea is reflected in compensation concepts L.S. Vygotsky, who argued that on the basis of an equilibrium disturbed by a defect in adaptive functions, the entire system of adaptation is rebuilt on new principles, which tends to a new equilibrium. Compensation as a reaction of the personality gives rise to new, roundabout processes of development, replaces, builds up, and evens out psychological functions. All connections with people, a person's place in the social environment, all the functions of social life are being restructured. Compensation occurs in the direction of the norm, approaching a certain social type. Therefore, the task of educating the personality of a disabled person is to ensure that the violation of social ties with life is established in a different way (for example, in communicative activity). We believe that it is possible to increase the effect of compensation by expanding the direction of social rehabilitation with a socio-cultural aspect.

Therefore, effective self-help technologies include, in particular, the communicative component of pedagogical management.

Thus, the concept of modern socio-cultural rehabilitation of the visually impaired, focused on the successful integration of people with disabilities into society, can be denoted by the following formula: from the efforts of the state to improve the life of the population (in our case, its group - the disabled) - to the independence and initiative of the population itself ( disabled), to the conscious cultural growth of the masses, which is achieved primarily through the optimization of communicative activity.

The practice of applying the provisions of this concept shows that for many people with disabilities, engaging in social and cultural activities, entering into communicative relations, in addition to pleasure, recreation and the development of creative abilities, is a means of life support, since the production of material values and cultural products helps to survive.

Today, in various areas (rehabilitation, psychological and pedagogical and others) of social work, experimental socio-cultural methods and technologies are already being used. These are gaming, recreational, developing, cultural - therapeutic, projective, creative technologies. However, social institutions are in dire need of scientific and methodological support and mastery of socio-cultural technologies.

The solution of many communication problems of integration in the leisure environment (methodological, organizational and others) depends largely on the financial, material, and personnel capabilities of local governments.

The success of the socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people is largely determined by how fully and accurately the principles of its organization and implementation are implemented. The main principles of socio-cultural rehabilitation are: individualization, targeting, continuity, consistency, continuity, complexity and integrity, timely correction of the defect, taking into account changes in the psychosomatic state of the disabled person, the conditions for the implementation of rehabilitation measures.

Currently, the system of principles of socio-cultural rehabilitation of persons with disabilities is being refined and supplemented. They are undergoing a significant transformation due to the new socio-cultural situation, changes in the political and economic life of Russian society, the dynamics of the needs and interests of the disabled category and the healthy population. This is a natural, organic process that develops in accordance with the dialectical law.

In this way, rehabilitation of disabled people is an objectively necessary, organized (at the normative-financial, administrative, personnel, scientific-methodical, psychological-pedagogical, medical levels) process aimed at solving the problem of their integration into society. The results of the analysis of sociological information, the activities of practitioners indicate the expediency of relying on the socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people in solving this problem. This is facilitated by the presence in the socio-cultural sphere of significant opportunities that contribute to the disclosure of the uniqueness and originality of the personality of each person involved in rehabilitation. Based on the actual conditions, it is important to consider socio-cultural activity not in isolation, but as an organic component of a single socially significant process of integration, an intermediary between the cultural environment and the microworld of a healthy and disabled person.

Conclusion

One of the main goals of social rehabilitation is adaptation, adaptation of a person to social reality, which is perhaps the most possible condition for the normal functioning of society.

Control questions

1. In accordance with the International Nomenclature of Disabilities, Disabilities and Social Insufficiency, what are the visual impairments.

2. What information becomes the main one with visual defects.

3. Which includes the ability to orientate.

4. Describe the main technologies for the rehabilitation of the visually impaired.

5. What measures are taken by the state to improve the life of the blind.

6. What would you suggest to improve living conditions for the visually impaired.

7. Describe the activities of the Society of the Blind in the Russian Federation.

List of used literature

pathology vision rehabilitation disabled person

1) Ageev, V.S. Intergroup interaction: socio-psychological problems /V.S. Ageev. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 2006. - S. 222-226.

2) Anisimov V.G. Overcoming disability barriers. M., 2007

3) Bannikov A.N. Occupational therapy as a method of rehabilitation of the disabled. M., 2008.

4) Kavokin S. N. Professional rehabilitation and employment of the population. M., 2007.

5) Psychological foundations of social rehabilitation of children with disabilities / L.I. Akatov; Ministry of labor and social. development of the Russian Federation. - M.: Enlightenment, 2002. - 448s.

6) Guide to medical and social expertise and rehabilitation / Ed. A. I. Osadchikh. M., 2009.

7) Sociocultural rehabilitation of disabled people: method. recommendations /Min. labor and social development of the Russian Federation, Ros. Institute of Cultural Studies Min. culture of the Russian Federation; under the general editorship. IN AND. Lomakin. - M.: RIK, 2007. - 144 p.

8) Social work with the disabled. Handbook of a specialist / Ed. E. I. Kholostova, A. I. Osadchikh. M., 2006.

9) Theory of social work / Ed. E. I. Kholostova. M., 2007.

10) Khrapylina L.P. Fundamentals of the rehabilitation of disabled people. M., 2006.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Rehabilitation of a visually impaired patient. Social rehabilitation of certain categories of disabled people

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents