The result of diaskintest in children is the norm and interpretation. Side effects and consequences of diaskintest

For many years, humanity has been worried about one of the most serious pathologies - tuberculosis. The danger of the disease lies in the possible long course of the disease, which, to the extent of the weakening of the immune system, can manifest itself in the form of an abnormal active process. Therefore, timely diagnosis can save lives and preserve health. To determine the disease, a special test is used - Diaskintest.

A typical diagnosis for identifying the disease is the Mantoux reaction. However, scientists did not stop at this method of confirming tuberculosis, and developed Diaskintest. It is worth noting that this is a fairly new method for examining patients, which helps to accurately determine the presence of pathology in the body. The test implies the introduction of a tester drug, under the influence of which a latent form of the disease is revealed.

Do not confuse Diaskintest with a vaccine, since it is a test sample. Despite the same purpose of the two above-mentioned methods for detecting tuberculosis, a positive result of Diaskintest implies that the patient must undergo chemotherapy, which kills the pathogenic tubercle bacillus.

Methods of carrying out

This test is a protein allergen that is introduced by a specialist under the skin of a person to confirm a foreign body in the body. Under the influence of tuberculosis, there is a change in the chemical composition of the blood. Therefore, when a protein allergen is introduced, the test confirms that the subject is a carrier of a tubercle bacillus. Despite the fact that the pathology may be in a latent form, tuberculosis will be actively produced. To save the patient's life, urgent potent therapy is required. Diaskintest is done in any hand, but always in the forearm. Due to this location of the injection of the drug, the patient feels less soreness.

Test results

The patient who decided to conduct this test is most worried not about the process of performing the procedure itself, but about the result obtained. The result is especially terrible for representatives of the risk group (people who, after the Mantoux reaction, had an atypical indicator, fall into it). If Diaskintest confirms the presence of a tubercle bacillus in the body, which exists in a latent form, then the specialists immediately place the patient in the hospital of the tuberculosis dispensary. The negative results of this study confirm the complete absence of a pathological lesion.

Positive	false positive	Negative
The results of the test are confirmed by skin reactions of the body. Confirmation of the disease-causing bacillus appears on the day of the test or one day after the administration of the drug. Increased redness occurs on the skin, which leads to the formation of papule. This reaction indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. However, a false result should not be ruled out. The reaction of the body can increase for three days. At the end of this period, there is an accurate confirmation of the pathology or its absence in the body.	The false result is confirmed by the appearance of hyperemia on the skin. But, despite such a manifestation, the pathological bacillus of tuberculosis may be absent in the blood. In order to exclude the presence of the disease, the person under investigation with a similar reaction is redirected to a tuberculosis dispensary, followed by special registration.	If a person has suggestions that a pathogenic bacillus may be present in the body, then it is recommended to conduct Diaskintest, and then check with the doctor which results are considered normal. Do not worry when the seal is characterized by colorlessness, and does not exceed a diameter of more than one millimeter. A small bruise can also be counted among the norms of manifestations of the reaction. Only severe redness is considered negative, which is accompanied by itching and the formation of a papular neoplasm on the skin. The rest of the results can be classified as negative.

Attention! If the test showed a positive result, then it is urgently necessary to go to a tuberculosis dispensary for hospitalization and chemotherapy.

Test contraindications

The reaction to Mantoux is today defined as an outdated technique compared to Diaskintest. However, this method is not allowed for all patients, since there are a number of side effects and contraindications. So, a test for determining a tubercle bacillus is contraindicated in the following categories:

• with infectious and viral ailments that recur;
• if the patient has a predisposition to allergic manifestations;
• with bronchial asthma;
• with skin ailments;
• with SARS, high body temperature;
• if the patient is a systematic alcoholic;
• when the patient is allergic to tuberculin and his other marching;
• with extreme caution (not recommended by doctors) is carried out during pregnancy and lactation.

Complications

The test does not cause any harm to the human body, since bacterial enzymes are not capable of adversely affecting health. Extremely rarely, with weakened functions of the immune system, the subject may show symptoms of general intoxication, which includes:

1. Unexplained fever.
2. Feeling slightly unwell.
3. Soreness of the head, which resembles a headache.

At the same time, you should not worry, since this is a completely normal reaction of a healthy body to the ingestion of a protein drug.

Preparatory stage

Diaskintest does not require prior preparation. But, doctors advise visiting a therapist before performing the test to confirm the absence of recurrent pathologies. It is equally important to allow a period of one month between retests (if there was confirmation of a false positive result). The procedure is the same for both children and adults.

Attention! Diaskintest is allowed for children older than one year. If before, the Mantoux reaction gave a positive result.

Basic moments

When conducting this reaction, most patients are concerned about a number of questions:

1. What does hyperergic reaction mean? Answer: This is a reaction that confirms a positive result, showing a papule with a diameter of more than 15 mm. Additionally, irritation occurs around the injection site and inflammation of the tissues on the skin.
2. Why does a bruise occur at the injection site of the protein preparation? The appearance of a bruise is classified as a side effect, but it is not considered dangerous.
3. Is Diaskintest done for a cold? Since the latter ailment belongs to the number of infectious diseases, the procedure is strictly prohibited. Also, the test is not performed if the patient has a runny nose.
4. Is there an allergic reaction to Diaskintest? It is possible that the test subject may have an allergy, since the administered drug contains a protein, which by its nature is defined as an allergen. If an allergy is diagnosed in a patient before the test, then the procedure is prohibited.
5. Are there any specific contraindications for children? In addition to what was indicated above, there are no additional contraindications specifically for children.
6. If with Mantoux it is impossible to wet the vaccination site, then what about Diaskintest? After the procedure, it is not forbidden to take showers and wet the injection site.
7. Are there dietary restrictions after the test? This procedure has no dietary restrictions and a person can stick to their usual diet.
8. Can I eat sweets after the procedure? Diaskintest does not provide for any restrictions on the use of sweets after the administration of the drug.

Diaskintest is an innovative method for detecting pathological bacillus tuberculosis, even in a latent form, therefore we recommend that all people who are at risk be carried out. For more detailed information about the tuberculosis test, see the video. read on our website.

Video - Diaskin tuberculosis test

Diaskintest is a method of preventive diagnosis of the presence in people of an active form of the causative agent of tuberculosis, which indicates an onset of the disease. It is a subcutaneous test, which is put and checked according to the principle of mantoux, but mantoux contains tuberculin, while diaskintest bases its action on tuberculosis antigens.

Tuberculin is a substance obtained from killed tuberculosis bacteria by heating. Those. when heated, the TB bacteria are killed, filtered to obtain a pure proteinaceous bacterial substance, and then injected subcutaneously to test for recognition by the body. The test is considered positive if the person's immune system is familiar with the bacterial substance, therefore there are tuberculosis bacteria in the body.

The disadvantage of the tuberculin test is that it shows the presence of any tuberculosis bacteria in the body, which are dormant in the blood of about 30 to 90% of people, due to the unprecedented vitality of the Koch bacillus, its ability to be preserved for a long time and transmitted over long distances. However, dormant tuberculosis is absolutely harmless, does not cause disease, and can wake up only when certain conditions occur.

Antigens are proteins that are produced by certain immune cells against any foreign micro-organisms in human blood in order to mark them for type 2 immune cells, which identify harmful bacteria by these marks and devour them. Relatively recently, Russian scientists managed to artificially obtain antigens specifically for the active form of tuberculosis, which causes the disease, which are injected subcutaneously and cause a certain reaction of the human immune system, if any. It is according to the results of the body's reaction to these substances that the method for checking diaskintest is based.

What is the result of diaskintest

The reaction to diaskintest is a small local allergic reaction in the form of a red spot and papule. What is a papule with diaskintest? This is a seal of different sizes, depending on the intensity of the reaction, with a small bump at the injection site, which can be popularly referred to as a button, bump, etc.

It is the papule, the formation of which depends precisely on the production of its antigens, that is the only criterion by which the doctor will read diaskintest, like a litmus that reacts to tuberculosis that has begun.

Redness is a local allergy and has nothing to do with the results. Ideally, it should not exceed the size of the papule, but it can reach very large sizes, have blisters or cover, in general, the entire body with spots if the subject has a strong allergy to the components of the diaskintest. Allergy does not invalidate the result of the diaskintest, except in those cases when its manifestation does not allow the papule to be considered at all.

How is the Diaskintest result checked?

Diaskintest can be checked only 72 hours after the sample was placed (approximately the third, in extreme cases the fourth day). An earlier result may be erroneous due to an excessively violent reaction of the body, and a later result may be due to the attenuation and gradual disappearance of the reaction.

The doctor checks the diaskintest like a manta using a ruler with millimeter divisions, measuring directly the papule. The millimeter diameter of the papule is the result of a tuberculosis test.

If there is no papules, then such a result is considered negative, and the subject is absolutely healthy. A tiny papule of less than four millimeters is considered a debatable result between negative and positive, and most often such a result, when a detailed survey of the patient's history is considered negative, or a second test is prescribed after a certain time. A papule of more than four millimeters indicates infection with tuberculosis, moreover, its active pathogenic form and requires urgent action.

How to read diaskintest yourself

How to determine the result of the diaskintest on your own if you are unable to come to the appointment on time and show it, you can ask the doctor. This procedure is extremely simple and is not a secret.

You need to take a regular ruler with the correct millimeter division and measure the papule along the widest part. If there are no papules at all, and all the rules for conducting the test were observed, then you can rejoice: there is no tuberculosis.

If there is a papule, but less than four millimeters, then there is no reason for panic, but it urgently needs to be shown to the doctor. If it is impossible to show the doctor, you can use a transparent millimeter ruler, on which you can draw your translucent papule with a permanent marker, so that later you can clearly explain it to the doctor. When self-evaluating the result, it is also better to write down the boundaries of redness.

If the papule is larger, then its size will indicate the intensity of infection:

1. 4-5 mm - weak, the pathogen has just entered the bloodstream, it is urgent to see a doctor for a more complete examination, prescribing preventive or special treatment.
2. 6-9 mm - moderate, the disease has already begun to develop, it is urgent to start treatment.
3. From 10 mm - pronounced, which means that tuberculosis has settled in the body with might and main and immediate measures are required.

Self-assessment of the result of a diaskintest is a simple matter, however, it must be remembered that a person without a medical education may be biased and misinterpret the result, aggravated by a violation of the rules of conduct on time or after the test, as well as allergic reactions. An experienced doctor is able to extract much more information from the result, as well as conduct an additional examination and prescribe treatment on the spot. The presence of a papule of any size is considered a positive result and requires an urgent visit to a TB specialist.

A large number of adults are interested in the question of what Diaskintest is, the norm in children. It is also called an immunological test, during which antigens are introduced in order to detect the body's immune response. The use of Diaskintest allows you to obtain information about the presence of tuberculosis in the body, regardless of the form of the course.

Tuberculosis is a disease that can develop without clinical manifestations and manifest itself when the body's defenses are weakened. It is for its identification that allergenic tests are used, to which Diaskintest belongs.

The setting of such a test is carried out in the forearm of any hand, using a specially designed tuberculin syringe. It is allowed to carry out the test only for healthy children, paying attention to whether they have been ill with infectious diseases over the past month.

According to the order of the Ministry of Health, Diaskintest should be carried out annually for all children aged eight to seventeen years, a substance called Diaskin.

According to the norms, the setting of such a sample is allowed to be carried out:

• two months after the sample is placed (if necessary), it can be repeated;
• thirty days after receiving any vaccine;
• thirty days after suffering an infectious disease;
• once every three or six months, to persons who are registered with a phthisiatrician.

Note! The setting of Diaskintest is allowed for children after a year in case of a positive result of the Mantoux reaction.

Diaskintest for children can be carried out:

• in school and preschool educational institutions;
• in children's clinics;
• in tuberculosis dispensaries.

The reason for the mandatory Mantoux test is the fact that children and adolescents are most prone to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Result evaluation

It is recommended to check the result after the test after three or four days. After all, up to 72 hours there will be an increase in the reaction, and it is on the third, fourth day that you can see the correct result. In the future, manifestations of the reaction will subside, and an untimely and belated check will not be reliable.

Results and their characteristics:

1. Diaskintest norm in children is the complete absence of reaction (absence of hyperemia and swelling at the injection site). A negative result is also considered: the presence of a place from the injection; cyanosis of a small size, up to 2 millimeters; a seal that looks like a lemon peel, up to 10 millimeters in size.
2. False positive result. This result is determined in the case of the presence of only hyperemia without the formation of papule. If such a result is found, the person should contact the TB dispensary to clarify the diagnosis. He is prescribed additional laboratory tests, fluorography and Diaskintest, which is carried out in two months.
3. Positive result. A positive test result can be said in the presence of a papule with the expression of an inflammatory process. This can be interpreted as infection of the child with tuberculosis. The intensity and manifestation of the inflammatory process in the injection area will depend on the amount of the pathogen in the body.
4. Hyperergic reaction. They speak of a hyperergic reaction if there is a positive result of the test, which is manifested by a large papule (more than 15 mm), damage and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the injection site.

If a positive Diaskintest is detected, such a child should be sent to a tuberculosis dispensary for registration, additional examination and treatment.

Analyzes are carried out to determine the form of the course of the disease.

But regardless of the result, he will need to undergo a course of treatment. A drug such as Isoniazid may be prescribed.

Contraindications and side effects

In order to reassure all those interested in the question of what Diaskintest is, I would like to state that this test does not bring any harm to the human body and does not lead to the development of complications.

In rare cases, adverse reactions may occur, such as:

• increase in body temperature;
• prostration;
• headache;
• blueness at the injection site.

All of these conditions are considered a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a protein drug, which we consider in our article.

Contraindications to Diaskintest are considered situations when the child:

• has acute diseases or those in the acute stage (this group also includes acute respiratory diseases);
• has skin diseases;
• has an epileptic disease;
• suffering from allergic reactions;
• received a vaccination, after which, less than one month had passed.

After staging Diaskintest, it is prohibited:

• to carry out the application of detergents, cosmetics and perfumes to the injection site;
• to carry out the application of medications at the injection site;
• comb and rub the injection site;
• apply any kind of dressing to the injection site.

As a result, it should be noted that, like any method of conducting tests, Diaskintest may give an incorrect result. But this test is considered more accurate when compared with Mantoux because it does not show positive results in individuals with acquired immunity against tuberculosis.

That is why tuberculin diagnostics using Diaskintest is considered the safest and most reliable method of obtaining information about the presence of a disease such as tuberculosis. With its use, it is also possible to foresee the likelihood of infection with tuberculosis in the next two years.

Diaskintest is one of the methods for diagnosing tuberculosis. Tuberculin diagnostics is constantly being improved. This is important because tuberculosis is a disease that is widespread in many countries.

Tuberculosis affects both children and adults. To diagnose and determine the prognosis of the disease, it is important to assess the intensity of immunity in relation to the causative agent of diseases.

The first method for detecting immunity was the Pirquet test, then the Mantoux test came in its place. At the moment, Diaskintest is the most popular.

Diaskintest is a drug with the help of which a study is carried out for the presence of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The short name of the drug is also used - diaskin. The test itself with this drug is also called diaskintest. The drug is a diagnosticum that contains two antigens that are part of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to these antigens, the human immune system recognizes Koch's sticks and starts the process of their destruction.

In order for Diaskin to be a pure preparation, without foreign impurities, antigens are specially grown. To do this, the genetic material of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is introduced into colonies of non-pathogenic bacteria of the human body - Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli begin to express antigens characteristic of mycobacteria. For the diagnosticum, only two antigens were selected, which are found in the “wild” strains of Koch's sticks, which cause the disease.

A protein extract is prepared from colonies of Escherichia coli. In this case, only two antigens inherent in tubercular mycobacteria are withdrawn. Diagnosticum is placed in vials in such a way that 0.1 ml contains one diagnostic dose of antigens.

Result Reliability Indicators

Any laboratory test method has two main indicators of reliability: sensitivity and specificity. Both indicators are intensive, that is, they are calculated per 100 people who have been tested.

The sensitivity indicator gives an idea of ​​how many people who are immune to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Diaskintest will be negative. These are the so-called “false negative results”.

For diaskintest, the maximum number of such results is 12 per 100 samples. These people will test negative despite being immune.

False-negative results occur when the immune response is insufficient to elicit a reaction to the administered diagnosticum.

The specificity indicator gives an idea of ​​how many people who do not have immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Diaskintest will be positive. These are the so-called “false positive” values.

Their maximum number for diaskintest is 2 per 100 samples. They arise due to the fact that some microorganisms have antigens similar to those of Koch's bacillus. Diaskintest rarely recognizes them as tuberculous, but sometimes such errors occur.

Sensitivity and specificity indicators for diaskintest are better than for the Mantoux test. This indicates a greater reliability of the method in comparison with other methods of laboratory diagnostics.

Purpose of diaskintest

The only purpose of diaskintest is to determine the presence or absence of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This method is not a diagnosis of active tuberculosis. This statement is especially true for adults and for children who have previously been in contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The fact is that when it first enters the body, Koch's wand causes primary tuberculosis. In the vast majority of children, and the first contact occurs precisely in childhood, primary tuberculosis is asymptomatic or has a flu-like course.

Despite the erased course of the disease, the body reacts to mycobacteria in the same way as to any other infectious agent. At the same time, specific immune cells are produced - T-lymphocytes. They do not allow Koch's sticks to spread throughout the body and protect a person from re-infection.

T-lymphocytes, trained to recognize and destroy Koch's sticks, remain in the body for life. At the same time, mycobacteria, which are in the zone of the primary focus in an inactive state, can remain in the body for life. This process is called non-sterile immunity.

The task of diaskintest is to identify T-lymphocytes that appeared upon contact with mycobacteria.

The principle of action of the drug is very simple - an antigen (aka an allergen), which is contained in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is injected intradermally. If there is an inflammatory reaction at the injection site, then the immune system has responded to tuberculin.

If he reacted, then there is immunity to Koch's sticks, T-lymphocytes are already trained, the primary infection has already occurred. This information is most relevant for children.

Adult diaskintest is carried out if they have active tuberculosis. With preserved immunity, there should be no secondary infection.

If a person gets sick with tuberculosis again, then his immunity has not coped with its task. This is the result of immunodeficiency or infection with too aggressive strains of tuberculosis.

At the same time, diaskintest is necessary in order to understand whether this patient has immunity to mycobacteria and how much it is reduced. Lack of immunity is a poor prognostic sign.

Indications and contraindications for the procedure

Diaskintest at school is planned for all children once a year. Regardless of whether the child has signs of tuberculosis or not, he must be diagnosed.

This is done in those countries where diaskintest replaced the Mantoux test, including the Russian Federation.

In some cases, there is a need for an unscheduled diaskintest. In children, indications for it are:

• prolonged persistent cough;
• prolonged subfebrile condition;
• symptoms of pneumonia in the absence of the effect of broad-spectrum antibiotics;
• contact with a patient with tuberculosis (being in an epidemic focus).

Thus, the indication for diaskintest is the suspicion of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, in those countries where the Mantoux test is still used, diaskintest is necessary for the differential diagnosis between a post-vaccination reaction and primary tuberculosis.

The fact is that Mantoux can be positive both after the introduction of the BCG vaccine, and during infection with mycobacteria. Diaskintest reacts only to "wild" strains.

If the Mantoux test is positive and the diaskintest is negative, then the child's immunity remained after the vaccine.

In adults, using diaskintest, it is impossible to detect active tuberculosis. The result should normally be positive, since all adults in epidemically unfavorable regions are infected with Koch's bacilli.

Diaskintest is more of a prognostic value. So, if a patient is diagnosed with tuberculosis and there is a violent reaction to the test, the prognosis is favorable. This means that the immune system has mobilized its forces to fight this infection.

If there is tuberculosis, but the reaction is weak or absent, then the prognosis is poor. This means that the immune system is depressed and the body itself cannot cope with the infection.

This rule does not apply to adults who come from epidemically favorable areas. They may not have immunity to mycobacteria due to lack of contact with sick people.

In adults, diaskintest is necessarily used in combination with other methods for diagnosing tuberculosis and is not a primary method.

There are a number of contraindications, in the presence of which diaskintest is not carried out either plannedly or urgently according to indications.

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These contraindications include:

• convulsive syndrome in history;
• chronic diseases in the stage of exacerbation or decompensation;
• allergic reactions observed at the moment;
• acute infectious diseases;
• any vaccination less than 4 weeks before the test;
• rashes or pustules at the site of the test on both hands;
• individual intolerance to the components of diaskintest.

Other diseases and conditions are not included in the list of contraindications.

Diaskintest frequency

Healthy children are supposed to conduct a diaskintest once a year. This is provided that they were vaccinated.

The BCG vaccine is administered to a child at birth and at the age of seven. Vaccinated children are protected against Mycobacterium tuberculosis for several years after the introduction of the vaccine.

However, there are categories of children who were not given the BCG vaccine for various reasons. Such children are more likely to get TB, and the risks of a severe course of the disease are high. Diaskintest is carried out for this category of children twice a year in a planned manner.

For adults, diaskintest is not a mandatory screening method. It is important for this population group to undergo a fluorographic examination once a year.

Diaskintest is carried out exclusively according to indications for suspected active form of tuberculosis.

If necessary, Diaskintest can be applied an unlimited number of times. In this case, you should alternate the right and left hands and avoid insertion into the same place. It is recommended to repeat the test no more than once every 2-3 months due to the risk of local allergies.

Side effects of diaskintest

Only rare cases of side effects are known. Their low frequency and low risk of occurrence are associated with the route of administration of the drug.

The test is carried out intradermally, because the substance does not enter the systemic circulation.

The most common side effect is a non-specific allergic reaction at the injection site. Allergy is associated with individual intolerance to the components of the drug.

In rare cases, side effects such as:

• headache,
• subfebrile fever,
• increase in blood pressure,
• increased fatigue.

Even less common are local manifestations in the form of subcutaneous hematomas or pustules. As a rule, adverse reactions are associated with a violation of the technique of the test. For example, they can occur if an allergic history is not taken, the skin is not properly treated with an antiseptic, or the nurse made a subcutaneous injection instead of an intradermal injection, and the drug enters the bloodstream.

Is diaskintest dangerous

There are several myths associated with tuberculin testing. The most unreasonable and frightening of them is the danger of contracting tuberculosis due to the introduction of the drug. In fact, this is impossible even if the insertion technique has been violated.

The fact is that Diaskintest is a sterile drug. It contains absolutely no microorganisms.

In order for an immune reaction to occur, it is sufficient to introduce proteins-antigens of mycobacteria. In this case, tubercle bacilli themselves are not needed. The drug contains only two antigens, which by themselves cannot cause disease.

Moreover, diaskintest is administered intradermally. All drugs with this method of administration do not enter the bloodstream. This means that diaskintest can only cause a local reaction.

The only danger in this case is the occurrence of a nonspecific allergy to a foreign protein. But it, as a rule, is local in nature and does not pose a threat to the body.

Which is better - mantoux or diaskintest

At the moment, there are two main methods for determining immunity to tuberculosis using antigenic diagnosticums - diaskintest and the Mantoux test. Each of them has its positive and negative sides.

The Mantoux test is performed using a protein extract made from several strains of mycobacteria. The drug used to conduct the test contains proteins that are present in both wild and vaccine strains.

The Mantoux test causes an immune response both when infected with tuberculosis and after the BCG vaccine. In addition, it may react to the presence of other mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis.

Thus, the Mantoux test has less specificity than Diaskintest. When it is carried out, it is difficult to distinguish post-vaccination immunity from that acquired during primary tuberculosis. This is the main disadvantage of the Mantoux test.

Diaskintest is made by growing bacterial strains that express only two Koch rod antigens.

These antigens are found in "wild" strains, but are absent in vaccine strains. Diaskintest causes an immune response only in those who are infected with tuberculosis.

There are no post-vaccination reactions, there are no cross-reactions with other mycobacteria. All these are the advantages of Diaskin.

The disadvantage is that the antigens of this sample do not appear immediately after infection with tuberculosis. That is, when a primary focus occurs, the Mantoux test will respond faster than diaskintest.

In many countries, diaskintest is used as a primary method for diagnosing primary tuberculosis.

However, it is worth remembering that this method does not recognize the immunity that occurs immediately after infection. In addition, the Mantoux test is still used to determine the intensity of immunity after the BCG vaccine, which Diaskintest cannot do.

Preparation for the procedure

Diaskintest is a procedure that can almost always be carried out without any specific preparation.

Exceptions are made for several categories of the population.

First of all, people who suffer from allergies deserve special attention. At least a week before the test, they need to start taking antihistamines at the usual dosages.

This will not affect the result of the test, but it will prevent the development of an allergic reaction. If the child has seasonal allergies, the scheduled test should be postponed until winter.

Regardless of what kind of vaccination the child is given, a diaskintest cannot be carried out for another month after it. In the event that a child is vaccinated with BCG, diaskintest should not be administered less than a month before and earlier than a month after vaccination.

Adults should not consume any alcoholic beverages less than 72 hours before the test. In addition, you should give up alcohol before evaluating the results of the test.

Before conducting diaskintest, it is necessary to conduct thermometry. If the thermometry result is not explained by the possible presence of tuberculosis and an acute respiratory infection cannot be ruled out, diaskintest should be postponed until recovery.

Which institutions conduct diaskintest

Diaskintest for healthy children is carried out in preschool institutions, schools, boarding schools, orphanages, and baby homes. All children attending organized children's groups undergo the procedure according to the preventive examination schedule.

Diaskintest is performed by specially trained medical personnel in manipulation rooms or a nurse's office in an institution.

If the child does not attend the listed institutions or missed a general examination, the parents must take him to the clinic at the place of residence to the local pediatrician.

To diagnose tuberculosis in children, samples with allergens isolated from pathogens are used. Intradermal injection of antigens causes a local reaction in a diseased or infected person. Conducting a study on tuberculosis using diaskintest is preferable to the well-known Mantoux test. The defining disadvantage of the latter is the low specificity of the reaction. Diaskintest normally in children does not lead to any changes at the injection site. This is a more accurate version of the study, giving reactions only in the presence of an active tuberculosis infection. The disadvantages of the drug include the possible negative impact on the immune system of the child, the presence of toxic substances in the composition.

Indications for setting diaskintest

Tuberculosis testing is organized annually among children and adults. It includes immunological and radiological methods. From the age of 15, fluorography is used as a method for detecting tuberculosis. Answer to the question: « How old is an x-ray?” can only be given conditionally. X-rays may be needed at any age if tuberculosis cannot be ruled out.

Children under the age of fifteen are tested annually using the Mantoux test, diaskintest or other tests. Many are interested in, at what age are tuberculin tests done? They begin to carry out from the age of one.

Indications for immunological research are not only preventive examinations, but also other purposes:

• diagnosis of tuberculosis;
• determination of process activity in tuberculosis;
• assessment of the effectiveness of chemotherapy;
• differential diagnosis of allergic reactions due to BCG vaccination or an infectious process caused by mycobacteria.

The difference between the Mantoux test and the use of "Diaskintest"

The main difference between Diaskintest and Mantoux is a certain antigenic composition of the preparations. The first test contains synthetic antigens that provide the specificity of the reaction. The results of the test are not affected by BCG vaccination, since diaskintest antigens are not present in the strains of microorganisms used in the manufacture of the vaccine. For Mantoux, a preparation containing allergens of natural origin is used, including those similar to those contained in the BCG vaccine. This reason is considered the main one, due to which the Mantoux test gives a pronounced reaction in vaccinated BCG. In addition, false positive results in healthy people after Mantoux are much more common than after diaskintest. Most parents are attracted by the opportunity to give their child a test with a low probability of erroneous allergic reactions.

Comparison of the accuracy of the results of two types of testing in most cases shows a greater information content of diaskintest. According to the results of one of the studies of the use of the drug, its accuracy was 90%, and the Mantoux test was approximately 50-70%. Therefore, in recent years, new tests for tuberculosis, including diaskintest, are replacing the outdated version of the study.

Video

Video - why is Diaskintest dangerous?

Contraindications for drug administration

Annual testing is carried out in most babies. Tuberculosis is a severe infection
the effectiveness of treatment of which depends on the timeliness of detection of pathology. In addition, the disease is contagious, and the mass preventive examinations can reduce the spread of infection and reduce the incidence of this most dangerous disease. According to the test results, a tuberculin test or a tuberculosis disease is detected. But in some cases, the test is not performed.

First of all, parents have the right to decide whether to test the child in general and with the help of this drug in particular. In addition, there are situations when diaskintest should be abandoned.

When setting up a diaskintest sample, contraindications include the following pathologies:

• acute illnesses, including respiratory infections;
• exacerbation of chronic pathologies, except when it is necessary to exclude tuberculosis;
• skin diseases that are common;
• exacerbation of allergic diseases;
• quarantine for childhood infection in the team;
• epilepsy;
• allergy to diaskintest.

A temporary contraindication for the test is vaccination. You can do a test one month after vaccination or, preferably, schedule vaccination for a later period.

To the question "Is it possible to do diaskintest with a cold?" should be answered in the negative. The presence of an acute infection can distort the results of the test.. If the child has snot or other symptoms observed in rhinitis, it is necessary to wait until the cold is completely cured. Experts recommend waiting at least a month after the disappearance of the signs of the disease, then you can do diaskintest, avoiding excessive inflammatory reactions during the test.

Setting up an immunological test

Diaskintest in a child is done similarly to the Mantoux test. The drug is administered intradermally, and after 3 days
the local reaction of diaskintest is determined. Parents should know at what age the test is performed. The first study is done to a child a year. Then repeat it annually. But sometimes it is necessary to re-test for a short time. The subsequent tuberculin test is performed on the other forearm, observing the correct alternation in the future.

Diaskintest is an immunological drug that can cause a significant allergic reaction in a sensitized organism. Therefore, the question of how often you can do a test is natural. The recommended time between two tests is at least 2 months. Studies have shown that this can reduce the burden on the child's immune system and minimize the possibility of side effects.

The sequence of actions when setting up a sample:

• the skin area before the introduction of the drug is treated with alcohol;
• the skin of the inner zone of the forearm at the level of the middle third is slightly pulled;
• 0.1 ml of diaskintest is injected into the upper layers of the skin parallel to its surface;
• the result of the injection will be a small whitish papule with a diameter of 5 mm.

After setting the test, redness may occur on the first day, but the results of the diaskintest in children are evaluated not by the day, but 72 hours after the injection. The test response is described as positive, negative, or questionable.

Evaluation of test results

After 3 days, the size of the papule is measured, only if it is present, the test result in the child is positive. Pay attention to hyperemia only if there is no infiltration. The measurement is carried out with a transparent ruler, the transverse (relative to the axis of the forearm) diameter of the papule or redness is measured.

Evaluation of the results allows you to identify children who need further examination:

• A positive diaskintest suggests the presence of a seal after the injection, the size of which determines the severity of the reaction.
• A doubtful test is considered if there is only redness.
• Negative test results are normal for a child. At the same time, there is no papule or hyperemia, only a reaction from an injection of no more than 2 mm can be observed.

When conducting a diaskintest test, a positive result may appear as a weak (papule up to 5 mm), moderately pronounced (up to 9 mm), severe (up to 14 mm) and hyperergic reaction. The latter indicates a pronounced immune reaction of the body and can signal a danger to the body. What does a hyperergic reaction look like on a child? Papule 15 mm or more, presence of vesicles, necrosis, lymphangitis after diaskintest.

Adverse reactions from the test

In some cases, a bruise is visible at the injection site. Rare side effects: headache, weakness, fever. Hematoma at the injection site is usually associated with incorrect injection technique, but it can mask the real test results. Therefore, in such a situation, it is often necessary to do a diaskintest again after 2 months.

What is dangerous diaskintest? First of all, the possibility of allergic reactions to one of the components. In addition to antigens, the composition includes phenol, polysorbate, sodium and potassium salts. To prevent allergies, sometimes doctors recommend taking desensitizing drugs a few days before the test. In addition, there are studies pointing to the negative effect of the test on the immune system, which can lead to various health problems.

Actions for a positive test result

If a papule is found at the injection site of the recombinant tuberculosis allergen, do not despair. The final results will be summed up after an additional survey. Despite the high information content of the test, there is a possibility of a false positive result or an allergic reaction to the components of the drug.

The examination will allow you to determine the real situation and choose tactics for what to do next: is it necessary to treat tuberculosis, take prophylactic chemotherapy, or the child is healthy and does not need therapy.